CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Antonin Scalia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6143014d-11ac-42e0-8e9e-5a7fc4483021","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Antonin_Scalia","wgTitle":"Antonin Scalia","wgCurRevisionId":1258074771,"wgRevisionId":1258074771,"wgArticleId":166514,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Italian IPA","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Featured articles","Use American English from March 2022", "All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from March 2024","Articles with hAudio microformats","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","People appearing on C-SPAN","Articles containing video clips","1936 births","2016 deaths","20th-century American judges","20th-century Roman Catholics","21st-century American judges","21st-century Roman Catholics","American people of Italian descent","American legal scholars","American traditionalist Catholics","Catholics from New Jersey","Catholics from New York (state)","Catholics from Virginia","Georgetown University alumni","Georgetown University College of Arts \u0026 Sciences alumni","Georgetown University Law Center faculty","Harvard Law School alumni","Jones Day people", "Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit","Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States","Ohio lawyers","People from Elmhurst, Queens","People from McLean, Virginia","People from Trenton, New Jersey","People of Sicilian descent","Philodemic Society members","Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients","Stanford University faculty","Tulane University Law School faculty","United States assistant attorneys general for the Office of Legal Counsel","United States court of appeals judges appointed by Ronald Reagan","United States federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan","University of Chicago faculty","University of Chicago Law School faculty","University of Fribourg alumni","University of Virginia School of Law faculty","Xavier High School (New York City) alumni"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Antonin_Scalia","wgRelevantArticleId":166514,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11156","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg/1200px-Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg/800px-Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg/640px-Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Antonin Scalia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Antonin_Scalia rootpage-Antonin_Scalia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antonin+Scalia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antonin+Scalia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antonin+Scalia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antonin+Scalia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_legal_career_(1961–1982)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_legal_career_(1961–1982)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early legal career (1961–1982) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_legal_career_(1961–1982)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_D.C._Circuit_(1982–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_D.C._Circuit_(1982–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1982–1986) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_D.C._Circuit_(1982–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States (1986) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Supreme Court </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Supreme Court subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_structure_and_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_structure_and_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Governmental structure and powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_structure_and_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Separation_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Separation of powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detainee_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detainee_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Detainee cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detainee_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Federalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Individual rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race,_gender,_and_sexual_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race,_gender,_and_sexual_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Race, gender, and sexual orientation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race,_gender,_and_sexual_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Criminal law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Second Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation_and_standing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation_and_standing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Litigation and standing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation_and_standing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_philosophy_and_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_philosophy_and_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legal philosophy and approach </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_philosophy_and_approach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal philosophy and approach subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_philosophy_and_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Judicial performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Textualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Originalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Originalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Originalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Originalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public attention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_attention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public attention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_attention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Requests_for_recusals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requests_for_recusals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Requests for recusals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requests_for_recusals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 1996 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Death and funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Posthumous tributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarly_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Scholarly sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Antonin Scalia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أنتونين سكاليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنتونين سكاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Άντονιν Σκαλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άντονιν Σκαλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="انتونین اسکالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتونین اسکالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4%ED%84%B0%EB%8B%8C_%EC%8A%A4%EC%BB%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="앤터닌 스컬리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앤터닌 스컬리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנטונין סקאליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטונין סקאליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანტონინ სკალია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტონინ სკალია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Scalia" title="Antoninus Scalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antoninus Scalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انتونين سكاليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتونين سكاليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="アントニン・スカリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントニン・スカリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Скалиа, Антонин Грегори – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скалиа, Антонин Грегори" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤᱱ ᱥᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤᱱ ᱥᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Антонин Скалија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антонин Скалија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антонін Скалія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антонін Скалія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antonin Scalia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%AF%A7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="安東寧·斯卡利亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安東寧·斯卡利亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11156#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Antonin_Scalia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Antonin_Scalia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Antonin_Scalia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&oldid=1258074771" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Antonin_Scalia&id=1258074771&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntonin_Scalia">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntonin_Scalia">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Antonin_Scalia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antonin_Scalia" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Antonin_Scalia" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Antonin_Scalia" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11156" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice from 1986 to 2016</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Scalia" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Scalia_(surname)" title="Scalia (surname)">Scalia (surname)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Antonin Scalia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Antonin Scalia, Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg/220px-Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg/330px-Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg/440px-Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2013</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 26, 1986 – February 13, 2016</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 17, 1982 – September 26, 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data">Ronald Reagan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Robb" title="Roger Robb">Roger Robb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Sentelle" title="David B. Sentelle">David Sentelle</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">United States Assistant Attorney General</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 22, 1974 – January 20, 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Cramton" title="Roger C. Cramton">Roger C. Cramton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Harmon_(attorney)" title="John Harmon (attorney)">John Harmon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 1972 – August 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Cramton" title="Roger C. Cramton">Roger C. Cramton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Anthony</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Antonin Gregory Scalia</div> (1936-03-11)March 11, 1936 <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 13, 2016(2016-02-13) (aged 79) <a href="/wiki/Presidio_County,_Texas" title="Presidio County, Texas">Presidio County, Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Memorial_Park" title="Fairfax Memorial Park">Fairfax Memorial Park</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Maureen McCarthy</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1960)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">9, including <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Scalia" title="Eugene Scalia">Eugene</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Boyer_Award" title="Francis Boyer Award">Francis Boyer Award</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribes_Lifetime-Achievement_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes Lifetime-Achievement Award">Scribes Lifetime-Achievement Award</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award">posthumous</a>, 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonin_Scalia_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antonin Scalia's signature"><img alt="A cursive, not particularly legible "Antonin Scalia"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antonin_Scalia_Signature.svg/128px-Antonin_Scalia_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antonin_Scalia_Signature.svg/192px-Antonin_Scalia_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antonin_Scalia_Signature.svg/256px-Antonin_Scalia_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="134" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonin_Scalia_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_United_States_v._Gonzalez-Lopez.ogg" title="File:Antonin Scalia delivers the opinion of the Court in United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez.ogg">Antonin Scalia's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="349" data-mwtitle="Antonin_Scalia_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_United_States_v._Gonzalez-Lopez.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Antonin_Scalia_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_United_States_v._Gonzalez-Lopez.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Antonin_Scalia_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_United_States_v._Gonzalez-Lopez.ogg/Antonin_Scalia_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_United_States_v._Gonzalez-Lopez.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Antonin Scalia delivers the opinion of the Court in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Gonzalez-Lopez" title="United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez">United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez</a> Recorded June 26, 2006</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Antonin Gregory Scalia<a href="#cite_note-1">[n 1]</a> (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016)<a href="#cite_note-8">[n 2]</a> was an American jurist who served as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> from 1986 until his death in 2016. He was described as the intellectual anchor for the <a href="/wiki/Originalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Originalist">originalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Textualist">textualist</a> position in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>'s conservative wing. For catalyzing an originalist and textualist movement in American law, he has been described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth century,<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a> and one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Justice_(title)" title="Justice (title)">justices</a> in the history of the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[8]</a> Scalia was <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award">posthumously awarded</a> the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 2018, and the <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia_Law_School" title="Antonin Scalia Law School">Antonin Scalia Law School</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> was named in his honor. Scalia was born in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a>. A devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, he attended the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="Xavier High School (New York City)">Xavier High School</a> before receiving his undergraduate degree from <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. Scalia went on to graduate from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> and spent six years at <a href="/wiki/Jones_Day" title="Jones Day">Jones Day</a> before becoming a law professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia</a>. In the early 1970s, he served in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> administrations, eventually becoming an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Attorney General">Assistant Attorney General</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. He spent most of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> years teaching at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, where he became one of the first faculty advisers of the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>. In 1982, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> appointed Scalia as a judge of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>. Four years later, Reagan appointed him to the Supreme Court, where Scalia became its first <a href="/wiki/Italian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American">Italian-American</a> justice following a unanimous confirmation by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> 98–0.<a href="#cite_note-11">[n 3]</a> Scalia espoused a conservative jurisprudence and ideology, advocating textualism in <a href="/wiki/Statutory_interpretation" title="Statutory interpretation">statutory interpretation</a> and originalism in <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional interpretation">constitutional interpretation</a>. He peppered his colleagues with "Ninograms" (memos named for his nickname, "Nino") intending to persuade them to his point of view. He was a strong defender of the powers of the executive branch and believed that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> permitted the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a> and did not guarantee the right to either <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>. Furthermore, Scalia viewed <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a> and other policies that afforded special protected status to <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority groups</a> as unconstitutional. Such positions would earn him a reputation as one of the most conservative justices on the Court. He filed separate opinions in many cases, often castigating the Court's majority—sometimes scathingly so. Scalia's most significant opinions include his lone dissent in <a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Olson" title="Morrison v. Olson">Morrison v. Olson</a> (arguing against the constitutionality of an <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act" title="Ethics in Government Act">Independent-Counsel law</a>), and his majority opinions in <a href="/wiki/Crawford_v._Washington" title="Crawford v. Washington">Crawford v. Washington</a> (defining a criminal defendant's <a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">confrontation right</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth Amendment</a>) and <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a> (holding that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Amendment">Second Amendment</a> to the U.S. Constitution guarantees an individual right to handgun ownership). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Buchanan Jr.">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Mellon Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Scalia was born on March 11, 1936, in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maninthenews-12">[9]</a> He was the only child of Salvatore Eugenio "Eugene" Scalia (1903–1986), an Italian immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Sommatino" title="Sommatino">Sommatino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Salvatore graduated from <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> and was a graduate student at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and clerk at the time of his son's birth.<a href="#cite_note-rents-13">[10]</a> The elder Scalia would become a professor of <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a>, where he was an adherent to the <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(literature)" title="Formalism (literature)">formalist</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> school of literary theory.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> Scalia's mother, Catherine Louise (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Panaro; 1905–1985), was born in Trenton to Italian immigrant parents and worked as an elementary school teacher.<a href="#cite_note-rents-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> In 1939, Scalia and his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Elmhurst,_Queens" title="Elmhurst, Queens">Elmhurst, Queens</a>, where he attended P.S. 13 Clement C. Moore School.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201410-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> After completing <a href="/wiki/Eighth_grade" title="Eighth grade">eighth grade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200917–19-18">[15]</a> he obtained an academic scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="Xavier High School (New York City)">Xavier High School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> military school in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200921-19">[16]</a> from which he graduated ranked first in his class in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-washpostbio-20">[17]</a> Scalia achieved a 97.5 average at Xavier, earning decorations in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debate</a>, among other subjects, in addition to being a distinguished member of its <a href="/wiki/Glee_club" title="Glee club">Glee club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TT1953-21">[18]</a> He later reflected that he spent much of his time on schoolwork and admitted, "I was never cool."<a href="#cite_note-sixty-22">[19]</a> While a youth, Scalia was also active as a <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scout</a> and was part of the Scouts' national honor society, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Arrow" title="Order of the Arrow">Order of the Arrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Classmate and future New York State official William Stern remembered Scalia in his high school days: "This kid was a conservative when he was 17 years old. An archconservative Catholic. He could have been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curia</a>. He was the top student in the class. He was brilliant, way above everybody else."<a href="#cite_note-maninthenews-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab20063-24">[21]</a> In 1953, Scalia enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, where he majored in history. He became a champion collegiate debater in Georgetown's <a href="/wiki/Philodemic_Society" title="Philodemic Society">Philodemic Society</a> and a critically praised thespian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201422–27-25">[22]</a> He took his junior year abroad in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">University of Fribourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maninthenews-12">[9]</a> Scalia graduated from Georgetown in 1957 as class <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#United_States" title="Latin honors">summa cum laude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsen20177-26">[23]</a> Scalia then went to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was a notes editor for the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hlrecord-27">[24]</a> He graduated in 1960 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a>, magna cum laude, among the top of the class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsen20177-26">[23]</a> Harvard awarded Scalia a Sheldon Fellowship, which allowed him to travel abroad in Europe during 1960 and 1961.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_legal_career_(1961–1982)">Early legal career (1961–1982)</h2></div> Scalia began his legal career at the law firm Jones, Day, Cockley and Reavis (now <a href="/wiki/Jones_Day" title="Jones Day">Jones Day</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, where he worked from 1961 to 1967.<a href="#cite_note-hlrecord-27">[24]</a> He was highly regarded at the law firm and would most likely have been made a partner but later said he had long intended to teach. He left Jones Day in 1967 to become a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia School of Law</a>, moving his family to <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canteach-29">[26]</a> After four years in Charlottesville, Scalia entered public service in 1971. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> appointed him general counsel for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Telecommunications_Policy" title="Office of Telecommunications Policy">Office of Telecommunications Policy</a>, where one of his principal assignments was to formulate federal policy for the growth of cable television. From 1972 to 1974, he was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Independent_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agency">independent agency</a> that sought to improve the functioning of the federal bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-28">[25]</a> In mid-1974, Nixon nominated him as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Assistant Attorney General</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-28">[25]</a> After Nixon's resignation, the nomination was continued by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, and Scalia was confirmed by the Senate on August 22, 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200940-30">[27]</a> In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a>, the Ford administration was engaged in a number of conflicts with Congress. Scalia repeatedly testified before congressional committees, defending Ford administration assertions of <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a> regarding its refusal to turn over documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200949–53-31">[28]</a> Within the administration, Scalia advocated a presidential veto for a bill to amend the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a>, which would greatly increase the act's scope. Scalia's view prevailed, and Ford vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200945–47-32">[29]</a> In early 1976, Scalia argued his only case before the Supreme Court, Alfred Dunhill of London, Inc. v. Republic of Cuba. Scalia, on behalf of the U.S. government, argued in support of Dunhill, and that position was successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200963,_374-33">[30]</a> Following Ford's defeat by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, Scalia worked for several months at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200613–14-34">[31]</a> He then returned to academia, taking up residence at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> from 1977 to 1982,<a href="#cite_note-chic-35">[32]</a> though he spent one year as a <a href="/wiki/Visiting_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Visiting professor">visiting professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200619-36">[33]</a> During Scalia's time at Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Russell" title="Peter H. Russell">Peter H. Russell</a> hired him on behalf of the Canadian government to write a report on how the United States was able to limit the activities of its secret services for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_Certain_Activities_of_the_RCMP" title="Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP">McDonald Commission</a>, which was investigating abuses by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>. The report—finished in 1979—encouraged the commission to recommend that a balance be struck between civil liberties and the essentially unchecked activities of the RCMP.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> In 1981, he became the first faculty adviser for the University of Chicago's chapter of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chic-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_D.C._Circuit_(1982–1986)">U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1982–1986)</h2></div> When <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was elected president in November 1980, Scalia hoped for a major position in the new administration. He was interviewed for the position of <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a>, but the position went to <a href="/wiki/Rex_E._Lee" title="Rex E. Lee">Rex E. Lee</a>, to Scalia's great disappointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200973–74-38">[35]</a> Scalia was offered a judgeship on the Chicago-based <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a> in early 1982 but declined it, hoping to be appointed to the more influential <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>. Later that year, Reagan offered Scalia a seat on the D.C. Circuit, which he accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200980-39">[36]</a> He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 5, 1982, and was sworn in on August 17, 1982. On the D.C. Circuit, Scalia built a conservative record while winning applause in legal circles for powerful, witty legal writing which was often critical of the Supreme Court precedents he felt bound as a lower-court judge to follow. Scalia's opinions drew the attention of Reagan administration officials, who, according to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, "liked virtually everything they saw and ... listed him as a leading Supreme Court prospect".<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(1986)">Nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States (1986)</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Judge_Antonin_Scalia_confer_in_the_Oval_Office,_July_7,_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Judge_Antonin_Scalia_confer_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_July_7%2C_1986.jpg/200px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Judge_Antonin_Scalia_confer_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_July_7%2C_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Judge_Antonin_Scalia_confer_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_July_7%2C_1986.jpg/300px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Judge_Antonin_Scalia_confer_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_July_7%2C_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Judge_Antonin_Scalia_confer_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_July_7%2C_1986.jpg/400px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Judge_Antonin_Scalia_confer_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_July_7%2C_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="551" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and Scalia (his nominee) in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, July 7, 1986</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhenswear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rhenswear.jpg/200px-Rhenswear.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rhenswear.jpg/300px-Rhenswear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rhenswear.jpg/400px-Rhenswear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="553" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Judge and Mrs. Scalia (left) and President Reagan (right) watch as Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Warren Burger</a> swears <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> in as the next Chief Justice, September 26, 1986.</div></div></div></div></div> In 1986, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Warren Burger</a> informed the White House of his intent to retire. Reagan first decided to nominate Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> to become Chief Justice. That choice meant that Reagan would also have to choose a nominee to fill Rehnquist's seat as associate justice.<a href="#cite_note-nosmoke-41">[38]</a> Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a>, who advised Reagan on the choice, seriously considered only Scalia and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>, a fellow judge on the DC Circuit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin200821-42">[39]</a> Feeling that this might well be Reagan's last opportunity to pick a Supreme Court justice, the president and his advisers chose Scalia over Bork. Many factors influenced the decision. Reagan wanted to appoint the first Italian-American justice.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> In addition, Scalia was nine years younger and would likely serve longer on the Court.<a href="#cite_note-nosmoke-41">[38]</a> Scalia also had the advantage of not having Bork's "paper trail";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200624-44">[41]</a> the elder judge had written controversial articles about individual rights.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Scalia was called to the White House and accepted Reagan's nomination.<a href="#cite_note-nosmoke-41">[38]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> hearings on Scalia's nomination opened in August 1986, he faced a committee that had just argued divisively over the Rehnquist nomination. Witnesses and Democratic senators contended that before becoming a judge, Rehnquist had engaged in activities designed to discourage minorities from voting. Committee members had little taste for a second battle over Scalia and were in any event reluctant to oppose the first Italian-American Supreme Court nominee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009100,_109–10-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsen201711-47">[44]</a> The judge was not pressed heavily on controversial issues such as abortion or civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Scalia, who attended the hearing with his wife and nine children seated behind him, found time for a humorous exchange with Sen. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum" title="Howard Metzenbaum">Howard Metzenbaum</a> (D-OH), whom he had defeated in a tennis match in, as the nominee put it, "a case of my integrity overcoming my judgment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009109-49">[46]</a> Scalia met no opposition from the committee. The Senate debated Scalia's nomination only briefly, confirming him 98–0 on September 17, thereby making him the Court's first Italian-American Justice. That vote followed Rehnquist's confirmation as Chief Justice by a vote of 65–33 on the same day. Scalia took his seat on September 26, 1986. One committee member, Senator and future President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D-DE), later stated that he regretted not having opposed Scalia "because he was so effective".