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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_immigrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_immigrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First immigrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_immigrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_life_in_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_life_in_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>New life in Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_life_in_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prejudice_and_forced_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prejudice_and_forced_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Prejudice and forced assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prejudice_and_forced_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prestige" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prestige"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Prestige</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prestige-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_and_intermarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_and_intermarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Integration and intermarriage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Integration_and_intermarriage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Integration and intermarriage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Integration_and_intermarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assimilation_into_Brazilian_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_into_Brazilian_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Assimilation into Brazilian society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_into_Brazilian_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generations_and_intermarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generations_and_intermarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Generations and intermarriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generations_and_intermarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Martial arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Image gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_from_Maringá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_from_Maringá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Japanese from Maringá</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_from_Maringá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reversal_in_the_migration_flow_(The_Dekasegi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reversal_in_the_migration_flow_(The_Dekasegi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reversal in the migration flow (The Dekasegi)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reversal_in_the_migration_flow_(The_Dekasegi)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reversal in the migration flow (The Dekasegi) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reversal_in_the_migration_flow_(The_Dekasegi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazilian_identity_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_identity_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Brazilian identity in Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_identity_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-100th_anniversary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100th_anniversary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>100th anniversary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100th_anniversary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History of education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya_yaponlar%C4%B1" title="Braziliya yaponları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Braziliya yaponları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Brasilianer" title="Japanische Brasilianer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanische Brasilianer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipo-brasile%C3%B1o" title="Nipo-brasileño – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nipo-brasileño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%B8" title="일본계 브라질인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본계 브라질인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Jepang_di_Brasil" title="Orang Jepang di Brasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Jepang di Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippo-brasiliani" title="Nippo-brasiliani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nippo-brasiliani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ברזילאים יפנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזילאים יפנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilijos_japonai" title="Brazilijos japonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brazilijos japonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADliai_jap%C3%A1nok" title="Brazíliai japánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brazíliai japánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Jepun_di_Brazil" title="Orang Jepun di Brazil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Jepun di Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%B3%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="日系ブラジル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日系ブラジル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Японцы в Бразилии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японцы в Бразилии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilianjapanilaiset" title="Brasilianjapanilaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brasilianjapanilaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezilya_Japonlar%C4%B1" title="Brezilya Japonları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brezilya Japonları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96_%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Японці у Бразилії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Японці у Бразилії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A3%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" title="日本裔巴西人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本裔巴西人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1144461#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Japan" title="Brazilians in Japan">Brazilians in Japan</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Japanese Brazilians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Nipo-brasileiros</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日系ブラジル人</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20%C2%AA_Festa_do_Imigrante_(18193303784).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20%C2%AA_Festa_do_Imigrante_%2818193303784%29.jpg/300px-20%C2%AA_Festa_do_Imigrante_%2818193303784%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20%C2%AA_Festa_do_Imigrante_%2818193303784%29.jpg/450px-20%C2%AA_Festa_do_Imigrante_%2818193303784%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20%C2%AA_Festa_do_Imigrante_%2818193303784%29.jpg/600px-20%C2%AA_Festa_do_Imigrante_%2818193303784%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><small>Japanese descendants in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">46.9 thousand (2023) Japanese citizens living in Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-statista_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an estimated 2 million (2022) Brazilian nationals of Japanese descent living in Brazil (about 1% of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian population</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mofa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Japan:<br />211,840 (2023) Brazilian citizens living in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-moj_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moj-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (most of whom are of Japanese descent).<br />0.2% of Japan's population</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> • <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Predominantly</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Minority</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shintoism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Japanese, other <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">nikkei</a> groups (mainly those from <a href="/wiki/Asian_Latin_Americans" title="Asian Latin Americans">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan#Demographics" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Latin_Americans" title="Asian Latin Americans">Asian Latin Americans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Japanese Brazilians</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">日系ブラジル人</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nikkei Burajiru-jin</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Nipo-brasileiros</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˌnipobɾaziˈlejɾus]</a></span>)</span> are <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian citizens</a> who are nationals or naturals of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> ancestry or Japanese immigrants living in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> or Japanese people of Brazilian ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese immigration to Brazil peaked between 1908 and 1960, with the highest concentration between 1926 and 1935. In 2022, Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that there were 2 million Japanese descendants in Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-mofa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the country with the largest population of Japanese origin outside Japan. However, in terms of Japanese citizens, Brazil ranked seventh in 2023, with 46.9 thousand Japanese citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Japanese-descendant population in Brazil has been living in the country for three or more generations and most only hold Brazilian citizenship. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora#Terminology" title="Japanese diaspora">Nikkei</a> is the term used to refer to Japanese people and their descendants. </p><p>Japanese immigration to Brazil officially began on June 18, 1908, when the ship <i><a href="/wiki/Kasato_Maru" title="Kasato Maru">Kasato Maru</a></i> docked at <a href="/wiki/Porto_de_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto de Santos">Porto de Santos</a>, bringing 781 Japanese workers to the coffee plantations in the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_state" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo state">São Paulo state</a> countryside. For this reason, June 18 was established as the national day of Japanese immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigration to Brazil ceased by 1973, with the arrival of the last immigrant ship, the <i>Nippon Maru</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-preimigracao_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preimigracao-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1908 and 1963, 242,171 Japanese immigrants arrived in Brazil, making them the fifth-largest immigrant group after Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, and German immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, most Japanese Brazilians live in the states of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IBGEPerfil_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBGEPerfil-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, Japan was overpopulated, and its predominantly rural population experienced significant poverty. At the same time, the Brazilian government was encouraging immigration, especially to supply labor for coffee plantations in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> was Brazil's main export product, and the country’s financial health relied on it. Much of the labor on Brazilian coffee plantations came from <a href="/wiki/Italian_immigration_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian immigration to Brazil">Italian immigrants</a>, whose passage by ship was subsidized by the Brazilian government. However, in 1902, the Italian government issued the <a href="/wiki/Prinetti_Decree" title="Prinetti Decree">Prinetti Decree</a>, which banned subsidized immigration to Brazil due to reports that Italian immigrants were being exploited as laborers on Brazilian farms.<sup id="cite_ref-seculo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seculo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the São Paulo government sought new sources of labor from other countries, including Japan, and Japanese immigration to Brazil developed in this context. </p><p>Labor contracts on coffee plantations required immigrants to work for five years, but conditions were so poor that many left within the first year. Through great effort, some Japanese workers managed to save enough to buy their own land, with the first Japanese land purchase occurring in 1911 in the São Paulo countryside. Over the decades, Japanese immigrants and their descendants gradually moved from rural areas to Brazilian cities. By the early 1960s, the Japanese Brazilian urban population had surpassed the rural one. Many Japanese immigrants began working in small businesses or providing basic services. In Japanese tradition, the eldest son would continue the family business to help support his younger siblings' education. By 1958, Japanese and their descendants, though less than 2% of the Brazilian population, accounted for 21% of Brazilians with education beyond high school. A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Applied_Economic_Research" title="Institute of Applied Economic Research">IPEA</a> study found that Japanese descendants had the highest average educational and salary levels in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-IPEA2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPEA2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Brazil’s economic deterioration from the late <a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a>, many Japanese descendants from Brazil began migrating to Japan, in search of better economic conditions. These individuals are known as <a href="/wiki/Dekassegui" class="mw-redirect" title="Dekassegui">Dekasseguis</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg/220px-Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg/330px-Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg/440px-Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>A poster used in Japan to attract immigrants to Brazil and Peru. It reads: "Let's go to South America (Brazil highlighted) with your entire family."</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> was the main export product of Brazil. At first, Brazilian farmers used African <a href="/wiki/Slave_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave labour">slave labour</a> in the coffee <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>, but in 1850, the slave trade was abolished in Brazil. To solve the <a href="/wiki/Shortage" title="Shortage">labour shortage</a>, the Brazilian elite decided to attract <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> immigrants to work on the coffee plantations. This was also consistent with the government's push towards "whitening" the country. The hope was that through procreation the large African and Native American groups would be eliminated or reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government and farmers offered to pay European immigrants' passage. The plan encouraged millions of Europeans, most of them <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">migrate to Brazil</a>. However, once in Brazil, the immigrants received very low salaries and worked in poor conditions, including long working hours and frequent ill-treatment by their bosses. Because of this, in 1902, Italy enacted the <a href="/wiki/Prinetti_Decree" title="Prinetti Decree">Prinetti Decree</a>, prohibiting subsidized emigration to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan had been isolated from the rest of the world during the 265 years of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a>), without wars, epidemics brought in from abroad or emigration. With the agricultural techniques of the time, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> produced only the food it consumed, with practically no formation of stocks for difficult periods. Any agricultural crop failure caused widespread famine.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoEscola_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoEscola-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the Tokugawa Shogunate gave way to an intense project of modernization and opening to the outside world during the Meiji era. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanization_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanization of agriculture">mechanization of agriculture</a> made thousands of peasants unemployed. Thousands of other small peasants became indebted or lost their land because they could not pay the high <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">end of feudalism in Japan</a> generated great poverty in the rural population, so many Japanese people began to emigrate in search of better living conditions. By the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Japanese industrialisation</a> had significantly boosted the population. However, prospects for Japanese people to migrate to other countries were limited. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had banned non-white immigration from some parts of the world<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the basis that they would not integrate into society; this <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_clause" title="Exclusion clause">Exclusion Clause</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/1924_Immigration_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Immigration Act">1924 Immigration Act</a>, specifically targeted the Japanese. At the same time in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a> prevented the immigration of non-whites to Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_immigrants">First immigrants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First immigrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasato_Maru_docked_at_warehouse_14_in_Port_of_Santos_1908.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kasato_Maru_docked_at_warehouse_14_in_Port_of_Santos_1908.png/220px-Kasato_Maru_docked_at_warehouse_14_in_Port_of_Santos_1908.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kasato_Maru_docked_at_warehouse_14_in_Port_of_Santos_1908.png/330px-Kasato_Maru_docked_at_warehouse_14_in_Port_of_Santos_1908.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kasato_Maru_docked_at_warehouse_14_in_Port_of_Santos_1908.png/440px-Kasato_Maru_docked_at_warehouse_14_in_Port_of_Santos_1908.png 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kasato Maru</i></span> docked in Port of Santos, 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907, the Brazilian and the Japanese governments signed a treaty permitting Japanese migration to Brazil. This was due in part to the decrease in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians#Italian_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Italian Brazilians">Italian immigration to Brazil</a> and a new labour shortage on the coffee plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Japanese immigration to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had been barred by the <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Japanese immigrants (781 people – mostly farmers) came to Brazil in 1908 on the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasato_Maru" title="Kasato Maru">Kasato Maru</a></i></span>. About half of these immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Okinawans</a> from southern <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a>, who had faced 29 years of <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_assimilation_policies" title="Ryukyuan assimilation policies">oppression by the Japanese government</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">annexation</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuans_in_Brazil" title="Ryukyuans in Brazil">Ryukyuan Brazilians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They travelled from the Japanese port of <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them worked on <a href="/wiki/Coffee_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee plantation">coffee plantations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Imigração_Japonesa_em_Itu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Imigração_Japonesa_em_Itu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first seven years, 3,434 more Japanese families (14,983 people) arrived. The beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914 started a boom in Japanese migration to Brazil; such that between 1917 and 1940 over 164,000 Japanese came to Brazil, 90% of them going to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ibge500_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge500-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where most of the coffee plantations were located.