Integral Field Units

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href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-308" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys 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href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-372" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-375" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-378" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-381" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a 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sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/event-horizon/"> First image of a black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/EHT-MilkyWay/"> First image of the Milky Way central black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/gc/"> More about the black hole at the galactic centre </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/grb/"> Gamma-Ray Bursts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/archive/"> Science Archive </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/events/">Events<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-434" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/events/press-evt/"> Press Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/events/special-evt/"> Special Events <span 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<div class="container " id="body"> <div class="row no-page"> <div class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> <div class="row page"> <div class="col-md-12 one-column"> <div id="edit-info-block"> <div id="page-edit-success" class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Page saved successfully </div> <div id="page-edit-failure" class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Couldn't save page :( Please try again. </div> </div> <div class='page-content'> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>Integral Field Units</h1> <h2>How to obtain a 3D view of a whole galaxy in one shot</h2> <p>Think of a fly. Have you ever tried to catch one? You’d better be fast, because, like most insects, flies can detect movements 360° around them. The secret lies in their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye#Compound_eyes">compound eyes</a>, which are made up of a large number of tiny photoreceptors (called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommatidium">ommatidia</a>). These work together to give one, very wide mosaic view. Ants can have anything from a few ommatidia to a thousand, flies and bees have a few thousand, while butterflies and dragonflies have a few tens of thousands. The larger the number of ommatidia, the wider the insect’s field of view, and the sharper its vision.</p> <p>Using a similar principle, but with a completely different purpose, scientists have developed an instrument called the integral field unit (IFU). In an IFU the field of view is divided into many cells or segments to obtain a comprehensive overview of the whole. IFUs are widely used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_remote_sensing">Earth remote sensing</a>, and more specifically in weather forecasting, and in the monitoring of natural disasters and climate change.</p> <div style="margin-top: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://www.albertoghizzipanizza.com/wp/?page_id=155"><img src="/public/archives/static/teles-instr/ifu/fly.jpg" alt="Close-up of a fly, showing the composite eyes in detail" style="max-height: 400px;"></a><div><small><em>Close-up of a fly, showing the composite eyes in detail. The water drops act as lenses, making the facets clearly distinguishable. Each of these facets is the surface of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommatidium">ommatidium</a>. This configuration of compound eyes allows tiny living beings like insects to have large visual detectors (relative to their body surface area), which provide them with a very wide field of view. Credit: Alberto Ghizzi Panizza</em></small></div> </div> <p>IFUs are used in astronomy to study extended objects, such as nebulae, galaxies or a crowded cluster of stars or galaxies in one shot, using a technique known as integral field spectroscopy. In this method, the signal from each cell or pixel of the field is fed into a spectrograph, which then generates a spectrum for each individual pixel. All the resulting spectra are arranged into a datacube (see Figure 1) which contains the entire 2D field of view plus the third dimension drawn from the spectrograph, which splits the light into its different colours or wavelengths (see Figure 2). Astronomers can use the wealth of information from integral field spectrographs to measure, for example, the motion of the gas in a distant galaxy (see <a href="/public/news/eso1437/">eso1437</a>) or the distances to the different galaxies found in a field of view (see <a href="/public/news/eso1507/">eso1507</a>).</p> <div class="row" style="margin-top: 30px; margin-bottom: 9px;"> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="/public/images/eso1407a/"><img src="/public/archives/images/thumb300y/eso1407a.jpg" alt="MUSE views the strange galaxy NGC 4650A" style="max-height: 233px;"></a> <div><small><em>Figure 1. MUSE views the strange galaxy NGC 4650A.<br> Credit: ESO/MUSE consortium/R. Bacon/L. Calçada</em></small></div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="/public/images/eso1407c/"><img src="/public/archives/images/thumb300y/eso1407c.jpg" alt="MUSE colour-coded image of NGC 4650A"></a><div><small><em>Figure 2. MUSE colour-coded image of NGC 4650A.