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009121-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_structure_and_powers">Governmental structure and powers</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Separation_of_powers">Separation of powers</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm/250px--Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="405" data-mwtitle="Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJustice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm&lang=bs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bs" label="bosanski ‪(bs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJustice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJustice_Antonin_Scalia_on_Separation_of_Powers_and_Checks_and_Balances.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Justice Scalia testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> about <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> and checks and balances of the U.S. Government</figcaption></figure> It was Scalia's view that clear lines of separation among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches follow directly from the Constitution, with no branch allowed to exercise powers granted to another branch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing200444–45-51">[48]</a> In his early days on the Court, he authored a powerful—and solitary—dissent in <a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Olson" title="Morrison v. Olson">Morrison v. Olson</a> (1988), in which the Court's majority upheld the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_the_Independent_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Office of the Independent Counsel">Independent Counsel law</a>. Scalia's thirty-page draft dissent surprised Justice <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a> for its emotional content; Blackmun felt "it could be cut down to ten pages if Scalia omitted the screaming".<a href="#cite_note-wolf-52">[49]</a> Scalia indicated that the law was an unwarranted encroachment on the executive branch by the legislative. He warned, "Frequently an issue of this sort will come before the Court clad, so to speak, in sheep's clothing ... But this wolf comes as a wolf".<a href="#cite_note-wolf-52">[49]</a> The 1989 case of <a href="/wiki/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a> challenged the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sentencing_Commission" title="United States Sentencing Commission">United States Sentencing Commission</a>, an independent body within the judicial branch whose members (some of whom were federal judges) were removable only for good cause. The petitioner argued that the arrangement violated the separation of powers and that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sentencing_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Sentencing Guidelines">United States Sentencing Guidelines</a> promulgated by the commission were invalid. Eight justices joined in the majority opinion written by Blackmun, upholding the Guidelines as constitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200674–75-53">[50]</a> Scalia dissented, stating that the issuance of the Guidelines was a lawmaking function that Congress could not delegate<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200676-54">[51]</a> and dubbed the Commission "a sort of junior-varsity Congress".<a href="#cite_note-wolf-52">[49]</a> In 1996, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Line_Item_Veto_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Line Item Veto Act">Line Item Veto Act</a>, which allowed the president to cancel items from an <a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Appropriations bill">appropriations bill</a> (a bill authorizing spending) once passed into law. The statute was challenged the following year. The matter rapidly reached the Supreme Court, which <a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York" title="Clinton v. City of New York">struck down</a> the law as violating the <a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a> of the Constitution, which governs what the president is permitted to do with a bill once it has passed both houses of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200678–79-55">[52]</a> Scalia dissented, seeing no Presentment Clause difficulties and feeling that the act did not violate the separation of powers. He argued that authorizing the president to cancel an appropriation was no different from allowing him to spend an appropriation at his discretion, which had long been accepted as constitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200680–82-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detainee_cases">Detainee cases</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamacourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nine judges in black robes pose for a photograph with three other men in suits." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Obamacourt.jpg/250px-Obamacourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Obamacourt.jpg/375px-Obamacourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Obamacourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>The 2009–2010 Court, with President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and retiring justice <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> with Scalia fourth from right</figcaption></figure> In 2004, in <a href="/wiki/Rasul_v._Bush" title="Rasul v. Bush">Rasul v. Bush</a>, the Court held that federal courts had <a href="/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction" title="Subject-matter jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> to hear <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> petitions brought by detainees at the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detainment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo Bay detainment camp">Guantanamo Bay detainment camp</a>. Scalia accused the majority of "spring[ing] a trap on the Executive" by ruling that it could hear cases involving persons at Guantanamo when no federal court had ever ruled that it had the authority to hear cases involving people there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009328–29-57">[54]</a> Scalia, joined by Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, also dissented in the 2004 case of <a href="/wiki/Hamdi_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdi v. Rumsfeld">Hamdi v. Rumsfeld</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/Yaser_Hamdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaser Hamdi">Yaser Hamdi</a>, an American citizen detained in the United States on the allegation he was an <a href="/wiki/Enemy_combatant" title="Enemy combatant">enemy combatant</a>. The Court held that although Congress had authorized Hamdi's detention, Fifth Amendment due process guarantees giving a citizen such as Hamdi held in the United States as an enemy combatant the right to contest that detention before a neutral decision maker. Scalia opined that the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">AUMF</a> (Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists) could not be read to suspend habeas corpus and that the Court, faced with legislation by Congress that did not grant the president power to detain Hamdi, was trying to "Make Everything Come Out Right".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum200684–85-58">[55]</a> In March 2006, Scalia gave a talk at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. When asked about detainee rights, he responded: "Give me a break ... I had a son on that battlefield and they were shooting at my son, and I'm not about to give this man who was captured in a war a full jury trial. I mean it's crazy".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-59">[56]</a> Although Scalia was not referring to any particular individual, the Supreme Court was about to consider the case of <a href="/wiki/Salim_Ahmed_Hamdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salim Ahmed Hamdan">Salim Ahmed Hamdan</a>, supposed driver to <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, who was challenging the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission" title="Guantanamo military commission">military commissions</a> at Guantanamo Bay.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-59">[56]</a> A group of retired military officers that supported Hamdan's position asked Scalia to <a href="/wiki/Recusal" title="Recusal">recuse</a> himself, or step aside from hearing the case, which he declined to do.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> The Court held 5–3 in <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a> that the federal courts had jurisdiction to consider Hamdan's claims; Scalia, in dissent, contended that any Court authority to consider Hamdan's petition had been eliminated by the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_stripping" title="Jurisdiction stripping">jurisdiction-stripping</a> <a href="/wiki/Detainee_Treatment_Act" title="Detainee Treatment Act">Detainee Treatment Act</a> of 2005.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federalism">Federalism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perry_Scalia_Wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Perry_Scalia_Wiki.jpg/220px-Perry_Scalia_Wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Perry_Scalia_Wiki.jpg/330px-Perry_Scalia_Wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Perry_Scalia_Wiki.jpg/440px-Perry_Scalia_Wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption>Scalia (left) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia School of Law</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> cases pitting the powers of the federal government against those of the states, Scalia often took the states' positions. In 1997, the Supreme Court considered the case of <a href="/wiki/Printz_v._United_States" title="Printz v. United States">Printz v. United States</a>, a challenge to certain provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act" title="Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act">Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act</a>, which required chief law enforcement officers of localities in states to perform certain duties. In Printz, Scalia wrote the Court's majority decision. The Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional the provision that imposed those duties as violating the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment</a>, which reserves to the states and to the people those powers not granted to the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum200661–63-62">[59]</a> In 2005, Scalia concurred in <a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a>, which read the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> to hold that Congress could ban the use of <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> even when states approve its use for <a href="/wiki/Medical_marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical marijuana">medicinal purposes</a>. Scalia opined that the Commerce Clause, together with the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a>, permitted the regulation. In addition, Scalia felt that Congress may regulate intrastate activities if doing so is a necessary part of a more general regulation of interstate commerce.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> He based that decision on <a href="/wiki/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a>, which he now wrote "expanded the Commerce Clause beyond all reason".<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Scalia rejected the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">negative Commerce Clause</a> doctrine,<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> calling it "a judicial fraud".<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Scalia took a broad view of the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eleventh Amendment</a>, which bars certain lawsuits against states in the federal courts. In his 1989 dissent in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> v. <a href="/wiki/Union_Gas" title="Union Gas">Union Gas</a> Co., Scalia stated that there was no intent on the part of the framers to have the states surrender any <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> and that the case that provoked the Eleventh Amendment, <a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a>, came as a surprise to them. Professor Ralph Rossum, who wrote a survey of Scalia's constitutional views, suggests that the justice's view of the Eleventh Amendment was actually contradictory to the language of the Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006110–12-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_rights">Individual rights</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion">Abortion</h4></div> Scalia argued that there is no constitutional right to abortion and that if the people desire legalized abortion, a law should be passed to accomplish it.<a href="#cite_note-sixty-22">[19]</a> In his dissenting opinion in the 1992 case of <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a>, Scalia wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> The States may, if they wish, permit abortion on demand, but the Constitution does not require them to do so. The permissibility of abortion, and the limitations upon it, are to be resolved like most important questions in our democracy: by citizens trying to persuade one another and then voting.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> </blockquote><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "We can now look forward to at least another Term with carts full of mail from the public, and streets full of demonstrators, urging us — their unelected and life-tenured judges who have been awarded those extraordinary, undemocratic characteristics precisely in order that we might follow the law despite the popular will — to follow the popular will." — Scalia, concurring in <a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a> </blockquote> </div>Scalia repeatedly called upon his colleagues to strike down <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>. Scalia hoped to find five votes to strike down Roe in the 1989 case of <a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a> but was not successful in doing so. Justice <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> cast the deciding vote, allowing the abortion regulations at issue in the case to stand but not overruling Roe. Scalia concurred only in part,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009193–95-70">[67]</a> writing, "Justice O'Connor's assertion, that a 'fundamental rule of judicial restraint' requires us to avoid reconsidering Roe cannot be taken seriously".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004108-71">[68]</a> He noted, "We can now look forward to at least another Term of carts full of mail from the public, and the streets full of demonstrators".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004109-72">[69]</a> The Court returned to the issue of abortion in the 2000 case of <a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a>, in which it invalidated a Nebraska statute outlawing <a href="/wiki/Partial-birth_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial-birth abortion">partial-birth abortion</a>. Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> wrote for the Court that the law was unconstitutional because it did not allow an exception for the health of the woman. Scalia dissented, comparing the Stenberg case to two of the most reviled cases in Supreme Court history: "I am optimistic enough to believe that, one day, Stenberg v. Carhart will be assigned its rightful place in the history of this Court's jurisprudence beside <a href="/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States" title="Korematsu v. United States">Korematsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott</a>. The method of killing a human child ... proscribed by this statute is so horrible that the most clinical description of it evokes a shudder of revulsion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004137–38-73">[70]</a> In 2007, the Court upheld a federal statute banning partial-birth abortion in <a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009202–03-74">[71]</a> University of Chicago law professor <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_R._Stone" title="Geoffrey R. Stone">Geoffrey R. Stone</a>, a former colleague of Scalia's, criticized Gonzales, stating that religion had influenced the outcome because all five justices in the majority were Catholic, whereas the dissenters were Protestant or Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> This angered Scalia to such an extent that he stated he would not speak at the University of Chicago as long as Stone was there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009203–04-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Race,_gender,_and_sexual_orientation">Race, gender, and sexual orientation</h4></div> Scalia generally voted to strike down laws that make distinctions by race, gender, or sexual orientation. In 1989, he concurred with the Court's judgment in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Richmond_v._J.A._Croson_Co." title="City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.">City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.</a>, in which the Court applied <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a> to a city program requiring a certain percentage of contracts to go to minorities, and struck down the program. Scalia did not join the majority opinion, however. He disagreed with O'Connor's opinion for the Court, holding that states and localities could institute race-based programs if they identified past discrimination and if the programs were designed to remedy the past racism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing200487–88-77">[74]</a> Five years later, in <a href="/wiki/Adarand_Constructors,_Inc._v._Pe%C3%B1a" title="Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña">Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña</a>, he concurred in the Court's judgment and in part with the opinion that extended strict scrutiny to federal programs. Scalia noted in that matter his view that government can never have a compelling interest in making up for past discrimination by racial preferences: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> To pursue the concept of racial entitlement—even for the most admirable and benign of purposes—is to reinforce and preserve for future mischief the way of thinking that produced race slavery, race privilege and race hatred. In the eyes of government, we are just one race here. It is American.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing200456–57-78">[75]</a> </blockquote> In the 2003 case of <a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a>, involving racial preferences in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>'s law school, Scalia mocked the Court majority's finding that the school was entitled to continue using race as a factor in admissions to promote diversity and to increase "cross-racial understanding". Scalia noted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This is not, of course, an "educational benefit" on which students will be graded on their Law School transcript (Works and Plays Well with Others: B+) or tested by the bar examiners (Q: Describe in 500 words or less your cross-racial understanding). For it is a lesson of life rather than law—essentially the same lesson taught to (or rather learned by, for it cannot be "taught" in the usual sense) people three feet shorter and twenty years younger than the full-grown adults at the University of Michigan Law School, in institutions ranging from Boy Scout troops to public-school kindergartens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006159–60-79">[76]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png/220px-Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png/330px-Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png/440px-Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Opening page of Scalia's dissent in Lawrence v. Texas</figcaption></figure> Scalia argued that laws that make distinctions between genders should be subjected to <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_scrutiny" title="Intermediate scrutiny">intermediate scrutiny</a>, requiring that the gender classification be substantially related to important government objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004194-80">[77]</a> When, in 1996, the Court upheld a suit brought by a woman who wished to enter the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a>, Scalia filed a lone, lengthy dissent. Scalia said that the Court, in requiring Virginia to show an "extremely persuasive justification" for the single-sex admission policy, had redefined intermediate scrutiny in such a way "that makes it indistinguishable from strict scrutiny".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004195-81">[78]</a> In one of the final decisions of the Burger Court, the Court ruled in 1986 in <a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a> that "homosexual sodomy"<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> was not protected by the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of privacy">right of privacy</a> and could be criminally prosecuted by the states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004279–80-83">[80]</a> In 1995, however, that ruling was effectively gutted by <a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a>, which struck down a Colorado state constitutional amendment, passed by popular vote, that forbade antidiscrimination laws' being extended to sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-as-84">[81]</a> Scalia dissented from the opinion by Justice Kennedy, believing that Bowers had protected the right of the states to pass such measures and that the Colorado amendment was not discriminatory but merely prevented homosexuals from gaining favored status under Colorado law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004280–81-85">[82]</a> Scalia later said of Romer, "And the Supreme Court said, 'Yes, it is unconstitutional.' On the basis of—I don't know, the Sexual Preference Clause of the Bill of Rights, presumably. And the liberals loved it, and the conservatives gnashed their teeth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009283._There_is_no_such_clause_in_the_Bill_of_Rights-86">[83]</a> In 2003, Bowers was formally overruled by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a>, from which Scalia dissented. According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_V._Tushnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark V. Tushnet">Mark V. Tushnet</a> in his survey of the Rehnquist Court, during the oral argument in the case, Scalia seemed so intent on making the state's argument for it that the Chief Justice intervened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETushnet2005170–72-87">[84]</a> According to his biographer, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Biskupic" title="Joan Biskupic">Joan Biskupic</a>, Scalia "ridiculed" the majority in his dissent for being so ready to cast aside Bowers when many of the same justices had refused to overturn Roe in Planned Parenthood v. Casey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009225–27-88">[85]</a> In March 2009, openly gay Congressman <a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Barney Frank</a> described him as a "homophobe".<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Maureen Dowd</a> described Scalia in a 2003 column as "<a href="/wiki/Archie_Bunker" title="Archie Bunker">Archie Bunker</a> in a high-backed chair".<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> In an op-ed for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, federal appeals judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a> law professor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Segall" title="Eric Segall">Eric Segall</a> called Scalia's positions on homosexuality radical and characterized Scalia's "political ideal as verg[ing] on <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian">majoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Former Scalia clerk Ed Whelan called this "a smear and a distraction."<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Professor John O. McGinnis responded as well,<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> leading to further exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In the 2013 case of <a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a>, which involved a California ballot initiative known as <a href="/wiki/Proposition_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition 8">Proposition 8</a> that amended the California State Constitution to ban same-sex marriage, Scalia voted with the majority to uphold a lower court decision overturning the ban. The decision was based on the appellants' lack of standing to appeal and not on the substantive issue of the constitutionality of Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-slip-opinion-96">[93]</a> Also in 2013, Scalia dissented from the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a>. In Windsor, the Court held Section Three of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> (DOMA) (which—for federal government purposes—defined the terms "marriage" and "spouse" as applicable only to opposite-sex unions) unconstitutional under the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Opinion-97">[94]</a> Scalia's dissent, which was joined in full by Justice Thomas and in part by Chief Justice Roberts,<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> opened: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This case is about power in several respects. It is about the power of our people to govern themselves, and the power of this Court to pronounce the law. Today's opinion aggrandizes the latter, with the predictable consequence of diminishing the former. We have no power to decide this case. And even if we did, we have no power under the Constitution to invalidate this democratically adopted legislation.</blockquote> Scalia argued that the judgment effectively characterized opponents of same-sex marriage as "enemies of the human race":<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> He argued that the Court's ruling would affect <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state">state bans on same-sex marriage</a> as well: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As far as this Court is concerned, no one should be fooled; it is just a matter of listening and waiting for the other shoe. By formally declaring anyone opposed to same-sex marriage an enemy of human decency, the majority arms well every challenger to a state law restricting marriage to its traditional definition.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a></blockquote> Scalia concluded by saying that the Supreme Court "has cheated both sides, robbing the winners of an honest victory, and the losers of the peace that comes from a fair defeat."<a href="#cite_note-Opinion-97">[94]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCOTUS_2015_APRIL_LGBTQ_54819_(17302763245).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SCOTUS_2015_APRIL_LGBTQ_54819_%2817302763245%29.jpg/253px-SCOTUS_2015_APRIL_LGBTQ_54819_%2817302763245%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SCOTUS_2015_APRIL_LGBTQ_54819_%2817302763245%29.jpg/380px-SCOTUS_2015_APRIL_LGBTQ_54819_%2817302763245%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SCOTUS_2015_APRIL_LGBTQ_54819_%2817302763245%29.jpg/506px-SCOTUS_2015_APRIL_LGBTQ_54819_%2817302763245%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3803" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrations outside the Supreme Court awaiting the decision in <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></figcaption></figure>In 2015, Scalia dissented from the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a>, in which the Court ruled that the fundamental right to marry was guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In his dissent, Scalia stated that the Court's decision effectively robbed the people of "the freedom to govern themselves", noting that a rigorous debate on same-sex marriage had been taking place and that—by deciding the issue nationwide—the democratic process had been halted.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Addressing the claimed <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> violation, Scalia asserted that because a same-sex marriage ban would not have been considered unconstitutional at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment's adoption, such bans are not unconstitutional in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-103">[100]</a> He claimed there was "no basis" for the Court to strike down legislation that the Fourteenth Amendment did not expressly forbid, and directly attacked the majority opinion for "lacking even a thin veneer of law".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-103">[100]</a> Lastly, Scalia faulted the actual writing in the opinion for "diminish[ing] this Court's reputation for clear thinking and sober analysis" and for "descend[ing] from the disciplined legal reasoning of <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a> to the mystical aphorisms of the fortune cookie."<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_law">Criminal law</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scalia_toplak_harvard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scalia, wearing a beige jacket over shirt and tie, shakes hands with Jurij Toplak of European Election Law Association, while looking forward towards the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Scalia_toplak_harvard.jpg/250px-Scalia_toplak_harvard.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Scalia_toplak_harvard.jpg/375px-Scalia_toplak_harvard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Scalia_toplak_harvard.jpg/500px-Scalia_toplak_harvard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Scalia (right) at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> on November 30, 2006</figcaption></figure> Scalia believed the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a> to be constitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004144-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> He dissented in decisions that hold the death penalty unconstitutional as applied to certain groups, such as those who were under the age of 18 at the time of offense. In <a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Oklahoma" title="Thompson v. Oklahoma">Thompson v. Oklahoma</a> (1988), he dissented from the Court's ruling that the death penalty could not be applied to those aged 15 at the time of the offense, and the following year authored the Court's opinion in <a href="/wiki/Stanford_v._Kentucky" title="Stanford v. Kentucky">Stanford v. Kentucky</a>, sustaining the death penalty for those who killed at age 16. However, in 2005, the Court overturned Stanford in <a href="/wiki/Roper_v._Simmons" title="Roper v. Simmons">Roper v. Simmons</a>, and Scalia again dissented, mocking the majority's claims that a national consensus had emerged against the execution of those who killed while <a href="/wiki/Underage" class="mw-redirect" title="Underage">underage</a>, noting that less than half of the states that permitted the death penalty prohibited it for underage killers. He castigated the majority for including in their count states that had abolished the death penalty entirely, stating that doing so was "rather like including old-order Amishmen in a consumer-preference poll on the electric car. Of course they don't like it, but that sheds no light whatever on the point at issue".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006192–93-107">[104]</a> In 2002, in <a href="/wiki/Atkins_v._Virginia" title="Atkins v. Virginia">Atkins v. Virginia</a>, the Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional as applied to mentally retarded people. Scalia dissented, stating that it would not have been considered cruel or unusual to execute mildly mentally retarded people at the time of the 1791 adoption of the Bill of Rights and that the Court had failed to show that a national consensus had formed against the practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004148-108">[105]</a> Scalia strongly disfavored the Court's ruling in <a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a>, which held that a confession by an arrested suspect who had not been <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warnings" class="mw-redirect" title="Miranda warnings">advised of their rights</a> was inadmissible in court, and he voted to overrule Miranda in the 2000 case of <a href="/wiki/Dickerson_v._United_States" title="Dickerson v. United States">Dickerson v. United States</a> but was in a minority of two with Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>. Calling the Miranda decision a "milestone of judicial overreaching", Scalia stated that the Court should not fear to correct its mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin2008146-109">[106]</a> Although, in many areas, Scalia's approach was unfavorable to criminal defendants, he took the side of defendants in matters involving the <a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth Amendment</a>, which guarantees defendants the right to confront their accusers. In multiple cases, Scalia wrote against laws that allowed alleged victims of child abuse to testify behind screens or by closed-circuit television.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006182–84-110">[107]</a> In a 2009 case, Scalia wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Melendez-Diaz_v._Massachusetts" title="Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts">Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts</a>, holding that defendants must have the opportunity to confront lab technicians in drug cases and that a certificate of analysis is not enough to prove a substance was a drug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009354-111">[108]</a> Scalia maintained that every <a href="/wiki/Element_(criminal_law)" title="Element (criminal law)">element</a> of an offense that helps determine the sentence must be either admitted by the defendant or found by a jury under the Sixth Amendment's jury guarantee. In the 2000 case of <a href="/wiki/Apprendi_v._New_Jersey" title="Apprendi v. New Jersey">Apprendi v. New Jersey</a>, Scalia wrote a concurrence to the Court's majority opinion that struck down a state statute that allowed the trial judge to increase the sentence if the judge found the offense was a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>. Scalia found the procedure impermissible because whether it was a hate crime had not been decided by the jury.<a href="#cite_note-coy-112">[109]</a> In 2004, he wrote for the Court in <a href="/wiki/Blakely_v._Washington" title="Blakely v. Washington">Blakely v. Washington</a>, striking down Washington state's sentencing guidelines on similar grounds. The dissenters in Blakely foresaw that Scalia would use the case to attack the federal sentencing guidelines (which he had failed to strike down in Mistretta), and they proved correct, as Scalia led a five-member majority in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Booker" title="United States v. Booker">United States v. Booker</a>, which made those guidelines no longer mandatory for federal judges to follow (they remained advisory).