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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofia_politikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia_politikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Filosofia politikoa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filosofia_politikoa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Filosofia politikoa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filosofia_politikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greziar_filosofia_politikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greziar_filosofia_politikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Greziar filosofia politikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greziar_filosofia_politikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Platon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristoteles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristoteles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Aristoteles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristoteles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Errenazimendua:_Makiavelo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Errenazimendua:_Makiavelo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Errenazimendua: Makiavelo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Errenazimendua:_Makiavelo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hobbes_eta_Locke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hobbes_eta_Locke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hobbes eta Locke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hobbes_eta_Locke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilustrazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilustrazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ilustrazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilustrazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XIX._mendea:_G.W.F._Hegel,_Karl_Marx_eta_John_Stuart_Mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XIX._mendea:_G.W.F._Hegel,_Karl_Marx_eta_John_Stuart_Mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>XIX. mendea: G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Marx eta John Stuart Mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XIX._mendea:_G.W.F._Hegel,_Karl_Marx_eta_John_Stuart_Mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karl_Marx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karl_Marx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Karl Marx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karl_Marx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jonh_Stuart_Mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jonh_Stuart_Mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Jonh Stuart Mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jonh_Stuart_Mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gobernu_motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gobernu_motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gobernu motak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gobernu_motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideologia_politiko_nagusiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologia_politiko_nagusiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideologia politiko nagusiak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideologia_politiko_nagusiak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ideologia politiko nagusiak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideologia_politiko_nagusiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberalismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Liberalismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarko-liberalismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarko-liberalismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Anarko-liberalismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarko-liberalismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sozialismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sozialismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sozialismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sozialismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sozialdemokrazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sozialdemokrazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Sozialdemokrazia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sozialdemokrazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarkismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarkismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Anarkismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarkismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faxismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faxismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Faxismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faxismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politika_zientziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politika_zientziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politika zientziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politika_zientziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politika_Euskal_Herrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politika_Euskal_Herrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politika Euskal Herrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politika_Euskal_Herrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 210 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">210 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Politiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%88%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AB" title="ፖለቲካ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖለቲካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealdcr%C3%A6ft" title="Wealdcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wealdcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="سياسة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="سياسة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سياسة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87" title="سياسه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سياسه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ৰাজনীতি – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyas%C9%99t" title="Siyasət – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyasət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیاست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیاست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D1%82" title="Сәйәсәт – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәйәсәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolit%C4%97ka" title="Puolitėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puolitėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палітыка – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палітыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палітыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%EA%A9%BB" title="ခမ်းထီရေꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခမ်းထီရေꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiki" title="Politiki – bambarera" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Politiki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="রাজনীতি – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B" title="ཆབ་སྲིད་ – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆབ་སྲིད་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="রাজনীতি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikerezh" title="Politikerezh – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Politikerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Гүрэн түрын бодолго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүрэн түрын бодолго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ng-d%C3%AA" title="Céng-dê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Céng-dê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – txamorroera" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="txamorroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AA" title="سیاسەت – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیاسەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitica" title="Pulitica – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pulitica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwleidyddiaeth" title="Gwleidyddiaeth – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwleidyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πολιτική – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Politics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiko" title="Politiko – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitika" title="Poliitika – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poliitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیاست – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiikka" title="Politiikka – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitiga" title="Poliitiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poliitiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikkur" title="Politikkur – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Politikkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique" title="Politique – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiik" title="Politiik – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Politiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiche" title="Politiche – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Politiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityk" title="Polityk – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Polityk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polait%C3%ADocht" title="Polaitíocht – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polaitíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poilitigs" title="Poilitigs – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Poilitigs" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokuaikuaa" title="Jokuaikuaa – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jokuaikuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohodid%E1%BB%8D" title="Tohodidọ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Tohodidọ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politickaght" title="Politickaght – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Politickaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasa" title="Siyasa – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Siyasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3n-chh%E1%B9%B3" title="Chṳn-chhṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳn-chhṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lai%CA%BB%C4%81ina" title="Kālaiʻāina – hawaiiera" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaiʻāina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פוליטיקה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajniti" title="Rajniti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rajniti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_(non)" title="Politik (non) – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Politik (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքականություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – ibanera" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – interlinguea" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlinguea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiko" title="Politiko – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Politiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnm%C3%A1l" title="Stjórnmál – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjórnmál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitix" title="Palitix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Palitix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plajva" title="plajva – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="plajva" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitik" title="Pulitik – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasertit" title="Tasertit – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasertit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Саясат – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саясат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikki" title="Politikki – groenlandiera" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Politikki" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="groenlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99" title="នយោបាយ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នយោបាយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ರಾಜನೀತಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಜನೀತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Politics" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="정치 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – karachayera-balkarera" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachayera-balkarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="سِیاسَتھ – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سِیاسَتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaset" title="Siyaset – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siyaset" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politegieth" title="Politegieth – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Politegieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Саясат – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саясат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitas" title="Civilitas – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civilitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polletiek" title="Polletiek – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polletiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitica" title="Pulitica – lombardiera" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pulitica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polit%C3%ADki" title="Politíki – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Politíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – madurera" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Политикась – mokxera" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Политикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4litika" title="Pôlitika – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlitika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="രാഷ്ട്രീയം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Улс төр – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс төр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="राजकारण – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राजकारण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="နိုင်ငံရေး – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="وتئویر – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وتئویر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Politiek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikk" title="Politikk – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Politikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikk" title="Politikk – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%93%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C" title="ߓߘߍ߬ߓߘߍ߬ߟߌ – n’koera" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߘߍ߬ߓߘߍ߬ߟߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’koera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique" title="Politique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Politique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiekku" title="Politiekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Politiekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Политикæ – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Политикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਿਆਸਤ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਆਸਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtika" title="Polítika – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polítika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike" title="Politike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Politike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiks" title="Politiks – Nigeriako pidgina" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Politiks" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigeriako pidgina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityka" title="Polityka – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polityka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ACtica" title="Polìtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polìtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="واگ – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="واگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaqta_pusay" title="Llaqta pusay – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llaqta pusay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – erretorromaniera" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="erretorromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politic%C4%83" title="Politică – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politic%C3%A2" title="Politicâ – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Politicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Політіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Політіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="राजनीतिः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राजनीतिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Бэлиитикэ – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэлиитикэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ACtiga" title="Polìtiga – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polìtiga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%ACtica" title="Pulìtica – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulìtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Politics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سياست – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasrtit" title="Tasrtit – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasrtit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပၢႆးမိူင်း – shanera" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပၢႆးမိူင်း" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="shanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="දේශපාලනය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Politics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matongerwo_eNyika" title="Matongerwo eNyika – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Matongerwo eNyika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaasad" title="Siyaasad – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Siyaasad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitik" title="Pulitik – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pulitik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siasa" title="Siasa – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Siasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசியல் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="రాజకీయాలు – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాజకీయాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtika" title="Polítika – tetuma" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Polítika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetuma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сиёсат – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиёсат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การเมือง – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%88%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AB" title="ፖለቲካ – tigrinyera" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖለቲካ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinyera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%BDasat" title="Syýasat – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Syýasat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijos%C9%99t" title="Sijosət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sijosət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikis" title="Politikis – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Politikis" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaset" title="Siyaset – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyaset" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiki" title="Politiki – tsongera" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Politiki" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%8F%D1%81%D3%99%D1%82" title="Сәясәт – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәясәт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Політика – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیاست – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyosat" title="Siyosat – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyosat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%82%C3%ACtega" title="Pułìtega – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pułìtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Chính trị – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolit" title="Bolit – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bolit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike" title="Politike – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Politike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politig" title="Politig – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Politig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政治" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლიტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פאליטיק – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאליטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA" title="Ìṣèlú – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣèlú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwngci" title="Cwngci – zhuangera" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwngci" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Politiek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ – amazigera estandarra" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazigera estandarra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C4%AB" title="Chèng-tī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-tī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezombusazwe" title="Ezombusazwe – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezombusazwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7163#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Politika" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Politika"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. 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title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Politika" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&oldid=9853720" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#DDCCAA; padding-bottom:0; font-size:180%; font-weight: normal;">Politika</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Botereak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botere_betearazle" title="Botere betearazle">Betearazlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botere_legegile" title="Botere legegile">Legegilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botere_judizial" title="Botere judizial">Judiziala</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Gobernu motak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarkia" title="Monarkia">Monarkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errepublika" title="Errepublika">Errepublika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarkia" title="Anarkia">Anarkia</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Erregimen eta sistemak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlamentarismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlamentarismo">Parlamentarismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidentzialismo" title="Presidentzialismo">Presidentzialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demokrazia" title="Demokrazia">Demokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotismo" title="Despotismo">Despotismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diktadura" title="Diktadura">Diktadura</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Junta_militar" title="Junta militar">Junta militarra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolutismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolutismo">Absolutismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo">Autoritarismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erregeordetza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erregeordetza (sortu gabe)">Erregeordetza</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Botere motak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristokrazia" title="Aristokrazia">Aristokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autokrazia" title="Autokrazia">Autokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burokrazia" title="Burokrazia">Burokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudillismo" title="Caudillismo">Caudillismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazikismo" title="Kazikismo">Kazikismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptokrazia" title="Kleptokrazia">Kleptokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koronelismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koronelismo (sortu gabe)">Koronelismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korporatibismo" title="Korporatibismo">Korporatibismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korporokrazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korporokrazia (sortu gabe)">Korporokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogia" title="Demagogia">Demagogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritokrazia" title="Meritokrazia">Meritokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarkia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minarkia (sortu gabe)">Minarkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklokrazia" title="Oklokrazia">Oklokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarkia" title="Oligarkia">Oligarkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutokrazia" title="Plutokrazia">Plutokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soziokrazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soziokrazia (sortu gabe)">Soziokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknokrazia" title="Teknokrazia">Teknokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teokrazia" title="Teokrazia">Teokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo">Nepotismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisioloxismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisioloxismo (sortu gabe)">Fisioloxismoa</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Estatu motak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiri-estatu" title="Hiri-estatu">Hiri-estatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonia_(politika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonia (politika)">Kolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfederazio" title="Konfederazio">Konfederazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazio" title="Federazio">Federazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inperio" title="Inperio">Inperioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printzerri" title="Printzerri">Printzerria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protektoratu" title="Protektoratu">Protektoratua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarkia" title="Monarkia">Monarkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errepublika" title="Errepublika">Errepublika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errepublika_federal" title="Errepublika