<sup id="cite_ref-Governo_do_Estado_de_São_Paulo_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Governo_do_Estado_de_São_Paulo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Japanese immigration to Brazil by period, 1906–1993<sup id="cite_ref-ibge2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Years</th> <th>Immigrants </th></tr> <tr> <td>1906–1910</td> <td>1,714 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911–1915</td> <td>13,371 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1916–1920</td> <td>13,576 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921–1925</td> <td>11,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926–1930</td> <td>59,564 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931–1935</td> <td>72,661 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936–1941</td> <td>16,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952–1955</td> <td>7,715 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956–1960</td> <td>29,727 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961–1965</td> <td>9,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966–1970</td> <td>2,753 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971–1975</td> <td>1,992 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976–1980</td> <td>1,352 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981–1985</td> <td>411 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986–1990</td> <td>171 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991–1993</td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>242,643 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_life_in_Brazil">New life in Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New life in Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of Japanese immigrants intended to work a few years in Brazil, make some money, and go home. However, "getting rich quick" was a dream that was almost impossible to achieve. This was exacerbated by the fact that it was obligatory for Japanese immigrants to Brazil prior to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> to emigrate in familial units.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because multiple persons necessitated monetary support in these familial units, Japanese immigrants found it nearly impossible to return home to Japan even years after emigrating to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immigrants were paid a very low salary and worked long hours of exhausting work. Also, everything that the immigrants consumed had to be purchased from the landowner (see <a href="/wiki/Truck_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck system">truck system</a>). Soon, their debts became very significant.<sup id="cite_ref-Governo_do_Estado_de_São_Paulo_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Governo_do_Estado_de_São_Paulo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to the plan, only 10% of the nearly 190,000 Japanese who immigrated to Brazil before the Second World War returned to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-osisseis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osisseis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/170px-Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/255px-Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/340px-Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">miko</a> during a festival in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 August 1908, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> remarked that relations between Brazil and Japan at the time were "not extremely cordial", because of "the attitude of Brazil toward the immigration of Japanese labourers."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The landowners in Brazil still had a slavery mentality. Immigrants, although employees, had to confront the rigidity and lack of <a href="/wiki/Labour_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour laws">labour laws</a>. Indebted and subjected to hours of exhaustive work, often suffering physical violence, suicide, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yonige</i></span> (to escape at night), and strikes were some of the attitudes taken by many Japanese because of the exploitation on coffee farms.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when they were free of their contractual obligations on Brazil's coffee plantations, it was often impossible for immigrants to return home due to their meager earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, through a system called "partnership farming", in a contract with a landowner, in which the immigrants committed themselves to deforesting the land, sowing coffee, taking care of the plantation and returning the area in seven years' time, when the second harvest would be ready, the immigrants could keep the profits from the first harvest, taking into account that the coffee cultivation is biannual. They also kept everything they planted, in addition to coffee. In this way, many Japanese managed to save some money and buy their first pieces of land in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-osisseis_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osisseis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first land purchase by the Japanese in Brazil took place in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, in <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cronologia_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cronologia-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Japanese immigrants purchased land in rural Brazil, having been forced to invest what little capital they had into land in order to someday make enough to return to Japan. As independent farmers, Japanese immigrants formed communities that were ethnically isolated from the rest of Brazilian society. The immigrants who settled and formed these communities referred to themselves as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shokumin</i></span> and their settlements as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shokuminchi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, the Superintendence of Coffee Business issued that even though the Japanese living in São Paulo made up only 3.5% of the state's population, they were responsible for 100% of the production of <a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">ramie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a>; 99% of <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>; 80% of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>; 70% of <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>; 50% of <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>; 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and 20% of the coffee produced by the state of São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-algodao_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-algodao-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese children born in Brazil were educated in schools founded by the Japanese community. Most only learned to speak the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> and lived within the Japanese community in rural areas. Over the years, many Japanese managed to buy their own land and became small farmers. They started to plant <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a>, tea and rice. Only 6% of children were the result of <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">interracial</a> relationships. Immigrants rarely accepted marriage with a non-Japanese person.<sup id="cite_ref-ELB_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1930s, Brazilians complained that the independent Japanese communities had formed <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">quistos raciais</i></span>, or "racial cysts", and were unwilling to further integrate the Japanese Brazilians into Brazilian society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese government, via the Japanese consulate in São Paulo, was directly involved with the education of Japanese children in Brazil. Japanese education in Brazil was modeled after education systems in Japan, and schools in Japanese communities in Brazil received funding directly from the Japanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1933, there were 140,000–150,000 Japanese Brazilians, which was by far the largest Japanese population in any Latin American country.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Brazil under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> and the Empire of Japan involved on the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> side in World War II, Japanese Brazilians became more isolated from their mother country. Japanese leaders and diplomats in Brazil left for Japan after Brazil severed all relations with Japan on 29 January 1942, leading Japanese Brazilians to fend for themselves in an increasingly hostile country. Vargas's regime instituted several measures that targeted the Japanese population in Brazil, including the loss of freedom to travel within Brazil, censorship of Japanese newspapers (even those printed in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>), and imprisonment if Japanese Brazilians were caught speaking Japanese in public.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese Brazilians became divided amongst themselves, and some even turned to performing terrorist acts on Japanese farmers who were employed by Brazilian farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1947, however, following the end of World War II, tensions between Brazilians and their Japanese population had cooled considerably. Japanese-language newspapers returned to publication and Japanese-language education was reinstituted among the Japanese Brazilian population. World War II had left Japanese Brazilians isolated from their mother country, censored by the Brazilian government, and facing internal conflicts within their own populations, but, for the most part, life returned to normal following the end of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prejudice_and_forced_assimilation">Prejudice and forced assimilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prejudice and forced assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 July 1921, representatives <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrade_Bezerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrade Bezerra (page does not exist)">Andrade Bezerra</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincinato_Braga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cincinato Braga (page does not exist)">Cincinato Braga</a> proposed a law whose Article 1 provided: "The immigration of individuals from the black race to Brazil is prohibited." On 22 October 1923, representative <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fid%C3%A9lis_Reis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fidélis Reis (page does not exist)">Fidélis Reis</a> produced another bill on the entry of immigrants, whose fifth article was as follows: "The entry of settlers from the black race into Brazil is prohibited. For Asian [immigrants] there will be allowed each year a number equal to 5% of those residing in the country..."<sup id="cite_ref-rios_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rios-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_-_Proibido_falar_alem%C3%A3o_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brazil_-_Proibido_falar_alem%C3%A3o_1.jpg/234px-Brazil_-_Proibido_falar_alem%C3%A3o_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brazil_-_Proibido_falar_alem%C3%A3o_1.jpg/351px-Brazil_-_Proibido_falar_alem%C3%A3o_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brazil_-_Proibido_falar_alem%C3%A3o_1.jpg/468px-Brazil_-_Proibido_falar_alem%C3%A3o_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caxias_do_Sul" title="Caxias do Sul">Caxias</a> police notice from 1942, stating a ban on speaking Italian, German and Japanese in public, as well as other limitations on citizens of Italy, Germany and Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some years before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the government of President <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> initiated a process of forced <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of people of immigrant origin in Brazil. The Constitution of 1934 had a legal provision about the subject: "<i>The concentration of immigrants anywhere in the country is prohibited, the law should govern the selection, location and assimilation of the alien</i>". The assimilationist project affected mainly Japanese, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Brazil">Jewish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">German</a> immigrants and their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of "ethnic cysts" among immigrants of non-Portuguese origin prevented the realization of the whitening project of the Brazilian population. The government, then, started to act on these communities of foreign origin to force them to integrate into a "Brazilian culture" with Portuguese roots. It was the dominant idea of a unification of all the inhabitants of Brazil under a single "national spirit". During World War II, Brazil severed relations with Japan. Japanese newspapers and teaching the Japanese language in schools were banned, leaving Portuguese as the only option for Japanese descendants. Newspapers in Italian or German were also advised to cease production, as Italy and Germany were Japan's allies in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Imigração_Japonesa_em_Itu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Imigração_Japonesa_em_Itu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, research of <a href="/wiki/Estrada_de_Ferro_Noroeste_do_Brasil" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil">Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil</a>, from São Paulo, showed that 87.7% of Japanese Brazilians read newspapers in the Japanese language, a high figure for a country with many <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a> people like Brazil at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese appeared as undesirable immigrants within the "whitening" and assimilationist policy of the Brazilian government.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oliveira_Viana" title="Oliveira Viana">Oliveira Viana</a>, a Brazilian jurist, historian and sociologist described the Japanese immigrants as follows: "They (Japanese) are like sulfur: insoluble". The Brazilian magazine "<a href="/wiki/O_Malho" title="O Malho">O Malho</a>" in its edition of 5 December 1908 issued a charge of Japanese immigrants with the following legend: "The government of São Paulo is stubborn. After the failure of the first Japanese immigration, it contracted 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Yellow_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow people">yellow people</a>. It insists on giving Brazil a race diametrically opposite to ours".<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, the Brazilian Minister of Justice, Francisco Campos, defended the ban on admission of 400 Japanese immigrants in São Paulo and wrote: "their despicable standard of living is a brutal competition with the country's worker; their selfishness, their bad faith, their refractory character, make them a huge ethnic and cultural cyst located in the richest regions of Brazil".<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese Brazilian community was strongly marked by restrictive measures when Brazil declared war against Japan in August 1942. Japanese Brazilians could not travel the country without <a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">safe conduct</a> issued by the police; over 200 Japanese schools were closed and radio equipment was seized to prevent transmissions on <a href="/wiki/Short_wave_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Short wave radio">short wave</a> from Japan. The goods of Japanese companies were confiscated and several companies of Japanese origin had interventions, including the newly founded Banco América do Sul. Japanese Brazilians were prohibited from driving motor vehicles (even if they were <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxi</a> drivers), buses or trucks on their property. The drivers employed by Japanese had to have permission from the police. Thousands of Japanese immigrants were arrested or expelled from Brazil on suspicion of espionage. There were many anonymous denunciations of "activities against national security" arising from disagreements between neighbors, recovery of debts and even fights between children.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese Brazilians were arrested for "suspicious activity" when they were in artistic meetings or <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnics</a>. On 10 July 1943, approximately 10,000 Japanese and German and Italian immigrants who lived in <a href="/wiki/Santos_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santos (São Paulo)">Santos</a> had 24 hours to close their homes and businesses and move away from the Brazilian coast. The police acted without any notice. About 90% of people displaced were Japanese. To reside in <a href="/wiki/Baixada_Santista" title="Baixada Santista">Baixada Santista</a>, the Japanese had to have a safe conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, the Japanese community who introduced the cultivation of pepper in <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9-A%C3%A7u" title="Tomé-Açu">Tomé-Açu</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, was virtually turned into a "<a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a>". This time, the Brazilian ambassador in Washington, D.C., Carlos Martins Pereira e Sousa, encouraged the government of Brazil to transfer all the Japanese Brazilians to "internment camps" without the need for legal support, in the same manner <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American internment">as was done with the Japanese residents in the United States</a>. No single suspicion of activities of Japanese against "national security" was confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the National Constituent Assembly of 1946, the representative of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Couto_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Couto Filho (page does not exist)">Miguel Couto Filho</a> proposed Amendments to the Constitution as follows: "It is prohibited the entry of Japanese immigrants of any age and any origin in the country". In the final vote, a tie with 99 votes in favour and 99 against. <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Brazil">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Melo_Viana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando de Melo Viana">Fernando de Melo Viana</a>, who chaired the session of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constituent_Assembly_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constituent Assembly of Brazil (page does not exist)">Constituent Assembly</a>, had the casting vote and rejected the constitutional amendment. By only one vote, the immigration of Japanese people to Brazil was not prohibited by the Brazilian Constitution of 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese immigrants appeared to the Brazilian government as undesirable and non-<a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilable</a> immigrants. As Asian, they did not contribute to the "whitening" process of the Brazilian people as desired by the ruling Brazilian elite. In this process of forced assimilation the Japanese, more than any other immigrant group, suffered the <a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural">ethno-cultural</a> persecution imposed during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prestige">Prestige</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prestige"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For decades, Japanese Brazilians were seen as a non-assimilable people. The immigrants were treated only as a reserve of cheap labour that should be used on coffee plantations and that Brazil should avoid absorbing their cultural influences. This widespread conception that the Japanese were negative for Brazil was changed in the following decades. The Japanese were able to overcome the difficulties along the years and drastically improve their lives through hard work and education; this was also facilitated by the involvement of the Japanese government in the process of migration. The image of hard working <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">agriculturists</a> that came to help develop the country and agriculture helped erase the lack of trust of the local population and create a positive image of the Japanese. In the 1970s, Japan became one of the richest countries of the world, synonymous with modernity and progress. In the same period, Japanese Brazilians achieved a great cultural and economic success, probably the immigrant group that most rapidly achieved progress in Brazil. Due to the powerful Japanese economy and due to the rapid enrichment of the <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a>, in the last decades Brazilians of Japanese descent achieved a social prestige in Brazil that largely contrasts with the aggression with which the early immigrants were treated in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_40-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1960s, the Japanese Brazilian population in the cities already surpassed that of the countryside. As the vast majority of families that moved to São Paulo and cities in Paraná had few resources and were headed by first and second-generation Japanese, it was imperative that their business did not require a large initial investment or advanced knowledge of the Portuguese language. Thus, a good part of the immigrants began to dedicate themselves to small trade or to the provision of basic services, where <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a> stood out. In the 1970s, 80% of the 3,500 establishments that washed and ironed the clothes of São Paulo citizens were Japanese. According to anthropologist Célia Sakurai: "The business was convenient for the families, because they could live at the back of the dye shop and do all the work without having to hire employees. In addition, the communication required by the activity was brief and simple".