<a href="#cite_note-coy-112">[109]</a> In the 2001 case of <a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a>, Scalia wrote the Court's opinion in a 5–4 decision that cut across ideological lines.<a href="#cite_note-113">[n 4]</a> That decision found thermal imaging of a home to be an unreasonable search under the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a>. The Court struck down a conviction for marijuana manufacture based on a search warrant issued after such scans were conducted, which showed that the garage was considerably hotter than the rest of the house because of indoor growing lights.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Applying that Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable search and seizure to arrest, Scalia dissented from the Court's 1991 decision in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Riverside_v._McLaughlin" title="County of Riverside v. McLaughlin">County of Riverside v. McLaughlin</a>, allowing a 48-hour delay before a person arrested without a warrant is taken before a magistrate, on the ground that at the time of the adoption of the Fourth Amendment, an arrested person was to be taken before a magistrate as quickly as practicable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006175-115">[111]</a> In a 1990 <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> case, <a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="R.A.V. v. St. Paul">R.A.V. v. St. Paul</a>, Scalia wrote the Court's opinion striking down a <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> ordinance in a prosecution for burning a cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETushnet2005140–42-116">[112]</a> Scalia noted, "Let there be no mistake about our belief that burning a cross in someone's front yard is reprehensible. But St. Paul has sufficient means at its disposal to prevent such behavior without adding the First Amendment to the fire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum20062-117">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Amendment">Second Amendment</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Undoubtedly some think that the Second Amendment is outmoded in a society where our standing army is the pride of our Nation, where well-trained police forces provide personal security, and where gun violence is a serious problem. That is perhaps debatable, but what is not debatable is that it is not the role of this Court to pronounce the Second Amendment extinct." — Scalia, writing for the majority in <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a> </blockquote> </div> In 2008, the Court considered a challenge to the gun laws in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>. Scalia wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a>, which found an individual right to own a firearm under the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a>. Scalia traced the word "militia", found in the Second Amendment, as it would have been understood at the time of its ratification, stating that it then meant "the body of all citizens".<a href="#cite_note-second-118">[114]</a> The Court upheld Heller's claim to own a firearm in the District.<a href="#cite_note-second-118">[114]</a> Scalia's opinion for the Heller Court was criticized by liberals and applauded by conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-second2-119">[115]</a> Seventh Circuit Judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> disagreed with Scalia's opinion, stating that the Second Amendment "creates no right to the private possession of guns". Posner called Scalia's opinion "faux originalism" and a "historicizing glaze on personal values and policy preferences".<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> In October 2008, Scalia stated that the court's originalists needed to show only that at the time the Second Amendment was ratified, the right to bear arms did not have an exclusively military context and that they were successful in so showing.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Litigation_and_standing">Litigation and standing</h4></div> Following the death of Scalia, Paul Barrett, writing for <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a>, reported that: "Translating into liberal argot: Scalia changed the rules for who could sue". The issue elevated the recognition of Scalia as a notable influence on establishing and determining the conditions under which cases could be brought to trial and for litigation—and by whom such litigation could take place.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> David Rivkin, from the conservative standpoint, said, "He (Scalia) did more to clarify and limit the bounds and scope of judicial power than any Supreme Court Justice in history, particularly in the area of standing and class actions". Scalia indicated his long-held position from the time of his 1983 law review article titled "The Doctrine of Standing as an Essential Element of the Separation of Powers". As summarized by Barrett, "He (Scalia) wrote that courts had misappropriated authority from other branches of government by allowing too many people to sue corporations and government agencies, especially in environmental cases". In a practical sense, Scalia brought to the attention of the Court the authority to restrict "standing" in class action suits in which the litigants may be defined in descriptive terms rather than as well-defined and unambiguous litigants.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cases">Other cases</h3></div> Scalia concurred in the 1990 case of <a href="/wiki/Cruzan_v._Director,_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health</a>, in which the family of <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cruzan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Cruzan">a woman</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_state" title="Vegetative state">vegetative state</a> sought to have her feeding tube removed so she would die, believing that to have been her wish. The Court found for the State of Missouri, requiring <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_convincing_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear and convincing evidence">clear and convincing evidence</a> of such a desire. Scalia stated that the Court should have remained away from the dispute and that the issues "are [not] better known to the nine Justices of this Court any better than they are known to nine people picked at random from the Kansas City telephone directory".<a href="#cite_note-second-118">[114]</a> Scalia joined the majority <a href="/wiki/Per_curiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Per curiam">per curiam</a> opinion in the 2000 case of <a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a>, which effectively ended recounts of ballots in Florida following the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 US presidential election</a>, and also both concurred separately and joined Rehnquist's concurrence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009243-124">[120]</a> In 2007, he said of the case, "I and my court owe no apology whatever for Bush v. Gore. We did the right thing. So there! ... get over it. It's so old by now".<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> During an interview on the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose show</a>, he defended the Court's action: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> The decision was not close, it was 7–2 on the principal issue of whether there had been a constitutional violation ... But what if it was unconstitutional to have that recount? You're going to let it continue and come to a conclusion? And then overturn it? The reason to stop it sooner was not, "Ooh, we're worried that it's going to come out the wrong way"...  you forget what was going on at the time. We were the laughingstock of the world. The world's greatest democracy that couldn't conduct an election. We didn't know who our next president was going to be. The lengthy transition that has become standard when you change from one president to another could not begin because you didn't know who the new president was going to be. It was becoming a very serious problem. The issue before the United States Supreme Court is: having decided the case, having decided this is unconstitutional, should we nonetheless let the election go on? Or is it time cut it off and let's move on?<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_philosophy_and_approach">Legal philosophy and approach</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_performance">Judicial performance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonin_Scalia_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antonin_Scalia_2010.jpg/220px-Antonin_Scalia_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antonin_Scalia_2010.jpg/330px-Antonin_Scalia_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antonin_Scalia_2010.jpg/440px-Antonin_Scalia_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Scalia in 2010</figcaption></figure>During oral argument before the Court, Scalia asked more questions and made more comments than any other justice.<a href="#cite_note-auf-127">[123]</a> A 2005 study found that he provoked laughter more often than any of his colleagues did.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> His goal during oral arguments was to get across his position to the other justices.<a href="#cite_note-oral-129">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> social psychologist Lawrence Wrightsman wrote that Scalia communicated "a sense of urgency on the bench" and had a style that was "forever forceful".<a href="#cite_note-auf-127">[123]</a> After Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> joined the Court in 2005, he took to quizzing lawyers in a manner similar to Scalia's; sometimes the two questioned counsel in seeming coordination.<a href="#cite_note-oral-129">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dahlia_Lithwick" title="Dahlia Lithwick">Dahlia Lithwick</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> described Scalia's technique as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Scalia doesn't come into oral argument all secretive and sphinxlike, feigning indecision on the nuances of the case before him. He comes in like a medieval knight, girded for battle. He knows what the law is. He knows what the opinion should say. And he uses the hour allocated for argument to bludgeon his brethren into agreement.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> </blockquote>Scalia wrote numerous opinions from the start of his career on the Supreme Court. During his tenure, he wrote more <a href="/wiki/Concurring_opinion" title="Concurring opinion">concurring opinions</a> than any other justice. Only two other justices have written more <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frosh-131">[127]</a> According to Kevin Ring, who compiled a book of Scalia's dissenting and concurring opinions: "His opinions are ... highly readable. His entertaining writing style can make even the most mundane areas of the law interesting".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004xi-132">[128]</a> Conor Clarke of Slate comments on Scalia's written opinions, especially his dissents: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> His writing style is best described as equal parts anger, confidence, and pageantry. Scalia has a taste for garish analogies and offbeat allusions—often very funny ones—and he speaks in no uncertain terms. He is highly accessible and tries not to get bogged down in abstruse legal jargon. But most of all, Scalia's opinions read like they're about to catch fire for pure outrage. He does not, in short, write like a happy man.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> </blockquote><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%281%29.jpg/209px-Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%281%29.jpg/314px-Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%281%29.jpg/418px-Justice_Antonin_Scalia_Speaks_with_Staff_at_the_U.S._Mission_in_Geneva_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3810" data-file-height="3450" /></a><figcaption>Scalia speaks at the US mission within <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure>At the Supreme Court, justices meet after the case is briefed and argued and vote on the result. The task of writing the opinion is assigned by the Chief Justice or—if the Chief Justice is in the minority or is not participating—by the senior justice in the majority. After the assignment, the justices generally communicate about a case by sending notes and draft opinions to each other's chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETushnet200564–65-134">[130]</a> In the give-and-take of opinion-writing, Scalia did not compromise his views in order to attract five votes for a majority (unlike the late Justice <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Brennan, Jr.">William J. Brennan, Jr.</a>, who would accept less than what he wanted in order to gain a partial victory).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009132-135">[131]</a> Scalia attempted to influence his colleagues by sending them "Ninograms"—short memoranda aimed at persuading them of the correctness of his views.<a href="#cite_note-frosh-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-136">[132]</a> In an October 2013 issue of New York magazine, Scalia revealed that he scanned <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>, obtained most of his news from talk radio, and did not read <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. He described The Washington Post as "shrilly liberal".<a href="#cite_note-senior-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textualism">Textualism</h3></div> Scalia was a <a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">textualist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Statutory_interpretation" title="Statutory interpretation">statutory interpretation</a>, believing that the ordinary meaning of a statute should govern.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> In interpreting statutes, Scalia did not look to <a href="/wiki/Legislative_history" title="Legislative history">legislative history</a>. In the 2006 case of <a href="/wiki/Zedner_v._United_States" title="Zedner v. United States">Zedner v. United States</a>, he joined the majority opinion written by Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>—all except one paragraph of the opinion, in which Alito cited legislative history. In a concurring opinion in that case, Scalia noted, "The use of legislative history is illegitimate and ill advised in the interpretation of any statute".<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> His dislike of legislative history may have been a reason that other justices have become more cautious in its use.<a href="#cite_note-leghist-140">[136]</a> Gregory Maggs wrote in the Public Interest Law Review in 1995 that by the early 1990s, legislative history was being cited in only about forty percent of Supreme Court cases involving the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> and that no case of that era used legislative history as an essential reason for the outcome. Maggs suggested: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">With Justice Scalia breathing down the necks of anyone who peeks into the Congressional Record or Senate reports, the other members of the Court may have concluded that the benefit of citing legislative history does not outweigh its costs. It is likely for this reason that the percentage of cases citing it has decreased dramatically. No one likes an unnecessary fight, especially not one with as formidable an opponent as Justice Scalia.<a href="#cite_note-leghist-140">[136]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Originalism">Originalism</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scalia%27s_portrait_by_Nelson_Shanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Scalia%27s_portrait_by_Nelson_Shanks.jpg/245px-Scalia%27s_portrait_by_Nelson_Shanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Scalia%27s_portrait_by_Nelson_Shanks.jpg/367px-Scalia%27s_portrait_by_Nelson_Shanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Scalia%27s_portrait_by_Nelson_Shanks.jpg/489px-Scalia%27s_portrait_by_Nelson_Shanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>Scalia's official Supreme Court portrait by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Shanks" title="Nelson Shanks">Nelson Shanks</a></figcaption></figure> In 1998, Scalia vociferously opposed the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Living_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Living constitution">living constitution</a>, or the power of the judiciary to modify the meaning of constitutional provisions to adapt them to changing times.<a href="#cite_note-sixty-22">[19]</a> Scalia warned that if one accepted that constitutional standards should evolve with a maturing society, "the risk of assessing evolving standards is that it is all too easy to believe that evolution has culminated in one's own views".<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> He compared the Constitution to statutes he contended were not understood to change their meaning through time.<a href="#cite_note-hlrecord-27">[24]</a> Scalia described himself as an <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalist</a>, meaning that he interpreted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> as it would have been understood when it was adopted. According to Scalia in 2008, "It's what did the words mean to the people who ratified the Bill of Rights or who ratified the Constitution".<a href="#cite_note-sixty-22">[19]</a> Constitutional amendments, such as the 1868 <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>, according to Scalia, were to be interpreted based on their meaning at the time of ratification.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Scalia was often asked how that approach justified the result in the 1954 case of <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>, which held that segregated schools were unconstitutional and which relied on the Fourteenth Amendment for the result.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Scalia responded to this argument in two ways. He noted research by Michael McConell that "persuasively establishes that this was the original understanding of the post Civil War Amendments." However, Scalia continues by arguing that even if non-originalist methods occasionally produce better results than originalism, "It is in no way remarkable... that taking power from the people and placing it instead with a judicial aristocracy can produce some creditable results that democracy might not achieve. The same can be said of monarchy and totalitarianism. But once a nation has decided that democracy... is the best system of government, the crucial question becomes which theory of textual interpretation is compatible with democracy. Originalism unquestionably is. Non-originalism, by contrast, imposes on society statutory prescriptions that were never democratically adopted. When applied to the Constitution, nonoriginalism limits the democratic process itself, prohibiting... acts... that 'We The People' never, ever, voted to outlaw".<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> In a 2009 public conversation, Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> questioned Scalia, indicating that those who ratified the Fourteenth Amendment did not intend to end school segregation. Scalia called this argument "<a href="/wiki/Waving_the_bloody_shirt" title="Waving the bloody shirt">waving the bloody shirt</a> of Brown" and indicated that he would have joined the <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">first Justice Harlan's</a> solitary dissent in <a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a>, the 1896 case that Brown overruled.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Scalia's originalist approach came under attack from critics, who viewed it as "a cover for what they see as Scalia's real intention: to turn back some pivotal court decisions of the 1960s and 70s" reached by the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren</a> and Burger Courts.<a href="#cite_note-sixty-22">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> argued in 2008 that Scalia's originalist philosophy was inconsistent with the justice's acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_personhood_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate personhood debate">extension of certain constitutional rights to corporations</a> when at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification, corporations were not commonly understood to possess constitutional rights.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Nader's view preceded the Court's 2010 decision in <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission">Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</a>. Scalia, in his concurrence in that case, traced his understanding of the rights of groups of individuals at the time of the adoption of the Bill of Rights. His argument was based on the lack of an exception for groups such as corporations in the free speech guarantee in the Bill of Rights and on several examples of corporate political speech from the time of the adoption of the Bill of Rights.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Professor Thomas Colby of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_National_Law_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington University National Law Center">George Washington University National Law Center</a> argued that Scalia's votes in <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> cases do not stem from originalist views but simply from conservative political convictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009208-148">[144]</a> Scalia responded to his critics that his originalism "has occasionally led him to decisions he deplores, like his <a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">upholding the constitutionality</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flag_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag burning">flag burning</a>", which according to Scalia was protected by the First Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-sixty-22">[19]</a> In 2006, before <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> appointees <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> had had time to make an impact, Rossum wrote that Scalia had failed to win converts among his conservative colleagues for his use of <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006198-149">[145]</a> whereas Roberts and Alito, as younger men with an originalist approach, greatly admired Scalia battling for what he believed in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009275-150">[146]</a> Following the appointments of Roberts and Alito, subsequent appointees <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> are identified in their judicial temperament as being originalists with Kavanuagh referred to as "a stalwart originalist" in the tradition of Scalia.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_attention">Public attention</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requests_for_recusals">Requests for recusals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnerscalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men in shirtsleeves work at a table, there are quantities of paper in front of them.." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Garnerscalia.jpg/220px-Garnerscalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Garnerscalia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>Scalia (right) works on a book with lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Bryan A. Garner</a></figcaption></figure> Scalia <a href="/wiki/Recusal" title="Recusal">recused</a> himself from <a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow">Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow</a> (2004), a case brought by atheist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Newdow" title="Michael Newdow">Michael Newdow</a> alleging that recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a> (including the words "under God") in school classrooms violated the rights of his daughter, who he said was also an atheist. Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> ruled in Newdow's favor but before the case came before the Supreme Court, Scalia spoke at a <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> event in <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg, Virginia</a>, stating that the Ninth Circuit decision was an example of how the courts were trying to excise God from public life. The school district requested that the Supreme Court review the case, and Newdow asked that Scalia recuse himself because of this prior statement, which he did without comment.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Scalia declined to recuse himself from <a href="/wiki/Cheney_v._United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia">Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a> (2005), a case concerning whether Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> could keep secret the membership of an advisory task force on energy policy. Scalia was asked to recuse himself because he had gone on a hunting trip with various persons including Cheney, during which he traveled one way on <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Two" title="Air Force Two">Air Force Two</a>. Scalia issued a lengthy <a href="/wiki/In-chambers_opinion" title="In-chambers opinion">in-chambers opinion</a> refusing to recuse himself, stating that though Cheney was a longtime friend, he was being sued merely in his official capacity and that were justices to step aside in the cases of officials who are parties because of official capacity, the Supreme Court would cease to function. Scalia indicated that it was far from unusual for justices to socialize with other government officials, recalling that the late Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> played poker with President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> and that Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> went skiing with Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>. Scalia stated that he was never alone with Cheney during the trip, the two had not discussed the case, and the justice had saved no money because he had bought round-trip tickets, the cheapest available.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> Scalia was part of the 7–2 majority once the case was heard, a decision that generally upheld Cheney's position.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Scalia later described his refusal to recuse himself as his "most heroic opinion" because it had exposed him to a great deal of criticism.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_S._Merritt_Jr." title="Gilbert S. Merritt Jr.">Gilbert S. Merritt Jr.</a> of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals called for Scalia's recusal in Bush v. Gore at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Sinnot-Armstrong2002-158">[154]</a> Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, writing in Law and Philosophy, later chronicled such calls and contended that "There were many ways for Justice Scalia's sons to benefit from a decision in favor of Bush. Together these benefits could be substantial. Hence, [the law] required recusal".<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Republicans dismissed such calls as partisan, noting that Merritt was a close friend of the Gores and a rumored Gore Supreme Court nominee.<a href="#cite_note-Sinnot-Armstrong2002-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonin_Scalia_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Antonin_Scalia_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/220px-Antonin_Scalia_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Antonin_Scalia_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/330px-Antonin_Scalia_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Antonin_Scalia_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/440px-Antonin_Scalia_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Scalia's official portrait, 2005</figcaption></figure> Scalia was a devout <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">traditionalist Catholic</a>, and his son Paul entered the priesthood. Uncomfortable with the changes brought about following <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>, Scalia drove long distances to parishes he felt were more in accord with his beliefs, including parishes that celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Latin_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridentine Latin Mass">Tridentine Latin Mass</a> in Chicago and Washington,<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> and one celebrating the Latin version<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> at St. Catherine of Siena in <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Virginia" title="Great Falls, Virginia">Great Falls, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> In a 2013 interview with Jennifer Senior for <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>, Scalia was asked whether his beliefs extended to the Devil, and he stated, "Of course! Yeah, he's a real person. Hey, c'mon, that's standard Catholic doctrine! Every Catholic believes that." When asked whether he had seen recent evidence of the Devil, Scalia replied: "You know, it is curious. In the Gospels, the Devil is doing all sorts of things. He's making pigs run off cliffs, he's possessing people and whatnot ... What he's doing now is getting people not to believe in him or in God. He's much more successful that way."<a href="#cite_note-senior-137">[133]</a> In another 2013 interview to the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>, Scalia said, "In order for capitalism to work, in order for it to produce a good and stable society, traditional Christian virtues are essential."<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> In 2006, upon leaving church, Scalia was asked by a reporter whether being a traditionalist Catholic had caused problems for him, and he responded by asking, "You know what I say to those people?" and with a gesture, cupping his hand under his chin and flicking his fingers out. The gesture, which got captured by a photographer, was initially reported by the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a> as obscene. Scalia responded to the reports with a letter to the editor, accusing the news staff of watching too many episodes of <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a> and stating that the gesture was a strong brush-off. Roger Axtell, an expert on body language, described the gesture as possibly meaning "I've had enough, go away" and noted, "It's a fairly strong gesture".<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The gesture was parodied by comedian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> during <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_at_the_2006_White_House_Correspondents%27_Association_Dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner">his performance at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner</a> later that year, with the justice in attendance; cameras showed that unlike most of the butts of Colbert's jokes that evening, Scalia was laughing.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-colbert20160215-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996_presidential_election">1996 presidential election</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>, as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives">House Republican Conference</a>, he sought to persuade Scalia to run for election as vice president with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> in 1996. As related by Boehner, Scalia listened to the proposal and dictated the same reply Justice <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> had once given to a similar query: "The possibility is too remote to comment upon, given my position". Dole did put Scalia on his list of potential running mates but eventually settled on <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_of_the_Secretary_-_Swearing-In_for_Gene_Scalia,_Solicitor_of_Labor_-_DPLA_-_374048e74a473440a8563df65b0c6f22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Office_of_the_Secretary_-_Swearing-In_for_Gene_Scalia%2C_Solicitor_of_Labor_-_DPLA_-_374048e74a473440a8563df65b0c6f22.jpg/220px-Office_of_the_Secretary_-_Swearing-In_for_Gene_Scalia%2C_Solicitor_of_Labor_-_DPLA_-_374048e74a473440a8563df65b0c6f22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Office_of_the_Secretary_-_Swearing-In_for_Gene_Scalia%2C_Solicitor_of_Labor_-_DPLA_-_374048e74a473440a8563df65b0c6f22.jpg/330px-Office_of_the_Secretary_-_Swearing-In_for_Gene_Scalia%2C_Solicitor_of_Labor_-_DPLA_-_374048e74a473440a8563df65b0c6f22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Office_of_the_Secretary_-_Swearing-In_for_Gene_Scalia%2C_Solicitor_of_Labor_-_DPLA_-_374048e74a473440a8563df65b0c6f22.jpg/440px-Office_of_the_Secretary_-_Swearing-In_for_Gene_Scalia%2C_Solicitor_of_Labor_-_DPLA_-_374048e74a473440a8563df65b0c6f22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Scalia (left) at the swearing-in of his son, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Scalia" title="Eugene Scalia">Eugene Scalia</a>, as Solicitor of Labor on February 25, 2002</figcaption></figure> On September 10, 1960, Scalia married Maureen McCarthy at St. Pius X church in <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Massachusetts" title="Yarmouth, Massachusetts">Yarmouth, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pius-168">[164]</a> The two had met on a blind date while he was at Harvard Law School. Maureen was an undergraduate student at <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a> when they met; she subsequently obtained a degree in English from the school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200930–31-169">[165]</a> The Scalias had five sons and four daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009361-170">[166]</a> Two of their sons, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Scalia" title="Eugene Scalia">Eugene Scalia</a> and John Scalia, became attorneys,<a href="#cite_note-growing-171">[167]</a> with Eugene later becoming <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Paul Scalia became a Catholic priest, Matthew Scalia had a military career, and Christopher Scalia became a writer. All four Scalia daughters—Catherine, Ann, Margaret, and Mary—have families. According to Scalia, Maureen raised all nine children "with very little assistance from me".