CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="095b91a6-f087-4380-b01d-e44b1c2af358" data-blockingmode="auto" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-XYTVD2CXR4"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-XYTVD2CXR4'); </script> <title>Communications of the ACM</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.parsely.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Communications of the ACM » Feed" href="https://cacm.acm.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Communications of the ACM » Comments Feed" href="https://cacm.acm.org/comments/feed/" /> <style class="wp-asset-manager cacm-global-critical" type="text/css">@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;src:url(../be7cb18dc7caf47cf7e9.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../817c4274293e221c5076.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(../54321e26b8bf4739a16d.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../7ad0df5561cc0933cead.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:url(../2dd7c3c79fd1aa1d85ca.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../9a8cbe3b3bec955df411.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(../ab8702255905c24de1c1.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../9ab52d2504cfe145b9bd.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:Work Sans;font-style:normal;font-weight:800;src:url(../cef488e4e9f273a0a1e3.woff2) format("woff2"),url(../a99bf2b51c426338ae2c.woff) format("woff")}html{box-sizing:border-box}html *,html :after,html :before{box-sizing:inherit}a,abbr,address,article,aside,audio,b,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,em,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,object,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,u,ul,var,video{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,menu,nav,section{display:block}ol,ul{list-style:none}blockquote,q{quotes:none}blockquote:after,blockquote:before,q:after,q:before{content:"";content:none}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}fieldset{border:none;margin:0;padding:0}button,input,select,textarea{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border:0;border-radius:0;font:inherit;margin:0}button{background-color:transparent;padding:0}body,html{font-family:var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}html{scroll-padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)!important}body{overflow-x:hidden}a img{display:block}img{height:auto;max-width:100%}svg{display:block}.container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:calc(min(100%,var(--wp--style--global--wide-size) + var(--wp--custom--site-edge)*2) - var(--wp--custom--site-edge)*2)}.screen-reader-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;width:1px}.screen-reader-only,.skip-link{overflow:hidden;position:absolute}.skip-link{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);color:inherit;left:0;opacity:0;padding:.625rem;right:0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;top:0;transform:translateY(-100%);width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;z-index:-1}.skip-link:focus{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);z-index:2147483647}.site-content{padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)}@media(min-width:48rem){.site-content{padding-top:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height)}}.site-header-hamburger-menu[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}.site-header-membership-nav{align-self:stretch;display:flex;position:relative}.site-header--expanded .site-header-membership-nav,.site-header:not(.site-header--member-logged-in) .site-header-membership-nav{display:none}.site-header{position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:7}.site-header--expanded{height:100%}.site-header--no-js{opacity:0}.site-header.headroom{transition:transform .2s linear;will-change:transform}.site-header.headroom--pinned{transform:translateY(0)}.site-header.headroom--unpinned{height:auto;transform:translateY(-100%)}.site-header-container{align-items:center;background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);border-bottom:var(--wp--custom--border-gray);display:flex;gap:1rem;height:var(--wp--custom--siteheader-height);justify-content:space-between;padding:0 1rem}.site-header-container a{text-decoration:none}.site-header-container a:active,.site-header-container a:focus,.site-header-container a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2.5px}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.site-header-container{padding:0 1.5rem}}@media(min-width:48rem){.site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.site-header-container{gap:2.25rem}}@media(min-width:80rem){.site-header-container{gap:3rem}}.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1rem}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-container{padding:0 0 0 1.5rem}}.site-header--expanded .site-header-container{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue)}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-logo,.site-header-search{margin-left:auto}}.site-header-member-login-link{font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-bold)}.site-header-member-login-link[aria-hidden=true]{visibility:hidden}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-member-login-link{display:none}}.site-header--member-logged-in .site-header-member-login-link{display:none}.site-header-magazine-menu,.site-header-topics-menu{position:relative}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle{font-size:.9375rem;font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-regular);line-height:1.21;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;gap:.3333333333rem}@media(min-width:80rem){.