federal">Errepublika federala</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Kontzeptuak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktibismo" title="Aktibismo">Aktibismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltzar" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Biltzar">Biltzarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustelkeri_politiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustelkeri politiko">Ustelkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotrina">Dotrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estatu" title="Estatu">Estatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobernu" title="Gobernu">Gobernua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonia" title="Hegemonia">Hegemonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia">Ideologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legegintzaldi" title="Legegintzaldi">Legegintzaldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askatasun" title="Askatasun">Askatasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazio" title="Nazio">Nazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderdi_politiko" title="Alderdi politiko">Alderdi politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberri" title="Aberri">Aberria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legebiltzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Legebiltzar">Legebiltzarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiranotasun" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiranotasun">Subiranotasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirania">Tirania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrialde" title="Herrialde">Herrialdea</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Prozesuak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hauteskunde" title="Hauteskunde">Hauteskundeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estatu-kolpe" title="Estatu-kolpe">Estatu-kolpea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraultza" title="Iraultza">Iraultza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestazio" title="Manifestazio">Manifestazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independentzia" title="Independentzia">Independentzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebiszitu" title="Plebiszitu">Plebiszitua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferendum" title="Erreferendum">Erreferenduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentsura_mozio" title="Zentsura mozio">Zentsura mozioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errepresio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Errepresio">Errepresioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby" title="Lobby">Lobby</a>-a</li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Banaketa administratiboa</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantonamendu" title="Kantonamendu">Kantonamendua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomia_erkidego" title="Autonomia erkidego">Autonomia erkidegoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldundi">Aldundia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal" title="Udal">Udala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estatu" title="Estatu">Estatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probintzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Probintzi">Probintzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departamendu" title="Departamendu">Departamendua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskualde" title="Eskualde">Eskualdea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barruti" title="Barruti">Barrutia</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Kargu eta postuak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantzelari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantzelari">Kantzelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailburu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sailburu (sortu gabe)">Sailburua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinegotzi" title="Zinegotzi">Zinegotzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diputatu" title="Diputatu">Diputatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diktadore" title="Diktadore">Diktadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkate" title="Alkate">Alkatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enperadore" title="Enperadore">Enperadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministro" title="Ministro">Ministroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefet" title="Prefet">Prefeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidente" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidente">Presidentea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehen_ministro" title="Lehen ministro">Lehen ministroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errege" title="Errege">Erregea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatari" title="Senatari">Senataria</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Kargu eta postuak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zientzia_politiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Zientzia politiko">Zientzia politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomazia" title="Diplomazia">Diplomazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_politiko" title="Filosofia politiko">Filosofia politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_politiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia politiko (sortu gabe)">Historia politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapolitika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapolitika (sortu gabe)">Metapolitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politika_internazional" class="mw-redirect" title="Politika internazional">Politika internazionala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_politiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria politiko (sortu gabe)">Teoria politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitika" title="Geopolitika">Geopolitika</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Ideologiak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezker_politiko" title="Ezker politiko">Ezker politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskuin_politiko" title="Eskuin politiko">Eskuin politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlismo" title="Karlismo">Karlismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">Komunismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faxismo" title="Faxismo">Faxismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">Liberalismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populismo" title="Populismo">Populismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokrazia" title="Sozialdemokrazia">Sozialdemokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozialismo" title="Sozialismo">Sozialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristau_demokrazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristau demokrazia">Kristau demokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianismo" title="Libertarianismo">Libertarianismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo">Humanismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentrismo" title="Zentrismo">Zentrismoa</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Jokabideak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klientelismo_(politika)" title="Klientelismo (politika)">Klientelismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinismo" title="Chauvinismo">Chauvinismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolektibismo" title="Kolektibismo">Kolektibismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonialismo" title="Kolonialismo">Kolonialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontserbadorismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontserbadorismo">Kontserbadorismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitismo" title="Elitismo">Elitismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inperialismo" title="Inperialismo">Inperialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-inperialismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-inperialismo">Neo-inperialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbentzionismo_(politika)" title="Interbentzionismo (politika)">Interbentzionismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolazionismo" title="Isolazionismo">Isolazionismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo">Nazionalismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurkakotasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurkakotasun (sortu gabe)">Aurkakotasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakezaletasun" title="Bakezaletasun">Bakezaletasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erradikalismo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Erradikalismo">Erradikalismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatismo" title="Separatismo">Separatismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradizionalismo_katoliko" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradizionalismo katoliko">Tradizionalismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderdi-aniztasun" title="Alderdi-aniztasun">Alderdi-aniztasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderdi-bitasun" title="Alderdi-bitasun">Alderdi-bitasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderdi-bakartasun" title="Alderdi-bakartasun">Alderdi-bakartasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstentzio" title="Abstentzio">Abstentzioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnistia" title="Amnistia">Amnistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desobedientzia_zibil" title="Desobedientzia zibil">Desobedientzia zibila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disidentzia" title="Disidentzia">Disidentzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kultura-aniztasun" title="Kultura-aniztasun">Kultura-aniztasuna</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235565">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Politika_aurkibidea" title="Txantiloi:Politika aurkibidea"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi_eztabaida:Politika_aurkibidea" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Politika aurkibidea"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Politika_aurkibidea&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Politika</b> <a href="/wiki/Estatu" title="Estatu">estatuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiri" title="Hiri">hiriak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Nazio" title="Nazio">nazioak</a> gobernatzeko praktika da.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politika izena <a href="/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera">grekerazko</a> πολιτικος terminotik dator —politikós—, “hiritarra”, zibila edo <a href="/wiki/Hiri" title="Hiri">hiriaren</a> antolakuntzari dagokiona esan nahi duena. Politikak giza ekintza aztertzen du gizartearentzat probetxuzkoa izan dadin, <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> greziar <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofoak</a> zioen politikaren helburua <a href="/wiki/Eudemonismo" title="Eudemonismo">zoriontasuna</a> dela, gizarte osoaren zoriontasuna zehatzago.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Errealitate politikoa ikertzen duen <a href="/wiki/Gizarte-zientziak" title="Gizarte-zientziak">gizarte-zientzia,</a> <a href="/wiki/Zientzia_politikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zientzia politikoa">zientzia politikoa</a> da. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filosofia_politikoa">Filosofia politikoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filosofia politikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofia politikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greziar_filosofia_politikoa">Greziar filosofia politikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Greziar filosofia politikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Greziar filosofia politikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: martxoa 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> filosofoak <a href="/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael">Rafel Sanzio</a> pintorearen "<a href="/wiki/Atenasko_Eskola" title="Atenasko Eskola">Atenasko Eskola</a>"-n.</figcaption></figure> <p>Esan daiteke <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldea_(kultura)" title="Mendebaldea (kultura)">mendebaldeko</a> filosofia politikoa <a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokrates</a>-ekin hasten dela. Sokrates izan zen <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etika</a> sekularraren sortzailea, Sokratesen ustez bertutea jakintzan oinarritzen baita. <a href="/wiki/Bertute" title="Bertute">Bertutea</a> jakintzan datzan heinean arrazoiari men egiten dio eta sistema politikoa bertutezkoa izateko arrazionala izan beharko luke. Aldi berean, jakintza arrazionala lortzeko metodoa finkatu zuen: Sokratesen ustez egia dialogoaren bitartez erditu behar da. Dialogo hau ez da berez politikoa edo parlamentarioa, interes partzialei obeditzen diona; dialogo filosofikoa da, egia bakarrik daukana interes gorentzat. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sokratesen aurrean, <a href="/wiki/Sofistak" title="Sofistak">sofistak</a> egon ziren. Hauek diruaren truke <a href="/wiki/Erretorika" title="Erretorika">erretorika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialektika" title="Dialektika">dialektika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eristika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eristika (sortu gabe)">eristika</a>... klaseak eskaintzen zituzten <a href="/wiki/Atenas" title="Atenas">Atenasko</a> hiritarrei, <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agoran</a> mintzatzerako orduan beste hiritarrak konbentzitzeko hizkuntza eta argudiaketa erabiliz.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Platon">Platon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Platon»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Platon"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> Sokratesen ikaslea izanda; bere planteamebdu politikoa, <i><a href="/wiki/Errepublika_(Platon)" title="Errepublika (Platon)">Errepublikan</a></i> garatu zuena, hein handi batean Sokratesen planteamenduetatik abiatzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giza-naturaren antzera irudikatutako estatua planteatzen du Platonek, beraz bere estatua <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">arimak</a> dituen partetaz osatuta egongo da. Platonen ustez, arimak hiru alderdiz osatuta dago: adimena, alderdi suminkorra eta apetitiboa. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gizartea hiru <a href="/wiki/Gizarte_klase" title="Gizarte klase">"klase" sozialetan</a> banatuko litzateke beraz: </p> <ul><li>Alde batetik, adimenaren alderdia gailentzen den arimadun hiritarrak hiria gobernatuko dute; agintarien klasea osatuz.</li> <li>Bestalde, alderdi suminkorra gailentzen den kasuetan hiriaren babes lanetara mugatuko dira; gudarien klasea osatuz.</li> <li>Azkenik, arimaren alderdi apetitiboa gailentzen zaien hiritarrak nekazarien eta artisauen klasea osatuko dute.</li></ul> <p>Klase banaketa hau bermatzeko Platonek <a href="/wiki/Hezkuntza_sistema" title="Hezkuntza sistema">hezkuntza sistema</a> elitista proposatzen du, non agintariek bakarrik jasoko luketen hezkuntza osoa eta bestelakoek haien esparruetan izango litzateke aditu.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bestalde, aipagarria da agintarien eta gudarien klaseek jabetza pribaturik gabeko erregimen sozial batean biziko liratekela, honi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunismo_Platonikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunismo Platonikoa (sortu gabe)">Komunismo Platonikoa</a> deitu izan zaio. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zenbait pentsalarien ustez, Platonen sistema <a href="/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo">totalitarismoari</a> ireki zizkion ateak, pentsalari hauen artean <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">austriarra</a> lirateke aipagarrienetakoa. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aristoteles»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Aristoteles"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/220px-seek%3D25-Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="504" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu hemen klik eginez gero."><img alt="Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/40px-Ikusgela-logoa.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/60px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/80px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu hemen klik eginez gero.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> ulertzeko gakoak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aristotelesek bere <a href="/wiki/Politika_(Aristoteles)" title="Politika (Aristoteles)"><i>Politika</i></a> liburuan Platonekiko salto handia ematen du: ez du bakarrik estatu ideal baten proiektua mahaigaineratzen, haratago doa eta grezia klasikoaren errealitate politikoaren azterketa sakona egiten du. Aristotelesen lana politikari buruzko gogoeta izateaz gain, <a href="/wiki/Zientzia" title="Zientzia">zientifikoa</a> izateko asmoa ere badu.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotelesek bere ikerketetan grezia klasikoko antolakuntza politikoari buruz bildutako informazio guztia bere <i>Politika-</i>ren parte handi bat osatzen dute, bere bizitzan zehar Aristotelesek 158 konstituzio greko baino gehiago bildu eta erredaktatu zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristotelesen ustez, gizaki guztiek haien omurakoa dena bilatzen dutela, ongiarako joera dauka gizakiak; etika eta politika lotuta daude beraz, politikaren helburua zoriontasuna izanik.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotelesek beraz, defendatzen du politika ezagutza praktikoaren adarrean kokatzen dela eta ez ezagutza teorikoarenean, politika <a href="/wiki/Praxi" title="Praxi">praxia</a> litzateke.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotelesen politika ulertzeko beharrezkoa da <a href="/wiki/Herritartasun" title="Herritartasun">hiritarraren</a> inguruan ematen duen definizioa: hiritarra Aristotelesen ustez, estatu baten administrazio judizialean edo estatuaren erabakitze prozesuan parte hartu dezakeen <a href="/wiki/Gizabanako" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizabanako">gizabanakoa</a> litzateke. Hemendik abiatuta, Aristotelesek dio estatuak bizitzaren xede guztiak bideratzen dituen hiritarren gorputza suposatzen duela<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Errenazimendua:_Makiavelo">Errenazimendua: Makiavelo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Errenazimendua: Makiavelo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Errenazimendua: Makiavelo"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Errenazimendu</a> garaian zenbait gertakariek garrantzi politiko sakona izango dute. Alde batetik, <a href="/wiki/Erdi_Aroa" title="Erdi Aroa">erdi aroko</a> azken mendeetan zehar hiriek bizitako hazkundearen esku <a href="/wiki/Burgesia" title="Burgesia">burgesiak</a> lortuko du berezko garrantzia. Aldi berean, 1492. urtean <a href="/wiki/Kristobal_Kolon" title="Kristobal Kolon">Kristobal Kolon</a> <a href="/wiki/Amerikaren_aurkikuntza" title="Amerikaren aurkikuntza">ameriketara heldu</a> zen, europearrek ezagututako mundua guztiz aldatuz. Azkenik, <a href="/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo">pentsamendu humanistak</a> izango du garapen handia, <a href="/wiki/Erasmo_Rotterdamgoa" title="Erasmo Rotterdamgoa">Erasmo Rotterdamgoaren</a> esku besteak beste, eta <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_greziar_filosofia" title="Antzinako greziar filosofia">Grezia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Erroma" title="Antzinako Erroma">Erroma</a> klasikoetako filosofiara itzuli egingo da. </p><p>Testuinguru horretan, 1513. urtean <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Makiavelo" title="Nikolas Makiavelo">Nikolas Makiavelo</a> pentsalari <a href="/wiki/Florentziako_Errepublika" title="Florentziako Errepublika">florentziarrak</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Printzea" title="Printzea">Printzea</a></i> obra bukatu zuen eta <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Medici" title="Lorenzo Medici">Lorenzo Mediciri</a> dedikatu zion<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; hala ere, autorea hil eta gero argitaratu zen (1532). Makiaveloren obra zentsuratuta izan zen eta autorea zinikotzat hartu zen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Printze" title="Printze">Printzeak</a> abilezi bereziak behar ditu boterera heltzeko eta mantendu ahal izateko, printzeak egoerak aprobetxatu behar ditu eta indibiduoen desirak eta borondatea manipulatzen ikasi behar du. Esan daiteke Makiavelorentzat helburuak bitartekoak justifikatzen dituela, boterea helburua izanik.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zientzia politikoaren eta <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Errealismo politikoaren</a> aitzindari gisa hartu izan da Makiavelo. </p><p>Makiaveloren obra era askotan interpretatu da bere heriotza eta gero. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio gramsciren</a> ustez, Makiavelok bere lanean azaltzen digu era zientifiko eta logiko batean printze batek nolako jarrera izan behar duen herria estatu berri baten eraketara gidatzeko, Makiavelo bera herria bihurtzen da bere lanaren bitartez.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hobbes_eta_Locke">Hobbes eta Locke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hobbes eta Locke»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Hobbes eta Locke"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> pentsalari ingelesa Inglaterrako Iraultzaren ondorioak bere azalean bizi zituen, <a href="/wiki/Monarkia_absolutua" title="Monarkia absolutua">absolutismoaren</a> alde jarri zenez exiliora joatera behartuta izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisen</a> exiliatuta bere obra nagusia idatzi zuen, <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(liburua)" title="Leviathan (liburua)">Leviathan</a></i>, absolutismoaren defentsa bat egiten duena; bere obra <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londresen</a> publikatu zen <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hobbesek autoritate politikorik gabeko egoera naturala irudikatzen du. Gizakien izaerarengatik, mesfidantza iltzaturik duena, orotariko gerra da nagusi egoera naturalean, gerrara garamatza egoera naturalak. Beraz, beharrezkoa litzateke egoera naturaletik ihes egiteko eta gobernu egoerara, autoritate politikoa dakarrena, igarotzea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gizarte_hitzarmena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gizarte hitzarmena (sortu gabe)">gizarte hitzarmenaren</a> eskuz. Gizakiak <a href="/wiki/Subirautza" class="mw-redirect" title="Subirautza">subirano</a> bati obeditzea adosten dute, gerra egoera sahiestearren. Subiranoak botere politiko osoa eta gizartearen alderdi guztiak kontrolatzeko legitimitatea dauka, subiranoak <a href="/wiki/Lege_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lege (argipena)">legeak</a> beteko direla eta gure <a href="/wiki/Babes_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Babes (argipena)">babesa</a> bermatzen ditu, baina horren truke subiranoaren esku botere guztia uztera behartuta daude gizakiek.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendeko</a> teoria politikoan influentzia gehien eduki duen pentsalaria da, bere ideiak <a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">liberalismoaren</a> oinarria izanda; aldi berean, <a href="/wiki/Enpirismo" title="Enpirismo">enpirismoaren</a> teorilari nagusienetariko bat da. Lockek, Hobbes bezala, iraultzaren garaia bizi zuen, bere aita ejerzitu parlamentarioaren ofiziala izanda.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lockeren kasuan, gizarte hitzarmena beste era batean agertzen zaigu bere 1690ko <i>Gobernu zibilari buruzko bigarren tratatuan</i>. Lockek naturazko egoera aztertzen duenean ez du aurkezten historiaren hasiera gisa, <a href="/wiki/Gizarte_zibil" title="Gizarte zibil">gizarte zibilarekin</a> alderatzeko aztertzen du. Naturazko egoeran gizakiak berdinak eta askeak dira; hauekin batera jabetza eta aitaren boterea (<a href="/wiki/Patriarkatu" title="Patriarkatu">patriarkatua</a>) ere daude naturazko egoeran. Beraz, naturazko egoeran ez dago orotariko gerrarik Hobbesen planteamenduan bezala; baina, zenbait indibuduoek lege naturala hausten dute aldi oro. Hauengandik beraien burua defendatzeko gizabanakoek eta familiek justizia haien undarrez ezarri behar dute. Baina egoera hontatik ateratzeko beharrezkoa da gizarte zibilarako saltoa ematea, gizarte hitzarmenaren bidez sortzen dena gizabanakoek batzeko eta <a href="/wiki/Komunitate_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Komunitate (argipena)">komunitatean</a> bizitzeko elkarrekiko akordio bat onartzen dutenean. Hitzarmena sortu ahala, gizabanakoak gizarte zibilaren botereak obeditu beharko ditu, hauen bidez ezartzen baititu gobernuak legeak eta <a href="/wiki/Zigor" title="Zigor">zigorrak</a> interes orokorraren arabera.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bestalde, jabetzari dagokionez Lockek dio norberaren <a href="/wiki/Lana" class="mw-disambig" title="Lana">lana</a> (norbera bere lanaren jabe izanda) beste norbaitek eskuratu ez duen objektu batekin nahasten denean bihurtzen dela objektu jakin hori norberaren jabetza.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilustrazioa">Ilustrazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ilustrazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ilustrazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:A_Reading_in_the_Salon_of_Mme_Geoffrin,_1755_Small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Reading_in_the_Salon_of_Mme_Geoffrin%2C_1755_Small.jpg/220px-A_Reading_in_the_Salon_of_Mme_Geoffrin%2C_1755_Small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Reading_in_the_Salon_of_Mme_Geoffrin%2C_1755_Small.jpg/330px-A_Reading_in_the_Salon_of_Mme_Geoffrin%2C_1755_Small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/A_Reading_in_the_Salon_of_Mme_Geoffrin%2C_1755_Small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: martxoa 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gabriel_Lemonnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gabriel Lemonnier (sortu gabe)">Charles Gabriel Lemonier</a> pintore frantsearen pintura bat, non <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>-en tragedia bat irakurtzen ari den. Zenbait filosofo ilustatu agertzen dira ere: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a> eta abar.