<a href="#cite_note-growing-171">[167]</a> The family resided in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean, Virginia</a>, a suburb of Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009211-174">[170]</a> Scalia enjoyed a warm friendship with fellow Justice <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, considered a member of the court's liberal wing, with the two attending the opera together and appearing together onstage as <a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_actor" title="Supernumerary actor">supernumeraries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Opera" title="Washington National Opera">Washington National Opera</a>'s 1994 production of <a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos" title="Ariadne auf Naxos">Ariadne auf Naxos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auf-127">[123]</a> Ginsburg was a colleague of Scalia on the D.C. Circuit, and the Scalias and Ginsburgs had dinner together every New Year's Eve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200988-175">[171]</a> Scalia also enjoyed a friendship with fellow Justice <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, also considered a member of the court's liberal wing. When Justice <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> retired, Scalia told <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a>, an adviser to then-President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, that he hoped that Obama would nominate Kagan to replace him. While Obama nominated <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> instead, a year later when Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> retired, Obama nominated Kagan.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> An avid hunter, Scalia taught Justice Kagan how to hunt; the two hunted ducks, birds, deer and antelope together.<a href="#cite_note-Death-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunting_Buddies-178">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Scalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Justice_Scalia.jpg/220px-Justice_Scalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Justice_Scalia.jpg/330px-Justice_Scalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Justice_Scalia.jpg/440px-Justice_Scalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Scalia's gravesite at <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Memorial_Park" title="Fairfax Memorial Park">Fairfax Memorial Park</a></figcaption></figure> Scalia died in his sleep<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160213-al-2">[1]</a> at age 79. His body was discovered on the morning of February 13, 2016, in his room<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-7">[6]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cibolo_Creek_Ranch" title="Cibolo Creek Ranch">Cibolo Creek Ranch</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Shafter,_Texas" title="Shafter, Texas">Shafter, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> He had gone <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a> hunting the afternoon before, and then dined as the guest of <a href="/wiki/John_B._Poindexter" title="John B. Poindexter">John B. Poindexter</a>, owner of the ranch.<a href="#cite_note-usatodaywildlife-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> After Poindexter discovered the body, he called the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_County,_Texas" title="Presidio County, Texas">Presidio County</a> sheriff's department to ask for the number of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marshals_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marshals Service">U.S. Marshals Service</a> to report a death. Poindexter was reluctant to say who had died to Sheriff Danny Dominguez. Dominguez had the Marshal's Service call the ranch owner, and both the marshals and the sheriff went to the ranch, where they were shown Scalia's body. Dominguez instructed his office to call local <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> Juanita Bishop, but she was out of town.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/County_judge" title="County judge">County Judge</a> Cinderela Guevara pronounced Scalia dead of <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">natural causes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> She did not see the body, which under Texas law is not required, nor did she order an autopsy.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-7">[6]</a> Bishop, as well as David Beebe, another justice of the peace, later disagreed with the decision not to order an autopsy for Scalia. Guevara, who conferred by telephone with Scalia's physician, stated that she made the determination to pronounce Scalia dead from natural causes after being told by county sheriff Dominguez on the scene that "there were no signs of foul play" and that Scalia "was having health issues".<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-184">[180]</a> Scalia's physician, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Brian_Monahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Monahan">Brian P. Monahan</a>, told her Scalia had a history of heart trouble, including high blood pressure, and was recently deemed too weak to undergo surgery for a torn <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hananel15Feb-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warren23Feb-186">[182]</a> According to Sunset Funeral Home director Chris Lujan, Scalia's family also declined to have an autopsy performed after his body was transferred to his <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> funeral home, prior to its return to <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fiske14Feb-187">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Carr" title="Kansas v. Carr">Kansas v. Carr</a> (2016) was the last <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinion</a> written by Justice Scalia before his death in February 2016, though his last <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a> was in <a href="/wiki/FERC_v._Electric_Power_Supply_Ass%27n" title="FERC v. Electric Power Supply Ass'n">FERC v. Electric Power Supply Association</a> (2016).<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-188">[184]</a> Following his death, Scalia <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">lay in repose</a> in the Great Hall of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a> on February 19, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-NPR20-189">[185]</a> Scalia's son, <a href="/wiki/Father_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Father (religious)">Father</a> Paul Scalia, celebrated a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">funeral Mass</a> and delivered the homily on February 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-190">[186]</a> The Obama administration was represented at the funeral by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>; President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> did not attend.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Scalia's remains were interred at a private ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Memorial_Park" title="Fairfax Memorial Park">Fairfax Memorial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h4></div> The circumstances surrounding Scalia's death prompted conspiracy theories alleging that he may have been murdered.<a href="#cite_note-skipping-192">[188]</a> These conspiracy theories were stimulated by Guevara's decision not to conduct an autopsy and her pronouncement of Scalia's death by a phone call, as well as by Scalia's refusal of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a> security detail, uncertainty over the precise cause of Scalia's death, and Poindexter's initial assertion that he found Scalia in bed with a pillow over his head. Poindexter later clarified that the pillow was in between Scalia's head and the bed's headboard, not over his face.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> The conspiracy theory was promoted by William Ritchie, a former head of criminal investigations for the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a>, a far-right talk show host.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, then a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination, referenced the homicide allegations on <a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage" title="Michael Savage">Michael Savage</a>'s radio show <a href="/wiki/The_Savage_Nation" title="The Savage Nation">The Savage Nation</a>, saying that "they say they found a pillow on his face, which is a pretty unusual place to find a pillow."<a href="#cite_note-skipping-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Scalia" title="Eugene Scalia">Eugene Scalia</a> rejected the theories, saying that "our family just has no doubt that he was taken from us by natural causes."<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg/300px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg/450px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg/600px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Roberts Court (October 2010 – February 2016). Front row: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, Antonin Scalia, <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>. Back row: <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3></div> Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Daily_Forward" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Daily Forward">The Jewish Daily Forward</a> in 2009, J. J. Goldberg described Scalia as "the intellectual anchor of the court's conservative majority".<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Scalia traveled to the nation's law schools, giving talks on law and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-frosh-131">[127]</a> His appearances on college campuses were often <a href="/wiki/Standing_room_only" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing room only">standing room only</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lawsch-200">[196]</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> indicated that Scalia was "very much in tune with the current generation of law students ... Students now put '<a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>' on their resumes".<a href="#cite_note-legacy-201">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, who served throughout Scalia's tenure until his 2010 retirement, said of Scalia's influence, "He's made a huge difference. Some of it constructive, some of it unfortunate".<a href="#cite_note-legacy-201">[197]</a> Of the nine sitting justices, Scalia was most often the subject of <a href="/wiki/Law_review" title="Law review">law review</a> articles.<a href="#cite_note-lawsch-200">[196]</a> In 2009, after nearly a quarter century on the Court, Scalia characterized his victories as "damn few".<a href="#cite_note-decade-202">[198]</a> Writing in the American Spectator, Adam Carrington noted that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Since his death in February of 2016, Scalia's influence of course continues through his three decades of judicial opinions. But he still exerts great influence in another, less-discussed way. In 2012, he co-authored the book Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts with Bryan A. Garner. This work describes numerous "canons," or rules regarding how to interpret legal documents ... A mere seven years since its publication, Reading Law has been cited in over 1,000 state and federal cases. Just this spring, for instance, Supreme Court justices referenced the work in 10 cases.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semper_Fidelis_Award_Ceremony_and_Dinner_130223-M-LU710-116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Semper_Fidelis_Award_Ceremony_and_Dinner_130223-M-LU710-116.jpg/220px-Semper_Fidelis_Award_Ceremony_and_Dinner_130223-M-LU710-116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Semper_Fidelis_Award_Ceremony_and_Dinner_130223-M-LU710-116.jpg/330px-Semper_Fidelis_Award_Ceremony_and_Dinner_130223-M-LU710-116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Semper_Fidelis_Award_Ceremony_and_Dinner_130223-M-LU710-116.jpg/440px-Semper_Fidelis_Award_Ceremony_and_Dinner_130223-M-LU710-116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Scalia accepts the Semper Fidelis Award, 2013</figcaption></figure> Scalia's promotion of textualism and originalism on the high court led to a shift in the American judiciary's approach to textual interpretation, with greater attention paid to the text itself. The liberal political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a> said that because of Scalia, "we are all originalists now." For this reason, he is often described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a> The statement by Ronald Dorker was made earlier by <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, for Elena Kagan said during her 2010 Senate confirmation hearings that "we are all originalists."<a href="#cite_note-20221229ChicagoTrinuneSchwartz-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> Kagan declared in a 2015 interview at Harvard Law School honoring her then-colleague Scalia that "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpEtszFT0Tg&t=8m22s">we are all textualists now.</a>"<a href="#cite_note-20221229ChicagoTrinuneSchwartz-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> In 2017, Harvard University established an <a href="/wiki/Endowed_professorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Endowed professorship">endowed professorship</a> at its law school dedicated in honor of Scalia; as of July 1, 2021, it is occupied by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Sachs" title="Stephen E. Sachs">Stephen E. Sachs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> Derrick Wang's opera <a href="/wiki/Scalia/Ginsburg" title="Scalia/Ginsburg">Scalia/Ginsburg</a> depicts the friendship of Scalia and Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, both known for their shared love of opera.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> The opera was introduced before Scalia and Ginsburg at the Supreme Court in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Castleton_Festival" title="Castleton Festival">Castleton Festival</a> in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> and was revised after Scalia's death,<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> with the revised version broadcast on national radio on November 7, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> Scalia and Ginsburg both wrote forewords to the libretto,<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> and Ginsburg cited the opera in her statement on Scalia's death<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> and in her foreword to the book Scalia Speaks.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Strand" title="John Strand">John Strand</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/The_Originalist" title="The Originalist">The Originalist</a> was performed in Washington, DC in 2015; it received a positive review from The New York Times. The play depicted Justice Scalia's interaction with a (fictional) liberal court clerk and their mutual criticism and eventual support of each other. The play had a cross-country tour from Washington, D.C. to the <a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Playhouse" title="Pasadena Playhouse">Pasadena Playhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> The play was scheduled to air on PBS in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_tributes">Posthumous tributes</h3></div> According to NBC News, tributes to "larger-than-life Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia poured in [from] both sides of the political aisle" following his death.<a href="#cite_note-:2-223">[219]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> called Scalia "one of the towering legal figures of our time" and former president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> described Scalia as "a brilliant jurist".<a href="#cite_note-:2-223">[219]</a> U.S. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> called Scalia "one of the most influential and eloquent justices to ever serve on the U.S. Supreme Court".<a href="#cite_note-:2-223">[219]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_Presents_Medal_of_Freedom_-_45863432792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/President_Donald_J._Trump_Presents_Medal_of_Freedom_-_45863432792.jpg/220px-President_Donald_J._Trump_Presents_Medal_of_Freedom_-_45863432792.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/President_Donald_J._Trump_Presents_Medal_of_Freedom_-_45863432792.jpg/330px-President_Donald_J._Trump_Presents_Medal_of_Freedom_-_45863432792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/President_Donald_J._Trump_Presents_Medal_of_Freedom_-_45863432792.jpg/440px-President_Donald_J._Trump_Presents_Medal_of_Freedom_-_45863432792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>President Trump presents Scalia's Medal of Freedom posthumously to his widow, Maureen</figcaption></figure> In May 2016, <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> renamed its law school the "<a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia_Law_School" title="Antonin Scalia Law School">Antonin Scalia Law School</a>" after an anonymous donor pledged $20 million to the school, with an additional $10 million donated by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Koch Foundation">Charles Koch Foundation</a>, contingent upon the name change in Scalia's honor.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> The dedication ceremony occurred on October 6, 2016, and was attended by Supreme Court justices. At the ceremony, Justice <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> called Scalia "one of the most important Supreme Court justices ever, and also one of the greatest".<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[8]</a> In October 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93USA_Foundation" title="Italy–USA Foundation">Italy–USA Foundation</a> posthumously awarded Scalia its America Award. The ceremony was conducted in front of the Italian parliament in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> In 2018, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> to Scalia.<a href="#cite_note-cnn2018-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> Writing for the plurality in <a href="/wiki/Borden_v._United_States" title="Borden v. United States">Borden v. United States</a>, Justice Kagan referenced Scalia, writing "Indeed, the Court has made a similar point before, in an opinion by one of its great wordsmiths."<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> In a concurring opinion in <a href="/wiki/Loper_Bright_Enterprises_v._Raimondo" title="Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo">Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo</a>, Justice <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> praised Scalia for his willingness to reconsider his earlier views, writing that "rather than cling to the pride of personal precedent, the Justice began to express doubts over the very project that he had worked to build... If Chevron's ascent is a testament to the Justice's ingenuity, its demise is an even greater tribute to his humility"<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merrick_Garland_speaks_at_his_Supreme_Court_nomination_with_President_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Merrick_Garland_speaks_at_his_Supreme_Court_nomination_with_President_Obama.jpg/207px-Merrick_Garland_speaks_at_his_Supreme_Court_nomination_with_President_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Merrick_Garland_speaks_at_his_Supreme_Court_nomination_with_President_Obama.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> following the announcement that he is Obama's nominee to succeed Scalia (March 16, 2016)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination</a></div> Scalia's death—only the second death of a serving justice in a span of sixty years<a href="#cite_note-Gresko,_Jessica;_Scalia's_death_in_office_a_rarity-231">[227]</a>—left eight justices remaining on the Supreme Court, split 4–4 between fairly conservative and fairly liberal, during a <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">presidential election year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> Cases that were pending before the Court at Scalia's death were decided by the remaining eight members.<a href="#cite_note-CloseCases-234">[230]</a> A 4–4 deadlock would result in the ruling of the lower court being upheld, but no precedent being set, and the justices would not publish written opinions on the merits of the case.<a href="#cite_note-CloseCases-234">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> In a 2012 interview, Scalia had said he would prefer Judge <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Easterbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Easterbrook">Frank H. Easterbrook</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals</a> as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> On March 16, 2016, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, a Democrat, nominated <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a>, Chief Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>, to fill Scalia's seat,<a href="#cite_note-NYTAnnouncementShear-237">[233]</a> but the Republican-controlled Senate declined to take any action on the nomination; the nomination expired with the end of the <a href="/wiki/114th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="114th Congress">114th Congress</a> on January 3, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> On January 31, 2017, Republican President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> announced the nomination of Judge <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals">Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> to succeed Scalia.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> Gorsuch was confirmed by the Senate on April 7, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScalia1997" class="citation cs2">Scalia, Antonin (1997), <a href="/wiki/Amy_Gutmann" title="Amy Gutmann">Gutmann, Amy</a> (ed.), A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law, Princeton N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00400-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00400-5"><bdi>0-691-00400-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Matter+of+Interpretation%3A+Federal+Courts+and+the+Law&rft.place=Princeton+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-691-00400-5&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaliaGarner2008" class="citation cs2">—; <a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> (2008), Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges, St. Paul: Thomson West, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-18471-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-18471-9"><bdi>978-0-314-18471-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Your+Case%3A+The+Art+of+Persuading+Judges&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Thomson+West&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-314-18471-9&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft.au=Garner%2C+Bryan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaliaGarner2012" class="citation cs2">—; <a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Reading_Law:_The_Interpretation_of_Legal_Texts" title="Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts">Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts</a>, St. Paul: Thomson West, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-27555-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-27555-4"><bdi>978-0-314-27555-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Law%3A+The+Interpretation+of+Legal+Texts&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Thomson+West&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-314-27555-4&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft.au=Garner%2C+Bryan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaliaScaliaWhelan2017" class="citation book cs1">—; Scalia, Christopher J.; Whelan, Edward (2017). Scalia Speaks: Reflections on Law, Faith, and Life Well Lived. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525573326" title="Special:BookSources/9780525573326"><bdi>9780525573326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scalia+Speaks%3A+Reflections+on+Law%2C+Faith%2C+and+Life+Well+Lived&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780525573326&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft.au=Scalia%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Whelan%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalia1983" class="citation journal cs1">Scalia, Antonin (1983). "The Doctrine of Standing As an Essential Element of the Separation of Powers". <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_Review" title="Suffolk University Law Review">Suffolk University Law Review</a>. 17: 881–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Suffolk+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+of+Standing+As+an+Essential+Element+of+the+Separation+of+Powers&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=881-99&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalia1988" class="citation journal cs1">— (1988). "Originalism: The Lesser Evil". University of Cincinnati Law Review. 57: 849–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cincinnati+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Originalism%3A+The+Lesser+Evil&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=849-65&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalia1989" class="citation journal cs1">— (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol38/iss3/1">"Judicial Deference to Administrative Interpretations of Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Law_Journal" title="Duke Law Journal">Duke Law Journal</a>. 38 (1): 511–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1372576">10.2307/1372576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Judicial+Deference+to+Administrative+Interpretations+of+Law&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=511-21&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1372576&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fdlj%2Fvol38%2Fiss3%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan">List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Originalist" title="The Originalist">The Originalist</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Strand" title="John Strand">John Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Black_Robes" title="Nine Black Robes">Nine Black Robes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Biskupic" title="Joan Biskupic">Joan Biskupic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalia/Ginsburg" title="Scalia/Ginsburg">Scalia/Ginsburg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæntənɪn skəˈliːə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/Scalia.wav\/Scalia.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Scalia.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Scalia.wav/Scalia.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Scalia.wav" title="File:Scalia.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AN-tən-in skə-LEE-ə</a>, Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[skaˈliːa]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Journalistic sources were divided as to whether Scalia died on the night of February 12, 2016, or on the morning of February 13, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160213-al-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-kvia-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-heartattack-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-heart-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Senators <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jake_Garn" title="Jake Garn">Jake Garn</a> were not present for the confirmation. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Scalia was joined by Justices Thomas, Souter, Breyer, and Ginsburg. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20160213-al-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20160213-al_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20160213-al_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2016" class="citation cs2">Liptak, Adam (February 13, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/us/antonin-scalia-death.html">"Justice Antonin Scalia, Who Led a Conservative Renaissance on the Supreme Court, Is Dead at 79"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218013819/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/us/antonin-scalia-death.html">archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2016, retrieved February 13, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Antonin+Scalia%2C+Who+Led+a+Conservative+Renaissance+on+the+Supreme+Court%2C+Is+Dead+at+79&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F14%2Fus%2Fantonin-scalia-death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kvia-3"><a href="#cite_ref-kvia_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2016" class="citation cs2">Hunt, Darren (February 13, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213215554/http://www.kvia.com/news/breaking-surpreme-court-justice-scalia-dies-during-hunting-trip-in-marfa/37981652">Supreme Court Justice Scalia dies during hunting trip near Marfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/KVIA-TV" title="KVIA-TV">KVIA-TV</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kvia.com/news/breaking-surpreme-court-justice-scalia-dies-during-hunting-trip-in-marfa/37981652">the original</a> on February 13, 2016, retrieved February 13, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Justice+Scalia+dies+during+hunting+trip+near+Marfa&rft.pub=KVIA-TV&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kvia.com%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-surpreme-court-justice-scalia-dies-during-hunting-trip-in-marfa%2F37981652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation cs2">Smith, David (February 13, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/13/antonin-scalia-dead-us-supreme-court-justice-obituary">"Antonin Scalia obituary: conservative supreme court justice dies aged 79"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214093700/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/13/antonin-scalia-dead-us-supreme-court-justice-obituary">archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2016, retrieved February 14, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Antonin+Scalia+obituary%3A+conservative+supreme+court+justice+dies+aged+79&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fantonin-scalia-dead-us-supreme-court-justice-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heartattack-5"><a href="#cite_ref-heartattack_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitely2016" class="citation news cs1">Whitely, Jason (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/02/14/official-scalia-died-heart-attack/80375798/">"Official: Scalia died of heart attack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214222646/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/02/14/official-scalia-died-heart-attack/80375798/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Official%3A+Scalia+died+of+heart+attack&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Whitely&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2016%2F02%2F14%2Fofficial-scalia-died-heart-attack%2F80375798%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heart-6"><a href="#cite_ref-heart_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobic2016" class="citation news cs1">Bobic, Igor (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/antonin-scalia-heart-attack_us_56c0cae3e4b0b40245c70f1b">"Antonin Scalia Died Of A Heart Attack: Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215071746/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/antonin-scalia-heart-attack_us_56c0cae3e4b0b40245c70f1b">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Antonin+Scalia+Died+Of+A+Heart+Attack%3A+Report&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Bobic&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fantonin-scalia-heart-attack_us_56c0cae3e4b0b40245c70f1b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashingtonPost-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraubMoravecHorwitzMarkon2016" class="citation news cs1">Straub, Lana; Moravec, Eva Ruth; Horwitz, Sari; Markon, Jerry (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/texas-tv-station-scalia-died-of-a-heart-attack/2016/02/14/938e2170-d332-11e5-9823-02b905009f99_story.html">"The death of Antonin Scalia: Chaos, confusion and conflicting reports"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215002715/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/texas-tv-station-scalia-died-of-a-heart-attack/2016/02/14/938e2170-d332-11e5-9823-02b905009f99_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+death+of+Antonin+Scalia%3A+Chaos%2C+confusion+and+conflicting+reports&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Straub&rft.aufirst=Lana&rft.au=Moravec%2C+Eva+Ruth&rft.au=Horwitz%2C+Sari&rft.au=Markon%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftexas-tv-station-scalia-died-of-a-heart-attack%2F2016%2F02%2F14%2F938e2170-d332-11e5-9823-02b905009f99_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Rosen_(legal_academic)" title="Jeffrey Rosen (legal academic)">Rosen, Jeffrey</a> (February 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/what-made-antonin-scalia-great/462837/">"What Made Antonin Scalia Great"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713024756/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/what-made-antonin-scalia-great/462837/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Made+Antonin+Scalia+Great&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2016%2F02%2Fwhat-made-antonin-scalia-great%2F462837%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vogue2016" class="citation web cs1">de Vogue, Ariane (October 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/06/politics/antonin-scalia-law-school-dedication/">"Antonin Scalia law school dedicated in Virginia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200531051858/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/06/politics/antonin-scalia-law-school-dedication/">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Antonin+Scalia+law+school+dedicated+in+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.aulast=de+Vogue&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F10%2F06%2Fpolitics%2Fantonin-scalia-law-school-dedication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maninthenews-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maninthenews_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maninthenews_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maninthenews_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolotski1986" class="citation news cs1">Molotski, Irwin (June 18, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/18/us/the-supreme-court-man-in-the-news-judge-with-tenacity-and-charm-antonin-scalia.html">"The Supreme Court: Man in the News; Judge with tenacity and charm: Antonin Scalia"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811185356/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/18/us/the-supreme-court-man-in-the-news-judge-with-tenacity-and-charm-antonin-scalia.