<br> Credit: ESO/MUSE consortium/R. Bacon</em></small></div> </div> </div> <p>Different types of IFUs use different techniques to divide the field of view. The three main ones applied in astronomy are:</p> <ol><li>A microlens array (very similar to the insects’ composite eyes).</li><li>A fibre bundle, which can be used alone or in combination with the microlens array (see Figure 3).</li><li>An image slicer (see Figure 4).</li></ol> <p>The first idea for an IFU came from G. Courtes in 1982. It had its first practical application in astronomy with the instrument TIGER, which saw its first light in 1987 on the 3.6-metre <a href="http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/">Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT)</a> on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. TIGERS’s IFU is a lenslet array.</p> <div class="row" style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 9px;"> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="/public/images/eso0203c/"><img src="/public/archives/images/thumb300y/eso0203c.jpg" alt="An illustration of how the IFUs function"></a><div><small><em>Figure 3. An illustration of how the IFUs function.<br> Credit: ESO</em></small></div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="/public/images/eso0426i/"><img src="/public/archives/images/thumb300y/eso0426i.jpg" alt="The Principle of Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS)"></a><div> <small><em>Figure 4. The Principle of Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS)<br> Credit: ESO</em></small></div> </div> </div> <p>At ESO, the first dedicated integral field spectrograph was <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/">SINFONI</a>, which saw its first light at the <a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal/">Very Large Telescope (VLT)</a> in 2004. <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/">SINFONI</a> works with an image slicer, on the same principle as the more recent <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/">MUSE</a> instrument, which has a giant IFU. The multi-object spectrograph <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/">FLAMES</a> also has two integral field units, while the second generation infrared spectrograph <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/">KMOS</a> has 24 small IFUs, each installed in a deployable arm. <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/">VIMOS</a> also has a fairly wide IFU, which combines microlenses and a fibre bundle. All these instruments have different characteristics — they are sensitive to different wavelengths, they have different fields of view, and different spectral resolutions — which make them suitable for observing different types of objects and solve different astronomical questions.</p> <p>Integral field spectrographs are becoming more and more sophisticated, with bigger detectors able to provide a sharper and deeper 3D understanding of the cosmos. Inkeeping with the insect analogy, IFUs are evolving from ants into dragonflies.</p> <h3>Science Highlights</h3> <ul><li>See <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/">FLAMES</a> science highlights.</li><li>See <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/">VIMOS</a> science highlights.</li><li>See <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/">SINFONI</a> science highlights.</li><li>See <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/">MUSE</a> science highlights.</li><li>See <a href="/public/teles-instr/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/">KMOS</a> science highlights.</li></ul> <h3>Additional images</h3> <ul><li><a href="/public/images/eso0203d/">Mechanical Design of an IFU</a></li><li><a href="/public/images/ann1012b/">MUSE image slicer</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row footernote"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="mailto:information@eso.org">Send us your comments!</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe to receive news from ESO in your language</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="https://www.cdn77.com">Accelerated by CDN77</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/">Terms & Conditions</a> </div> </div> <link href="/public/archives/djp/css/extras.d3e54451ebbb.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript">var MEDIA_URL = "/public/archives/"</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/public/archives/djp/js/main.04a7335af5a0.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div>  <div id="social-share" class="hidden-print"> <div class="link facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link twitter" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on X/Twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/&text=Integral Field Units&via=ESO" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i></i></a> </div> <div class="link pinterest" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Pinterest"> <a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/&media=&description=Integral Field Units" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-pinterest-p" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link print" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Print"> <a href="javascript:window.print()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link email" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share by email"> <a href="mailto:%20?subject=ESO — Integral Field Units&body=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-regular fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> <script> $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip(); </script> <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='ZSYnvGY3IoYPgVNBAHImkn4rksArjEM2gA8TFCpoKDKPk5baU59UgKLTOIApfqqU' /> </body> </html>

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