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendearen</a> hasieran <a href="/wiki/Monarkia_absolutua" title="Monarkia absolutua">monarka absolutuen</a> eta gobernu herrikoiago (edo herriaren beharrak asetzen duena) bat eskatzen duten korronte <a href="/wiki/Ilustratu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustratu">ilustratu</a> berrien artean sortu ziren paktu politiko eta sozialak, honen ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Despotismo_Ilustratua" title="Despotismo Ilustratua">absolutismo ilustratua</a> deritzon gobernu mota sortu zen; “herriarentzat, baina herria gabe” topikoak definitzen ditu gobernu hauek. Hala ere, itun hauek ez zuten asko iraun, kontraesan asko baitzituzten, eta <a href="/wiki/Amerikako_Iraultza" title="Amerikako Iraultza">Amerikako Iraultzak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Frantziako_Iraultza" title="Frantziako Iraultza">Frantziako Iraultzak</a> eztanda egingo dute, mentalitate aldaketa sakona emanez <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerikan</a> zehar. Intelektualen artean talde, akademia, klub eta bestelakoak sortu ziren ideia berriak zabaltzeko. Hauen artean <a href="/wiki/Arrazionalismo" class="mw-disambig" title="Arrazionalismo">arrazionalismoarekiko</a> eta giza gaitasuneekiko konfiantza handia zen nagusi. Bestalde, progresoaren ideia berri bat sortzen da; ilustratuen ustez, gizartea arrazoiaren printzipio unibertsaleen arabera aldatu daiteke, aurrerapen mugagabea lortuz. Historia, beraz, gizadiaren aurrerapen progresiboa baino ez litzateke. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Fernandez_Liria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Fernandez Liria (sortu gabe)">Carlos Fernandez Liriaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alegre_Zahonero" title="Luis Alegre Zahonero">Luis Alegreren</a> ustez, ilustrazioaren proiektu politikoa arrazoiak gobernatzean datza. Hau da, legeek agindu behar dutela zer izan behar den eta ez monarka edo jainko baten apetak. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jean-Jacques Rousseau»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Jean-Jacques Rousseau"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> ilustrazio garaiko pentsalari politiko garrantzitsuenetariko bat da. Rousseauren ustez, naturazko egoeratik egoera zibilerako jauzian gizarte hitzarmena beharrezkoa da, Thomas Hobbes eta John Locke filosofo ingelesek argudiatu zuten bezala.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala ere, Rousseauren kontratua bestelakoa da: norbanakoek natura egoerako eragozpenak gainditzeko biltzen dira, indarrak batuz norbanakoen <a href="/wiki/Ondasun" title="Ondasun">ondasunak</a> guztien indarrarekin defendatzeko. Norbanakoek haien ahalmenak nahimen orokorraren gidaritzapean jarrita, gorputz moral eta kolektibo berri bat osatzen dute, ni-tasun komuna: <b><a href="/wiki/Errepublika" title="Errepublika">Errepublika</a></b>. <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rousseauren planteamenduan garrantzi handia hartzen du <b>nahimen orokorraren</b> kontzeptua. Nahimen orokorra gizartearen nahimen bakarra da, gizartea banako organiko gisa irudikatuta. Rousseauren ustez, interes pertsonalak alde batera utzi behar dira edo nahimen orokorrari men egin behar diote; nahimen orokorra interes pertsonalen batuketa sinplea balitz, gatazkaz beteko gizartea lortuko genuke. Nahimen orokorraren existentzia bakarrik berdintasuna bermatzen duen sistema batean eman daiteke, Rousseauk planteatzen duen sistema klaserik gabekoa izanda. Azkenik, Rousseauk <a href="/wiki/Hezkuntza" title="Hezkuntza">hezkuntzaren</a> papera azpimarratzen du, nahimen orokorra eratzeko dagoen baliabide garrantzitsuena izanda erlijio zibilarekin batera. <sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XIX._mendea:_G.W.F._Hegel,_Karl_Marx_eta_John_Stuart_Mill"><span id="XIX._mendea:_G.W.F._Hegel.2C_Karl_Marx_eta_John_Stuart_Mill"></span>XIX. mendea: G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Marx eta John Stuart Mill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «XIX. mendea: G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Marx eta John Stuart Mill»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: XIX. mendea: G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Marx eta John Stuart Mill"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XIX. mendea bereiziki mugitua izan zen arlo politikoan. <a href="/wiki/Napoleondar_Gerrak" title="Napoleondar Gerrak">Gerra Napoleonikoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830eko_iraultzak" title="1830eko iraultzak">1830eko iraultzek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/1848ko_iraultzak" title="1848ko iraultzak">1848ko iraultzek</a> europa guztia indar askorekin astindu zuten. Amerikan, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> buru izan zuen hegoamerikako herrialdeen deskolonizazioa eta <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Gerra Zibila">Estatu Batuetako gerra zibila</a> gertatu ziren ere. Bestalde, <a href="/wiki/Industria_Iraultza" title="Industria Iraultza">industria iraultzak</a> mende honetan izan zuen bere goraldia. Honek <a href="/wiki/Langileen_mugimendu" title="Langileen mugimendu">langile mugimenduaren</a> borroka ugari suposatu zituen, <a href="/wiki/Klase-borroka" title="Klase-borroka">klase borroka</a> gordineko garaia izan zen XIX. mendea; <a href="/wiki/Parisko_Komuna" title="Parisko Komuna">Parisko Komuna</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Internazionala" title="Lehen Internazionala">Lehen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Internazionala" title="Bigarren Internazionala">Bigarren internazionalak</a> langile mugimenduaren aktibitatearen eta borroka gaitasunen adibide argiak dira. <a href="/wiki/Sufragio_unibertsal" title="Sufragio unibertsal">Emakumeen bozkatzeko eskubidearen</a> aldeko borroka ere XIX. mendean ikusi zuen bere sorrera, <a href="/wiki/Emakumeen_sufragismoa" title="Emakumeen sufragismoa">sufragisten</a> esku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G.W.F. Hegelen</a> teoria politikoa batez ere <a href="/wiki/Estatua_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Estatua (argipena)">estatuaren</a> inguruan aritzen da, honen errealitatea eta garrantzia azpimarratuz; Hegelen filosofia politikoa botere politikoaren eta <a href="/wiki/Ezagutza" title="Ezagutza">jakintzaren</a> arteko lotura egikaritzean dauka bere xedea.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegelen historiaren ikuskera, <a href="/wiki/Ilustrazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrazioa">Ilustrazioaren</a> influentzia jaso zuena, arrazoiaren hedapen gisa aurkezten zaigu; <a href="/wiki/Kontzeptu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontzeptu">kontzeptuen</a> garapena ematen den eremua da historia eta honen bukaeran, gizakiok <a href="/wiki/Absolutu_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Absolutu (argipena)">absolutuaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Kontzientzia" title="Kontzientzia">kontzientzia</a> hartuta, askatasun gorena lortuko dugu.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegelen ustez historia bukatua zen jadanik <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleonekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Frantziako_Iraultza" title="Frantziako Iraultza">Iraultza Frantsesarekin</a>, hauek <a href="/wiki/Nazio-estatu" title="Nazio-estatu">estatu-nazioa</a> sortu baitzuten. Arrazoia estatuan gauzatzen da, estatua <a href="/wiki/Ideia" title="Ideia">ideia</a> beraren haragiztatzea da planteamendu <a href="/wiki/Hegelianismo" title="Hegelianismo">hegelianoan</a>. Hegelek jakintzaren eta boterearen arteko batasuna irudikatzen du, lehenengoa bigarrenaren menpekoa izanda, honen legitimazioa baita; estatuaren gaitasun <a href="/wiki/Errepresio_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Errepresio (argipena)">errepresiboa</a> legitimoa bihurtzen da, arrazoizkoa baita. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estatua borondate indibidualaren eta borondate kolektiboaren adiskidetza ematen den unea izanik, estatua gorputz sozialaren funtsa eta aldirik gorena da, estaturik gabe gorputz sozial hau birrinduko litzateke; <a href="/wiki/Gizarte_zibil" title="Gizarte zibil">gizarte zibila</a> barnebildu eta bere buruaren menpean jartzen du estatuak.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estatu modernoaren oinarri soziala <a href="/wiki/Klase_ertaina" class="mw-redirect" title="Klase ertaina">klase ertaina</a> da Hegelen ustez, estatuaren kontzientziara lotzen den <a href="/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura">kultura</a> klase honen baitan aurkitzen baita. Klase ertain hontatik sortuko dira estatuaren <a href="/wiki/Burokrazia" title="Burokrazia">burokrazia</a> osatuko duten <a href="/wiki/Funtzionario" title="Funtzionario">funtzionario</a> guztiak, klase pentsalaria osatzen du klase ertainak.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estatu hegeliarrak bere burua autoerregulatzen eta zaintzen duen estatuaren modelo perfektua osatzen du, estatu modernoa automatismo bat bihurtzen da doktrina hegelianoan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karl_Marx">Karl Marx</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karl Marx»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Karl Marx"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/220px-seek%3D16-Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="500" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu hemen klik eginez gero."><img alt="Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/40px-Ikusgela-logoa.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/60px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/80px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu hemen klik eginez gero.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> ulertzeko gakoak.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <a href="/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania">germaniar</a> filosofo eta <a href="/wiki/Ekonomia_politiko" title="Ekonomia politiko">ekonomilariaren</a> ustez politika supersetruktura baten parte da, produkzio ekonomikoak osatzen duen base material errealaren gainean eraikitzen dena.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxen ustez, gizartearen historia osoa <a href="/wiki/Klase-borroka" title="Klase-borroka">klase borroken</a> historia izan da, klase zapalduen eta zapaltzaileen arteko borroka honek gizarte osoaren eraldaketa iraultzailea ekarri du askotan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo">gizarte kapitalistarekin</a> azaldu den <a href="/wiki/Proletario" title="Proletario">proletargoaren</a> klasearekin hau aldatzen da, proletarioek ez daukate inongo ondasunik edo kapitalik; haien interesak klase gisa globalak lirateke: proletargoak bere miseriarekin bukatzeko ez du bakarrik bere burua klase zapaltzaldu gisa ukatu behar, beste klase bat zapalduz; proletargoak bakarrik lor dezake bere askapena zapaltzen duen burgesiaren aurrean klase gizartea eta soldatapeko lana gaindituz, <a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">gizarte komunista</a> bat sortuz.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxen historiaren gaineko ikuspuntu honi <a href="/wiki/Materialismo_historiko" title="Materialismo historiko">materialismo historikoa</a> deitu zaio. </p><p>Hala ere, zenbait <a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">marxistek</a> ez dute bat egiten base-superestruktura dikotomiarekin edo forma politiko-ideologikoen <a href="/wiki/Determinismo" title="Determinismo">determinazio</a> ekonomikoarekin. Antonio Gramsci italiar marxistaren ustez, politika eta <a href="/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia">ideologia</a> base ekonomikoak agindutako joko-zelaian mugitzen dira eta espazio hontatik ez dira ateratzen saiatzen. Izan ere, politikak eta ideologiak nolako autonomia erlatibo batez gozatzen dute. Base eta superestrukturaren arteko batasun konfliktibo honi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloke_historikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloke historikoa (sortu gabe)">bloke historikoa</a> deritzo. <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bestalde, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Tronti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Tronti (sortu gabe)">Mario Trontiren</a> ustez kapitala eta <a href="/wiki/Estatu_liberal" title="Estatu liberal">estatu burgesa</a> bi historia paraleloak adierazten dituzte, askotan kontraesankorrak direnak. Gizarte kapitalista aurrera egin ahala makinaria oso konplexu batean bihurtu da eta politika jada ezingo lirateke base ekonomiko batean funtsatu, politika autonomoa lirateke. <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bestalde, Marxek bere garaiko germaniar filosofoak kritikatzen ditu, hauek "esaldien aurka borrokatzen dutela bakarrik" esanda; hau da, haien <a href="/wiki/Kritika" title="Kritika">kritika</a> ez ditu <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofiaren</a> mugak gainditzen, ez dute errealitate soziala ukitzen. Marxek filosfiaren gaindipena proposatzen du hau errealizatuz, errealitatearen estrukturak eraldatuz eta errealitate materialaren kontraesanak gaindituz. Marxentzat munduaren ezagutza eta munduaren eraldaketa; praxi politikoa, loturik daude. Marxen proposamen filosofikoa laburbilduz: kritika hutsetik <a href="/wiki/Iraultza" title="Iraultza">iraultzara</a> pasatzea litzateke filosofia marxistaren helburu nagusia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jonh_Stuart_Mill">Jonh Stuart Mill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jonh Stuart Mill»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Jonh Stuart Mill"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> <a href="/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo">utilitarismoaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">liberalismoaren</a> pentsalari garrantzitsuenetarikoa da; hala ere, Millen <a href="/wiki/Utilitate_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Utilitate (argipena)">utilitatea</a> printzipio moral bat da, kondukta arautzen duena, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> eta bestelako utilitaristek utilitatearen kontzeptu desberdinak erabiltzen dituzte. <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor" title="Harriet Taylor">Harriet Taylorrekin</a> batera, bere emaztea izango zena, <a href="/wiki/Emakumearen_emantzipazioa" title="Emakumearen emantzipazioa">emakumearen emantzipazioaren</a> gaia landu zuen; emakumeen eskubide politikoetan, dibortziorako eskubidean eta ezkondutako emakumearen eskubideetan jarri zuen arreta handia. <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mill <a href="/wiki/Ordezkaritzako_demokrazia" title="Ordezkaritzako demokrazia">demokrazia ordezkatzailearen</a> defendatzailea izan zen, baina gobernu forma honek zituen ariskuak presente izan zituen: ordezkariek ustelkerirako joera izan dezakete, bozerameileek interes orokorrari begira bozkatzea ezin da bermatu demokrazia ordezkatzaile batean; eta azkenik, demokrazia gehiengoaren tiranian bihurtzea da Millen kezka nagusia. Hauek gerta ez daitezen Millek zenbait neurri proposatu zituen: alde batetik, gobernuko kideek dirua ez jasotzea proposatu zuen. Bestetik, botoa kontrolatzea eta arautzea proposatu zuen eta boz kontaketa egiterako orduan zenbait metodo bururatu zituen. <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millek askatasunaren gaia ere landu zuen bere <i>Askatasunaz</i> testuan, <a href="/wiki/Balio_(etika)" title="Balio (etika)">balore</a> honen defentsa eta aldarrikapena era indartsuan eginez. Millek askatasunaren bere kontzeptua <a href="/wiki/Printzipio" title="Printzipio">printzipio</a> baten inguruan eratzen du: beste inorrek <a href="/wiki/Kalte_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kalte (argipena)">kalterik</a> jasotzen ez duen bitartean, norberak nahi duena egiteko aske da. Printzipio sinple hau apurtzen ez bada, inork ez dauka askatasuna murrizteko legitimitatea, ezta autoritate politikoak ere. Kaltetzea kontzeptu zalantzagarria izan daitekenez, Millek kalte kontzeptua zertan datzan zehazten saiatu zen. Millek dio, pertsona bat kaltzetzea haien <a href="/wiki/Interes" title="Interes">interesak</a> kaltetzea dela, interesak <a href="/wiki/Eskubide" title="Eskubide">eskubideetan</a> oinarritzen dire interesak izanda. Millen ustez, askatasuna bermatzea <a href="/wiki/Zorion" title="Zorion">zoriontasuna</a> lortzeko bidea da.