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Supreme+Court%3A+Man+in+the+News%3B+Judge+with+tenacity+and+charm%3A+Antonin+Scalia&rft.date=1986-06-18&rft.aulast=Molotski&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F06%2F18%2Fus%2Fthe-supreme-court-man-in-the-news-judge-with-tenacity-and-charm-antonin-scalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rents-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rents_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rents_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 11–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Talbot" title="Margaret Talbot">Talbot, Margaret</a> (March 28, 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/supreme-confidence">"Supreme confidence: The jurisprudence of Antonin Scalia"</a>, The New Yorker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215095519/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/supreme-confidence">archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2016, retrieved February 15, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Supreme+confidence%3A+The+jurisprudence+of+Antonin+Scalia&rft.date=2005-03-28&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2005%2F03%2F28%2Fsupreme-confidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/08/us/antonin-scalia-fast-facts/">"Antonin Scalia Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. March 8, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214055527/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/08/us/antonin-scalia-fast-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Antonin+Scalia+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F03%2F08%2Fus%2Fantonin-scalia-fast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201410-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy201410_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2014">Murphy 2014</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2016" class="citation news cs1">Barker, Kim (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/15/nyregion/in-queens-antonin-scalia-took-pride-in-melting-pot-and-confrontation.html">"In Queens, Antonin Scalia Took Pride in Melting Pot and Confrontation"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215031722/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/15/nyregion/in-queens-antonin-scalia-took-pride-in-melting-pot-and-confrontation.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Queens%2C+Antonin+Scalia+Took+Pride+in+Melting+Pot+and+Confrontation&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F15%2Fnyregion%2Fin-queens-antonin-scalia-took-pride-in-melting-pot-and-confrontation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200917–19-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200917–19_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200921-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200921_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-washpostbio-20"><a href="#cite_ref-washpostbio_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Marcus_(journalist)" title="Ruth Marcus (journalist)">Marcus, Ruth</a> (June 22, 1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/22/AR2007082200970.html">"Scalia tenacious after staking out a position"</a>, The Washington Post, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909200012/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/22/AR2007082200970.html">archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2013, retrieved January 12, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Scalia+tenacious+after+staking+out+a+position&rft.date=1986-06-22&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F22%2FAR2007082200970.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT1953-21"><a href="#cite_ref-TT1953_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/576320365/">"Two From Diocese Win 22 Honors at Xavier"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a>. July 4, 1953. p. 9. Retrieved March 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=Two+From+Diocese+Win+22+Honors+at+Xavier&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1953-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F576320365%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixty-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sixty_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty_22-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/justice-scalia-on-the-record/">"Justice Scalia on the record"</a>, CBS, August 24, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104040614/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/24/60minutes/main4040290.shtml">archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2010, retrieved January 13, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS&rft.atitle=Justice+Scalia+on+the+record&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjustice-scalia-on-the-record%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendell2016" class="citation web cs1">Wendell, Bryan (February 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2016/02/16/before-he-served-on-the-supreme-court-antonin-scalia-was-a-boy-scout/">"Before he served on the Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia was a Boy Scout"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225064057/http://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2016/02/16/before-he-served-on-the-supreme-court-antonin-scalia-was-a-boy-scout/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+he+served+on+the+Supreme+Court%2C+Antonin+Scalia+was+a+Boy+Scout&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.aulast=Wendell&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.scoutingmagazine.org%2F2016%2F02%2F16%2Fbefore-he-served-on-the-supreme-court-antonin-scalia-was-a-boy-scout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab20063-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab20063_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201422–27-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy201422–27_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2014">Murphy 2014</a>, pp. 22–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsen20177-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorsen20177_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorsen20177_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorsen2017">Dorsen 2017</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-hlrecord-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hlrecord_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hlrecord_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hlrecord_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410232937/http://www.hlrecord.org/2.4463/scalia-speaks-in-ames-scolds-aggressive-student-1.578356">"Scalia Speaks in Ames, Scolds Aggressive Student"</a>, Harvard Law Record, December 7, 2006, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.www.hlrecord.org/media/storage/paper609/news/2006/12/07/News/Scalia.Speaks.In.Ames.Scolds.Aggressive.Student-2528117.shtml?sourcedomain=www.hlrecord.org&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com">the original</a> on April 10, 2010, retrieved January 12, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Record&rft.atitle=Scalia+Speaks+in+Ames%2C+Scolds+Aggressive+Student&rft.date=2006-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.hlrecord.org%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper609%2Fnews%2F2006%2F12%2F07%2FNews%2FScalia.Speaks.In.Ames.Scolds.Aggressive.Student-2528117.shtml%3Fsourcedomain%3Dwww.hlrecord.org%26MIIHost%3Dmedia.collegepublisher.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation cs2">Fox, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/future/robes_scalia.html">Biographies of the Robes: Antonin Gregory Scalia</a>, PBS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906090649/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/future/robes_scalia.html">archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2017, retrieved January 12, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+the+Robes%3A+Antonin+Gregory+Scalia&rft.pub=PBS&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fsupremecourt%2Ffuture%2Frobes_scalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canteach-29"><a href="#cite_ref-canteach_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200940-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200940_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200949–53-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200949–53_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 49–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200945–47-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200945–47_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200963,_374-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200963,_374_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 63, 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200613–14-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab200613–14_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-chic-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chic_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chic_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipp1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/E._R._Shipp" title="E. R. Shipp">Shipp, E. R.</a> (July 26, 1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/26/us/scalia-s-midwest-colleagues-cite-his-love-of-debate-poker-and-piano.html">"Scalia's Midwestern colleagues cite his love of debate, poker, and piano"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230131314/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/26/us/scalia-s-midwest-colleagues-cite-his-love-of-debate-poker-and-piano.html">archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2019, retrieved January 13, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scalia%27s+Midwestern+colleagues+cite+his+love+of+debate%2C+poker%2C+and+piano&rft.date=1986-07-26&rft.aulast=Shipp&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F07%2F26%2Fus%2Fscalia-s-midwest-colleagues-cite-his-love-of-debate-poker-and-piano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200619-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab200619_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2017" class="citation news cs1">Fine, Sean (January 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/antonin-scalia-the-untold-story/article33614417/">"The untold story of how a young Antonin Scalia's 'gift to Canada' shaped our spy services"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815092305/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/antonin-scalia-the-untold-story/article33614417/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=The+untold+story+of+how+a+young+Antonin+Scalia%27s+%27gift+to+Canada%27+shaped+our+spy+services&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fantonin-scalia-the-untold-story%2Farticle33614417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200973–74-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200973–74_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200980-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200980_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Taylor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Taylor, Jr.">Taylor, Stuart</a> (June 19, 1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/19/us/scalia-s-views-stylishly-expressed-line-up-with-reagan-s.html">"Scalia's views, stylishly expressed, line up with Reagan's"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512151022/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/19/us/scalia-s-views-stylishly-expressed-line-up-with-reagan-s.html">archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2011, retrieved January 13, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scalia%27s+views%2C+stylishly+expressed%2C+line+up+with+Reagan%27s&rft.date=1986-06-19&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F06%2F19%2Fus%2Fscalia-s-views-stylishly-expressed-line-up-with-reagan-s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nosmoke-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nosmoke_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nosmoke_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nosmoke_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 104–09. Bork was nominated for the Supreme Court the following year, but his nomination was rejected by the Senate. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin200821-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToobin200821_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToobin2008">Toobin 2008</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallison2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wallison" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Wallison">Wallison, Peter</a> (2004), "Of loyalty, leaks, and the White House staff", in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wallison" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Wallison">Wallison, Peter</a> (ed.), Ronald Reagan: the power of conviction and the success of his Presidency, Basic Books, p. 151, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813390475" title="Special:BookSources/9780813390475"><bdi>9780813390475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+loyalty%2C+leaks%2C+and+the+White+House+staff&rft.btitle=Ronald+Reagan%3A+the+power+of+conviction+and+the+success+of+his+Presidency&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780813390475&rft.aulast=Wallison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200624-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab200624_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiskupic2008" class="citation cs2">Biskupic, Joan (December 22, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2008-12-22-court_N.htm">"Timing and luck crucial for seat on high court"</a>, USA Today, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506145436/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2008-12-22-court_N.htm">archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2009, retrieved February 9, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Timing+and+luck+crucial+for+seat+on+high+court&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.aulast=Biskupic&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2Fjudicial%2F2008-12-22-court_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009100,_109–10-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009100,_109–10_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 100, 109–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsen201711-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorsen201711_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorsen2017">Dorsen 2017</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19860806&id=dF0aAAAAIBAJ&pg=6785,3534231">"Scalia hearings muted"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Milwaukee Journal">The Milwaukee Journal</a>, August 5, 1986, retrieved August 9, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Scalia+hearings+muted&rft.date=1986-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1499%26dat%3D19860806%26id%3DdF0aAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6785%2C3534231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009109-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009109_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009121-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009121_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing200444–45-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing200444–45_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_52-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 136–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200674–75-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab200674–75_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200676-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab200676_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200678–79-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab200678–79_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab200680–82-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaab200680–82_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, pp. 80–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009328–29-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009328–29_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 328–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum200684–85-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum200684–85_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4848834.stm">"Judge 'rejects Guantanamo rights'"</a>, BBC News, March 27, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819131913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4848834.stm">archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2010, retrieved January 29, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Judge+%27rejects+Guantanamo+rights%27&rft.date=2006-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4848834.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/28/world/americas/28iht-scotus.html">"U.S. justices cast doubt on tribunal"</a>, The New York Times, March 28, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229031745/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/28/world/americas/28iht-scotus.html">archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2016, retrieved January 27, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+justices+cast+doubt+on+tribunal&rft.date=2006-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F28iht-scotus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2006b" class="citation cs2">Greenhouse, Linda (June 30, 2006b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/30/washington/30hamdan.html">"The ruling on tribunals; the overview; Justices, 5–3, broadly reject Bush plan to try detainees"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505213531/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/30/washington/30hamdan.html">archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2011, retrieved January 27, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+ruling+on+tribunals%3B+the+overview%3B+Justices%2C+5%E2%80%933%2C+broadly+reject+Bush+plan+to+try+detainees&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F30%2Fwashington%2F30hamdan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum200661–63-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum200661–63_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, pp. 61–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzone2010" class="citation cs2">Mazzone, Jason (December 13, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balkin.blogspot.com/2010/12/criticism-of-judge-hudsons-opinion.html">"Virginia v. Sebelius: Judge Hudson & Justice Scalia"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkinization_(blog)" title="Balkinization (blog)">Balkinization</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107201541/http://balkin.blogspot.com/2010/12/criticism-of-judge-hudsons-opinion.html">archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2011, retrieved December 14, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkinization&rft.atitle=Virginia+v.+Sebelius%3A+Judge+Hudson+%26+Justice+Scalia&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft.aulast=Mazzone&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalkin.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fcriticism-of-judge-hudsons-opinion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampos2012" class="citation news cs1">Campos, Paul (June 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2012/06/24/scalias_scary_thinking/">"Scalia's scary thinking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624165406/http://www.salon.com/2012/06/24/scalias_scary_thinking/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Scalia%27s+scary+thinking&rft.date=2012-06-24&rft.aulast=Campos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2012%2F06%2F24%2Fscalias_scary_thinking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorf2015" class="citation cs2">Dorf, Michael (May 20, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verdict.justia.com/2015/05/20/is-the-dormant-commerce-clause-a-judicial-fraud">Is the Dormant Commerce Clause a 'Judicial Fraud'?</a>, Justia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123205757/https://verdict.justia.com/2015/05/20/is-the-dormant-commerce-clause-a-judicial-fraud">archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2015, retrieved November 23, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Dormant+Commerce+Clause+a+%27Judicial+Fraud%27%3F&rft.pub=Justia&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.aulast=Dorf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverdict.justia.com%2F2015%2F05%2F20%2Fis-the-dormant-commerce-clause-a-judicial-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Richard D. (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cdozo12&div=73&src=home">"Putting the Dormancy Doctrine out of its misery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo_School_of_Law" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law">Cardozo Law Review</a>. 12 (6). <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo_School_of_Law" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law">Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law</a>: 1745–61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183536/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fcdozo12&div=73&src=home">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardozo+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Putting+the+Dormancy+Doctrine+out+of+its+misery&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1745-61&rft.date=1991-06&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fcdozo12%26div%3D73%26src%3Dhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=articles">Pdf via University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308203133/http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=articles">Archived</a> March 8, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalia" class="citation cs2">Scalia, Antonin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-485_o7jp.pdf">Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland, petitioner v. Brian Wynne et ux.</a> (PDF), p. 33, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615235824/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-485_o7jp.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2017, retrieved June 27, 2017, <q>The fundamental problem with our negative Commerce Clause cases is that the Constitution does not contain a negative Commerce Clause... The clearest sign that the negative Commerce Clause is a judicial fraud is the utterly illogical holding that congressional consent enables States to enact laws that would otherwise constitute impermissible burdens upon interstate commerce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comptroller+of+the+Treasury+of+Maryland%2C+petitioner+v.+Brian+Wynne+et+ux.&rft.pages=33&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F14pdf%2F13-485_o7jp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006110–12-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum2006110–12_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, pp. 110–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=505&invol=833">Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 979 (Scalia, J., dissenting)</a>, United States Supreme Court, June 29, 1992, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107184430/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=505&invol=833">archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2010, retrieved January 13, 2010 – via FindLaw</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planned+Parenthood+v.+Casey%2C+505+U.S.+833%2C+979+%28Scalia%2C+J.%2C+dissenting%29&rft.pub=United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.date=1992-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3DUS%26vol%3D505%26invol%3D833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009193–95-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009193–95_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 193–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004108-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004108_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004109-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004109_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004137–38-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004137–38_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, pp. 137–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009202–03-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009202–03_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 202–03. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Stone">Stone, Geoffrey</a> (April 20, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/geoffrey-r-stone/our-faithbased-justices_b_46398.html">"Our Faith-Based Justices"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105042816/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/geoffrey-r-stone/our-faithbased-justices_b_46398.html">archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2017, retrieved February 18, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Our+Faith-Based+Justices&rft.date=2007-04-20&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fgeoffrey-r-stone%2Four-faithbased-justices_b_46398.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009203–04-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009203–04_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 203–04. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing200487–88-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing200487–88_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing200456–57-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing200456–57_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006159–60-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum2006159–60_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, pp. 159–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004194-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004194_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004195-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004195_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0478_0186_ZO.html">"Bowers v. Hardwick"</a>. Law.cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104192359/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0478_0186_ZO.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bowers+v.+Hardwick&rft.pub=Law.cornell.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2Fhistorics%2FUSSC_CR_0478_0186_ZO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004279–80-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004279–80_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, pp. 279–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-as-84"><a href="#cite_ref-as_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTushnet2005">Tushnet 2005</a>, pp. 167–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004280–81-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004280–81_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, pp. 280–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009283._There_is_no_such_clause_in_the_Bill_of_Rights-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009283._There_is_no_such_clause_in_the_Bill_of_Rights_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 283. There is no such clause in the Bill of Rights. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETushnet2005170–72-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETushnet2005170–72_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTushnet2005">Tushnet 2005</a>, pp. 170–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009225–27-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009225–27_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 225–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327001319/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=7154174">""Rep. Frank calls Scalia a 'homophobe' in interview""</a>, ABC News, Associated Press, March 23, 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=7154174">the original</a> on March 27, 2009, retrieved February 18, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%22Rep.+Frank+calls+Scalia+a+%27homophobe%27+in+interview%22&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D7154174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd2003" class="citation cs2">Dowd, Maureen (June 29, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/29/opinion/29DOWD.html">"Nino's Opéra Bouffe"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925122740/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/29/opinion/29DOWD.html">archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2010, retrieved February 18, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nino%27s+Op%C3%A9ra+Bouffe&rft.date=2003-06-29&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F06%2F29%2Fopinion%2F29DOWD.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/opinion/justice-scalias-majoritarian-theocracy.html">"Justice Scalia's Majoritarian Theocracy"</a>, The New York Times, December 2, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216080413/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/opinion/justice-scalias-majoritarian-theocracy.html">archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2017, retrieved February 5, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Scalia%27s+Majoritarian+Theocracy&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F03%2Fopinion%2Fjustice-scalias-majoritarian-theocracy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/puerile-posner-ed-whelan/">"Puerile Posner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. December 3, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808065350/https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/puerile-posner-ed-whelan/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Puerile+Posner&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fbench-memos%2Fpuerile-posner-ed-whelan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawliberty.org/2015/12/03/posners-unjustified-attack-on-scalia/">"Posner's Unjustified Attack on Scalia"</a>. Law & Liberty. December 3, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129191702/https://www.lawliberty.org/2015/12/03/posners-unjustified-attack-on-scalia/">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+%26+Liberty&rft.atitle=Posner%27s+Unjustified+Attack+on+Scalia&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawliberty.org%2F2015%2F12%2F03%2Fposners-unjustified-attack-on-scalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegall2015" class="citation web cs1">Segall, Eric (December 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2015/12/more-on-justice-scalia-reply-to-two.html">"More on Justice Scalia: A Reply to Two Critics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129195235/http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2015/12/more-on-justice-scalia-reply-to-two.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+on+Justice+Scalia%3A+A+Reply+to+Two+Critics&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.aulast=Segall&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dorfonlaw.org%2F2015%2F12%2Fmore-on-justice-scalia-reply-to-two.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/feeble-posnersegall-response-ed-whelan/">"Feeble Posner/Segall Response"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. December 7, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312213301/https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/feeble-posnersegall-response-ed-whelan/">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Feeble+Posner%2FSegall+Response&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fbench-memos%2Ffeeble-posnersegall-response-ed-whelan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slip-opinion-96"><a href="#cite_ref-slip-opinion_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_the_United_States2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (June 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-144_8ok0.pdf">"Hollingsworth v. Perry, 570 U.S. ___"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234747/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-144_8ok0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hollingsworth+v.+Perry%2C+570+U.S.+___&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.au=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F12pdf%2F12-144_8ok0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opinion-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opinion_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opinion_97-1">b</a> United States v. Windsor, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-307/">12-307</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_570" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 570">570</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (June 26, 2013). Retrieved June 26, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Windsor, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-307/">12-307</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_570" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 570">570</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2013) (Scalia, J., dissenting slip op.). </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Grieve2013" class="citation news cs1">Tim Grieve (June 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/scalia-high-handed-kennedy-has-declared-us-enemies-of-the-human-race-20130626">"Scalia: 'High-Handed' Kennedy Has Declared Us 'Enemies of the Human Race'"</a>. National Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913005801/http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/scalia-high-handed-kennedy-has-declared-us-enemies-of-the-human-race-20130626">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Journal&rft.atitle=Scalia%3A+%27High-Handed%27+Kennedy+Has+Declared+Us+%27Enemies+of+the+Human+Race%27&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.au=Tim+Grieve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Fdomesticpolicy%2Fscalia-high-handed-kennedy-has-declared-us-enemies-of-the-human-race-20130626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Grieve2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Tim Grieve (June 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/06/scalias-blistering-dissent-on-doma/277245/#comments">"Scalia's Blistering Dissent on DOMA"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630001836/http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/06/scalias-blistering-dissent-on-doma/277245/#comments">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Scalia%27s+Blistering+Dissent+on+DOMA&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.au=Tim+Grieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F06%2Fscalias-blistering-dissent-on-doma%2F277245%2F%23comments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstein2013" class="citation web cs1">Gerstein, Josh (June 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/doma-decision-gay-marriage-ripple-effect-93479.html">"The DOMA decision ripple effect"</a>. Politico.