<sup id="cite_ref-osisseis_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osisseis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Brazilian urban environment, the Japanese began to work mainly in sectors related to agriculture, such as traders or owners of small stores, selling fruit, vegetables or fish. Working with greengrocers and market stalls was facilitated by the contact that urban Japanese had with those who had stayed in the countryside, as suppliers were usually friends or relatives. Whatever the activity chosen by the family, it was up to the eldest children to work together with their parents. The custom was a Japanese tradition of delegating to the eldest son the continuation of the family activity and also the need to help pay for the studies of the younger siblings. While the older ones worked, the younger siblings enrolled in technical courses, such as <a href="/wiki/Accountancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountancy">Accountancy</a>, mainly because it was easier to deal with numbers than with the Portuguese language. As for college, the Japanese favored engineering, medicine and law, which guaranteed money and social prestige. In 1958, Japanese descendants already represented 21% of Brazilians with education above secondary. In 1977, Japanese Brazilians, who made up 2.5% of the population of São Paulo, added up to 13% of those approved at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>, 16% of those who were admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Technological_Institute_of_Aeronautics" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological Institute of Aeronautics">Technological Institute of Aeronautics</a> (ITA) and 12% of those selected at the <a href="/wiki/Getulio_Vargas_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Getulio Vargas Foundation">Getulio Vargas Foundation</a> (FGV).<sup id="cite_ref-ossanseis_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ossanseis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 1995 research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Datafolha" title="Datafolha">Datafolha</a>, 53% of adult Japanese Brazilians had a college degree, compared to only 9% of Brazilians in general.<sup id="cite_ref-lesser301_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesser301-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_do_Povo" title="Gazeta do Povo">Gazeta do Povo</a>, in Brazil "common sense is that Japanese descendants are studious, disciplined, do well at school, pass the admission exams more easily and, in most cases, have great affinity for the exact science careers". According to a 2009 survey carried out with data from the University of São Paulo and <a href="/wiki/Unesp" class="mw-redirect" title="Unesp">Unesp</a>, even though Japanese descendants were 1.2% of the population of the city of São Paulo and made up less than 4% of those enrolled in the entrance exams, they were about 15% of those approved.<sup id="cite_ref-educacao_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-educacao-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 survey revealed that Brazilians of Japanese descent are the wealthiest group in Brazil. The survey concluded that Brazilians with a Japanese surname are the ones who earn the most (73.40 reais per hour):<sup id="cite_ref-sobrenomes_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobrenomes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Salary of Brazilians, according to their last name and color.<sup id="cite_ref-sobrenomes_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobrenomes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Ethnic origin (based on last name and color/race)</b> </th> <th><b>Salary (in <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a> per hour)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Japanese </td> <td>73,40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian </td> <td>51,80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>German </td> <td>48,10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern European </td> <td>47,60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iberian (whites) </td> <td>33,90 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a> (brown) </td> <td>27,80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black </td> <td>26,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indigenous </td> <td>26,10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fam%C3%ADlia_Japonesa_em_Bastos_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese family in Bastos, SP"><img alt="Japanese family in Bastos, SP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fam%C3%ADlia_Japonesa_em_Bastos_1930.jpg/120px-Fam%C3%ADlia_Japonesa_em_Bastos_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fam%C3%ADlia_Japonesa_em_Bastos_1930.jpg/180px-Fam%C3%ADlia_Japonesa_em_Bastos_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fam%C3%ADlia_Japonesa_em_Bastos_1930.jpg/240px-Fam%C3%ADlia_Japonesa_em_Bastos_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center;">Japanese family in <a href="/wiki/Bastos" title="Bastos">Bastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">SP</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Plantation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese immigrants working on coffee plantation"><img alt="Japanese immigrants working on coffee plantation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Plantation.jpg/120px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Plantation.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Plantation.jpg/180px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Plantation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Plantation.jpg/240px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Plantation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center;">Japanese immigrants working on coffee plantation</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Sieving.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese immigrants working on coffee plantation"><img alt="Japanese immigrants working on coffee plantation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Sieving.jpg/120px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Sieving.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Sieving.jpg/180px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Sieving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Sieving.jpg/240px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Sieving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center;">Japanese immigrants working on coffee plantation</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Immigrants_disembarkment_in_Brazil_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese immigrants arriving to the Port of Santos"><img alt="Japanese immigrants arriving to the Port of Santos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_Immigrants_disembarkment_in_Brazil_1937.jpg/96px-Japanese_Immigrants_disembarkment_in_Brazil_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_Immigrants_disembarkment_in_Brazil_1937.jpg/144px-Japanese_Immigrants_disembarkment_in_Brazil_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_Immigrants_disembarkment_in_Brazil_1937.jpg/192px-Japanese_Immigrants_disembarkment_in_Brazil_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center;">Japanese immigrants arriving to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Santos" title="Port of Santos">Port of Santos</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Immigrants_in_tea_Plantation_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese Immigrants on tea plantation in Registro, SP"><img alt="Japanese Immigrants on tea plantation in Registro, SP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Immigrants_in_tea_Plantation_02.jpg/120px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_tea_Plantation_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Immigrants_in_tea_Plantation_02.jpg/180px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_tea_Plantation_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Immigrants_in_tea_Plantation_02.jpg/240px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_tea_Plantation_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center;">Japanese Immigrants on tea plantation in <a href="/wiki/Registro" title="Registro">Registro</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">SP</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Immigrants_with_silkworm_breeding_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese immigrants with silkworm breeding"><img alt="Japanese immigrants with silkworm breeding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Japanese_Immigrants_with_silkworm_breeding_01.jpg/120px-Japanese_Immigrants_with_silkworm_breeding_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Japanese_Immigrants_with_silkworm_breeding_01.jpg/180px-Japanese_Immigrants_with_silkworm_breeding_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Japanese_Immigrants_with_silkworm_breeding_01.jpg/240px-Japanese_Immigrants_with_silkworm_breeding_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center;">Japanese immigrants with silkworm breeding</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commerce_japonais,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo-ann%C3%A9es_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese store in São Paulo"><img alt="Japanese store in São Paulo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Commerce_japonais%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo-ann%C3%A9es_1940.jpg/120px-Commerce_japonais%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo-ann%C3%A9es_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Commerce_japonais%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo-ann%C3%A9es_1940.jpg/180px-Commerce_japonais%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo-ann%C3%A9es_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Commerce_japonais%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo-ann%C3%A9es_1940.jpg/240px-Commerce_japonais%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo-ann%C3%A9es_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center;">Japanese store in São Paulo</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda,_Ministro_da_Ind%C3%BAstria_e_Com%C3%A9rcio..tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Fábio Riodi Yassuda [pt], a Nisei who became the first Brazilian minister of Japanese descent."><img alt="Fábio Riodi Yassuda, a Nisei who became the first Brazilian minister of Japanese descent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda%2C_Ministro_da_Ind%C3%BAstria_e_Com%C3%A9rcio..tif/lossy-page1-88px-F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda%2C_Ministro_da_Ind%C3%BAstria_e_Com%C3%A9rcio..tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda%2C_Ministro_da_Ind%C3%BAstria_e_Com%C3%A9rcio..tif/lossy-page1-133px-F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda%2C_Ministro_da_Ind%C3%BAstria_e_Com%C3%A9rcio..tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda%2C_Ministro_da_Ind%C3%BAstria_e_Com%C3%A9rcio..tif/lossy-page1-177px-F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda%2C_Ministro_da_Ind%C3%BAstria_e_Com%C3%A9rcio..tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fábio Riodi Yassuda (page does not exist)">Fábio Riodi Yassuda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Riodi_Yassuda" class="extiw" title="pt:Fábio Riodi Yassuda">pt</a>]</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> who became the first Brazilian minister of Japanese descent.</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integration_and_intermarriage">Integration and intermarriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Integration and intermarriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation_into_Brazilian_society">Assimilation into Brazilian society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assimilation into Brazilian society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Japanese immigrants who arrived before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> did not intend to stay permanently in Brazil; they simply wanted to work for a few years, save money, and return to Japan. As a result, they did not care about assimilating into Brazilian society. The immigrants’ children attended Japanese schools, in rural Brazil, where they learned not only the Japanese language but also how to be Japanese<sup id="cite_ref-osnisseis_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osnisseis-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these schools, they studied Japan’s history and geography but knew little about Brazil’s history and geography. They tried to live as if they had never left Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-redalyc_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redalyc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This pattern changed with Japan’s defeat in World War II. At that time, many Japanese immigrants realized they were deeply rooted in Brazil and that returning to a war-ravaged Japan was no longer worth it. On the other hand, Japanese who immigrated to Brazil after the war arrived with different goals; having experienced the horrors of war, they aimed not to return to Japan but to make Brazil their new homeland. Consequently, Japanese immigrants who arrived after the war assimilated into Brazilian society more easily and tended not to transmit Japanese culture and language to their children as much as those who had arrived before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-ibge500_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge500-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-redalyc_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redalyc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Convinced that they would no longer return to Japan, Japanese immigrants changed their expectations for their children as well, and the community stopped condemning Nisei (Brazilian-born children of Japanese immigrants) who did not speak Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-redalyc_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redalyc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even before World War II, many Japanese immigrants had realized they would not return to Japan, beginning the initial movement toward "Brazilianization." In the 1920s, many Japanese immigrants converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, Brazil’s predominant religion. The <a href="/wiki/Godparents" class="mw-redirect" title="Godparents">godparents</a> chosen by the Japanese were almost always Brazilians, thus creating a link with the Brazilian people.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive generations of Japanese descendants, Sansei (third generation) and Yonsei (fourth generation), showed a greater degree of assimilation into Brazilian society than the Nisei (second generation), as the latter remained more immersed in their parents' Japanese culture compared to later generations, who were increasingly integrated into Brazilian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-ibge500_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge500-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, "Brazilianization" did not mean a complete abandonment of Japanese values and traditions by the descendants. Japanese influence continued to manifest in various aspects, such as <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a>. Other values preserved by the descendants included an emphasis on discipline and education. According to a <a href="/wiki/IBGE" class="mw-redirect" title="IBGE">IBGE</a> publication:<sup id="cite_ref-ibge500_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge500-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A large part of the new generations does not speak Japanese. Rarely, however, is there an absence among the descendants of certain strong traditional values, such as the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushido</a>, the warrior’s sense of self-control. These are teachings passed down by Meiji-era immigrants that have shaped the conduct of later generations in their approach to work and family, and in some way have helped create the image of Japanese descendants as "studious," "intelligent," and "disciplined."</p></blockquote> <p>Despite assimilating into Brazilian society, even today Brazilians of Japanese descent are often not perceived as fully Brazilian and continue to be called — and to call themselves — "Japanese," even though many are third or fourth generation in Brazil, have never set foot in Japan, do not speak Japanese, and do not hold Japanese citizenship. Thus, being "Japanese" in Brazil has little to do with nationality or culture but rather with physical traits.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveira_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveira-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazilian society was historically formed by Indigenous, European, and African peoples and the <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> of these three groups. Therefore, what is conventionally considered "Brazilian physical appearance" was inherited from these three origins. In Brazil, no one questions that a <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> person could be Brazilian, nor that the child of Italian or Spanish immigrants is also Brazilian.<sup id="cite_ref-tuzzi_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuzzi-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lesser_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesser-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Lesser_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesser-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, descendants of Japanese people, because of their physical features reminiscent of the Asian country from which their ancestors came, carry the distinction of continuing to be seen as "Japanese" in the country where they were born. This occurs even among people of mixed heritage, or those who have only one Japanese parent. Mixed-heritage individuals who inherit more Japanese features continue to be labeled "Japanese," while those with more non-Japanese features are more easily seen as "Brazilian." Even individuals with origins in other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, such as China and Korea, are often called "Japanese" in Brazil. Ultimately, physical appearance, rather than nationality or culture, defines someone as "Japanese" in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveira_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveira-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This differentiation is often reinforced by the descendants of Japanese themselves, as they may refer to other Brazilians as "Brazilian" or "gaijin" (foreigner, in Japanese), associating Brazilian identity with negative aspects, such as trickery and laziness. Yet, when they go to Japan, Brazilians of Japanese descent realize they are not considered Japanese, as they are not seen as such by native Japanese, shattering the illusion that they are "Japanese." Thus, Japanese Brazilians experience a duality, being regarded as "Japanese" in Brazil but as "Brazilians" in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveira_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveira-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generations_and_intermarriage">Generations and intermarriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Generations and intermarriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align=center; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Intermarriage in the Japanese Brazilian community (data from 1987)<sup id="cite_ref-ELB_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Generation</th> <th colspan="2">Denomination in</th> <th rowspan="2" width="20">Proportion of each generation in all community (%)</th> <th rowspan="2" width="20">Proportion of mixed-race in each generation (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Japanese</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1st</td> <td>Issei</td> <td>Immigrants</td> <td align="right">12.51%</td> <td align="right">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2nd</td> <td>Nisei</td> <td>Children</td> <td align="right">30.85%</td> <td align="right">6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3rd</td> <td>Sansei</td> <td>Grandchildren</td> <td align="right">41.33%</td> <td align="right">42% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4th</td> <td>Yonsei</td> <td>Great-grandchildren</td> <td align="right">12.95%</td> <td align="right">61% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 1987, many Japanese Brazilians belonged to the third generation (<a href="/wiki/Sansei" title="Sansei">sansei</a>), who made up 41.33% of the community. First generation (<a href="/wiki/Issei" title="Issei">issei</a>) were 12.51%, second generation (<a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">nisei</a>) were 30.85% and fourth generation (<a href="/wiki/Yonsei_(fourth-generation_Nikkei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonsei (fourth-generation Nikkei)">yonsei</a>) 12.95%.<sup id="cite_ref-ELB_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A census conducted in the late 1950s, with around 400,000 members of the Japanese Brazilian community, revealed that marriages between Japanese and non-Japanese represented less than 2% among first-generation immigrants and less than 6% in the whole Japanese Brazilian community.