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gobernu_motak">Gobernu motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gobernu motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Gobernu motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politika komunitate sozialeen gobernantziaz arduratzen denez, beharrezkoa dauka erregimen politiko desberdinak sailkatzea eta baloratzea. Izan ere, historian zehar gobernuek forma oso desberdinak hartu dituzte espezifikotasun sozial, ekonomiko eta historikoen arabera. <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristotelesek</a> klasikoa den sailkapena bururatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a> grekoen konstituzio desberdinetan oinarrituz, bere sailkapena <i>Politika</i> liburuan jaso zuen. Aristotelesek <a href="/wiki/Konstituzio" title="Konstituzio">konstituzio</a> bidezkoen eta ustelen arteko banaketa bat egiten du: bidezkoek gobernu altruista baten bidez hiritarren komunitatearen ongizatea bilatzen dute; konstituzio ustelek bestalde, boterea daukatenen interesen baitan jarduten dute.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotelesek beraz hiru konstituzio bidezko mota desberdintzen ditu boterean dauden gizabanako edo taldeen arabera: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarkia" title="Monarkia">Monarkia</a></b>: Gizabanako baten gobernoa da monarkia, bertutea izango da monarkiaren helburua, monarka herritar guztien arteko hoberen gisa agertzen baita.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aristokrazia" title="Aristokrazia">Aristokrazia</a></b>: Hoberen gobernua da aristokrazia, talde txiki eta kualifikatu baten gobernua. Aristokraziak bizitza noblea bideratuko du hiritarren artean.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Errepublika" title="Errepublika">Errepublika</a> edo Politeia</b>: Gehiengoaren gobernua da errepublika, herritarren dohai ohikoak sustatzen ditu errepublikak.</li></ul> <p>Aristotelesek ere beste hiru konstituzio mota ustel desberdintzen ditu, hauek konstituzio bidezkoekin ez daukate alde formal handirik, <a href="/wiki/Egoismo" title="Egoismo">egoismoa</a> (gobernatzaileen interesen arabera jardutea) atxikitu izana litzateke ustelen eta bidezkoen arteko alde nagusia.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beraz, monarkia <b><a href="/wiki/Tirano" title="Tirano">tirania</a></b> bihurtzen da, aristokrazia <b><a href="/wiki/Oligarkia" title="Oligarkia">oligarkia</a></b> bilakatzen da eta errepublika <b><a href="/wiki/Demagogia" title="Demagogia">demagogia</a></b> (edo <b><a href="/wiki/Demokrazia" title="Demokrazia">demokrazia</a></b>) bilakatzen da. Garrantzitsua da kontuan izatea Aristotelesen errepublika egun demokrazia gisa ulertzen denarekin daukala erlazio gehien, berarentzat demokrazia gobernu forma ustela bada ere.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sailkapen hau baliagerria izan daiteke zenbait autoreek defendatutako gobernu motak baloratzeko. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonek</a> gobernu aristokratiko baten alde eginzuen, politeia platonikoan hezkuntza osoa eskuratu duten gutxi batzuen esku geratuko litzateke boterea, berdintasun politikoaren galbidea alde batera utzita.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbesek</a> tirania baten alde egingo luke, subiranoaren esku botere guztia utziz, subiranoaren izaera justuaren bermerik ez badago ere.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseauk</a> egindako planteamendua <a href="/wiki/Errepublika" title="Errepublika">Errepublikarra</a> izango litzateke, askoren ustez demokrazia ezin parteahartzaileagoa sustatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaur egun, demokrazia ordezkatzaileak dira nagusi (<a href="/wiki/Nazio-estatu" title="Nazio-estatu">nazio-estatu</a> forma hartzen dutenak), herritarrek bozka bidez haien ordezkariak aukeratzen dituzte eta hauek <a href="/wiki/Parlamentu" title="Parlamentu">parlamentu</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Senatu" title="Senatu">senatuetan</a> legeak egin, bozkatu eta betearazten dituzte. Hala ere, demokrazia ordezkatzailearekin ordezkariak bozkatzea bihurtzen da herritarren betebehar bakarra, demokraziaren pobretzea ekar dezakeena.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologia_politiko_nagusiak">Ideologia politiko nagusiak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ideologia politiko nagusiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ideologia politiko nagusiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalismoa">Liberalismoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Liberalismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Liberalismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">Liberalek</a> <a href="/wiki/Askatasun" title="Askatasun">indibiduoaren askatasuna</a> eta autonomia jartzen dute haien planteamendu politikoaren erdigunean, <a href="/wiki/Berdintasuna" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Berdintasuna">berdintasuna</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Justizia" title="Justizia">justizia</a> askotan bigarren maila batean utziz<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Liberalek, <a href="/wiki/Jabetza_pribatu" title="Jabetza pribatu">jabetza pribatuaren</a> garrantzia azpimarratzen dute, askatasunaren eta jabetza pribatuaren artean dagoen lotura intimoa azpimarratuz. Liberalek jabetza pribatuan oinarritzen den sistema ekonomikoa defendatzen dute, <a href="/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo">kapitalismoa</a>, haien ikuspuntutik kapitalismoa litzateke askatasun indibiduala defendatzen duen sistema bakarra.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alabaina, liberalismoaren barnean estatuaren paperaren inguruko ikuspuntu anitzak daude. Alde, batetik estatu minimoaren defendatzaileak daude, hauen ustez estatuaren eginbehar bakarra <a href="/wiki/Eskubide" title="Eskubide">eskubide</a> eta askatasun basikoak defendatzea da, <a href="/wiki/Zerga" title="Zerga">zergak</a> legitimoak lirateke bakarrik eskubide hauen defentsarako beharrezkoak badira. Bestalde, hezkuntzarako edo azpiegitura sozialentzako zergak eta estatu interbentzioa defendatzen duten liberalak daukagu, hauek liberalismo klasikoagoren ikuspuntuekin bat egiten dute. <sup id="cite_ref-:5_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azkenik, liberal batzuen ustez (<a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokrazia" title="Sozialdemokrazia">sozialdemokraten</a> ustez ere) zenbait ondasunak berdintasunean eta premien arabera banatu behar dira, hiritarren oinarrizko eskubideak eta osasuna bermatzeko; desberdintasunak eta aldeak onartzen badira ere.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradizio liberalaren pentsalari garrantzitsuak <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> eta <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anarko-liberalismoa">Anarko-liberalismoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Anarko-liberalismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Anarko-liberalismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarko-liberalismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarko-liberalismoa (sortu gabe)">Anarko-liberalismoa</a>, beste izen batzuekin ere ezagutzen dena: <a href="/wiki/Libertarianismo" title="Libertarianismo">libertarismoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Anarkokapitalismo" title="Anarkokapitalismo">anarkokapitalismoa</a>, planteatzen du sistema bat non estatuek eta autoritate publikoek egin dezaketen guztia zerbitzu pribatuek egin dezaketen. Anarko-liberalek autoritate politikoa minimizatzearen edo ezabatzearen aldekoak dira, aldi berean pribatutasuna eta askatasun indibiduala areagotzen duten bitartean. Anarkista liberal hauen planteamenduak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Nozick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Nozick (sortu gabe)">Robert Nozick</a> filosofoak garatu zituen bere <i>Anarkia, estatua eta utopia</i> 1974ko liburuan.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarkokapitalisten planteamenduak eta anarkismo klasikoarenak oso zerikusi gutxi dituzte, azkenekoa gizarte komunista bat bilatzen baitu; bien artean dagoen lotura bakarra autoritate politikoaren ezabatzea edo minimizatzea litzateke.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sozialismoa">Sozialismoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sozialismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sozialismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:MarxEngels_4a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MarxEngels_4a.jpg/220px-MarxEngels_4a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MarxEngels_4a.jpg/330px-MarxEngels_4a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MarxEngels_4a.jpg/440px-MarxEngels_4a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: martxoa 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alderdi_Komunistaren_Manifestua" title="Alderdi Komunistaren Manifestua">Alderdi Komunistaren Manifestuaren</a> idazleak eta <a href="/wiki/Sozialismo_zientifiko" title="Sozialismo zientifiko">sozialismo zientifikoaren</a> sortzaileak.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sozialismo" title="Sozialismo">Sozialismoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekoizpen-bide" title="Ekoizpen-bide">produkzio-bideen</a> jabetza eta gestio publikoa gizartearen interes orokorren arabera, klase jakin baten interesen arabera baino, ematea sustatzen edo egikaritzen duen ideologia edo sistema da.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alabaina, historian zehar sozialista terminoa oso era anitzetan erabili da, talde oso desberdinak definitzeko. <a href="/wiki/Alderdi_Komunistaren_Manifestua" title="Alderdi Komunistaren Manifestua"><i>Manifestu Komunistaren</i></a> argitalpena baino lehen sozialistatzat ezagutzen ziren taldeak <a href="/wiki/Langileen_mugimendu" title="Langileen mugimendu">langile mugimendutik</a> at mugitzen ziren eta klase ilustratuen artean bilatzen zuten babesa, sozialismoa <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a> baino lehen klase ertaineko mugimendu bat zen. Hauen artean <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> bezalako <a href="/wiki/Sozialismo_utopiko" title="Sozialismo utopiko">sozialista utopikoak</a> dira ezagunenak. <sup id="cite_ref-:9_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hauen aurrean <a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">komunistak</a> agertu ziren, hauek aldaketa sozial totala exijitzen zuten langileriaren sektorea izanda. Langileriaren askapena soilik langile borrokaz lortuko zela planteatu zuten, klase borrokan oinarrituta; garaiko sozilaistek kapitalari inongo arriskua suposatzen zioten bitartean.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sektore honen programa teoriko eta praktikoa <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> idatzi zuten <i>Manifestu Komunistan</i> 1848an <a href="/wiki/Liga_Komunista" title="Liga Komunista">Liga Komunistaren</a> agundupean.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komunisten programa esaldi batean laburtu arren, <a href="/wiki/Jabetza_pribatu" title="Jabetza pribatu">jabetza pribatuaren</a> abolizioa litzateke.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a> frantziar filosofo marxistaren ustez, Marx, Engels eta <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Leninek</a> teorizatuko iraultza sozialista hiru jarraiko ekintzetan oinarritzen da: </p> <ol><li>Estatu burgesarekin bukatzea bere koiuntura nazionalean.</li> <li>Beste estruktura politikoa eraikitzea; <a href="/wiki/Proletarioen_diktadura" title="Proletarioen diktadura">Proletargoaren diktadurarena</a>.</li> <li>Azkenik, dekadentziaz politika eta estatua amaitutzat ematea.