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630151413/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/doma-decision-gay-marriage-ripple-effect-93479.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+DOMA+decision+ripple+effect&rft.pub=Politico.com&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F06%2Fdoma-decision-gay-marriage-ripple-effect-93479.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Obergefell v. Hodges, No. 14-556, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf">slip op.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002050103/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf">Archived</a> October 2, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at 2 (U.S. June 26, 2015) (Scalia, J., dissenting). </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_103-1">b</a> Obergefell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf">slip op.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002050103/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf">Archived</a> October 2, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at 4 (Scalia, J., dissenting). </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Obergefell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf">slip op.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002050103/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf">Archived</a> October 2, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at 9, 8 n.22 (Scalia, J., dissenting). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004144-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004144_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisbin1998" class="citation book cs1">Brisbin, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justiceantoninsc00rich">Justice Antonin Scalia and the Conservative Revival</a>. JHU Press. p. 488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801860942" title="Special:BookSources/9780801860942"><bdi>9780801860942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+Antonin+Scalia+and+the+Conservative+Revival&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780801860942&rft.aulast=Brisbin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticeantoninsc00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006192–93-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum2006192–93_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, pp. 192–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004148-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004148_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin2008146-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToobin2008146_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToobin2008">Toobin 2008</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006182–84-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum2006182–84_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, pp. 182–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009354-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009354_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-coy-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coy_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coy_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, pp. 184–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=533&invol=27">Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27</a>, United States Supreme Court, June 11, 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202600/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=533&invol=27">archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2011, retrieved January 24, 2010 – via FindLaw</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kyllo+v.+United+States%2C+533+U.S.+27&rft.pub=United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2001-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3DUS%26vol%3D533%26invol%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006175-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum2006175_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETushnet2005140–42-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETushnet2005140–42_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTushnet2005">Tushnet 2005</a>, pp. 140–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum20062-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum20062_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-second-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-second_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_118-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 135–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-second2-119"><a href="#cite_ref-second2_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 347–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner2008" class="citation cs2">Posner, Richard (August 27, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/62124/defense-looseness">"In defense of looseness"</a>, The New Republic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115075301/https://newrepublic.com/article/62124/defense-looseness">archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2015, retrieved February 13, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+looseness&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F62124%2Fdefense-looseness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArdle2008" class="citation cs2">McArdle, Elaine (October 3, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/spotlight/constitutional-law/scalia-vaughan-lecture.html">In inaugural Vaughan Lecture, Scalia defends the "methodology of originalism"</a>, Harvard Law School, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129043832/http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/spotlight/constitutional-law/scalia-vaughan-lecture.html">archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2010, retrieved January 14, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+inaugural+Vaughan+Lecture%2C+Scalia+defends+the+%22methodology+of+originalism%22&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+School&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft.aulast=McArdle&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2Fspotlight%2Fconstitutional-law%2Fscalia-vaughan-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-16/how-scalia-kept-the-little-guys-out-of-court">"How Scalia Kept the Little Guys Out of Court"</a>. Bloomberg.com. February 16, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035748/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-16/how-scalia-kept-the-little-guys-out-of-court">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=How+Scalia+Kept+the+Little+Guys+Out+of+Court&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-02-16%2Fhow-scalia-kept-the-little-guys-out-of-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Paul Barrett, "Justice for the Big Guys," Bloomberg News Weekly, February 15, 2016, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009243-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009243_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/justice-scalia-on-the-record/">"Justice Scalia on the record"</a>, CBS News, September 14, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205194142/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/24/60minutes/main4040290_page3.shtml?tag=contentMain%3BcontentBody">archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2010, retrieved January 31, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Justice+Scalia+on+the+record&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjustice-scalia-on-the-record%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705104255/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9141">"A Conversation with Justice Antonin Scalia"</a>, Charlie Rose, June 20, 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9141">the original</a> (video) on July 5, 2009, retrieved January 31, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charlie+Rose&rft.atitle=A+Conversation+with+Justice+Antonin+Scalia&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlierose.com%2Fview%2Finterview%2F9141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auf-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auf_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auf_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auf_127-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 304–05. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Liptak" title="Adam Liptak">Liptak, Adam</a> (December 31, 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/politics/31mirth.html">"So, guy walks up to a bar and Scalia says ..."</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013032134/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/politics/31mirth.html">archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2010, retrieved January 30, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=So%2C+guy+walks+up+to+a+bar+and+Scalia+says+...&rft.date=2005-12-31&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F12%2F31%2Fpolitics%2F31mirth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oral-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oral_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oral_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 307–08. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLithwick2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dahlia_Lithwick" title="Dahlia Lithwick">Lithwick, Dahlia</a> (January 15, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2077031/">"Scalia hogs the ball"</a>, Slate, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605230413/http://www.slate.com/id/2077031/">archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2011, retrieved September 8, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Scalia+hogs+the+ball&rft.date=2003-01-15&rft.aulast=Lithwick&rft.aufirst=Dahlia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2077031%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frosh-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frosh_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frosh_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frosh_131-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaab2006">Staab 2006</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERing2004xi-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERing2004xi_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRing2004">Ring 2004</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation cs2">Clarke, Conor (July 5, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2145069/">"How Scalia lost his mojo"</a>, Slate, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214005929/http://www.slate.com/id/2145069/">archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2009, retrieved January 30, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=How+Scalia+lost+his+mojo&rft.date=2006-07-05&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2145069%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETushnet200564–65-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETushnet200564–65_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTushnet2005">Tushnet 2005</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009132-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009132_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Artemus (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawcourts.org/LPBR/reviews/staab0207.htm">"Book review: The Political Thought of Justice Antonin Scalia: A Hamiltonian of the Supreme Court by James B. Stabb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">Law & Politics Book Review</a>. 17 (2). <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>: 96–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223002146/http://lawcourts.org/LPBR/reviews/staab0207.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+%26+Politics+Book+Review&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+The+Political+Thought+of+Justice+Antonin+Scalia%3A+A+Hamiltonian+of+the+Supreme+Court+by+James+B.+Stabb&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-100&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Artemus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawcourts.org%2FLPBR%2Freviews%2Fstaab0207.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-senior-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senior_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-senior_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior2013" class="citation cs2">Senior, Jennifer (October 14, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/news/features/antonin-scalia-2013-10/index3.html">"In conversation: Antonin Scalia"</a>, New York, p. 26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220021150/https://nymag.com/news/features/antonin-scalia-2013-10/index3.html">archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2020, retrieved February 18, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=In+conversation%3A+Antonin+Scalia&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fantonin-scalia-2013-10%2Findex3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossum" class="citation cs2">Rossum, Ralph, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125150847/http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/salvatori/publications/RARScalia.asp">The textualist jurisprudence of Justice Scalia</a>, Claremont McKenna College, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/salvatori/publications/RARScalia.asp">the original</a> on January 25, 2010, retrieved January 14, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+textualist+jurisprudence+of+Justice+Scalia&rft.pub=Claremont+McKenna+College&rft.aulast=Rossum&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claremontmckenna.edu%2Fsalvatori%2Fpublications%2FRARScalia.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2006a" class="citation cs2">Greenhouse, Linda (June 6, 2006a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/washington/06scotus.html">"Court to weigh race as factor in school rolls"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206105338/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/washington/06scotus.html">archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2011, retrieved January 13, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+to+weigh+race+as+factor+in+school+rolls&rft.date=2006-06-06&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F06%2Fwashington%2F06scotus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leghist-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leghist_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leghist_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=487&page=815">Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815, 865 (Scalia, J., dissenting)</a>, United States Supreme Court, June 29, 1988, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515051941/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=487&page=815">archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2011, retrieved January 13, 2010 – via <a href="/wiki/FindLaw" title="FindLaw">FindLaw</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thompson+v.+Oklahoma%2C+487+U.S.+815%2C+865+%28Scalia%2C+J.%2C+dissenting%29&rft.pub=United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.date=1988-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fnavby%3DCASE%26court%3DUS%26vol%3D487%26page%3D815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse" title="Linda Greenhouse">Greenhouse, Linda</a> (May 31, 1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/31/us/washington-talk-high-court-still-groping-to-define-due-process.html">"Washington talk: High Court still groping to define due process"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525204537/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/31/us/washington-talk-high-court-still-groping-to-define-due-process.html">archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2015, retrieved February 12, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Washington+talk%3A+High+Court+still+groping+to+define+due+process&rft.date=1990-05-31&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F05%2F31%2Fus%2Fwashington-talk-high-court-still-groping-to-define-due-process.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Talbot" title="Margaret Talbot">Talbot, Margaret</a> (March 28, 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/supreme-confidence">"Supreme confidence: The jurisprudence of Antonin Scalia"</a>, The New Yorker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901170905/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/supreme-confidence">archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2014, retrieved February 12, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Supreme+confidence%3A+The+jurisprudence+of+Antonin+Scalia&rft.date=2005-03-28&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2005%2F03%2F28%2Fsupreme-confidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Reading-Law-Interpretation-Legal-Texts/dp/031427555X">Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407171751/https://www.amazon.com/Reading-Law-Interpretation-Legal-Texts/dp/031427555X">Archived</a> April 7, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 87–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2009" class="citation cs2">Liptak, Adam (November 9, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/us/10bar.html">"Sidebar: From 19th Century view, desegregation is a test"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005215137/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/us/10bar.html">archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2013, retrieved February 12, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sidebar%3A+From+19th+Century+view%2C+desegregation+is+a+test&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F10%2Fus%2F10bar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaderWeissman2008" class="citation cs2">Nader, Ralph; Weissman, Robert (November 13, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hlrecord.org/?p=11026">Letter to the Editor: Ralph Nader on Scalia's "originalism"</a>, Harvard Law Record, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430053830/http://hlrecord.org/?p=11026">archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2014, retrieved April 29, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+Editor%3A+Ralph+Nader+on+Scalia%27s+%22originalism%22&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+Record&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft.aulast=Nader&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=Weissman%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhlrecord.org%2F%3Fp%3D11026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=08-205#concurrence2">Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (Scalia, J., concurring)</a>, United States Supreme Court, January 21, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127170829/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=08-205">archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2010, retrieved January 27, 2010 – via FindLaw</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens+United+v.+Federal+Election+Commission+%28Scalia%2C+J.%2C+concurring%29&rft.pub=United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3DUS%26navby%3Dcase%26vol%3D000%26invol%3D08-205%23concurrence2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009208-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009208_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2006198-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum2006198_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2006">Rossum 2006</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009275-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009275_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Alana Abramson. "President Trump Names New Supreme Court Justice". Time. July 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://time.com/5333655/donald-trump-supreme-court-pick/">[1]</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Brian Bennett. "Trump's Justice". Time. July 23, 2018, p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://time.com/5336621/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court/">[2]</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2003" class="citation cs2">Greenhouse, Linda (October 14, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/14/national/14CND-SCOTUS.html">"Justices take case on Pledge of Allegiance's reference to God"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205204528/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/14/national/14CND-SCOTUS.html">archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2012, retrieved January 29, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justices+take+case+on+Pledge+of+Allegiance%27s+reference+to+God&rft.date=2003-10-14&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F14%2Fnational%2F14CND-SCOTUS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanofsky2004" class="citation cs2">Janofsky, Michael (March 19, 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/19/us/scalia-refusing-to-take-himself-off-cheney-case.html">"Scalia refuses to take himself off Cheney case"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109224635/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/19/us/scalia-refusing-to-take-himself-off-cheney-case.html">archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2012, retrieved January 29, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scalia+refuses+to+take+himself+off+Cheney+case&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft.aulast=Janofsky&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F19%2Fus%2Fscalia-refusing-to-take-himself-off-cheney-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2004" class="citation cs2">Greenhouse, Linda (June 25, 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/25/us/justices-ruling-postpones-resolution-of-cheney-case.html">"Justices' ruling postpones resolution of Cheney case"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221074731/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/25/us/justices-ruling-postpones-resolution-of-cheney-case.html">archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2019, retrieved January 29, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justices%27+ruling+postpones+resolution+of+Cheney+case&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F06%2F25%2Fus%2Fjustices-ruling-postpones-resolution-of-cheney-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/12/AR2006041201905.html">"Scalia Defends Involvement in Cheney Case"</a>. The Washington Post. AP. April 13, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113092803/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/12/AR2006041201905.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Scalia+Defends+Involvement+in+Cheney+Case&rft.date=2006-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F04%2F12%2FAR2006041201905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior2013" class="citation news cs1">Senior, Jennifer (October 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/news/features/antonin-scalia-2013-10/index7.html">"In Conversation: Antonin Scalia"</a>. NYMag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222102801/http://nymag.com/news/features/antonin-scalia-2013-10/index7.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYMag.com&rft.atitle=In+Conversation%3A+Antonin+Scalia&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fantonin-scalia-2013-10%2Findex7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinnot-Armstrong2002-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinnot-Armstrong2002_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinnot-Armstrong2002_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnot-Armstrong2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sinnot-Armstrong, Walter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf">"Recusal and Bush v. Gore"</a> (PDF). Law and Philosophy. 21 (2). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 221. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0522">1573-0522</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204071224/https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Recusal+and+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1573-0522&rft.aulast=Sinnot-Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.duke.edu%2Fwsa%2Fpapers%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F05%2Fwsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnot-Armstrong2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sinnot-Armstrong, Walter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf">"Recusal and Bush v. Gore"</a> (PDF). Law and Philosophy. 21 (2). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 201, 238. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0522">1573-0522</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204071224/https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Recusal+and+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201%2C+238&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1573-0522&rft.aulast=Sinnot-Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.duke.edu%2Fwsa%2Fpapers%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F05%2Fwsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2010" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Katie (October 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicherald.com/stories/Willing-to-say-it-like-it-is,14166">"Parish Profile: Great Falls St. Catherine of Siena"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Catholic_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington Catholic Herald">Arlington Catholic Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222044159/http://catholicherald.com/stories/Willing-to-say-it-like-it-is,14166">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arlington+Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Parish+Profile%3A+Great+Falls+St.+Catherine+of+Siena&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.com%2Fstories%2FWilling-to-say-it-like-it-is%2C14166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavill2002" class="citation book cs1">Havill, Adrian (November 18, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUEEQy9mKB0C&pg=PA120">"Mondays are for dead drops"</a>. The Spy Who Stayed Out in the Cold: The Secret Life of FBI Double Agent Robert Hanssen. Macmillan. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312986292" title="Special:BookSources/9780312986292"><bdi>9780312986292</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427062031/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUEEQy9mKB0C&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mondays+are+for+dead+drops&rft.btitle=The+Spy+Who+Stayed+Out+in+the+Cold%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+FBI+Double+Agent+Robert+Hanssen&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002-11-18&rft.isbn=9780312986292&rft.aulast=Havill&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUEEQy9mKB0C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlevin2013" class="citation news cs1">Slevin, Jeremy (September 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/now-alex-wagner/elizabeth-warren-slams-pro-corporate">"Elizabeth Warren slams "pro-corporate" Supremes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Now_with_Alex_Wagner" title="Now with Alex Wagner">NOW with Alex Wagner</a>. MSNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416220255/http://www.msnbc.com/now-alex-wagner/elizabeth-warren-slams-pro-corporate">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOW+with+Alex+Wagner&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+Warren+slams+%22pro-corporate%22+Supremes&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fnow-alex-wagner%2Felizabeth-warren-slams-pro-corporate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand2006" class="citation news cs1">Brand, Madeline (March 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5312065">"Justice Scalia's under-the-chin gesture"</a>. Roger Axtell (guest). NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021001112/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5312065">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Justice+Scalia%27s+under-the-chin+gesture&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5312065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2006" class="citation web cs1">Patterson, Tray (May 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023003705/http://www.slate.com/id/2140921/nav/tap2">"Dinner Theater: Why Stephen Colbert didn't bomb in D.C."</a> <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2140921/nav/tap2">the original</a> on October 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Dinner+Theater%3A+Why+Stephen+Colbert+didn%27t+bomb+in+D.C.&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Tray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2140921%2Fnav%2Ftap2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colbert20160215-166"><a href="#cite_ref-colbert20160215_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.com/shows/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert/video/9F55BEB7-1D3C-F255-AE28-E7CE078D0C1E/stephen-s-tribute-to-antonin-scalia/">"Stephen's Tribute To Antonin Scalia"</a>. The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. February 15, 2016. CBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510102350/http://www.cbs.com/shows/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert/video/9F55BEB7-1D3C-F255-AE28-E7CE078D0C1E/stephen-s-tribute-to-antonin-scalia/">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Late+Show+with+Stephen+Colbert&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.com%2Fshows%2Fthe-late-show-with-stephen-colbert%2Fvideo%2F9F55BEB7-1D3C-F255-AE28-E7CE078D0C1E%2Fstephen-s-tribute-to-antonin-scalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehner" class="citation news cs1">Boehner, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218211901/http://opinion.injo.com/2016/02/253148-time-tried-persuade-antonin-scalia-run-vice-president-united-states/">"The Time I Tried To Persuade Antonin Scalia To Run For Vice President"</a>. Independent Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.injo.com/2016/02/253148-time-tried-persuade-antonin-scalia-run-vice-president-united-states/">the original</a> on February 18, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Time+I+Tried+To+Persuade+Antonin+Scalia+To+Run+For+Vice+President&rft.aulast=Boehner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.injo.com%2F2016%2F02%2F253148-time-tried-persuade-antonin-scalia-run-vice-president-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pius-168"><a href="#cite_ref-pius_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2016" class="citation news cs1">Driscoll, Sean F. (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://capecodtimes.com/article/20160214/NEWS/160219678">"Scalia wed on Cape in 1960"</a>. The Cape Cod Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216092326/http://capecodtimes.com/article/20160214/NEWS/160219678">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scalia+wed+on+Cape+in+1960&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Sean+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcapecodtimes.com%2Farticle%2F20160214%2FNEWS%2F160219678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200930–31-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200930–31_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009361-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009361_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-growing-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-growing_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-growing_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_Chan2016" class="citation web cs1">Melissa Chan (February 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4226411/antonin-scalia-family-children/">"Antonin Scalia: Growing Up With The Supreme Court Justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219190704/http://time.com/4226411/antonin-scalia-family-children/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Antonin+Scalia%3A+Growing+Up+With+The+Supreme+Court+Justice&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.au=Melissa+Chan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4226411%2Fantonin-scalia-family-children%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/senate-poised-to-confirm-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary/2019/09/26/5ff2bfe2-e067-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html">"Senate confirms Eugene Scalia as labor secretary, succeeding Alex Acosta who resigned in July amid outcry over Epstein plea deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. September 26, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926212738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/senate-poised-to-confirm-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary/2019/09/26/5ff2bfe2-e067-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Senate+confirms+Eugene+Scalia+as+labor+secretary%2C+succeeding+Alex+Acosta+who+resigned+in+July+amid+outcry+over+Epstein+plea+deal&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsenate-poised-to-confirm-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary%2F2019%2F09%2F26%2F5ff2bfe2-e067-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-confirms-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary-11569522438">"Senate Confirms Eugene Scalia as Labor Secretary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. September 26, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926214545/https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-confirms-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary-11569522438">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Senate+Confirms+Eugene+Scalia+as+Labor+Secretary&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsenate-confirms-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary-11569522438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009211-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic2009211_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200988-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskupic200988_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2016" class="citation web cs1">Axelrod, David (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/14/opinions/david-axelrod-surprise-request-from-justice-scalia/index.html">"David Axelrod: A surprise request from Justice Scalia"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617204706/https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/14/opinions/david-axelrod-surprise-request-from-justice-scalia/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=David+Axelrod%3A+A+surprise+request+from+Justice+Scalia&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F02%2F14%2Fopinions%2Fdavid-axelrod-surprise-request-from-justice-scalia%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Death_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2019" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Allan B. (March 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philly.com/health/antonin-scalia-cause-of-death-sleep-apnea-20190308.html">"Medical mystery: Could Supreme Court justice's death have been prevented?