<sup id="cite_ref-lesser182_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesser182-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese immigrants rarely married a non-Japanese person; however, their descendants, starting from the second and third generations, increasingly began to marry people of non-Japanese origin.<sup id="cite_ref-lesser182_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesser182-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1989, the rate of interethnic marriage was 45.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-KOJIMA_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KOJIMA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1987, most Japanese Brazilians were still of full Japanese descent, with 28% having some non-Japanese ancestry. Only 6% of second-generation Japanese Brazilians (children) were mixed-race, but 42% of third-generation (grandchildren) were mixed and a majority of 61% of fourth-generation (great-grandchildren) were mixed <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22_-_Sabrina_Sato-002_(17133105395).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/22_-_Sabrina_Sato-002_%2817133105395%29.jpg/220px-22_-_Sabrina_Sato-002_%2817133105395%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/22_-_Sabrina_Sato-002_%2817133105395%29.jpg/330px-22_-_Sabrina_Sato-002_%2817133105395%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/22_-_Sabrina_Sato-002_%2817133105395%29.jpg/440px-22_-_Sabrina_Sato-002_%2817133105395%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian television presenter <a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Sato" title="Sabrina Sato">Sabrina Sato</a> is the granddaughter of Japanese on her mother's side, and of a Swiss and a Lebanese on her father's side.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1987, 42% of third-generation Japanese Brazilians were of mixed heritage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the fourth-generation Japanese Brazilians no longer have significant ties with the Japanese community. According to a 2008 study, only 12% of fourth-generation people lived with their grandparents and only 0.4% of them lived with their great-grandparents. In the past generations, many Japanese Brazilians lived in the countryside and it was common for at least three generations to live together, thus preserving Japanese culture. In a rural environment, the proximity between community members and the strength of family relationships meant that Japanese traditions remained more alive. However, over 90% of fourth-generation Japanese Brazilians live in urban areas, where relationships are generally more impersonal, and they tend to assimilate Brazilian customs more than Japanese ones. <sup id="cite_ref-osyonseis_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osyonseis-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Japanese habits, however, resist – and culinary habits are among the most stubborn, as shown by a 2002 survey, which highlighted the influence of culture of origin on Nikkei students at the Federal University of Paraná (a third of them, yonsei). According to this study, although Brazilian dishes predominate on the menu of members of the fourth generation, they maintain the habit of frequently eating gohan (Japanese white rice, without seasoning) and consuming soy sauce, greens and vegetables cooked in the traditional way. The research also showed that the majority of the fourth generation do not speak Japanese, but understand basic domestic words and expressions. Some practices linked to the cult of ancestors, one of the pillars of Buddhism and Shintoism, also survive: many of them keep the <a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">butsudan</a> at home, an <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> on which photos of the family's dead are placed, to whom relatives offer water, food and prayers. <sup id="cite_ref-osyonseis_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osyonseis-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, a boy named Enzo Yuta Nakamura Onishi was the first sixth-generation person of Japanese descent to be born in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2022, less than 5% of Brazil's Japanese-origin population was Japanese-born (down from 12.51% in 1987), given that Japanese immigration to Brazil practically ceased in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-preimigracao_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preimigracao-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-preimigracao_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preimigracao-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immigrants, as well as most Japanese, were mostly followers of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. In the Japanese communities in Brazil, there was a strong effort by Brazilian priests to <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytize</a> the Japanese. More recently, intermarriage with <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> also contributed to the growth of Catholicism in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-panib_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panib-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, 60% of Japanese-Brazilians are Roman Catholics and 25% are adherents of a Japanese religion.<sup id="cite_ref-panib_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panib-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_arts">Martial arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Martial arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese immigration to Brazil, in particular the immigration of the <a href="/wiki/Judoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Judoka">judoka</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Maeda" title="Mitsuyo Maeda">Mitsuyo Maeda</a>, resulted in the development of one of the most effective modern martial arts, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu">Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu</a>. Japanese immigrants also brought <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> wrestling to Brazil, with the first tournament in the country organized in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Sumo#Amateur_sumo" title="Sumo">amateur sumo</a> wrestlers, with the only purpose-built sumo arena outside Japan located in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil also produced (as of January 2022) sixteen professional wrestlers, with the most successful being <a href="/wiki/Kaisei_Ichir%C5%8D" title="Kaisei Ichirō">Kaisei Ichirō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CuritibaPracaDoJapaoCerejeira.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CuritibaPracaDoJapaoCerejeira.JPG/220px-CuritibaPracaDoJapaoCerejeira.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CuritibaPracaDoJapaoCerejeira.JPG/330px-CuritibaPracaDoJapaoCerejeira.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CuritibaPracaDoJapaoCerejeira.JPG/440px-CuritibaPracaDoJapaoCerejeira.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossom" title="Cherry blossom">Cherry blossom</a> in Japan's Square in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, Paraná.</figcaption></figure> <p>The knowledge of the Japanese and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> languages reflects the integration of the Japanese in Brazil over several generations. Although first generation immigrants will often not learn Portuguese well or not use it frequently, most second generation are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>. The third generation, however, are most likely <a href="/wiki/Monolingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolingual">monolingual</a> in Portuguese or speak, along with Portuguese, non-fluent Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study conducted in the Japanese Brazilian communities of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Alian%C3%A7a" title="Nova Aliança">Aliança</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suzano" title="Suzano">Fukuhaku</a>, both in the state of São Paulo, released information on the language spoken by these people. Before coming to Brazil, 12.2% of the first generation interviewed from Aliança reported they had studied the Portuguese language in Japan, and 26.8% said to have used it once on arrival in Brazil. Many of the Japanese immigrants took classes of Portuguese and learned about the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">history of Brazil</a> before migrating to the country. In Fukuhaku only 7.7% of the people reported they had studied Portuguese in Japan, but 38.5% said they had contact with Portuguese once on arrival in Brazil. All the immigrants reported they spoke exclusively Japanese at home in the first years in Brazil. However, in 2003, the figure dropped to 58.5% in Aliança and 33.3% in Fukuhaku. This probably reflects that through contact with the younger generations of the family, who speak mostly Portuguese, many immigrants also began to speak Portuguese at home. </p><p>The first Brazilian-born generation, the Nisei, alternate between the use of Portuguese and Japanese. Regarding the use of Japanese at home, 64.3% of Nisei informants from <a href="/wiki/Alian%C3%A7a" title="Aliança">Aliança</a> and 41.5% from <a href="/wiki/Fukuhaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuhaku">Fukuhaku</a> used Japanese when they were children. In comparison, only 14.3% of the third generation, Sansei, reported to speak Japanese at home when they were children. It reflects that the second generation was mostly educated by their Japanese parents using the Japanese language. On the other hand, the third generation did not have much contact with their grandparent's language, and most of them speak the national language of Brazil, Portuguese, as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese Brazilians usually speak Japanese more often when they live along with a first generation relative. Those who do not live with a Japanese-born relative usually speak Portuguese more often.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese spoken in Brazil is usually a mix of different <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialects</a>, since the Japanese community in Brazil came from all regions of Japan, influenced by the Portuguese language. The high numbers of Brazilian immigrants returning from Japan will probably produce more Japanese speakers in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-ELB_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, there were 131,639 Japanese immigrants living in Brazil, of whom 10,828 lived in urban areas and 120,811 in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-algodao_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-algodao-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brazil's 1940 census, 144,523 Japanese immigrants were counted, more than 91% of whom were in the state of São Paulo. In the 1950 census, 129,192 Japanese were recorded, with 84.3% in São Paulo and 11.9% in Paraná. The data is shown in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: center; margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Distribution of immigrants from Japan, <br /> natives and Brazilians, by Federative Units - 1940/1950<sup id="cite_ref-ibge500_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge500-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Federative Unit</th> <th colspan="2">Absolute Data</th> <th colspan="2">Proportions (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1940</th> <th>1950</th> <th>1940</th> <th>1950 </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Pernambuco</td> <td>636</td> <td>836</td> <td>0.351</td> <td>0.456 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Pará</td> <td>467</td> <td>421</td> <td>0.323</td> <td>0.326 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Minas Gerais</td> <td>893</td> <td>917</td> <td>0.618</td> <td>0.710 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Rio de Janeiro</td> <td>380</td> <td>1,086</td> <td>0.263</td> <td>0.841 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_of_Brazil_(1891%E2%80%931960)" title="Federal District of Brazil (1891–1960)">Federal District</a></td> <td>538</td> <td>392</td> <td>0.372</td> <td>0.303 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">São Paulo</td> <td>132,216</td> <td>108,912</td> <td>91.484</td> <td>84.302 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Paraná</td> <td>8,064</td> <td>15,393</td> <td>5.580</td> <td>11.915 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Mato Grosso do Sul</td> <td>1,128</td> <td>1,172</td> <td>0.780</td> <td>0.907 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Brazil</td> <td>144,523</td> <td>129,192</td> <td>100</td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The maximum number of Japanese residents in Brazil was recorded in the 1970 census: 154,000. The states with at least one thousand Japanese residents were: São Paulo (116,566), Paraná (20,644), Mato Grosso (3,466), Pará (3,349), Rio Grande do Sul (1,619), Rio de Janeiro (1,451), Minas Gerais (1,406), and <a href="/wiki/Guanabara_(state)" title="Guanabara (state)">Guanabara</a> (1,380).<sup id="cite_ref-papel_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papel-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Japanese immigration to Brazil practically ceased in the 1970s, by 2022 less than 5% of Brazil's Japanese-origin population was Japanese-born, with over 95% being Brazilians whose Japanese ancestors immigrated to Brazil over the last five generations.<sup id="cite_ref-preimigracao_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preimigracao-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File_by_Peteris_P1170252_(3666895189).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/File_by_Peteris_P1170252_%283666895189%29.jpg/220px-File_by_Peteris_P1170252_%283666895189%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/File_by_Peteris_P1170252_%283666895189%29.jpg/330px-File_by_Peteris_P1170252_%283666895189%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/File_by_Peteris_P1170252_%283666895189%29.jpg/440px-File_by_Peteris_P1170252_%283666895189%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liberdade_(district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" title="Liberdade (district of São Paulo)">Liberdade</a> neighborhood, in São Paulo city. As of 1988, there were 290,000 people of Japanese origin living in the city, the largest number in Brazil. São Paulo's Japanese influence is more visible in the Liberdade region.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a publication by the Japanese-Brazilian Studies Center in 1988, there were 1,167,000 Japanese descendants in Brazil that year, of whom 290,000, or 24.8%, lived in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="City of São Paulo">city of São Paulo</a>, 156,000 (13.3%) in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">Greater São Paulo</a> area, and 382,000 (32.7%) in the rest of the state of São Paulo. Thus, 70.8% of the Japanese Brazilian population, or 828,000 people, lived in São Paulo state. In southern Brazil, mainly in Paraná, there were 142,000 Japanese descendants, or 12.2% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-ibge500_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge500-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, IBGE published a book about the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a> and it estimated that, as of 2000 there were 70,932 Japanese-born immigrants living in Brazil (compared to the 158,087 found in 1970). Of the Japanese, 51,445 lived in São Paulo. Most of the immigrants were over 60 years old, because the Japanese immigration to Brazil has ended since the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023, the number of Japanese citizens living in Brazil had dropped further to 46,900.<sup id="cite_ref-statista_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout Brazil, with more than 1.4 million people of Japanese descent, the highest percentages were found in the states of São Paulo (1.9% of Japanese descendants), Paraná (1.5%), and <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a> (1.4%). The lowest percentages were found in <a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a> (with only 8 Japanese residents). The percentage of Brazilians with Japanese roots increased especially among children and adolescents. In 1991, 0.6% of Brazilians aged 0 to 14 were of Japanese ancestry; in 2000, they were 4%, as a result of the return of <a href="/wiki/Dekassegui" class="mw-redirect" title="Dekassegui">dekassegui</a> (Brazilians of Japanese descent working in Japan) to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-IBGE_traça_perfil_dos_imigrantes_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBGE_traça_perfil_dos_imigrantes-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_census" title="2022 Brazilian census">2022 Brazilian census</a>, 850,130 people identified as "yellow," a designation by the <a href="/wiki/IBGE" class="mw-redirect" title="IBGE">IBGE</a> for people of Asian descent: Japanese, Chinese, Korean.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All municipalities with the highest proportions of yellow individuals were in the states of São Paulo (SP) and Paraná (PR), namely: <a href="/wiki/Assa%C3%AD" title="Assaí">Assaí</a> (PR) – 11.05% of the population; <a href="/wiki/Bastos" title="Bastos">Bastos</a> (SP) – 10.3%; <a href="/wiki/Ura%C3%AD" title="Uraí">Uraí</a> (PR) – 5.9%; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o_da_Amoreira" title="São Sebastião da Amoreira">São Sebastião da Amoreira</a> (PR) – 4.8%; <a href="/wiki/Pereira_Barreto" title="Pereira Barreto">Pereira Barreto</a> (SP) – 4.2%; <a href="/wiki/Nova_Am%C3%A9rica_da_Colina" title="Nova América da Colina">Nova América da Colina</a> (PR) – 3.8%; and <a href="/wiki/Mogi_das_Cruzes" title="Mogi das Cruzes">Mogi das Cruzes</a> (SP) – 3.7%. In numerical terms, the municipalities with the most yellow residents were <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo (city)">São Paulo</a> (238,603 people), <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a> (23,635), <a href="/wiki/Londrina" title="Londrina">Londrina</a> (18,026), and <a href="/wiki/Maring%C3%A1" title="Maringá">Maringá</a> (13,465).<sup id="cite_ref-IBGE_Cidade@_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBGE_Cidade@-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that there were 2 million people of Japanese origin in Brazil, but only 47,472 had Japanese nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-mofa_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese-origin population in Brazil is extremely urban. Whereas at the beginning of immigration almost all Japanese were in rural areas, by 1958, 55.1% were already in urban centers. In 1988, 90% resided in urban areas. This early <a href="/wiki/Rural_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural exodus">rural exodus</a> directly influenced the occupational profile and high education level of this group. While in 1958, 56% of the Nikkei population worked in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, by 1988, that number had dropped to only 12%. Meanwhile, the percentages of technical (16%) and administrative (28%) workers in the secondary and tertiary sectors increased.<sup id="cite_ref-gerflint.fr_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerflint.fr-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_gallery plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve the section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">removing excessive or indiscriminate images</a> or by <a href="/wiki/MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE">moving relevant images</a> beside adjacent text, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Manual of Style on use of images</a>. <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(October 2011)</i></span></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Immigrants_logging.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese in a Brazilian forest."><img alt="Japanese in a Brazilian forest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Japanese_Immigrants_logging.jpg/120px-Japanese_Immigrants_logging.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Japanese_Immigrants_logging.jpg/180px-Japanese_Immigrants_logging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Japanese_Immigrants_logging.jpg/240px-Japanese_Immigrants_logging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese in a Brazilian forest.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Immigrants_in_their_own_Potato_Farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese immigrants with their planting of potatoes."><img alt="Japanese immigrants with their planting of potatoes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Japanese_Immigrants_in_their_own_Potato_Farm.jpg/120px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_their_own_Potato_Farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Japanese_Immigrants_in_their_own_Potato_Farm.jpg/180px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_their_own_Potato_Farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Japanese_Immigrants_in_their_own_Potato_Farm.jpg/240px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_their_own_Potato_Farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese immigrants with their planting of potatoes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese family in Brazil."><img alt="Japanese family in Brazil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_01.jpg/120px-Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_01.jpg/180px-Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_01.jpg/240px-Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese family in Brazil.