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle{font-size:1rem;font-weight:var(--wp--custom--font-weight-regular);line-height:1.21;gap:.65625rem}}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle[aria-hidden=true],.site-header-topics-menu-toggle[aria-hidden=true]{visibility:hidden}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true]>svg,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true]>svg{transform:rotate(180deg)}.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle:focus,.site-header-magazine-menu-toggle:hover,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle:focus,.site-header-topics-menu-toggle:hover{text-decoration:underline}.site-header-magazine-menu-expanded,.site-header-topics-menu-expanded{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);border-radius:.3125rem;box-shadow:0 .125rem .25rem -.125rem rgba(24,39,75,.12),0 .25rem .25rem -.125rem rgba(24,39,75,.08);display:flex;gap:1.875rem;justify-content:space-between;padding:1.75rem 1.875rem 1.5rem;position:absolute;right:0;text-align:left;top:2.28125rem;white-space:nowrap;z-index:4}.site-header-magazine-menu-expanded[aria-hidden=true],.site-header-topics-menu-expanded[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}@media(max-width:47.9375rem){.site-header-magazine-menu,.site-header-topics-menu{display:none}}.site-header:not(.site-header--member-logged-in) .site-header-topics-menu-expanded{left:0;right:auto}</style><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/inter-v12-latin-regular.woff2" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-inter-regular-woff2" as="font" media="all" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/inter-v12-latin-700.woff2" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-inter-700-woff2" as="font" media="all" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/work-sans-bold.woff2?ver=1.0.0" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-work-sans-700-woff2" as="style" media="all" type="font/woff2" /><link rel="preload" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/src/fonts/work-sans-extrabold.woff2?ver=1.0.0" class="wp-asset-manager cacm-font-work-sans-800-woff2" as="style" media="all" type="font/woff2" /><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/cacm.acm.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://cacm.acm.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-parsely-recommendations-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .parsely-recommendations-list-title{font-size:1.2em}.parsely-recommendations-list{list-style:none;padding:unset}.parsely-recommendations-cardbody{overflow:hidden;padding:.8em;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.parsely-recommendations-cardmedia{padding:.8em .8em 0} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://cacm.acm.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://cacm.acm.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='elasticpress-facet-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .widget_ep-facet input[type=search],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[type=search]{margin-bottom:1rem}.widget_ep-facet .searchable .inner,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .searchable .inner{max-height:20em;overflow:scroll}.widget_ep-facet .term.hide,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term.hide{display:none}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term{opacity:.5;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term:after,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term:after{bottom:0;content:" ";display:block;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:2}.widget_ep-facet .level-1,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-1{padding-left:20px}.widget_ep-facet .level-2,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-2{padding-left:40px}.widget_ep-facet .level-3,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-3{padding-left:60px}.widget_ep-facet .level-4,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-4{padding-left:5pc}.widget_ep-facet .level-5,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-5{padding-left:75pt}.widget_ep-facet input[disabled],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[disabled]{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.widget_ep-facet .term a,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox{background-color:#ccc}.ep-checkbox{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;-ms-flex-negative:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;align-items:center;background-color:#eee;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;height:1em;justify-content:center;margin-right:.25em;width:1em}.ep-checkbox:after{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 .125em .125em 0;content:"";display:none;height:.5em;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:.25em}.ep-checkbox.checked{background-color:#5e5e5e}.ep-checkbox.checked:after{display:block} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elasticpress-related-posts-block-css' href='https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/mu-plugins/search/elasticpress/dist/css/related-posts-block-styles.min.css?ver=4.2.