</li></ol> <p>Sozialismoaren eginbeharra, Lefebvreren ustez, plano sozialaren prioritatea egikaritzea litzateke, ekonomia eta politika honetan xurgatuz. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hau lortzeko estatua baliatzea proposatzen dute marxistek, estatua dekadentziaz desagertuko bada ere, <a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">gizarte komunistari</a> atea irekiz. Hala ere, marxismoaren baitan estatuaren gaineko zanbait teoria desberdinak garatu dira. Autore batzuk, anarkismotik gertu kokatu ditzazkegu: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> bere burua sozialista libertario eta <a href="/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo">anarkista</a> gisa identifikatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, edo <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> eta berak proposatutako "proletargoaren diktadura anti-estatala".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sozialdemokrazia">Sozialdemokrazia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sozialdemokrazia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Sozialdemokrazia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/II._Internazionala" class="mw-redirect" title="II. Internazionala">II. internazionalaren</a> baitan emandako zenbait eztabaidetan dauka bere jaiotza gaur egun sozialdemokrazia gisa ulertzen dugun ideologia, erreformisten eta <a href="/wiki/Errebisionismo" title="Errebisionismo">errebisionisten</a> korrontetan. Erreformistek proposatzen zuten langileen aldeko erreformak aurrera eramatea estatuaren institituzioak baliatuz edo hauek presionatuz. Erreformistek <a href="/wiki/Iraultza" title="Iraultza">iraultzaren</a> bidea alde batera utzi zuten, aktibitate politikoaren eta eboluzioaren bidez langileen askapena lortzea espero zuten. Bestalde errebisionisten ustez, europako alderdi sozialisten jarrera erreformista egokia zen; hala ere, teoria marxistak ere behar zuen aldaketa sakonak eraginkorragoa izateko. Errebisionismoaren figura nabarmenena <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> <a href="/wiki/Alemaniako_Alderdi_Sozialdemokrata" title="Alemaniako Alderdi Sozialdemokrata">SPD</a>-ko politikaria izan zen. Korronte erreformistek ipar europako herrialdeetan lortu zuten garrantzi handia hasiera batean.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaur egun, <a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokrazia" title="Sozialdemokrazia">Sozialdemokrazia</a> da <a href="/wiki/Internazional_Sozialista" title="Internazional Sozialista">internazional sozialistaren</a> kide diren alderdi politikoek berea egiten duten ideologia. <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra">II. mundu gerra</a> ostean sozialdemokratek <a href="/wiki/Ongizate-estatu" title="Ongizate-estatu">ongizate-estatuarekin</a> lotutako politikak aurrera eraman dituzte batez ere, langile aristokraziaren interes politikoak ordezkatuz. Espainiar estatuan <a href="/wiki/Espainiako_Langile_Alderdi_Sozialista" title="Espainiako Langile Alderdi Sozialista">PSOE</a> da sozialdemokraziaren alderdi historikoa. Hasiera batean, sozialdemokrazia marxismoaren korronte bat bezala agertu bazen ere, gaur egun alderdi sozialdemokrata gehienek marxismoa praktikoki eta formalki alde batera utzi dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarkismoa">Anarkismoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Anarkismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Anarkismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg/220px-CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg/330px-CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg/440px-CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Langile<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: martxoa 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup> anarkistak <a href="/wiki/Lanaren_Konfederazio_Nazionala" title="Lanaren Konfederazio Nazionala">CNT</a> sindikatuaren bandera handi bat eramaten manifestazio jendetsu batean. <a href="/wiki/Bartzelona" title="Bartzelona">Bartzelonan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espainiako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila">Gerra Zibilaren</a> garaian (1936-1937).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo">Anarkismoaren</a> printzipio basikoena autoritate publiko eta pribatuen negazioan datza, gizabanako askeen arteko kooperazioan oinarritutako sistema bat proposatuz. Anarkismoaren aurrekarien artean <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> aurkitzen dugu, baina esan daieke anarkismo modernoaren lehenengo teorilaria <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre Joseph Proudhon</a> izan zela.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhonek uste zuen konpetzentzia askeak <a href="/wiki/Monopolio" title="Monopolio">monopolioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Esplotazio_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Esplotazio (argipena)">esplotazioa</a> baino ez zituela ekartzen; aldi berean, indibiduoa kolektibitateari azpiratzen duten <a href="/wiki/Sozialismo" title="Sozialismo">sozialismoek</a> <a href="/wiki/Estatismo" title="Estatismo">estatismoan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Burokrazia" title="Burokrazia">burokrazian</a> bukatzen dute. Proudhonen proposamena langile elkarte federatuetan eta <a href="/wiki/Mutualismo" title="Mutualismo">mutualismoan</a> oinarritutako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sozialismoa_libertarioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sozialismoa libertarioa (sortu gabe)">sozialismo libertarioa</a> litzateke.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhonek ere jabegoaren auzia landu zuen, jabegoa lapurreta hutsa zela argudiatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, Proudhonen ikasle izan zena, pentsamendu anarkistaren beste figura garrantzitsuenetariko bat da, <a href="/wiki/Ekintza_zuzen" title="Ekintza zuzen">ekintza zuzenaren</a> teorilari nagusia. Bakuninen ustez iraultzak izaera negatiboa izan behar du, suntsitzailea, sorkuntza iraultzailearen jatorri dena. Aldi berean, Bakuninen ustez, anarkistek botere espresio guztien aurka egin behar zuten. Bakuninen planteamenduan <a href="/wiki/Nekazari" title="Nekazari">nekazariek</a> zeukaten garrantzi handia iraultzan, bere teoriak kutsu <a href="/wiki/Populismo" title="Populismo">populista</a> badauka.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin">Piotr Kropotkin</a> anarkista errusiarrak autoritate politikoaren premiarik gabeko gizartea teorizatu zuen: gizartea talde txikitan banatuko litzateke, denak elkar ezagutuko lukete eta onarrizko <a href="/wiki/Sentimendu" title="Sentimendu">sentimendu</a> batzuek kontrolatuko zuten jendea. Azkenik <a href="/wiki/Komunitate_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Komunitate (argipena)">komunitate</a> hauek harremanak sortuko lituzkete erkide handiagoak sortuz. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Espainian <a href="/wiki/Lanaren_Konfederazio_Nazionala" title="Lanaren Konfederazio Nazionala">CNT</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Iberiar_Federazio_Anarkista" title="Iberiar Federazio Anarkista">FAI</a> izan dira historikoki erakunde anarkista garrantzitsuenak, <a href="/wiki/Espainiako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila">Espainiako gerra zibilaren</a> garaian izan zuten haien susperraldia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faxismoa">Faxismoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Faxismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Faxismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Faxismo" title="Faxismo">Faxismoa</a> bere burua aurkezten du liberalismoa eta sozialismoaren arteko hirugarren bide gisa, faxistentzat bi sistema hauek galbideratutako ideologiak baino ez dira. Doktrina faxistak beraz, bere burua mundu bidegabe baten aurrean salbatzaile gisa aurkezten du <a href="/wiki/Irrazional_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Irrazional (argipena)">irrazionalismo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo">nazionalismo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo">totalitarismo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo">autoritarismoaz</a> baliatuta. Faxismoak <a href="/wiki/Klase-borroka" title="Klase-borroka">klaseen arteko antagonismoa</a> ukatzen du; nazioa ardatz, estatu aparatu agresibo eta indartsu bat eraikitzea proposatzen du. <sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mugimendu faxistak <a href="/wiki/Gerrarteko_garaia" title="Gerrarteko garaia">gerrarteko garaian</a> izan zuen bere gorakada, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussoliniren</a> <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> faxista eta bereiziki <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitlerren</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirugarren_Reicha" title="Hirugarren Reicha">Alemania Nazia</a> izan ziren erregimen faxista nabarmenak. Bi herrialde hauetan <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">lehenengo mundu gerra</a> eta gero sortutako ezinegona, hein handi batez <a href="/wiki/Langileen_mugimendu" title="Langileen mugimendu">langile mugimenduaren</a> aktibitate iraultzailea zela eta, eta bi herrialde hauetan gerrak kausatutako etsipena<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erabili zuten faxistek haien mugimenduak hauspotzeko. </p><p>Faxismoa, zenbait historialarien ustez, mugimendu esplizituki <a href="/wiki/Atzerakoi" title="Atzerakoi">erreakzionarioa</a> izan zen; eta beraz ezin dezakegu iraultza faxistaz hitz egin, faxismoa kapitalismoaren erreakzio extremoena litzateke. <sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsciren</a> ustez, faxismoa "zesarismo" deritzon fenomeno orokorraren baitan ulertu behar dugu. Zesarismoa bi indar politikoen borroka egoera katastrofiko baten aurrean sortzen den hirugarren bide bat irekitzen du, <a href="/wiki/Krisi" title="Krisi">krisiari</a> aterabidea emanez. Zesarismoa pertsonai karismatiko eta autoritario baten inguruan antolatu da historikoki. <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politika_zientziak">Politika zientziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Politika zientziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Politika zientziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Politika_zientziak" class="mw-redirect" title="Politika zientziak">Politika zientziak</a>»</div> <p>Politika zientzia <a href="/wiki/Gizarte-zientziak" title="Gizarte-zientziak">gizarte zientziak</a> taldean kokatzen dira eta, besteak beste, jarrera politiko eta sistema politikoen teoria, azterketa eta aurreikuspenak jorratzen ditu. </p><p>Gizarte zientzien artean nahiko berria da politika zientzia eta beste gizarte zientziak bezala, diziplina gisa mugatzeko zailtasunak ditu. Filosofia morala, filosofia politikoa, ekonomia politikoa, <a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">historia</a> bera, edo beste diziplina batzuen artean aurki ditzakegu zientzia politikoarekin ikerketa objektua banatzeko zailtasunak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politika_Euskal_Herrian">Politika Euskal Herrian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Politika Euskal Herrian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Politika Euskal Herrian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Ikus zerrenda: «<a href="/wiki/Zerrenda:Euskal_Herriko_alderdi_politikoak" title="Zerrenda:Euskal Herriko alderdi politikoak">Euskal Herriko alderdi politikoak</a>»</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?sarrera=politika&antzekoak=ez&option=com_hiztegianbilatu&view=frontpage&layout=aurreratua&Itemid=410&lang=eu&bila=bai">«Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia»</a> <i>www.euskaltzaindia.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-2015">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 145 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 43-44 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 20 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 154-155 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 54 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLiria,_Carlos_F._(Carlos_Fernández),">Liria, Carlos F. (Carlos Fernández),. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882915779"><i>Educación para la ciudadanía : democracia, capitalismo y estado de derecho. </i></a> (Quinta edición. argitaraldia), 95 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-460-3599-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-460-3599-2">978-84-460-3599-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=882915779">882915779</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643557942"><i>Diccionario Akal de filosofa̕. </i></a> Akal Ediciones 2004, 973 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-460-2600-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-460-2600-6">978-84-460-2600-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=643557942">643557942</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 64 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 62 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 65 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 202-203 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 199 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGramsci,_Antonio,_1891-1937">Gramsci, Antonio, 1891-1937.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1026157985"><i>Escritos : Antología. </i></a> Alianza Editorial, 258 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9104-710-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9104-710-0">978-84-9104-710-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1026157985">1026157985</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 279 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 149-150 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 308-309 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 310-311 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 167-168 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 288-289 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLiria,_Carlos_F._(Carlos_Fernández),">Liria, Carlos F. (Carlos Fernández),. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882915779"><i>Educación para la ciudadanía : democracia, capitalismo y estado de derecho. </i></a> (Quinta edición. argitaraldia), 113 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-460-3599-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-460-3599-2">978-84-460-3599-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=882915779">882915779</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 149-152 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRousseau,_Jean-Jacques,_1712-1778.">Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 1712-1778..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/434060003"><i>Gizarte-hitzarmena. </i></a> Klasikoak, 43-45 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-88303-63-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-88303-63-7">84-88303-63-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=434060003">434060003</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-24">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 156-157 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-25">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_25-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_25-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLefebvre,_Henri,_1901-1991">Lefebvre, Henri, 1901-1991.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949703438"><i>Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche : (o el reino de las sombras). </i></a> (2ª ed. argitaraldia) Siglo XXI, 9 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7">978-84-323-1789-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=949703438">949703438</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArnau_Navarro,_Juan.">Arnau Navarro, Juan..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879245957"><i>Manual de filosofía portátil. </i></a> Atalanta, 129 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-940941-9-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-940941-9-4">978-84-940941-9-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=879245957">879245957</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 392-393 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLefebvre,_Henri,_1901-1991">Lefebvre, Henri, 1901-1991.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949703438"><i>Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche : (o el reino de las sombras). </i></a> (2ª ed. argitaraldia) Siglo XXI, 13 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7">978-84-323-1789-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=949703438">949703438</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 394 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-30">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_30-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_30-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLefebvre,_Henri,_1901-1991">Lefebvre, Henri, 1901-1991.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949703438"><i>Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche : (o el reino de las sombras). </i></a> (2ª ed. argitaraldia) Siglo XXI, 14-15 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7">978-84-323-1789-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=949703438">949703438</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLefebvre,_Henri,_1901-1991">Lefebvre, Henri, 1901-1991.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949703438"><i>Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche : (o el reino de las sombras). </i></a> (2ª ed. argitaraldia) Siglo XXI, 17 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7">978-84-323-1789-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=949703438">949703438</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-32">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarx,_Karl,_1818-1883.">Marx, Karl, 1818-1883..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759178041"><i>Manifiesto comunista. </i></a> (2. ed. argitaraldia) Alianza Editorial, 103 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0">978-84-206-5500-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=759178041">759178041</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarx,_Karl,_1818-1883.">Marx, Karl, 1818-1883..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759178041"><i>Manifiesto comunista. </i></a> (2. ed. argitaraldia) Alianza Editorial, 49 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0">978-84-206-5500-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=759178041">759178041</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarcuse,_Herbert,_1898-1979.">Marcuse, Herbert, 1898-1979..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433533009"><i>Razón y revolución : [Hegel y el surgimiento de la teoría social</i></a><i>. </i>] Altaya, 285 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-487-0149-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-487-0149-6">84-487-0149-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=433533009">433533009</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGramsci,_Antonio,_1891-1937">Gramsci, Antonio, 1891-1937.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1026157985"><i>Escritos : Antología. </i></a> Alianza Editorial, 196-197 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9104-710-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9104-710-0">978-84-9104-710-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1026157985">1026157985</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTronti,_Mario,_1931-">Tronti, Mario, 1931-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107440359"><i>La autonomía de lo político. </i></a> Prometeo Libros, 18 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-987-574-952-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-987-574-952-8">978-987-574-952-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1107440359">1107440359</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGarcés,_Marina_1973-">Garcés, Marina 1973-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1008983456"><i>Filosofía inacabada. </i></a> (1ª ed. en este formato. argitaraldia) Galaxia Gutenberg, 220-221 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-16734-60-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-16734-60-3">978-84-16734-60-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1008983456">1008983456</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 424-425 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 159 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 162-163 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 66-67 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 156 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 158-160 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 165 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-45">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_45-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_45-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGausSchmidtz2018">Gaus, Shane D., Gerald, Courtland; Schmidtz, David.  (2018). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/liberalism/">«Liberalism»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 169 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-47">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_47-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_47-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 149 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 462 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-49">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarx,_Karl,_1818-1883.">Marx, Karl, 1818-1883..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759178041"><i>Manifiesto comunista. </i></a> (2. ed. argitaraldia) Alianza Editorial, 107-108 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0">978-84-206-5500-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=759178041">759178041</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarx,_Karl,_1818-1883.">Marx, Karl, 1818-1883..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759178041"><i>Manifiesto comunista. </i></a> (2. ed. argitaraldia) Alianza Editorial, 104 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0">978-84-206-5500-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=759178041">759178041</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarx,_Karl,_1818-1883.">Marx, Karl, 1818-1883..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759178041"><i>Manifiesto comunista. </i></a> (2. ed. argitaraldia) Alianza Editorial, 69 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-206-5500-0">978-84-206-5500-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=759178041">759178041</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLefebvre,_Henri,_1901-1991">Lefebvre, Henri, 1901-1991.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949703438"><i>Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche : (o el reino de las sombras). </i></a> (2ª ed. argitaraldia) Siglo XXI, 122 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-323-1789-7">978-84-323-1789-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=949703438">949703438</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/sartre-p/">«Sartre’s Political Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy»</a> <i>www.iep.utm.edu</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDebord,_Guy,_1931-1994">Debord, Guy, 1931-1994.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51939402"><i>La sociedad del espectáculo. </i></a> (2a ed. argitaraldia) Pre-Textos, 150 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-8191-442-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-8191-442-8">84-8191-442-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=51939402">51939402</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 553 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 480-482 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 486-487 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 167 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 490-492 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArrieta_Urtizberea,_Agustín,_1962-">Arrieta Urtizberea, Agustín, 1962-.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010849900"><i>Filosofiarako sarrera bat. </i></a> Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 148 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-9082-285-9">84-9082-285-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1010849900">1010849900</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-61">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiner,_Salvador.">Giner, Salvador..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12133198"><i>Historia del pensamiento social. </i></a> (3a ed. ampliada y rev. argitaraldia) Ariel, 642-643 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-344-1675-1">84-344-1675-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12133198">12133198</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGramsci,_Antonio,_1891-1937">Gramsci, Antonio, 1891-1937.  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1026157985"><i>Escritos : Antología. </i></a> Alianza Editorial, 390 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9104-710-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9104-710-0">978-84-9104-710-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1026157985">1026157985</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-04-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politika_zientzia" title="Politika zientzia">Zientzia politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soziologia_politiko" title="Soziologia politiko">Soziologia politikoa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236165">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7163">Q7163</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics">Politics</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q7163%22">Q7163</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikiesanak" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Aipu famatuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://eu.wikiquote.org/wiki/Politika" class="extiw" title="q:Politika">Politika</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4576319">XX4576319</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046514-7">4046514-7</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002011436">sh2002011436</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570482">00570482</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115795">ph115795</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300055537">300055537</a></span></li> <li><b>Bilduma digitalak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Virtual_de_Prensa_Hist%C3%B3rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica (sortu gabe)">BVPH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/consulta_aut/registro.cmd?id=1009887">1009887</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011057">D011057</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7163">Q7163</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics">Politics</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q7163%22">Q7163</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikiesanak" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Aipu famatuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://eu.wikiquote.org/wiki/Politika" class="extiw" title="q:Politika">Politika</a></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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