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108153021/https://www.inquirer.com/health/antonin-scalia-cause-of-death-sleep-apnea-20190308.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Medical+mystery%3A+Could+Supreme+Court+justice%27s+death+have+been+prevented%3F&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Allan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fhealth%2Fantonin-scalia-cause-of-death-sleep-apnea-20190308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunting_Buddies-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Hunting_Buddies_178-0">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton,_Elizabeth_S2016" class="citation web cs1">Eaton, Elizabeth S (August 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2016/08/31/supreme-court-justice-elena-kagan-antonin-scalia/89676192/">"Justice Elena Kagan talks about her warm relationship with her late colleague Antonin Scalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AZCentral" class="mw-redirect" title="AZCentral">AZCentral</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AZCentral&rft.atitle=Justice+Elena+Kagan+talks+about+her+warm+relationship+with+her+late+colleague+Antonin+Scalia&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft.au=Eaton%2C+Elizabeth+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farizona%2F2016%2F08%2F31%2Fsupreme-court-justice-elena-kagan-antonin-scalia%2F89676192%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranke-Ruta2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Franke-Ruta, Garance (June 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/06/justice-kagan-and-justice-scalia-are-hunting-buddies-really/277401/">"Justice Kagan and Justice Scalia Are Hunting Buddies – Really"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208124356/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/06/justice-kagan-and-justice-scalia-are-hunting-buddies-really/277401/">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Justice+Kagan+and+Justice+Scalia+Are+Hunting+Buddies+%E2%80%93+Really&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft.aulast=Franke-Ruta&rft.aufirst=Garance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2013%2F06%2Fjustice-kagan-and-justice-scalia-are-hunting-buddies-really%2F277401%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2016" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Mark (February 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/religion-elections-courts-presidential-elections-gun-politics-0a5453e54bb848fd8858124e7a80dfec">"Justice Antonin Scalia dead at 79"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved September 8, 2024. <q>A gray hearse was seen at the entrance to the Cibolo Creek Ranch, near Shafter</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Justice+Antonin+Scalia+dead+at+79&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Freligion-elections-courts-presidential-elections-gun-politics-0a5453e54bb848fd8858124e7a80dfec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatodaywildlife-180"><a href="#cite_ref-usatodaywildlife_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsonBacon2016" class="citation news cs1">Abramson, Ben; Bacon, John (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/hotels/2016/02/13/cibolo-creek-ranch-resort-texas/80356210/">"Cibolo Creek Ranch: Wildlife, movie sets, luxury"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214173551/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/hotels/2016/02/13/cibolo-creek-ranch-resort-texas/80356210/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Cibolo+Creek+Ranch%3A+Wildlife%2C+movie+sets%2C+luxury&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Bacon%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftravel%2Fhotels%2F2016%2F02%2F13%2Fcibolo-creek-ranch-resort-texas%2F80356210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanMarkon2016" class="citation cs2">Berman, Mark; Markon, Jerry (February 17, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/17/justice-scalias-death-and-questions-about-who-pays-for-supreme-court-justices-to-visit-remote-resorts/">"Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624001801/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/17/justice-scalias-death-and-questions-about-who-pays-for-supreme-court-justices-to-visit-remote-resorts/">archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2017, retrieved September 20, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+Justice+Scalia+was+staying+for+free+at+a+Texas+resort&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Markon%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-nation%2Fwp%2F2016%2F02%2F17%2Fjustice-scalias-death-and-questions-about-who-pays-for-supreme-court-justices-to-visit-remote-resorts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/politics/presidio-county-sheriffs-office-report-on-justice-antonin-scalias-death/1968/?tid=a_inl">"Presidio County Sheriff's Office Report on Justice Antonin Scalia's death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. February 23, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510083413/https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/politics/presidio-county-sheriffs-office-report-on-justice-antonin-scalias-death/1968/?tid=a_inl">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Presidio+County+Sheriff%27s+Office+Report+on+Justice+Antonin+Scalia%27s+death.&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fapps%2Fg%2Fpage%2Fpolitics%2Fpresidio-county-sheriffs-office-report-on-justice-antonin-scalias-death%2F1968%2F%3Ftid%3Da_inl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d">"Texas judge disclosed details about Scalia's health"</a>. The Big Story. February 15, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920163647/https://apnews.com/507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Story&rft.atitle=Texas+judge+disclosed+details+about+Scalia%27s+health&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-184"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2016" class="citation news cs1">Michael, Tom (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/14/466745476/the-trials-of-pronouncing-antonin-scalia-dead-in-west-texas">"The Trials Of Pronouncing Antonin Scalia Dead In West Texas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920163658/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/14/466745476/the-trials-of-pronouncing-antonin-scalia-dead-in-west-texas">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+Trials+Of+Pronouncing+Antonin+Scalia+Dead+In+West+Texas&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2016%2F02%2F14%2F466745476%2Fthe-trials-of-pronouncing-antonin-scalia-dead-in-west-texas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hananel15Feb-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Hananel15Feb_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHananelWarren2016" class="citation news cs1">Hananel, Sam; Warren, David (February 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d">"Texas Judge Disclosed Details About Scalia's Health"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920163647/https://apnews.com/507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Texas+Judge+Disclosed+Details+About+Scalia%27s+Health&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.aulast=Hananel&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Warren%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren23Feb-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Warren23Feb_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2016" class="citation news cs1">Warren, Brian (February 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/a625688daed3426781d4385f4b7af5e4">"Scalia suffered from many health problems"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920164111/https://www.apnews.com/a625688daed3426781d4385f4b7af5e4">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Scalia+suffered+from+many+health+problems&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2Fa625688daed3426781d4385f4b7af5e4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiske14Feb-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Fiske14Feb_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessy-Fiske2016" class="citation news cs1">Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-scalia-ranch-20160214-story.html">"Scalia's last moments on a Texas ranch – quail hunting to being found in 'perfect repose'"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218033658/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-scalia-ranch-20160214-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Scalia%27s+last+moments+on+a+Texas+ranch+%E2%80%93+quail+hunting+to+being+found+in+%27perfect+repose%27&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Hennessy-Fiske&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-na-scalia-ranch-20160214-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2016" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Mark (February 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108133346/https://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/a-view-from-the-courtroom-the-justices-return-to-a-black-and-gray-bench/">"A "view" from the Courtroom: The Justices return to a black and gray bench"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/a-view-from-the-courtroom-the-justices-return-to-a-black-and-gray-bench/">the original</a> on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCOTUSblog&rft.atitle=A+%22view%22+from+the+Courtroom%3A+The+Justices+return+to+a+black+and+gray+bench&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fa-view-from-the-courtroom-the-justices-return-to-a-black-and-gray-bench%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR20-189"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR20_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2016" class="citation news cs1">Chappell, Bill (February 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/19/467339863/antonin-scalias-coffin-is-placed-in-the-supreme-courts-great-hall">"Antonin Scalia Lies In Repose As Mourners Pay Respects At Supreme Court"</a>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005032644/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/19/467339863/antonin-scalias-coffin-is-placed-in-the-supreme-courts-great-hall">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Antonin+Scalia+Lies+In+Repose+As+Mourners+Pay+Respects+At+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2016%2F02%2F19%2F467339863%2Fantonin-scalias-coffin-is-placed-in-the-supreme-courts-great-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps2016" class="citation news cs1">Phelps, Jordyn (February 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/funeral-burial-justice-antonin-scalia-takes-place-today/story?id=37056619">"Thousands Attend Funeral Mass for Late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603224937/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/funeral-burial-justice-antonin-scalia-takes-place-today/story?id=37056619">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+Attend+Funeral+Mass+for+Late+Supreme+Court+Justice+Antonin+Scalia&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Jordyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Ffuneral-burial-justice-antonin-scalia-takes-place-today%2Fstory%3Fid%3D37056619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley2016" class="citation news cs1">Hurley, Lawrence (February 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-scalia-idUSKCN0VS0DP">"Obama, justices pay respects to Scalia"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505220529/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-scalia-idUSKCN0VS0DP">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Obama%2C+justices+pay+respects+to+Scalia&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-court-scalia-idUSKCN0VS0DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skipping-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skipping_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-skipping_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrieg2016" class="citation web cs1">Krieg, Gregory (February 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/antonin-scalia-autopsy-death-conspiracy-theories/index.html">"Skipping Scalia autopsy spawns conspiracy theories | CNN Politics"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Skipping+Scalia+autopsy+spawns+conspiracy+theories+%7C+CNN+Politics&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.aulast=Krieg&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F02%2F16%2Fpolitics%2Fantonin-scalia-autopsy-death-conspiracy-theories%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackman2016" class="citation web cs1">Hackman, Michelle (February 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/2/15/11002168/scalia-death-conspiracy">"Why nutty conspiracy theories on Antonin Scalia's death are already surfacing"</a>. Vox. Retrieved April 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+nutty+conspiracy+theories+on+Antonin+Scalia%27s+death+are+already+surfacing&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.aulast=Hackman&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F2%2F15%2F11002168%2Fscalia-death-conspiracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4224853/conspiracy-theories-scalia-death/">"Justice Antonin Scalia's Death Attracts Conspiracy Theorists"</a>. Time. Retrieved April 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Justice+Antonin+Scalia%27s+Death+Attracts+Conspiracy+Theorists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4224853%2Fconspiracy-theories-scalia-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/15/conspiracy-theories-swirl-around-the-death-of-antonin-scalia/">"Conspiracy theories swirl around the death of Antonin Scalia"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved April 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Conspiracy+theories+swirl+around+the+death+of+Antonin+Scalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-nation%2Fwp%2F2016%2F02%2F15%2Fconspiracy-theories-swirl-around-the-death-of-antonin-scalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2016" class="citation web cs1">Garrett, R. Kelly (February 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/making-sense-of-the-scalia-conspiracy-theory-55083">"Making sense of the Scalia conspiracy theory"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved April 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Making+sense+of+the+Scalia+conspiracy+theory&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=R.+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmaking-sense-of-the-scalia-conspiracy-theory-55083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShutt2016" class="citation web cs1">Shutt, Jennifer (February 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/scalia-death-conspiracy-theories-family-reaction-219376">"Scalia's son rejects conspiracy theories about father's death"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved April 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Scalia%27s+son+rejects+conspiracy+theories+about+father%27s+death&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.aulast=Shutt&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F02%2Fscalia-death-conspiracy-theories-family-reaction-219376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2009" class="citation cs2">Goldberg, J.J. (October 23, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/articles/116767/">"Antonin Scalia's uncivil religion"</a>, The Jewish Daily Forward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021132920/http://www.forward.com/articles/116767/">archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2009, retrieved February 12, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Daily+Forward&rft.atitle=Antonin+Scalia%27s+uncivil+religion&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forward.com%2Farticles%2F116767%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penguinrandomhousesecondaryeducation.com/book/?isbn=9780385527200">"Book Page – Tabbed"</a>. Penguin Random House Secondary Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008191928/https://penguinrandomhousesecondaryeducation.com/book/?isbn=9780385527200">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penguin+Random+House+Secondary+Education&rft.atitle=Book+Page+%E2%80%93+Tabbed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenguinrandomhousesecondaryeducation.com%2Fbook%2F%3Fisbn%3D9780385527200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawsch-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawsch_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawsch_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-legacy-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-decade-202"><a href="#cite_ref-decade_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskupic2009">Biskupic 2009</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.org/reading-law-justice-scalias-other-legacy/">"Reading Law: Justice Scalia's Other Legacy | The American Spectator | Politics Is Too Important To Be Taken Seriously"</a>. The American Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716204134/https://spectator.org/reading-law-justice-scalias-other-legacy/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=Reading+Law%3A+Justice+Scalia%27s+Other+Legacy+%26%23124%3B+The+American+Spectator+%26%23124%3B+Politics+Is+Too+Important+To+Be+Taken+Seriously.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.org%2Freading-law-justice-scalias-other-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20221229ChicagoTrinuneSchwartz-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20221229ChicagoTrinuneSchwartz_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20221229ChicagoTrinuneSchwartz_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_H._Schwartz2022" class="citation news cs1">Peter H. Schwartz (December 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612211853/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2022/12/29/peter-schwartz-antonin-scalia-and-the-uncertain-future-of-legal-conservatism/">"Peter H. Schwartz: Antonin Scalia and the uncertain future of legal conservatism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2022/12/29/peter-schwartz-antonin-scalia-and-the-uncertain-future-of-legal-conservatism/">the original</a> on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Peter+H.+Schwartz%3A+Antonin+Scalia+and+the+uncertain+future+of+legal+conservatism&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft.au=Peter+H.+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2022%2F12%2F29%2Fpeter-schwartz-antonin-scalia-and-the-uncertain-future-of-legal-conservatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612212821/https://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2010/06/kagan-we-are-all-originalists.html">"Kagan: 'We Are All Originalists'"</a>. Kagan: 'We Are All Originalists' - The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times. June 29, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2010/06/kagan-we-are-all-originalists.html">the original</a> on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kagan%3A+%27We+Are+All+Originalists%27&rft.pub=Kagan%3A+%27We+Are+All+Originalists%27+-+The+BLT%3A+The+Blog+of+Legal+Times&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegaltimes.typepad.com%2Fblt%2F2010%2F06%2Fkagan-we-are-all-originalists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240612212437/https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4910015/user-clip-originalists">"Clip Of Kagan Confirmation Hearing, Day 2, Part 1 - User Clip: We are all originalists"</a>. C-SPAN. September 26, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4910015/user-clip-originalists">the original</a> on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clip+Of+Kagan+Confirmation+Hearing%2C+Day+2%2C+Part+1+-+User+Clip%3A+We+are+all+originalists&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2020-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3Fc4910015%2Fuser-clip-originalists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327160054/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpEtszFT0Tg">"The 2015 Scalia Lecture: A Dialogue with Justice Elena Kagan on the Reading of Statutes. For Kagan's remark "we are all textualists now." see at around 8 minutes and 22 seconds"</a>. Youtube. Harvard Law School. November 25, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpEtszFT0Tg">the original</a> on March 27, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=The+2015+Scalia+Lecture%3A+A+Dialogue+with+Justice+Elena+Kagan+on+the+Reading+of+Statutes.+For+Kagan%27s+remark+%22we+are+all+textualists+now.%22+see+at+around+8+minutes+and+22+seconds.&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdpEtszFT0Tg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.law.duke.edu/history/faculty/sachs/">"Stephen E. Sachs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke University School of Law</a>. January 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duke+University+School+of+Law&rft.atitle=Stephen+E.+Sachs&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.law.duke.edu%2Fhistory%2Ffaculty%2Fsachs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2020" class="citation web cs1">Rubenstein, David (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LNzQ-wIgBs">"Justice Ginsburg Explains the 'Scalia/Ginsburg' Opera"</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103124017/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LNzQ-wIgBs&feature=youtu.be">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Justice+Ginsburg+Explains+the+%27Scalia%2FGinsburg%27+Opera&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9LNzQ-wIgBs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgers2015" class="citation news cs1">Edgers, Geoff (July 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/from-rage-aria-to-lovely-duet-opera-does-justice-to-court-ginsburg-says/2015/07/08/1a8079a2-2515-11e5-b72c-2b7d516e1e0e_story.html">"From 'rage aria' to 'lovely duet,' opera does justice to court, Ginsburg says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104200409/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/from-rage-aria-to-lovely-duet-opera-does-justice-to-court-ginsburg-says/2015/07/08/1a8079a2-2515-11e5-b72c-2b7d516e1e0e_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=From+%27rage+aria%27+to+%27lovely+duet%2C%27+opera+does+justice+to+court%2C+Ginsburg+says&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Edgers&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Ffrom-rage-aria-to-lovely-duet-opera-does-justice-to-court-ginsburg-says%2F2015%2F07%2F08%2F1a8079a2-2515-11e5-b72c-2b7d516e1e0e_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApel2018" class="citation web cs1">Apel, Susan B. (October 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsfuse.org/174230/opera-preview-ginsburg-scalia-mining-and-minding-the-political-gap/">"Opera Preview: 'Scalia/Ginsburg'—Mining (and Minding) the Political Gap"</a>. The Arts Fuse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104141036/https://artsfuse.org/174230/opera-preview-ginsburg-scalia-mining-and-minding-the-political-gap/">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arts+Fuse&rft.atitle=Opera+Preview%3A+%27Scalia%2FGinsburg%27%E2%80%94Mining+%28and+Minding%29+the+Political+Gap&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Apel&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsfuse.org%2F174230%2Fopera-preview-ginsburg-scalia-mining-and-minding-the-political-gap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2013/07/10/200137481/scalia-v-ginsburg-supreme-court-sparring-put-to-music">"Scalia V. Ginsburg: Supreme Court Sparring, Put To Music"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108193612/https://www.npr.org/2013/07/10/200137481/scalia-v-ginsburg-supreme-court-sparring-put-to-music">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Scalia+V.+Ginsburg%3A+Supreme+Court+Sparring%2C+Put+To+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2013%2F07%2F10%2F200137481%2Fscalia-v-ginsburg-supreme-court-sparring-put-to-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeil" class="citation news cs1">Heil, Emily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/07/20/scaliaginsburg-opera-draws-vips-of-the-legal-world/">"'Scalia/Ginsburg' opera draws VIPs of the legal world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223152613/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/07/20/scaliaginsburg-opera-draws-vips-of-the-legal-world/">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Scalia%2FGinsburg%27+opera+draws+VIPs+of+the+legal+world&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Heil&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Freliable-source%2Fwp%2F2015%2F07%2F20%2Fscaliaginsburg-opera-draws-vips-of-the-legal-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2015" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, Nicholas M. (August 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-american-interest.com/2015/08/06/opera-dicta/">"Opera Dicta"</a>. The American Interest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031221947/https://www.the-american-interest.com/2015/08/06/opera-dicta/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Interest&rft.atitle=Opera+Dicta&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-american-interest.com%2F2015%2F08%2F06%2Fopera-dicta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/intellectual_property_law/publications/landslide/2019-20/january-february/composing-law-interview-derrick-wang-creator-the-scaliaginsburg-opera/">"Composing the Law: An Interview with Derrick Wang, Creator of the Scalia/Ginsburg Opera"</a>. www.americanbar.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029055829/https://www.americanbar.org/groups/intellectual_property_law/publications/landslide/2019-20/january-february/composing-law-interview-derrick-wang-creator-the-scaliaginsburg-opera/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanbar.org&rft.atitle=Composing+the+Law%3A+An+Interview+with+Derrick+Wang%2C+Creator+of+the+Scalia%2FGinsburg+Opera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fgroups%2Fintellectual_property_law%2Fpublications%2Flandslide%2F2019-20%2Fjanuary-february%2Fcomposing-law-interview-derrick-wang-creator-the-scaliaginsburg-opera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operade.org/radio">"OD Radio broadcasts | Trial by Jury & Scalia/Ginsburg"</a>. OperaDelaware. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105150245/https://www.operade.org/radio">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OperaDelaware&rft.atitle=OD+Radio+broadcasts+%7C+Trial+by+Jury+%26+Scalia%2FGinsburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.operade.org%2Fradio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrin2020" class="citation web cs1">Dobrin, Peter (September 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/arts/ruth-bader-ginsburg-supreme-court-opera-denyce-graves-20200922.html">"Philadelphia's opera community pours its love for Ruth Bader Ginsburg"</a>. The Philadelphia Inquirer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017060853/https://www.inquirer.com/arts/ruth-bader-ginsburg-supreme-court-opera-denyce-graves-20200922.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Philadelphia%27s+opera+community+pours+its+love+for+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft.aulast=Dobrin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Farts%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-supreme-court-opera-denyce-graves-20200922.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaliaGinsburg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Scalia, Antonin; Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/lawandarts/article/view/2118">"Prefaces to Scalia/Ginsburg: A (Gentle) Parody of Operatic Proportions"</a>. The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts. 38 (2): 237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2Fjla.v38i2.2118">10.7916/jla.v38i2.2118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-9271">2161-9271</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105011521/https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/lawandarts/article/view/2118">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Columbia+Journal+of+Law+%26+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Prefaces+to+Scalia%2FGinsburg%3A+A+%28Gentle%29+Parody+of+Operatic+Proportions&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7916%2Fjla.v38i2.2118&rft.issn=2161-9271&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft.au=Ginsburg%2C+Ruth+Bader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.library.columbia.edu%2Findex.php%2Flawandarts%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-justice-antonin-scalia-we-were-best-n518671">"Read Justice Ginsburg's Touching Tribute to Scalia: 'We Were Best Buddies'"</a>. NBC News. February 14, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092148/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-justice-antonin-scalia-we-were-best-n518671">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Read+Justice+Ginsburg%27s+Touching+Tribute+to+Scalia%3A+%27We+Were+Best+Buddies%27&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fjustice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-justice-antonin-scalia-we-were-best-n518671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalia2017" class="citation book cs1">Scalia, Antonin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993996596">Scalia Speaks: Reflections on Law, Faith, and Life Well Lived</a>. Scalia, Christopher J.; Whelan, Edward (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. pp. x–xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-57332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-57332-6"><bdi>978-0-525-57332-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993996596">993996596</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108153029/https://www.worldcat.org/title/scalia-speaks-reflections-on-law-faith-and-life-well-lived/oclc/993996596">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scalia+Speaks%3A+Reflections+on+Law%2C+Faith%2C+and+Life+Well+Lived&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=x-xi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993996596&rft.isbn=978-0-525-57332-6&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F993996596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2015" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (March 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/theater/the-originalist-a-new-play-about-justice-antonin-scalia-by-john-strand.html">"'The Originalist,' a New Play About Justice Antonin Scalia by John Strand"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704122752/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/theater/the-originalist-a-new-play-about-justice-antonin-scalia-by-john-strand.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Originalist%2C%27+a+New+Play+About+Justice+Antonin+Scalia+by+John+Strand&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F12%2Ftheater%2Fthe-originalist-a-new-play-about-justice-antonin-scalia-by-john-strand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee2017" class="citation web cs1">McPhee, Ryan (March 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/arena-stages-the-originalist-will-air-on-pbs-theater-close-up">"Arena Stage's The Originalist Will Air on PBS' Theater Close-Up"</a>. Playbill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014954/http://www.playbill.com/article/arena-stages-the-originalist-will-air-on-pbs-theater-close-up">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Arena+Stage%27s+The+Originalist+Will+Air+on+PBS%27+Theater+Close-Up&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Farena-stages-the-originalist-will-air-on-pbs-theater-close-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_223-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tributes-pour-justice-antonin-scalia-towering-figure-n518186">"Tributes Pour in for Justice Scalia From Both Sides of Aisle"</a>. NBC News. February 14, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128051701/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tributes-pour-justice-antonin-scalia-towering-figure-n518186">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Tributes+Pour+in+for+Justice+Scalia+From+Both+Sides+of+Aisle&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Ftributes-pour-justice-antonin-scalia-towering-figure-n518186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvrluga2016" class="citation news cs1">Svrluga, Susan (March 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/03/31/george-mason-law-school-to-be-renamed-the-antonin-scalia-school-of-law/">"George Mason law school to be renamed the Antonin Scalia School of Law"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910105747/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/03/31/george-mason-law-school-to-be-renamed-the-antonin-scalia-school-of-law/">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=George+Mason+law+school+to+be+renamed+the+Antonin+Scalia+School+of+Law&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Svrluga&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgrade-point%2Fwp%2F2016%2F03%2F31%2Fgeorge-mason-law-school-to-be-renamed-the-antonin-scalia-school-of-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvrluga2016" class="citation news cs1">Svrluga, Susan (May 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/05/17/its-official-george-masons-law-school-is-named-in-honor-of-antonin-scalia/">"It's official: George Mason's law school is named in honor of Antonin Scalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519120839/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/05/17/its-official-george-masons-law-school-is-named-in-honor-of-antonin-scalia/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=It%27s+official%3A+George+Mason%27s+law+school+is+named+in+honor+of+Antonin+Scalia&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Svrluga&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgrade-point%2Fwp%2F2016%2F05%2F17%2Fits-official-george-masons-law-school-is-named-in-honor-of-antonin-scalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italiausa.org/index.php?c=premio_america&id=25">"Premio America – Edizione 2016"</a>. Italy-USA Foundation. October 6, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010052518/http://www.italiausa.org/index.php?c=premio_america&id=25">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Premio+America+%E2%80%93+Edizione+2016&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italiausa.org%2Findex.php%3Fc%3Dpremio_america%26id%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn2018-227"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn2018_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStracqualursi2018" class="citation news cs1">Stracqualursi, Veronica (November 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/10/politics/trump-presidential-medal-of-freedom/index.html">"Trump to award Medal of Freedom to Elvis, Babe Ruth, among others"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111013232/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/10/politics/trump-presidential-medal-of-freedom/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+to+award+Medal+of+Freedom+to+Elvis%2C+Babe+Ruth%2C+among+others&rft.date=2018-11-10&rft.aulast=Stracqualursi&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F11%2F10%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-presidential-medal-of-freedom%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/very-busy-trump-jests-about-scalia-widow-medal-freedom-event-n937271">"'Very busy': Trump jests about Scalia widow at Medal of Freedom event for having 9 kids"</a>. NBC News. November 16, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104074024/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/very-busy-trump-jests-about-scalia-widow-medal-freedom-event-n937271">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Very+busy%27%3A+Trump+jests+about+Scalia+widow+at+Medal+of+Freedom+event+for+having+9+kids&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhite-house%2Fvery-busy-trump-jests-about-scalia-widow-medal-freedom-event-n937271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-5410_8nj9.pdf">https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-5410_8nj9.