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue: #337AB5;--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue: #015FAC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue: #1E4A88;--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue: #29303C;--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue: #B6DEFF;--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach: #F7ACA5;--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige: #F5F2DC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown: #8C6A54;--wp--preset--color--cacm-green: #5F7D05;--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green: #EFF7F1;--wp--preset--color--cacm-black: #141414;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100: #FBFCFC;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200: #F8F9FA;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300: #EBEDEF;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500: #A9ACB1;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600: #5A6875;--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700: #3D4550;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--primary-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, #80C2EF 0%, #337AB5 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxs: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm: 25px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg: 33px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl: 37px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxl: 41px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxl: 48px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxs: 15px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-sm: 24px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-lg: 32px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xl: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxl: 41px;--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxl: 47px;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: 'Inter', helvetica, arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', helvetica, arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--custom--adminbar-height: 0px;--wp--custom--siteheader-height: 72px;--wp--custom--site-edge: 20px;--wp--custom--gap: 40px;--wp--custom--gap-half: calc(var(--wp--custom--gap) / 2);--wp--custom--section-background-color: transparent;--wp--custom--placeholder-background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200);--wp--custom--vertical-block-rhythm: 40px;--wp--custom--border-gray: 1px solid var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300);--wp--custom--font-weight-regular: 400;--wp--custom--font-weight-medium: 500;--wp--custom--font-weight-bold: 700;--wp--custom--font-weight-extrabold: 900;}.wp-block-heading{--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm: 25px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-md: 28px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg: 33px;--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl: 41px;}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 1280px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1280px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-cacm-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-link-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-dark-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-dark-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-darker-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-darker-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-light-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-blue) !important;}.has-cacm-peach-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-peach) !important;}.has-cacm-beige-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-beige) !important;}.has-cacm-brown-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-brown) !important;}.has-cacm-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-green) !important;}.has-cacm-light-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-light-green) !important;}.has-cacm-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-black) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-100) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-200-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-300-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-300) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-500) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-600-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-600) !important;}.has-cacm-gray-700-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-700) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-primary-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--primary-gradient) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-work-xxxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxs) !important;}.has-work-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs) !important;}.has-work-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs) !important;}.has-work-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm) !important;}.has-work-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-md) !important;}.has-work-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg) !important;}.has-work-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl) !important;}.has-work-xxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxl) !important;}.has-work-xxxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxxl) !important;}.has-inter-xxxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxs) !important;}.has-inter-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxs) !important;}.has-inter-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xs) !important;}.has-inter-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-sm) !important;}.has-inter-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-md) !important;}.has-inter-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-lg) !important;}.has-inter-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xl) !important;}.has-inter-xxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxl) !important;}.has-inter-xxxl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--inter-xxxl) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xxs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xxs) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xs-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xs) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-sm-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-sm) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-md-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-md) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-lg-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-lg) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-work-xl-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--work-xl) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='qm-object-cache-style-css' href='https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/mu-plugins/qm-plugins/qm-object-cache/css/style.css?ver=0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cacm-global-css' href='https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/css/global.min.css?ver=6f460684b3d49b0b7b10' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cacm-homepage-css' href='https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/css/homepage.min.css?ver=bcc7e0e37b959c3edd09' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://cacm.acm.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.1" /> <style> .getty.aligncenter { text-align: center; } .getty.alignleft { float: none; margin-right: 0; } .getty.alignleft > div { float: left; margin-right: 5px; } .getty.alignright { float: none; margin-left: 0; } .getty.alignright > div { float: right; margin-left: 5px; } </style> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Communications of the ACM","url":"https:\/\/cacm.acm.org"}</script><link rel="icon" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=32" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=192" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=180" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cropped-cropped-cacm_favicon-1.png?w=270" /> </head> <body class="home blog hfeed single-homepage"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" focusable="false" height="0" role="none" style="left:-9999px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0"><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 18 12"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 6a.643.643 0 0 1-.643.643H2.196l4.046 4.044a.644.644 0 0 1-.91.91L.188 6.456a.643.643 0 0 1 0-.91L5.33.402a.644.644 0 1 1 .91.91L2.197 5.358h15.161A.643.643 0 0 1 18 6Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 14 9"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 4.5A.5.5 0 0 1 .5 4h11.793L9.146.854a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708l4 4a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-4 4a.5.5 0 1 1-.708-.708L12.293 5H.5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-comment" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.781 1.542a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v11.876a.693.693 0 0 0 .693.693h2.375c.273 0 .494.221.494.494v2.574l3.96-2.97a.494.494 0 0 1 .296-.098h8.313a.693.693 0 0 0 .693-.694V2.236a.693.693 0 0 0-.693-.693H1.78ZM.592 1.046a1.681 1.681 0 0 1 1.19-.492h15.437A1.681 1.681 0 0 1 18.9 2.235v11.876a1.681 1.681 0 0 1-1.681 1.681H9.07l-4.618 3.464a.494.494 0 0 1-.79-.396v-3.068H1.78A1.682 1.682 0 0 1 .1 14.111V2.235c0-.446.177-.873.492-1.189Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-digital-library" viewBox="43 0 40 40"><g clip-path="url(#a)"> <path d="m95.468 15.585-1.58 1.579c-.262.263-.584.41-.964.41h-6.813V4.707h6.813c.38 0 .702.146.965.409l1.579 1.579c.263.263.41.585.41.965v6.959c0 .38-.118.702-.41.965zm-1.9-7.544c0-.088-.03-.205-.118-.263l-.76-.76c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117H88.42v8.45h4.006c.117 0 .205-.03.263-.117l.76-.76a.357.357 0 0 0 .117-.264V8.04zm5.877 9.532v-2.047h2.309V6.754h-2.31V4.708h6.93v2.046h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.047h-6.93zm19.853 0-.292-1.637-1.228 1.228c-.263.263-.585.41-.965.41h-3.918c-.38 0-.702-.147-.965-.41l-1.579-1.58a1.326 1.326 0 0 1-.409-.964V7.66c0-.38.146-.7.409-.964l1.579-1.579c.263-.263.585-.41.965-.41h5c.38 