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_c1930,_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Japonesa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese family on a banana plantation in Brazil (c1930)"><img alt="Japanese family on a banana plantation in Brazil (c1930)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_c1930%2C_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Japonesa.png/120px-Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_c1930%2C_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Japonesa.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_c1930%2C_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Japonesa.png/180px-Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_c1930%2C_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Japonesa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_c1930%2C_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Japonesa.png/240px-Japanese_immigrant_family_in_Brazil_c1930%2C_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Japonesa.png 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese family on a banana plantation in Brazil (c1930)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Immigrants_in_a_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A train taking Japanese immigrants from Santos to São Paulo (1935)."><img alt="A train taking Japanese immigrants from Santos to São Paulo (1935)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Japanese_Immigrants_in_a_train.jpg/120px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_a_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Japanese_Immigrants_in_a_train.jpg/180px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_a_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Japanese_Immigrants_in_a_train.jpg/240px-Japanese_Immigrants_in_a_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A train taking Japanese immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Santos_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santos (São Paulo)">Santos</a> to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> (1935).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Gathering.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese on coffee plantation (1930)."><img alt="Japanese on coffee plantation (1930)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Gathering.jpg/120px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Gathering.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Gathering.jpg/180px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Gathering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Gathering.jpg/240px-Japanese_Workers_in_Coffee_Gathering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese on coffee plantation (1930).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desembarque_Kasato_Maru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first immigrants on the Kasato Maru ship (1908)."><img alt="The first immigrants on the Kasato Maru ship (1908)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Desembarque_Kasato_Maru.jpg/120px-Desembarque_Kasato_Maru.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Desembarque_Kasato_Maru.jpg/180px-Desembarque_Kasato_Maru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Desembarque_Kasato_Maru.jpg/240px-Desembarque_Kasato_Maru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first immigrants on the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kasato Maru</i></span> ship (1908).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japoneses_no_brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese immigrants in Brazil."><img alt="Japanese immigrants in Brazil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japoneses_no_brasil.jpg/120px-Japoneses_no_brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japoneses_no_brasil.jpg/180px-Japoneses_no_brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japoneses_no_brasil.jpg/240px-Japoneses_no_brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese immigrants in Brazil.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masaji_Ishida_and_Kiyono_Watanabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marriage of Japanese immigrants at São Paulo state, Brazil."><img alt="Marriage of Japanese immigrants at São Paulo state, Brazil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Masaji_Ishida_and_Kiyono_Watanabe.jpg/86px-Masaji_Ishida_and_Kiyono_Watanabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Masaji_Ishida_and_Kiyono_Watanabe.jpg/128px-Masaji_Ishida_and_Kiyono_Watanabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Masaji_Ishida_and_Kiyono_Watanabe.jpg/171px-Masaji_Ishida_and_Kiyono_Watanabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marriage of Japanese immigrants at São Paulo state, Brazil.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norimiti_ishida_e_Francisca_Ribeiro_da_Silva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazilian couple. Inter-racial couple in Brazil; unusual during the '60s in rural areas."><img alt="Brazilian couple. Inter-racial couple in Brazil; unusual during the '60s in rural areas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Norimiti_ishida_e_Francisca_Ribeiro_da_Silva.jpg/120px-Norimiti_ishida_e_Francisca_Ribeiro_da_Silva.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Norimiti_ishida_e_Francisca_Ribeiro_da_Silva.jpg/180px-Norimiti_ishida_e_Francisca_Ribeiro_da_Silva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Norimiti_ishida_e_Francisca_Ribeiro_da_Silva.jpg/240px-Norimiti_ishida_e_Francisca_Ribeiro_da_Silva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brazilian couple. Inter-racial couple in Brazil; unusual during the '60s in rural areas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oomoto_in_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese in São Paulo-Brazil, Liberdade neighborhood, in a Shinto chapel."><img alt="Japanese in São Paulo-Brazil, Liberdade neighborhood, in a Shinto chapel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Oomoto_in_Brazil.jpg/120px-Oomoto_in_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Oomoto_in_Brazil.jpg/180px-Oomoto_in_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Oomoto_in_Brazil.jpg/240px-Oomoto_in_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5360" data-file-height="4208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese in São Paulo-Brazil, Liberdade neighborhood, in a Shinto chapel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Massaji_Ishida.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazilian issei, (first generation of Japanese immigrant), reading newspaper in Portuguese, while the shown title is about Kardec spiritism (a French–Brazilian sect) which is quite similar to Shinto and Buddhist principles."><img alt="Brazilian issei, (first generation of Japanese immigrant), reading newspaper in Portuguese, while the shown title is about Kardec spiritism (a French–Brazilian sect) which is quite similar to Shinto and Buddhist principles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Massaji_Ishida.jpg/120px-Massaji_Ishida.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Massaji_Ishida.jpg/180px-Massaji_Ishida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Massaji_Ishida.jpg/240px-Massaji_Ishida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brazilian issei, (first generation of Japanese immigrant), reading newspaper in Portuguese, while the shown title is about <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardec spiritism</a> (a French–Brazilian sect) which is quite similar to Shinto and Buddhist principles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%A9_Ocada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group of Japanese descendants with Brazilians working resting after tree cutting, to clear areas for coffee plantations in Brazil, '50s and '60s."><img alt="Group of Japanese descendants with Brazilians working resting after tree cutting, to clear areas for coffee plantations in Brazil, '50s and '60s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Z%C3%A9_Ocada.jpg/120px-Z%C3%A9_Ocada.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Z%C3%A9_Ocada.jpg/180px-Z%C3%A9_Ocada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Z%C3%A9_Ocada.jpg/240px-Z%C3%A9_Ocada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Group of Japanese descendants with Brazilians working resting after tree cutting, to clear areas for coffee plantations in Brazil, '50s and '60s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norimiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazilians, second generation after Japanese immigration (sanseis) in rural areas, coffee plantations, São Paulo state, Brazil."><img alt="Brazilians, second generation after Japanese immigration (sanseis) in rural areas, coffee plantations, São Paulo state, Brazil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Norimiti.jpg/120px-Norimiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Norimiti.jpg/180px-Norimiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Norimiti.jpg/240px-Norimiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brazilians, second generation after Japanese immigration (sanseis) in rural areas, coffee plantations, São Paulo state, Brazil.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_from_Maringá"><span id="Japanese_from_Maring.C3.A1"></span>Japanese from Maringá</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japanese from Maringá"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2008 census revealed details about the population of Japanese origin from the city of <a href="/wiki/Maring%C3%A1" title="Maringá">Maringá</a> in Paraná, making it possible to have a profile of the Japanese-Brazilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Numbers</b></li></ul> <p>There were 4,034 families of Japanese descent from Maringá, comprising 14,324 people. </p> <ul><li><b>Dekasegi</b></li></ul> <p>1,846 or 15% of Japanese Brazilians from Maringá were working in Japan. </p> <ul><li><b>Generations</b></li></ul> <p>Of the 12,478 people of Japanese origin living in Maringá, 6.61% were Issei (born in Japan); 35.45% were Nisei (children of Japanese); 37.72% were Sansei (grandchildren) and 13.79% were Yonsei (great-grandchildren). </p> <ul><li><b>Average age</b></li></ul> <p>The average age was of 40.12 years old </p> <ul><li><b>Gender</b></li></ul> <p>52% of Japanese Brazilians from the city were women. </p> <ul><li><b>Average number of children per woman</b></li></ul> <p>2.4 children (similar to the average Southern Brazilian woman) </p> <ul><li><b>Religion</b></li></ul> <p>Most were Roman Catholics (32% of Sansei, 27% of Nisei, 10% of Yonsei and 2% of Issei). <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> religions were the second most followed (6% of Nisei, 6% of Sansei, 2% of Yonsei and 1% of Issei) and next was <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (5% of Nisei, 3% of Issei, 2% of Sansei and 1% of Yonsei). </p> <ul><li><b>Family</b></li></ul> <p>49.66% were married. </p> <ul><li><b>Knowledge of the Japanese language</b></li></ul> <p>47% can understand, read and write in Japanese. 31% of the second generation and 16% of the third generation can speak Japanese. </p> <ul><li><b>Schooling</b></li></ul> <p>31% elementary education; 30% secondary school and 30% higher education. </p> <ul><li><b>Mixed-race</b></li></ul> <p>A total of 20% were mixed-race (have some non-Japanese origin). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reversal_in_the_migration_flow_(The_Dekasegi)"><span id="Reversal_in_the_migration_flow_.28The_Dekasegi.29"></span>Reversal in the migration flow (The Dekasegi)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reversal in the migration flow (The Dekasegi)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Japan" title="Brazilians in Japan">Brazilians in Japan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primeira_turma_de_brasileiros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Primeira_turma_de_brasileiros.jpg/200px-Primeira_turma_de_brasileiros.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Primeira_turma_de_brasileiros.jpg/300px-Primeira_turma_de_brasileiros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Primeira_turma_de_brasileiros.jpg/400px-Primeira_turma_de_brasileiros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>A group of Brazilians in Japan. Most Brazilian immigrants in Japan are the descendants of Japanese who immigrated to Brazil throughout the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in the late 1980s, there was a reversal in the migration flow between Brazil and Japan. Brazil entered an economic crisis, known as "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" title="Década Perdida">Década Perdida</a>", with <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> reaching 1,037.53% in 1988 and 1,782.85% in 1989. At the same time, Japan’s economy was experiencing impressive growth, making it one of the wealthiest countries in the world. The 1980s were called "baburu keizai" (the Japanese economic bubble). The crisis in Brazil and prosperity in Japan led approximately 85,000 Japanese and their descendants living in Brazil to move to Japan between 1980 and 1990. Brazilians who went to work in Japan became known as "<a href="/wiki/Dekasegi" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegis</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-ossanseis_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ossanseis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-redalyc_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redalyc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the migration flow of Brazilians to Japan grew even more, thanks to the 1990 reform of Japan’s Immigration Control Law. With this law, Japan allowed Japanese descendants born abroad, up to the third generation (children and grandchildren of Japanese), to work in Japan with long-term residence visas. This was a way for the Japanese government to address the labor shortage in Japan without disrupting the country’s ethnic homogeneity, with a clear preference given to Latin Americans, mostly Brazilians, of Japanese descent. At that time, Japan was receiving a large number of illegal immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The legislation of 1990 was intended to select immigrants who entered Japan, giving a clear preference for Japanese descendants from South America, especially Brazil. Consequently, between 1990 and 2000, the number of Brazilians in Japan quintupled, reaching 250,000 people. This law also allowed Japanese descendants to bring their spouses without Japanese ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of their Japanese ancestry, the Japanese government believed that Brazilians would be more easily integrated into Japanese society. In fact, this easy integration did not happen, since Japanese Brazilians and their children born in Japan are treated as foreigners by native Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This apparent contradiction between being and seeming causes conflicts of adaptation for the migrants and their acceptance by the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Brazilians who go to work in Japan are not poor, but rather middle-class individuals, who were particularly affected by Brazil's economic crises. This population, attempting to maintain or improve their standard of living, began seeking better economic conditions in Japan, the country of their ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-scielo2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scielo2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These people were lured to Japan to work in areas that the Japanese refused (the so-called "three K": <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kitsui</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kitanai</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kiken</i></span> – hard, dirty and dangerous).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-scielo2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scielo2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Brazilians go to Japan intending to work temporarily and later return with financial savings. However, these intentions are not always fulfilled, and many Brazilians opted to stay permanently in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2007, there were 313,770 Brazilians legally residing in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cities and prefectures with the most Brazilians in Japan were <a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shizuoka, Shizuoka">Shizuoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanagawa">Kanagawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saitama,_Saitama" class="mw-redirect" title="Saitama, Saitama">Saitama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gunma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunma">Gunma</a>. Brazilians in Japan are usually educated. However, they are employed in the Japanese automotive and electronics factories.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Brazilians are subjected to hours of exhausting work, earning a small salary by Japanese standards.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in 2002, Brazilians living in Japan sent US$2.5 billion to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the severe financial crisis that hit Japan starting in 2008, many Brazilians returned to Brazil. By 2014, the Brazilian community in the country had decreased to 177,953 people. On the other hand, in 2023, the Brazilian community in Japan grew again, totaling 211,840 people.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moj_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moj-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, there was a new amendment to the Japanese immigration law, allowing descendants of Japanese born abroad up to the fourth generation (great-grandchildren) to work in Japan. However, for great-grandchildren, the law established stricter requirements, including an age limit and proof of Japanese language proficiency. As a result, few visas were issued: the Japanese government expected to grant 4,000 visas annually, but only 43 applications were approved in the first year of the new legislation, 17 of them to Brazilians.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Brazilians formed the fourth-largest community of foreign workers residing in Japan, after the Chinese, Koreans and Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the Brazilian community in Japan was the fifth-largest Brazilian community outside Brazil, surpassed only by the communities in the United States, Portugal, Paraguay, and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_identity_in_Japan">Brazilian identity in Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brazilian identity in Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, many Japanese Brazilians suffer prejudice because they do not know how to speak Japanese fluently. Despite their Japanese appearance, Brazilians in Japan are culturally Brazilians, usually only speaking Portuguese, and are treated as foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-onishi_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onishi-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The children of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dekasegi</i></span> Brazilians encounter difficulties in Japanese schools.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Brazilian children are out of school in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-onishi_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onishi-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brazilian influence in Japan is growing. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> has the largest carnival parade outside of Brazil itself. Portuguese is the third most spoken foreign language in Japan, after Chinese and Korean, and is among the most studied languages by students in the country. In <a href="/wiki/Oizumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oizumi">Oizumi</a>, it is estimated that 15% of the population speak Portuguese as their native language. Japan has two newspapers in the Portuguese language, besides radio and television stations spoken in that language. The Brazilian fashion and <a href="/wiki/Bossa_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Bossa Nova">Bossa Nova</a> music are also popular among Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, there were an estimated 302,000 Brazilian nationals in Japan, of whom 25,000 also hold Japanese citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="100th_anniversary">100th anniversary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 100th anniversary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, many celebrations took place in Japan and Brazil to remember the centenary of Japanese immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Then-Prince Naruhito of Japan</a> arrived in Brazil on 17 June to participate in the celebrations. He visited <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, São Paulo, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>. Throughout his stay in Brazil, the Prince was received by a crowd of Japanese immigrants and their descendants. He broke the protocol of the Japanese Monarchy, which prohibits physical contact with people, and greeted the Brazilian people. In the São Paulo <a href="/wiki/Samb%C3%B3dromo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambódromo">sambódromo</a>, the Prince spoke to 50,000 people and in Paraná to 75,000. He also visited the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>, where people of Japanese descent make up 14% of the 80,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naruhito,_Crown_Prince_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan">Naruhito</a>, then the crown prince of Japan, gave a speech that he concluded with a thank you in Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> there are two Japanese publications, the <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Shimbun" title="São Paulo Shimbun">São Paulo Shimbun</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nikkey_Shimbun" title="Nikkey Shimbun">Nikkey Shimbun</a></i>. The former was established in 1946 and the latter was established in 1998. The latter has a Portuguese edition, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Jornal_Nippak" class="mw-redirect" title="Jornal Nippak">Jornal Nippak</a></i></span>, and both publications have Portuguese websites. The <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Jornal Paulista</i></span>, established in 1947, and the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Diário Nippak</i></span>, established in 1949, are the predecessors of the <i>Nikkey Shimbun</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MatheusTatOutro_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatheusTatOutro-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Nambei</i>, published in 1916, was Brazil's first Japanese newspaper. In 1933 90% of East Asian-origin Brazilians read Japanese publications, including 20 periodicals, 15 magazines, and five newspapers. The increase of the number of publications was due to Japanese immigration to Brazil. The government banned publication of Japanese newspapers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MatheusTatOutro_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatheusTatOutro-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatiane_Matheus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatiane Matheus (page does not exist)">Tatiane Matheus</a> of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Estad%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadão">Estadão</a></i></span> stated that in the pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippak_Shimbun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippak Shimbun (page does not exist)">Nippak Shimbun</a></i>, established in 1916; the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burajiru_Jiho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burajiru Jiho (page does not exist)">Burajiru Jiho</a></i></span>, established in 1917; and two newspapers established in 1932, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Shimbun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Shimbun (page does not exist)">Nippon Shimbun</a></i></span> and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seishu_Shino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seishu Shino (page does not exist)">Seishu Shino</a></i></span>, were the most influential Japanese newspapers. All were published in São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-MatheusTatOutro_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatheusTatOutro-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese Brazilians is located in Brazil"><img alt="Japanese Brazilians is located in Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brazil_location_map.svg/300px-Brazil_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brazil_location_map.svg/450px-Brazil_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brazil_location_map.svg/600px-Brazil_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.113%;left:65.257%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Escola_Japonesa_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo"><img alt="São Paulo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Escola_Japonesa_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Escola Japonesa de São Paulo">São Paulo</a></small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.349%;left:73.637%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Civil_de_Divulga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cultural_e_Educacional_Japonesa_do_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro"><img alt="Rio de Janeiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Civil_de_Divulga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cultural_e_Educacional_Japonesa_do_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Associação Civil de Divulgação Cultural e Educacional Japonesa do Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.68%;left:34.159%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_School_of_Manaus" title="Manaus"><img alt="Manaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Japanese_School_of_Manaus" title="Japanese School of Manaus">Manaus</a></small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.561%;left:59.376%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Curitiba"><img alt="Curitiba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/5px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><small>Curitiba</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.614%;left:71.813%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Belo Horizonte"><img alt="Belo Horizonte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/5px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/8px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/10px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><small>Belo Horizonte</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.639%;left:61.2%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Belém"><img alt="Belém" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/5px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/8px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/10px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><small>Belém</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.744%;left:80.481%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vitória"><img alt="Vitória" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/5px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/8px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/10px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><small>Vitória</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.087%;left:54.782%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Porto Alegre"><img alt="Porto Alegre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/5px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/8px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/10px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><small>Porto Alegre</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.433%;left:84.7%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Salvador"><img alt="Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/5px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/8px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/10px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><small>Salvador</small></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_location_map.svg" title="File:Brazil location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Locations of Japanese international schools, day and supplementary, in Brazil recognized by <a href="/wiki/MEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="MEXT">MEXT</a> (grey dots are for closed facilities)</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Social_Enkyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Centro_de_A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Social_Enkyo.jpg/220px-Centro_de_A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Social_Enkyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Centro_de_A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Social_Enkyo.jpg/330px-Centro_de_A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Social_Enkyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Centro_de_A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Social_Enkyo.jpg/440px-Centro_de_A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Social_Enkyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Beneficência Nipo-Brasileira de São Paulo Building. The Association owns hospitals and social institutions across Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonjin gakko">Japanese international day schools</a> in Brazil include the <a href="/wiki/Escola_Japonesa_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Escola Japonesa de São Paulo">Escola Japonesa de São Paulo</a> ("São Paulo Japanese School"),<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Civil_de_Divulga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cultural_e_Educacional_Japonesa_do_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Associação Civil de Divulgação Cultural e Educacional Japonesa do Rio de Janeiro">Associação Civil de Divulgação Cultural e Educacional Japonesa do Rio de Janeiro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cosme_Velho" title="Cosme Velho">Cosme Velho</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Escola_Japonesa_de_Manaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Escola Japonesa de Manaus">Escola Japonesa de Manaus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Escola Japonesa de <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a> (ベロ・オリゾンテ日本人学校),<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Japanese schools in <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Vitória, Espírito Santo">Vitória</a> previously existed; all three closed, and their certifications by the <a href="/wiki/MEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="MEXT">Japanese education ministry</a> (MEXT) were revoked on March 29, 2002 (Heisei 14).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_school" title="Supplementary school">supplementary schools</a> teaching the Japanese language and culture. As of 2003, in southern Brazil there are hundreds of Japanese supplementary schools. The Japan Foundation in São Paulo's coordinator of projects in 2003 stated that <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo State</a> has about 500 supplementary schools. Around 33% of the Japanese supplementary schools in southeastern Brazil are in the city of São Paulo. As of 2003 almost all of the directors of the São Paulo schools were women.<sup id="cite_ref-CarvalhoPT46_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarvalhoPT46-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MEXT recognizes one <a href="/wiki/Hoshuko" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshuko">part-time Japanese school</a> (hoshu jugyo ko or hoshuko), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escola_Suplementar_Japonesa_Curitiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escola Suplementar Japonesa Curitiba (page does not exist)">Escola Suplementar Japonesa Curitiba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MEXT-approved hoshukos in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a> have closed.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_education">History of education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taisho_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taisho School (page does not exist)">Taisho School</a>, Brazil's first Japanese language school, opened in 1915 in São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas full-time Japanese schools opened because no local schools existed in the vicinity of the Japanese settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-LaughtonKurap10_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaughtonKurap10-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932 over 10,000 Nikkei Brazilian children attended almost 200 Japanese supplementary schools in São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1938 Brazil had a total of 600 Japanese schools.<sup id="cite_ref-LaughtonKurap10_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaughtonKurap10-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, 22,000 students, taught by 400 teachers, attended 350 supplementary Japanese schools. In 1992 there were 319 supplementary Japanese language schools in Brazil with a total of 18,782 students, 10,050 of them being female and 8,732 of them being male. Of the schools, 111 were in São Paulo State and 54 were in <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná State</a>. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo Metropolitan Area">São Paulo Metropolitan Area</a> had 95 Japanese schools, and the schools in the city limits of São Paulo had 6,916 students.<sup id="cite_ref-CarvalhoPT46_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarvalhoPT46-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, São Paulo Japanese supplementary schools were larger than those in other communities. In general, during that decade a Brazilian supplementary Japanese school had one or two teachers responsible for around 60 students.<sup id="cite_ref-CarvalhoPT46_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarvalhoPT46-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hiromi Shibata, a PhD student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>, wrote the dissertation <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">As escolas japonesas paulistas (1915–1945)</i></span>, published in 1997. Jeff Lesser, author of <i>Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil</i>, wrote that the author "suggests" that the Japanese schools in São Paulo "were as much an affirmation of Nipo-Brazilian identity as they were of Japanese nationalism."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_America_Hongwanji_Mission" title="South America Hongwanji Mission">South America Hongwanji Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Brazilians" title="List of Japanese Brazilians">List of Japanese Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Latin_Americans" title="Asian Latin Americans">Asian Latin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Japan" title="Brazilians in Japan">Brazilians in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Brazil–Japan relations">Brazil–Japan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peruvians" title="Japanese Peruvians">Japanese Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Argentines" title="Japanese Argentines">Japanese Argentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shindo_Renmei" title="Shindo Renmei">Shindo Renmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_immigration_in_Brazil" title="Japanese immigration in Brazil">Japanese immigration in Brazil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 2023, 414,620 Japanese lived in the United States, 101,790 in China, 99,830 in Australia, 75,110 in Canada, 72,310 in Thailand, and 64,970 in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-statista_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entre 1820 e 1963, entraram no Brasil 5.527.354 imigrantes, dos quais 1.767.334 portugueses, 1.624.725 italianos, 712.957 espanhóis, 256.566 alemães e 242.171 japoneses.<sup id="cite_ref-entrada-estr-bra_gifim_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrada-estr-bra_gifim-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_in_Latin_America:_The_Asian_American_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The Japanese in Latin America: The Asian American Experience">The Japanese in Latin America: The Asian American Experience</a>.</i> Urbana, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07144-7">978-0-252-07144-7</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/253466232">253466232</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesser2001" class="citation book cs1">Lesser, Jeffrey (2001). <i>Negociando a Identidade Nacional: Imigrantes, Minorias e a Luta pela Etnicidade no Brasil</i>. UNESP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negociando+a+Identidade+Nacional%3A+Imigrantes%2C+Minorias+e+a+Luta+pela+Etnicidade+no+Brasil&rft.pub=UNESP&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lesser&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213005249/http://history.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/lesser.html">Jeffrey Lesser</a>, A Discontented Diaspora: Japanese-Brazilians and the Meanings of Ethnic Militancy, 1960–1980 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007); Portuguese edition: Uma Diáspora Descontente: Os Nipo-Brasileiros e os Significados da Militância Étnica, 1960–1980 (São Paulo: Editora Paz e Terra, 2008).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213005249/http://history.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/lesser.html">Jeffrey Lesser</a>, Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999); Portuguese edition: Negociando an Identidade Nacional: Imigrantes, Minorias e a Luta pela Etnicidade no Brasil (São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2001).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shibata, Hiromi. <i>As escolas Japonesas paulistas (1915–1945)</i> (Ph.D. dissertation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>, 1997).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasaki2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sasaki, Elisa (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0103-40142006000200009">"A imigração para o Japão"</a>. <i>Estudos Avançados</i>. <b>20</b> (57): 99–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0103-40142006000200009">10.1590/S0103-40142006000200009</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudos+Avan%C3%A7ados&rft.atitle=A+imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+para+o+Jap%C3%A3o&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=57&rft.pages=99-117&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0103-40142006000200009&rft.aulast=Sasaki&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0103-40142006000200009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://bunkyo.bunkyonet.org.br/">Sociedade Brasileira de Cultura Japonesa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307153007/http://www.bunkyo.bunkyonet.org.br/">Archived</a> March 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjsp.org.br">Fundação Japão em São Paulo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centenario2008.org.br">Centenário da Imigração Japonesa no Brasil (1908–2008)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511220351/http://www.centenario2008.org.br/">Archived</a> May 11, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104172855/http://www2.mre.gov.br/dai/b_japa_01_2881.htm">Tratado de Amizade Brasil-Japão</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104163950/http://www2.mre.gov.br/dai/japmigr.htm">Tratado de Migração e Colonização Brasil-Japão</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imigracaojaponesa.com.br">Site da Imigração Japonesa no Brasil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218164031/http://www.imigracaojaponesa.com.br/naviodaesperanca.html">Leia sobre os navios de imigrantes que aportaram no Porto de Santos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202025657/http://www.100anosjapaobrasil.com.br/">Site comemorativo do Centenário da Imigração Japonesa que coleta histórias de vida de imigrantes e descendentes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cenb.org.br/">Center for Japanese-Brazilian Studies (Centro de Estudos Nipo-Brasileiros)</a></li></ul> <div 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Ancestry and ethnicity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Brazilian" title="Mixed-race Brazilian">Mixed-race</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiços</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainokos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians"><i>pardos</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclos</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mamelucos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzos</i></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras"><i>caiçaras</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sararás</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Black</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">quilombolas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga">Kalunga</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Africa <br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_immigration_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian immigration to Brazil">Nigerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Africa <br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_immigration_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan immigration to Brazil">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Congolese immigration to Brazil">Congolese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Brazilians" title="American Brazilians">American (United States)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Texas" title="New Texas">New Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Brazilians" title="Canadian Brazilians">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Brazilians" title="Mexican Brazilians">Mexican</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Brazilians" title="Caribbean Brazilians">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadians_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadians in Brazil">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubano-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Cubano-brasileiro">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Brazilian">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicano-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Jamaicano-brasileiro">Jamaican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_centro-americana_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração centro-americana no Brasil">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_costarriquenha_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração costarriquenha no Brasil">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_guatemalteca_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração guatemalteca no Brasil">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_hondurenha_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração hondurenha no Brasil">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_nicaraguense_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração nicaraguense no Brasil">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_panamenha_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração panamenha no Brasil">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_salvadorenha_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração salvadorenha no Brasil">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_from_other_South_American_countries_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration from other South American countries to Brazil">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Brazilians" title="Argentine Brazilians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivians_in_Brazil" title="Bolivians in Brazil">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Brazilians" title="Chilean Brazilians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiano-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Colombiano-brasileiro">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_equatoriana_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração equatoriana no Brasil">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_guianesa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração guianesa no Brasil">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_paraguaia_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração paraguaia no Brasil">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_peruana_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração peruana no Brasil">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_surinamesa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração surinamesa no Brasil">Surinamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Brazilians" title="Uruguayan Brazilians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Brazilians" title="Venezuelan Brazilians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">Yellow</a> (East Asian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country <br /> or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Filipino immigration to Brazil">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_indon%C3%A9sia_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração indonésia no Brasil">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Japanese community of São Paulo">in São Paulo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Brazilians" title="Korean Brazilians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_malaia_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração malaia no Brasil">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_tailandesa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração tailandesa no Brasil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamito-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Vietnamito-brasileiro">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Bangladeshi immigration to Brazil">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Indian immigration to Brazil">East Indians</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_paquistanesa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração paquistanesa no Brasil">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_afeg%C3%A3_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração afegã no Brasil">Afghan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brazilians" title="Armenian Brazilians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilians" title="Arab Brazilians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraquianos_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Iraquianos no Brasil">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Brazilians" title="Lebanese Brazilians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Brazilian" title="Palestinian Brazilian">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Brazilians" title="Syrian Brazilians">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranianos_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Iranianos no Brasil">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Turco-brasileiro">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_immigration_to_Brazil" title="European immigration to Brazil">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country <br /> or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Brazilians" title="Austrian Brazilians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Brazilians" title="Czech Brazilians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Brazilians" title="Hungarian Brazilians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Brazilians" title="Polish Brazilians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brazilians" title="Swiss Brazilians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_bielorrussa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração bielorrussa no Brasil">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Brazilians" title="Russian Brazilians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians" title="Ukrainian Brazilians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estoniana_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração estoniana no Brasil">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%A3o-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Letão-brasileiro">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Brazilians" title="Lithuanian Brazilians">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Brazilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Brazilians">Scandinavian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Brazilians" title="Bulgarian Brazilians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Brazilians" title="Croatian Brazilians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Brazilians" title="Greek Brazilians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B4nios_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Macedônios no Brasil">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilians" title="Portuguese Brazilians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Brazilians" title="Romanian Brazilians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Brazilians" title="Spanish Brazilians">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Brazilians" title="Belgian Brazilians">Belgian</a></li> <li>British (<a href="/wiki/English_Brazilians" title="English Brazilians">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Brazilians" title="Scottish Brazilians">Scottish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazilians" title="Dutch Brazilians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilians" title="French Brazilians">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Brazilians" title="Irish Brazilians">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_Brazilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian Brazilians">Luxembourgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian slave trade">Slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_immigration_to_Brazil" title="European immigration to Brazil">from Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_diaspora" title="Brazilian diaspora">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazil_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazil_topics" title="Template talk:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazil_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Japanese_diaspora_and_Japanese_expatriates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_diaspora" title="Template:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_diaspora" title="Template talk:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Japanese_diaspora_and_Japanese_expatriates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a> and Japanese expatriates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Egypt" title="Japanese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Caribbean_people" title="Japanese Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_expatriates_in_Jamaica" title="Japanese expatriates in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Argentines" title="Japanese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_and_Okinawan_Bolivians" title="Japanese and Okinawan Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Japanese community of São Paulo">São Paulo City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Japanese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Montreal" title="Japanese in Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Japanese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Chileans" title="Japanese Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese diaspora in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Mexico_City" title="Japanese community of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paraguayans" title="Japanese Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peruvians" title="Japanese Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Uruguayans" title="Japanese Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Venezuelans" title="Japanese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Japanese Americans by location">By state and/or city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Shanghai" title="Japanese community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_orphans_in_China" title="Japanese orphans in China">Japanese orphans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_India" title="Japanese people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_North_Korea" title="Japanese people in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Korea" title="Japanese people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Nepal" title="Japanese people in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Singapore" title="Japanese people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Japanese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Thailand" title="Japanese migration to Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Turkey" title="Japanese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Japanese" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Vietnam" title="Japanese people in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Brussels" title="Japanese community of Brussels">Brussels</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_France" title="Japanese people in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Paris" title="Japanese community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Germany" title="Japanese people in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Japanese community of Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Japanese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Russia" title="Japanese people in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakhalin_Japanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakhalin Japanese (page does not exist)">Sakhalin Japanese</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%9B%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:库页岛日本人">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Spain" title="Japanese people in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Japanese in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_London" title="Japanese community of London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Micronesia" title="Japanese settlement in Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Micronesians" title="Japanese Micronesians">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Kiribati" title="Japanese settlement in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Japanese settlement in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Palau" title="Japanese settlement in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Melbourne" title="Japanese community of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <ul><li>United States</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_New_Caledonia" title="Japanese settlement in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> <ul><li>France</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Zealanders" title="Japanese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Japanese settlement in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_expatriates_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese expatriates in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issei" title="Issei">Issei</a> <ul><li>immigrants</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> <ul><li>second generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansei" title="Sansei">Sansei</a> <ul><li>third generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonsei_(Japanese_diaspora)" title="Yonsei (Japanese diaspora)">Yonsei</a> <ul><li>fourth generation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosei_(Japanese_diaspora)" title="Gosei (Japanese diaspora)">Gosei</a> <ul><li>fifth generation</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dekasegi" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-born_Japanese" title="Foreign-born Japanese">Foreign-born Japanese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_and_Europe" title="The Japanese and Europe">The Japanese and Europe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_in_Latin_America" title="The Japanese in Latin America">The Japanese in Latin America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japantown" title="Japantown">Japantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh%C5%AB_jugy%C5%8D_k%C5%8D" title="Hoshū jugyō kō">Hoshū jugyō kō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hosh%C5%AB_jugy%C5%8D_k%C5%8D" title="List of hoshū jugyō kō">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Like_the_Enemy" title="Looking Like the Enemy">Looking Like the Enemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds,_New_Lives" title="New Worlds, New Lives">New Worlds, New Lives</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakk%C5%8D" title="Nihonjin gakkō">Nihonjin gakkō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/21px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/42px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-statista-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statista_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statista_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statista_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1038496/japan-countries-with-highest-number-of-japanese-residents/">Countries with the highest number of Japanese residents in 2023 (in 1,000s)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mofa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mofa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mofa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mofa_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/brazil/data.html">"Japan-Brazil Relations (Basic Data)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan-Brazil+Relations+%28Basic+Data%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fregion%2Flatin%2Fbrazil%2Fdata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moj-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moj_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moj_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00040.html">令和５年末現在における在留外国人数について</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adital.com.br/site/noticia.asp?lang=PT&cod=23402">Adital – Brasileiros no Japão</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713165257/http://www.adital.com.br/site/noticia.asp?lang=PT&cod=23402">Archived</a> July 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90244.htm">"Brazil"</a>. <i>state.gov</i>. September 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.gov&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90244.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2013" class="citation news cs1">Gonzalez, David (September 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/japanese-brazilians-straddling-two-cultures/?partner=rss&emc=rss">"Japanese-Brazilians: Straddling Two Cultures"</a>. <i>Lens Blog</i>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002202210/http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/japanese-brazilians-straddling-two-cultures/?partner=rss&emc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lens+Blog&rft.atitle=Japanese-Brazilians%3A+Straddling+Two+Cultures&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flens.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F25%2Fjapanese-brazilians-straddling-two-cultures%2F%3Fpartner%3Drss%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230614220917/https://www.promissao.sp.gov.br/portal/noticias/0/3/2658/dia-nacional-da-imigracao-japonesa">Dia Nacional da Imigração Japonesa</a>, Prefeitura Municipal de Promissão</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230614220510/https://www.migalhas.com.br/quentes/109447/18-de-junho---dia-nacional-da-imigracao-japonesa">18 de junho, Dia Nacional da Imigração Japonesa</a>, Migalhas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preimigracao-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-preimigracao_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preimigracao_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preimigracao_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preimigracao_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6SEsXCuX7?url=http://www.centenario2008.org.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17">"Site Oficial da ACCIJB - Centenário da Imigração Japonesa no Brasil - História da Imigração"</a>. <i>centenario2008.org.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centenario2008.org.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17">the original</a> on August 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centenario2008.org.br&rft.atitle=Site+Oficial+da+ACCIJB+-+Centen%C3%A1rio+da+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Japonesa+no+Brasil+-+Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centenario2008.org.br%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-entrada-estr-bra_gifim-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-entrada-estr-bra_gifim_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003061606/http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rsp/v8s0/03t2.gif">"Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil segundo as principais nacionalidades pelos 4 períodos constituídos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rsp/v8s0/03t2.gif">the original</a> on October 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entrada+de+estrangeiros+no+Brasil+segundo+as+principais+nacionalidades+pelos+4+per%C3%ADodos+constitu%C3%ADdos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fimg%2Frevistas%2Frsp%2Fv8s0%2F03t2.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBGEPerfil-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBGEPerfil_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo.html?id=238935&view=detalhes"><i>Resistência & integração : 100 anos de imigração japonesa no Brasil</i></a>. 2008. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788524040146" title="Special:BookSources/9788524040146"><bdi>9788524040146</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resist%C3%AAncia+%26+integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%3A+100+anos+de+imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+japonesa+no+Brasil&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788524040146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.ibge.gov.br%2Fbiblioteca-catalogo.html%3Fid%3D238935%26view%3Ddetalhes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seculo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seculo_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelo_Trento1989" class="citation book cs1">Angelo Trento (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncc7WLAXlmQC&q=P%C3%A1gina+0"><i><span></span></i>Do outro lado do Atlântico: um século de imigração italiana no Brasil<i><span></span></i></a>. Livraria Nobel. p. 574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/852130563X" title="Special:BookSources/852130563X"><bdi>852130563X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+outro+lado+do+Atl%C3%A2ntico%3A+um+s%C3%A9culo+de+imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+italiana+no+Brasil&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=Livraria+Nobel&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=852130563X&rft.au=Angelo+Trento&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dncc7WLAXlmQC%26q%3DP%25C3%25A1gina%2B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPEA2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPEA2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardo_Monasterio2016" class="citation web cs1">Leonardo Monasterio (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/TDs/td_2229.pdf">"Sobrenomes e Ancestralidade No Brasil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IPEA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sobrenomes+e+Ancestralidade+No+Brasil&rft.pub=IPEA&rft.date=2016-09&rft.au=Leonardo+Monasterio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipea.gov.br%2Fportal%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FPDFs%2FTDs%2Ftd_2229.