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610142002/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-5410_8nj9.pdf">Archived</a> June 10, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Page 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf">https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf</a> Page 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gresko,_Jessica;_Scalia's_death_in_office_a_rarity-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Gresko,_Jessica;_Scalia's_death_in_office_a_rarity_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGresko2016" class="citation news cs1">Gresko, Jessica (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216080820/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/09e55c6fbd6d41a28a03564f3202ef6b/scalias-death-office-rarity-modern-supreme-court">"Scalia's death in office a rarity for modern Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/09e55c6fbd6d41a28a03564f3202ef6b/scalias-death-office-rarity-modern-supreme-court">the original</a> on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scalia%27s+death+in+office+a+rarity+for+modern+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Gresko&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2F09e55c6fbd6d41a28a03564f3202ef6b%2Fscalias-death-office-rarity-modern-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-scalia-death-impact-20160213-story.html">"Scalia's death shifts balance of high court, creates major election issue"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083319/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-scalia-death-impact-20160213-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Scalia%27s+death+shifts+balance+of+high+court%2C+creates+major+election+issue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-na-scalia-death-impact-20160213-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChon2016" class="citation news cs2">Chon, Gina (February 14, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215003319/http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2016/02/14/antonin-scalias-death-challenges-u-s-leadership/">"Antonin Scalia's death challenges U.S. leadership."</a>, Reuters, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2016/02/14/antonin-scalias-death-challenges-u-s-leadership/">the original</a> on February 15, 2016, retrieved February 14, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Antonin+Scalia%27s+death+challenges+U.S.+leadership.&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Chon&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Fbreakingviews%2F2016%2F02%2F14%2Fantonin-scalias-death-challenges-u-s-leadership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CloseCases-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CloseCases_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CloseCases_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2016" class="citation news cs1">Goldstein, Tom (February 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/what-happens-to-this-terms-close-cases/">"What happens to this Term's close cases? (Updated)"</a>. SCOTUSblog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217225122/http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/what-happens-to-this-terms-close-cases/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCOTUSblog&rft.atitle=What+happens+to+this+Term%27s+close+cases%3F+%28Updated%29&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fwhat-happens-to-this-terms-close-cases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarias2016" class="citation news cs1">Farias, Cristian (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/antonin-scalia-death-undecided-cases_us_56c072c5e4b08ffac1259d23">"Justice Scalia Left Undecided High-Stakes Cases That Could Change The Nation"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216225935/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/antonin-scalia-death-undecided-cases_us_56c072c5e4b08ffac1259d23">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Justice+Scalia+Left+Undecided+High-Stakes+Cases+That+Could+Change+The+Nation&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Farias&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fantonin-scalia-death-undecided-cases_us_56c072c5e4b08ffac1259d23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224021224/https://www.ijreview.com/2016/02/540717-scalia-once-suggested-a-name-for-his-successor-but-when-the-nra-sees/">"Scalia Once Suggested a Name for His Successor"</a>. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijreview.com/2016/02/540717-scalia-once-suggested-a-name-for-his-successor-but-when-the-nra-sees/">the original</a> on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft.atitle=Scalia+Once+Suggested+a+Name+for+His+Successor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijreview.com%2F2016%2F02%2F540717-scalia-once-suggested-a-name-for-his-successor-but-when-the-nra-sees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTAnnouncementShear-237"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTAnnouncementShear_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearHarris2016" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael D.; Harris, Gardiner (March 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/17/us/politics/obama-supreme-court-nominee.html">"Obama Chooses Merrick Garland for Supreme Court"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316121409/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/17/us/politics/obama-supreme-court-nominee.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Chooses+Merrick+Garland+for+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Gardiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-supreme-court-nominee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBravin2017" class="citation news cs1">Bravin, Jess (January 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/president-obamas-supreme-court-nomination-of-merrick-garland-expires-1483463952">"President Obama's Supreme Court Nomination of Merrick Garland expires"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310012617/https://www.wsj.com/articles/president-obamas-supreme-court-nomination-of-merrick-garland-expires-1483463952">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=President+Obama%27s+Supreme+Court+Nomination+of+Merrick+Garland+expires&rft.date=2017-01-03&rft.aulast=Bravin&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fpresident-obamas-supreme-court-nomination-of-merrick-garland-expires-1483463952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeld_DavisLandler2017" class="citation news cs1">Hirschfeld Davis, Julie; Landler, Mark (January 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/us/politics/supreme-court-nominee-trump.html">"Trump Nominates Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201062655/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/us/politics/supreme-court-nominee-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Nominates+Neil+Gorsuch+to+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld+Davis&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Landler%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F01%2F31%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-nominee-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptakFlegenheimer2017" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam; Flegenheimer, Matt (April 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/us/politics/neil-gorsuch-supreme-court.html">"Neil Gorsuch Confirmed by Senate as Supreme Court Justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429054521/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/us/politics/neil-gorsuch-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Neil+Gorsuch+Confirmed+by+Senate+as+Supreme+Court+Justice&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Flegenheimer%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F07%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fneil-gorsuch-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_sources">Scholarly sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?290072-1/after-words-joan-biskupic">After Words interview with Biskupic on American Original, December 12, 2009</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiskupic2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Biskupic" title="Joan Biskupic">Biskupic, Joan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanoriginal00bisk">American original: the life and constitution of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia</a>. New York: Sarah Crichton Books/Farrar, Straus And Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374202897" title="Special:BookSources/9780374202897"><bdi>9780374202897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+original%3A+the+life+and+constitution+of+Supreme+Court+Justice+Antonin+Scalia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sarah+Crichton+Books%2FFarrar%2C+Straus+And+Giroux&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780374202897&rft.aulast=Biskupic&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanoriginal00bisk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorsen2017" class="citation book cs1">Dorsen, David M. (February 6, 2017). The Unexpected Scalia: A Conservative Justice's Liberal Opinions. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316875407">10.1017/9781316875407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107184107" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107184107"><bdi>978-1107184107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unexpected+Scalia%3A+A+Conservative+Justice%27s+Liberal+Opinions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316875407&rft.isbn=978-1107184107&rft.aulast=Dorsen&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Allen_Murphy" title="Bruce Allen Murphy">Murphy, Bruce Allen</a> (2014). Scalia: a court of one. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743296496" title="Special:BookSources/9780743296496"><bdi>9780743296496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scalia%3A+a+court+of+one&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780743296496&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemacheck2008" class="citation book cs1">Nemacheck, Christine L. (May 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhXsGgB_j6EC&pg=PA120">Strategic Selection: Presidential Nomination of Supreme Court Justices from Herbert Hoover through George W. Bush</a>. Charlottesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813927435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813927435"><bdi>978-0813927435</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Selection%3A+Presidential+Nomination+of+Supreme+Court+Justices+from+Herbert+Hoover+through+George+W.+Bush&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.isbn=978-0813927435&rft.aulast=Nemacheck&rft.aufirst=Christine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhXsGgB_j6EC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing2004" class="citation book cs1">Scalia, Antonin (2004). Ring, Kevin (ed.). Scalia dissents: writings of the Supreme Court's wittiest, most outspoken justice. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Regnery Publishing, Inc.">Regnery Publishing, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895260536" title="Special:BookSources/9780895260536"><bdi>9780895260536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scalia+dissents%3A+writings+of+the+Supreme+Court%27s+wittiest%2C+most+outspoken+justice&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780895260536&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossum2006" class="citation book cs1">Rossum, Ralph A. (2006). Antonin Scalia's jurisprudence: text and tradition. Lawrence, Kansas: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700614479" title="Special:BookSources/9780700614479"><bdi>9780700614479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonin+Scalia%27s+jurisprudence%3A+text+and+tradition&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780700614479&rft.aulast=Rossum&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaab2006" class="citation book cs1">Staab, James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalthought00jame">The political thought of Justice Antonin Scalia: a Hamiltonian on the Supreme Court</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742543119" title="Special:BookSources/9780742543119"><bdi>9780742543119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+thought+of+Justice+Antonin+Scalia%3A+a+Hamiltonian+on+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780742543119&rft.aulast=Staab&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalthought00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Toobin, Jeffrey</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineinsidesec00toob">The nine: inside the secret world of the Supreme Court</a> (revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400096794" title="Special:BookSources/9781400096794"><bdi>9781400096794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nine%3A+inside+the+secret+world+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781400096794&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineinsidesec00toob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Toobin, Jeffrey</a> (2012), "Lawyers, guns, and money", in <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Toobin, Jeffrey</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/The_Oath:_The_Obama_White_House_and_The_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oath: The Obama White House and The Supreme Court">The Oath: the Obama White House and the Supreme Court</a> (Hardcover ed.), New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oathobamawhiteho00toob_0/page/111">111–112</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385527200" title="Special:BookSources/9780385527200"><bdi>9780385527200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lawyers%2C+guns%2C+and+money&rft.btitle=The+Oath%3A+the+Obama+White+House+and+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111-112&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780385527200&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/highschool/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385527200">Details.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222150839/http://www.randomhouse.com/highschool/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385527200">Archived</a> February 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTushnet2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_V._Tushnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark V. Tushnet">Tushnet, Mark</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/courtdividedrehn00tush">A Court divided: the Rehnquist court and the future of constitutional law</a> (revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a> Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393058680" title="Special:BookSources/9780393058680"><bdi>9780393058680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Court+divided%3A+the+Rehnquist+court+and+the+future+of+constitutional+law&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780393058680&rft.aulast=Tushnet&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcourtdividedrehn00tush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonin+Scalia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Antonin Scalia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antonin_Scalia" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Antonin Scalia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Antonin_Scalia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Antonin Scalia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" class="extiw" title="q:Antonin Scalia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Antonin_Scalia" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Antonin Scalia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11156" class="extiw" title="d:Q11156">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Antonin_Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1387421">Antonin Scalia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.OnTheIssues.org/Antonin_Scalia.htm">Issue positions and quotes</a> at <a href="/wiki/OnTheIssues" class="mw-redirect" title="OnTheIssues">OnTheIssues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?755">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-SCALIA/pdf/GPO-CHRG-SCALIA.pdf">Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Antonin Gregory Scalia in August 1986</a> United States Government Publishing Office</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Cramton" title="Roger C. Cramton">Roger C. Cramton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a> 1972–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Anthony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert A. Anthony (page does not exist)">Robert Anthony</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Cramton" title="Roger C. Cramton">Roger C. Cramton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">United States Assistant Attorney General</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> 1974–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Harmon_(attorney)" title="John Harmon (attorney)">John Harmon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Robb" title="Roger Robb">Roger Robb</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> 1982–1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Sentelle" title="David B. Sentelle">David Sentelle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> 1986–2016 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">*Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judicial_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antonin_Scalia_opinions" title="Template:Antonin Scalia opinions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antonin_Scalia_opinions" title="Template talk:Antonin Scalia opinions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antonin_Scalia_opinions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antonin Scalia opinions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judicial_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judicial opinions of Antonin Scalia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit</a> (August 17, 1982 – September 26, 1986); by calendar year</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1986</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (September 26, 1986 – February 13, 2016); by term</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2000 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2001 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2002 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2003 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2004 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2005 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2006 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2007 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2008 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2009 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2010 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2011 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2012 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2013 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2014 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Antonin_Scalia" title="2015 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Antonin Scalia">2015</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">H. Hoover (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist (2005)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Bold: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11156#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11156#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11156#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114619224">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79211571">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/184458/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGgTCXm4fmwMDxCqfXh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119217740">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85351211">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15527131c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15527131c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV122300">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0131238&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1776335">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p158347676">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98065244">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000556389&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9ps1fpw5fzcml4">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810605817405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010784491205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14664454">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10623575?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c0e955fc-3100-43db-b5f3-b5a6557395d7">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119217740">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/117646571">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569746">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68m803w">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mb3rfx">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&oldid=1258074771">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&oldid=1258074771</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1936_births" title="Category:1936 births">1936 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2016_deaths" title="Category:2016 deaths">2016 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_judges" title="Category:20th-century American judges">20th-century American judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:20th-century Roman Catholics">20th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_judges" title="Category:21st-century American judges">21st-century American judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:21st-century Roman Catholics">21st-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Italian_descent" title="Category:American people of Italian descent">American people of Italian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_legal_scholars" title="Category:American legal scholars">American legal scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_traditionalist_Catholics" title="Category:American traditionalist Catholics">American traditionalist Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholics_from_New_Jersey" title="Category:Catholics from New Jersey">Catholics from New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholics_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Catholics from New York (state)">Catholics from New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholics_from_Virginia" title="Category:Catholics from Virginia">Catholics from Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgetown_University_alumni" title="Category:Georgetown University alumni">Georgetown University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgetown_University_College_of_Arts_%26_Sciences_alumni" title="Category:Georgetown University College of Arts & Sciences alumni">Georgetown University College of Arts & Sciences alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgetown_University_Law_Center_faculty" title="Category:Georgetown University Law Center faculty">Georgetown University Law Center faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Harvard Law School alumni">Harvard Law School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jones_Day_people" title="Category:Jones Day people">Jones Day people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judges_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_D.C._Circuit" title="Category:Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit">Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ohio_lawyers" title="Category:Ohio lawyers">Ohio lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Elmhurst,_Queens" title="Category:People from Elmhurst, Queens">People from Elmhurst, Queens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_McLean,_Virginia" title="Category:People from McLean, Virginia">People from McLean, Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Category:People from Trenton, New Jersey">People from Trenton, New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_Sicilian_descent" title="Category:People of Sicilian descent">People of Sicilian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philodemic_Society_members" title="Category:Philodemic Society members">Philodemic Society members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients" title="Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients">Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stanford_University_faculty" title="Category:Stanford University faculty">Stanford University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tulane_University_Law_School_faculty" title="Category:Tulane University Law School faculty">Tulane University Law School faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_assistant_attorneys_general_for_the_Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Category:United States assistant attorneys general for the Office of Legal Counsel">United States assistant attorneys general for the Office of Legal Counsel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_court_of_appeals_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="Category:United States court of appeals judges appointed by Ronald Reagan">United States court of appeals judges appointed by Ronald Reagan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="Category:United States federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan">United States federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_faculty" title="Category:University of Chicago faculty">University of Chicago faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_Law_School_faculty" title="Category:University of Chicago Law School faculty">University of Chicago Law School faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Fribourg_alumni" title="Category:University of Fribourg alumni">University of Fribourg alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law_faculty" title="Category:University of Virginia School of Law faculty">University of Virginia School of Law faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Xavier_High_School_(New_York_City)_alumni" title="Category:Xavier High School (New York City) alumni">Xavier High School (New York City) alumni</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2023">Articles with dead external links from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2022" title="Category:Use American English from March 2022">Use American English from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2024">Use mdy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:FJC_Bio_template_with_ID_same_as_Wikidata" title="Category:FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata">FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 00:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonin_Scalia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6vrgq","wgBackendResponseTime":221,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.545","walltime":"4.068","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29493,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":577132,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33613,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":693095,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3461.461 1 -total"," 31.53% 1091.530 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.82% 512.884 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 11.43% 395.715 50 Template:Citation"," 10.97% 379.626 66 Template:Sfn"," 8.53% 295.244 48 Template:Cite_news"," 6.24% 216.102 39 Template:Cite_web"," 5.71% 197.663 1 Template:Conservatism_US"," 5.36% 185.593 3 Template:Refn"," 4.62% 159.889 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.088","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27174078,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbramsonBacon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxelrod2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermanMarkon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupic2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupic2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBobic2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoehner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrand2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBravin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrisbin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobrin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorf2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorsen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowd2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriscoll2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton,_Elizabeth_S2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarias2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranke-Ruta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGresko2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHananelWarren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavill2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennessy-Fiske2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschfeld_DavisLandler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanofsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrieg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptakFlegenheimer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLithwick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzone2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcArdle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhee2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelissa_Chan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolotski1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaderWeissman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemacheck2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_H._Schwartz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhelps2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRing2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossum2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalia1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalia1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalia1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalia1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaliaGarner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaliaGarner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaliaGinsburg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaliaScaliaWhelan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenior2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShearHarris2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipp1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShutt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinnot-Armstrong2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSlevin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaab2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStracqualursi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraubMoravecHorwitzMarkon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_the_United_States2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvrluga2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTim_Grieve2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFToobin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToobin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTushnet2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallison2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitely2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vogue2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Antonin Scalia opinions\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ballotpedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 10,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 39,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Scalia, Antonin\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"FJC Bio\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lain in State (USA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Née\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 4,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-legal\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 4,\n [\"SCOTUS Justices\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 66,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ussc\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","22.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","16.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","10.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.7"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","60","2.7"],["[others]","440","19.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szq4t","timestamp":"20241122140738","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Antonin Scalia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonin_Scalia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11156","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11156","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-07T20:39:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T00:53:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c5\/Antonin_Scalia_Official_SCOTUS_Portrait.jpg","headline":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 to 2016"}</script> </body> </html>