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdos_Santos2002" class="citation journal cs1">dos Santos, Sales Augusto (January 2002). "Historical Roots of the 'Whitening' of Brazil". <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 61–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X0202900104">10.1177/0094582X0202900104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3185072">3185072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220914100">220914100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Historical+Roots+of+the+%27Whitening%27+of+Brazil&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-82&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220914100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3185072%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582X0202900104&rft.aulast=dos+Santos&rft.aufirst=Sales+Augusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/italianos/regdestino.html">Brasil 500 anos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530012836/http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/italianos/regdestino.html">Archived</a> May 30, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br/materias/anteriores/edicao09/materia01/">"HISTÓRICA – Revista Eletrônica do Arquivo do Estado"</a>. <i>www.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919072733/http://www.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br/materias/anteriores/edicao09/materia01/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br&rft.atitle=HIST%C3%93RICA+%E2%80%93+Revista+Eletr%C3%B4nica+do+Arquivo+do+Estado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br%2Fmaterias%2Fanteriores%2Fedicao09%2Fmateria01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoEscola-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoEscola_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoescola.com/geografia/imigracao-japonesa-no-brasil/">"Imigração Japonesa no Brasil"</a>. InfoEscola. December 22, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130426162314/http://www.infoescola.com/geografia/imigracao-japonesa-no-brasil/">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Japonesa+no+Brasil&rft.pub=InfoEscola&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoescola.com%2Fgeografia%2Fimigracao-japonesa-no-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1966" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Leonard (1966). <i>Hirohito, Emperor of Japan</i>. London: Prentice Hall International, Inc. pp. 97–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito%2C+Emperor+of+Japan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+International%2C+Inc&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imigracaojaponesa.com.br/naviodaesperanca.html">Imigração Japonesa no Brasil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218164031/http://www.imigracaojaponesa.com.br/naviodaesperanca.html">Archived</a> December 18, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarone2013" class="citation book cs1">Barone, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMSBlwEACAAJ"><i>Shaping Our Nation: How Surges of Migration Transformed America and Its Politics</i></a>. Crown Forum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307461513" title="Special:BookSources/9780307461513"><bdi>9780307461513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+Our+Nation%3A+How+Surges+of+Migration+Transformed+America+and+Its+Politics&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780307461513&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMSBlwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42859249">"A little corner of Brazil that is forever Okinawa"</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, February 4, 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184155/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42859249">archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+little+corner+of+Brazil+that+is+forever+Okinawa&rft.date=2018-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-42859249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osada, Masako. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XmD52sveLMEC&pg=PA27"><i>Sanctions and Honorary Whites: Diplomatic Policies and Economic Realities in Relations Between Japan and South Africa,</i> p. 33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Imigração_Japonesa_em_Itu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Imigração_Japonesa_em_Itu_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Imigração_Japonesa_em_Itu_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.com.br/colunistas/artigo.asp?cod_conteudo=15869">"A Imigração Japonesa em Itu"</a>. <i>itu.com.br</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106002659/http://www.itu.com.br/colunistas/artigo.asp?cod_conteudo=15869">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itu.com.br&rft.atitle=A+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Japonesa+em+Itu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.com.br%2Fcolunistas%2Fartigo.asp%3Fcod_conteudo%3D15869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibge500-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibge500_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibge500_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibge500_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibge500_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibge500_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibge500_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=26687&view=detalhes">"IBGE. Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2000"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBGE.+Brasil%3A+500+anos+de+povoamento.+Rio+de+Janeiro%3A+IBGE%2C+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.ibge.gov.br%2Findex.php%2Fbiblioteca-catalogo%3Fid%3D26687%26view%3Ddetalhes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Governo_do_Estado_de_São_Paulo-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Governo_do_Estado_de_São_Paulo_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Governo_do_Estado_de_São_Paulo_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/imigracaojaponesa/historia.php">"Governo do Estado de São Paulo"</a>. <i>Governo do Estado de São Paulo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231203754/http://saopaulo.sp.gov.br/imigracaojaponesa/historia.php/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Governo+do+Estado+de+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.atitle=Governo+do+Estado+de+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saopaulo.sp.gov.br%2Fimigracaojaponesa%2Fhistoria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibge2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ibge2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br">IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/19961013202944/http://www.ibge.gov.br/">Archived</a> October 13, 1996, at the Portuguese Web Archive (visitado 4 de setembro de 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpsite.ccbj.jp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=53">日系移民データ – 在日ブラジル商業会議所 – CCBJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605092146/http://jpsite.ccbj.jp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=53">Archived</a> June 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, which cites: "1941年までの数字は外務省領事移住部『我が国民の海外発展－移住百年のあゆみ（資料集）』【東京、1971年】p140参照。 1952年から1993年の数字は国際協力事業団『海外移住統計（昭和27年度～平成5年度）』【東京、1994年】p28,29参照。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishida2018" class="citation book cs1">Nishida, Mieko (2018). <i>Diaspora and Identity: Japanese Brazilians in Brazil and Japan</i>. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%27i_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawai'i Press">University of Hawai'i Press</a>. pp. 25–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824874292" title="Special:BookSources/9780824874292"><bdi>9780824874292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+and+Identity%3A+Japanese+Brazilians+in+Brazil+and+Japan&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=25-28&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780824874292&rft.aulast=Nishida&rft.aufirst=Mieko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osisseis-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osisseis_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osisseis_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osisseis_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331023222/http://veja.abril.com.br/121207/p_082.shtml">"Revista VEJA – Edição 2038 – 12 de dezembro de 2007"</a>. <i>veja.abril.com.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/121207/p_082.shtml">the original</a> on March 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=veja.abril.com.br&rft.atitle=Revista+VEJA+%E2%80%93+Edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+2038+%E2%80%93+12+de+dezembro+de+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2F121207%2Fp_082.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An extensive quotation from this article appears in [[Minas Geraes-class battleship|<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Minas Geraes</i></span>-class battleship]].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510202109/http://www.scribd.com/doc/7018121/Memoria-Da-Imigracao-Japonesa-No-Brasil">"Memoria Da Imigração Japonesa No Brasil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a></i>. October 17, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/7018121/Memoria-Da-Imigracao-Japonesa-No-Brasil">the original</a> on May 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Memoria+Da+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Japonesa+No+Brasil&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F7018121%2FMemoria-Da-Imigracao-Japonesa-No-Brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cronologia-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cronologia_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203124253/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mais/fs2004200805.htm">"Cronologia da Imigração Japonesa <i>in</i> Folha de S.Paulo, 20 de abril de 2008"</a>. Uol. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mais/fs2004200805.htm">the original</a> on February 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cronologia+da+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Japonesa+in+Folha+de+S.Paulo%2C+20+de+abril+de+2008&rft.pub=Uol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffsp%2Fmais%2Ffs2004200805.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-algodao-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-algodao_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-algodao_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124141125/http://www.revistas.usp.br/rieb/article/viewFile/69775/72433">"São Paulo, o algodão e o japonês na década de trinta"</a>. usp.br. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistas.usp.br/rieb/article/viewFile/69775/72433">the original</a> on January 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%A3o+Paulo%2C+o+algod%C3%A3o+e+o+japon%C3%AAs+na+d%C3%A9cada+de+trinta&rft.pub=usp.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistas.usp.br%2Frieb%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F69775%2F72433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELB-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ELB_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELB_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELB_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELB_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/asiaticas/japones.htm">Enciclopédia das Línguas no Brasil – Japonês</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522012304/http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/asiaticas/japones.htm">Archived</a> May 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Accessed September 4, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormano1934" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.F._Normano" title="J.F. Normano">Normano, J. F.</a> (March 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2750689">"Japanese Emigration to Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Affairs" title="Pacific Affairs">Pacific Affairs</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2750689">10.2307/2750689</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2750689">2750689</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Japanese+Emigration+to+Brazil&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1934-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2750689&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2750689%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Normano&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2750689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rios-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rios_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movimentoafro.amazonida.com/branqueamento.htm">RIOS, Roger Raupp. Text excerpted from a judicial sentence concerning crime of racism. Federal Justice of 10ª Vara da Circunscrição Judiciária de Porto Alegre, November 16, 2001</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (Accessed September 10, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/7018121/Memoria-Da-Imigracao-Japonesa-No-Brasil">Memória da Imigração Japonesa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510202109/http://www.scribd.com/doc/7018121/Memoria-Da-Imigracao-Japonesa-No-Brasil">Archived</a> May 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suzuki-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_40-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mais/fs2004200804.htm">SUZUKI Jr, Matinas. História da discriminação brasileira contra os japoneses sai do limbo <i>in</i> Folha de S.Paulo, 20 de abril de 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015090047/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mais/fs2004200804.htm">Archived</a> October 15, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (visitado em 17 de agosto de 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro, Vol. 07, 1997 (1997), pp. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ossanseis-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ossanseis_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ossanseis_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428210353/http://veja.abril.com.br/121207/p_088.shtml">"Revista VEJA – Edição 2038 – 12 de dezembro de 2007"</a>. Revista Made in Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/121207/p_088.shtml">the original</a> on April 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.estadao.com.br&rft.atitle=Estadao.com.br+%3A%3A+Especiais+%3A%3A+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Japonesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fext%2Fespeciais%2F2007%2F07%2Fimigracaojaponesa%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/bbc/ult272u42891.shtml">"Folha Online – BBC – Lula ouve de brasileiros queixas sobre vida no Japão – 28/05/2005"</a>. <i>www1.folha.uol.com.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dekassegui NippoBrasil"</a>. <i>www.nippo.com.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nippo.com.br&rft.atitle=Eles+n%C3%A3o+pensam+em+retornar+ao+Jap%C3%A3o+.%3A%3A.+Dekassegui+NippoBrasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippo.com.br%2Fdekassegui%2F564b.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgtoquio.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/estatisticas_e_bibliografia.xml">"Estatísticas sobre a comunidade brasileira no Japão - 2018"</a>. <i>cgtoquio.itamaraty.gov.br</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=correiodoestado.com.br&rft.atitle=Jap%C3%A3o%3A+imigrantes+brasileiros+popularizam+l%C3%ADngua+portuguesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.correiodoestado.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fjapao-imigrantes-brasileiros-popularizam-lingua-portuguesa%2F43355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centenario2008.org.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=0&Itemid=83">"Site Oficial da ACCIJB – Centenário da Imigração Japonesa no Brasil – Comemorações"</a>. <i>www.centenario2008.org.br</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925010826/http://www.centenario2008.org.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=0&Itemid=83">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/suplementos,o-outro-lado-da-noticia,122034,0.htm">O outro lado da notícia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317184502/http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/suplementos,o-outro-lado-da-noticia,122034,0.htm">Archived</a> March 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Estad%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadão">Estadão</a></i>. February 9, 2008. Retrieved on March 17, 2014. "O primeiro jornal japonês no País foi o Nambei,[...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDIGITAL" class="citation web cs1">DIGITAL, DIN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enkyo.org.br/">"Enkyo – Beneficência Nipo-Brasileira de São Paulo"</a>. <i>ENKYO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322131756/http://enkyo.org.br/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENKYO&rft.atitle=Enkyo+%E2%80%93+Benefic%C3%AAncia+Nipo-Brasileira+de+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.aulast=DIGITAL&rft.aufirst=DIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enkyo.org.br%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+Brazilians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.nethall.com.br/spescolajp/index.html">Home page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317182432/http://world.nethall.com.br/spescolajp/index.html">Archived</a> March 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Escola_Japonesa_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Escola Japonesa de São Paulo">Escola Japonesa de São Paulo</a>. 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Brasil CEP69065-970"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.co.jp/NeverLand/1312/">Home page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507120307/http://www.geocities.co.jp/NeverLand/1312/">Archived</a> May 7, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Escola Japonesa de Belo Horizonte. Retrieved on January 15, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/1338806.htm">過去に指定・認定していた在外教育施設</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115030344/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/1338806.htm">Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>. Retrieved on January 15, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarvalhoPT46-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarvalhoPT46_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarvalhoPT46_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarvalhoPT46_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carvalho, Daniela de. <i>Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, August 27, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135787654" title="Special:BookSources/1135787654">1135787654</a>, 9781135787653. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nlxybOVae8C&pg=PT46">Page number unstated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> PT46).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/003.htm">中南米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330190050/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/003.htm">Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a> (MEXT). Retrieved on May 10, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001029142110/http://www.naec.go.jp/kaigai/hsoutha.html">中南米の補習授業校一覧</a>." <a href="/wiki/MEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="MEXT">MEXT</a>. October 29, 2000. Retrieved on January 11, 2017. "ポルト・アレグレ休校中サルバドール休校中 " (states the Porto Alegre and Salvador schools closed)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goto, Junichi (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>). <i>Latin Americans of Japanese Origin (Nikkeijin) Working in Japan: A Survey</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Publications">World Bank Publications</a>, 2007. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTzUFpa10z0C&pg=PA7">7</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTzUFpa10z0C&pg=PA8">8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaughtonKurap10-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaughtonKurap10_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaughtonKurap10_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laughton-Kuragasaki, Ayami, <a href="/wiki/VDM_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Publishing">VDM Publishing</a>, 2008. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jHwRAQAAMAAJ&q=Japanese+Supplementary+School+of+Singapore">10</a>. "The immigrants opened Japanese schools for their children as they were living in the rural areas where there were no local schools for their children and no support from the local authorities. About 600 Japanese schools were open by 1938. The children were full-time students,[...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goto, Junichi (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>). <i>Latin Americans of Japanese Origin (Nikkeijin) Working in Japan: A Survey</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Publications">World Bank Publications</a>, 2007. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTzUFpa10z0C&pg=PA8">8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesser, Jeff. <i>Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822322927" title="Special:BookSources/0822322927">0822322927</a>, 9780822322924. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8g_NduoKW3MC&pg=PA231">231</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&oldid=1258909729">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Brazilians&oldid=1258909729</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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