0 .701.147.965.41l1.666 1.667-1.549 1.55-1.316-1.316c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.006c-.117 0-.205.029-.263.117l-.761.76a.36.36 0 0 0-.117.263v6.199c0 .088.03.204.117.263l.761.76c.087.088.146.117.263.117h3.041c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l1.754-1.754c.088-.088.117-.146.117-.263v-.995h-3.187V10.06h5.497v4.97l.497 2.573h-2.076v-.029zm5.38 0v-2.047h2.31V6.754h-2.31V4.708h6.93v2.046h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.047h-6.93zM140.029 6.9v10.644h-2.31V6.9h-3.713V4.708h9.737V6.9h-3.714zm14.299 10.673-1.229-3.216h-5.117l-1.228 3.216h-2.31l4.767-12.865h2.748l4.708 12.865h-2.339zm-3.772-10.38-1.784 5.088h3.567l-1.783-5.088zM160 17.573V4.708h2.31V15.35h6.316v2.193H160v.03zM86.111 35.41V22.543h2.31v10.643h6.316v2.193H86.11v.03zm11.813 0v-2.047h2.31V24.59h-2.31v-2.047h6.93v2.047h-2.31v8.772h2.31v2.046h-6.93zm20.497-1.638-1.257 1.257a1.28 1.28 0 0 1-.936.38h-7.164V22.544h7.164c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.409.585.409.965v1.755c0 .38-.146.701-.409.965l-1.111 1.11 1.111 1.112c.263.263.409.584.409.965v1.783c0 .322-.146.673-.409.936zm-1.901-8.216c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.264l-.439-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.129h3.86c.088 0 .205-.03.263-.117l.877-.878c.088-.087.117-.146.117-.263v-1.052h.029zm0 5.789c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.263l-.936-.936c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-3.831v3.158h4.328c.087 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.439-.438c.087-.088.116-.147.116-.264v-1.023zm14.65 4.065-3.802-4.884a.402.402 0 0 0-.321-.175h-1.404v5.058h-2.31V22.544h7.164c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.409.585.409.965v2.544c0 .38-.146.702-.409.965l-1.257 1.257c-.263.263-.556.38-.936.38h-.468l3.977 5.059h-2.836v.058zm-.381-9.854c0-.117-.029-.205-.116-.264l-.439-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.392h4.328c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.439-.41c.087-.087.116-.146.116-.263v-1.783zm15.117 9.854-1.228-3.217h-5.117l-1.228 3.216h-2.31l4.766-12.865h2.749l4.708 12.865h-2.34zm-3.772-10.38-1.783 5.087h3.538l-1.755-5.088zm17.106 10.38-3.801-4.884a.405.405 0 0 0-.322-.175h-1.404v5.058h-2.309V22.544h7.163c.38 0 .673.146.936.38l1.257 1.257c.263.263.41.585.41.965v2.544c0 .38-.147.702-.41.965l-1.257 1.257c-.263.263-.556.38-.936.38h-.468l3.977 5.059h-2.836v.058zm-.41-9.854c0-.117-.029-.205-.117-.264l-.438-.438c-.088-.088-.146-.117-.263-.117h-4.328v3.392h4.328c.117 0 .204-.03.263-.117l.438-.41c.088-.087.117-.146.117-.263v-1.783zm11.696 4.152v5.672h-2.31v-5.672l-4.356-7.164h2.514l3.012 5 2.982-5h2.486l-4.328 7.164zM12.193 26.199 7.485 13.363H4.737L0 26.199h2.31l1.199-3.216h5.117l1.199 3.216h2.368zm-4.327-5.263h-3.54l1.784-5.088 1.755 5.088zm15.818 3.187-1.55-1.55-1.315 1.316c-.088.088-.146.117-.263.117h-3.188c-.116 0-.204-.03-.263-.117l-.76-.76a.357.357 0 0 1-.117-.264v-6.17c0-.087.03-.204.117-.262l.76-.76c.088-.088.146-.117.263-.117h3.188c.116 0 .204.029.263.117l1.316 1.315 1.55-1.55-1.668-1.666a1.326 1.326 0 0 0-.964-.41H16.87c-.38 0-.701.147-.965.41l-1.579 1.579a1.326 1.326 0 0 0-.409.965v6.959c0 .38.146.702.41.965l1.578 1.579c.264.263.585.41.965.41h4.182c.38 0 .701-.147.964-.41l1.667-1.696zm15.79 2.076V13.363h-3.538l-3.041 9.941-3.041-9.941h-3.538v12.836h2.251V15.994L31.696 26.2h2.398l3.128-10.205V26.2h2.252zM58.246 3.421l-5.351-1.403-1.404 5.35 3.86-1.052 2.895-2.895zm-4.474 4.532-7.72 2.106 1.17 4.385 6.55-6.49zm26.17 6.988 1.432-5.467-5.35-1.375 1.081 4.065 2.837 2.777zm-33.1 10.205-1.433 5.38 5.351 1.375-1.052-3.89-2.866-2.865zM73.333 2.66 68.89 3.89l6.579 6.579-2.135-7.807zm-.409 29.416 7.836-2.134-1.228-4.474-6.608 6.608zM68.45 36.55l5.468 1.433 1.404-5.351-4.065 1.081-2.807 2.837zm-15 .79 4.386-1.17-6.462-6.492 2.076 7.661zm26.2-13.656L83.332 20 71.637 8.304l-4.561-4.561L63.333 0l-6.52 6.52-9.708 9.708L43.333 20l6.58 6.579 9.707 9.707L63.333 40l6.492-6.491 9.824-9.825zm-16.434-.643c0 .35-.117.672-.38.906l-1.491 1.492c-.263.263-.556.38-.906.38h-6.462V13.626h6.462c.35 0 .672.117.906.38l1.491 1.491c.263.263.38.556.38.907v6.637zm3.597-9.415h2.193v10.117H75v2.076h-8.187V13.626z"></path> <path d="M60.205 15.819a.37.37 0 0 0-.264-.117h-3.8v8.04h3.8c.117 0 .176-.029.264-.116l.701-.702c.059-.088.117-.175.117-.263v-5.877a.357.357 0 0 0-.117-.264l-.701-.701z"></path> </g><defs> <clipPath id="a"> <path d="M0 0h174.854v40H0z"></path> </clipPath> </defs></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-pdf-download" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.781 1.542a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v13.063a.693.693 0 0 0 .693.694h4.75a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988h-4.75A1.682 1.682 0 0 1 .1 15.298V2.235A1.681 1.681 0 0 1 1.78.554h8.415c.446 0 .873.177 1.188.492l2.274 2.274c.315.315.492.743.492 1.188v2.477a.494.494 0 1 1-.988 0V4.508a.694.694 0 0 0-.203-.49m0 0-2.273-2.273a.694.694 0 0 0-.49-.203H1.78m11.875 8.312a4.256 4.256 0 1 0 0 8.512 4.256 4.256 0 0 0 0-8.512Zm-5.244 4.257a5.244 5.244 0 1 1 10.488 0 5.244 5.244 0 0 1-10.488 0Zm5.244-2.87c.273 0 .494.222.494.495v3.557l.938-.938a.494.494 0 0 1 .699.698l-1.782 1.782a.494.494 0 0 1-.698 0l-1.781-1.782a.494.494 0 0 1 .698-.698l.938.938v-3.557c0-.273.221-.495.494-.495Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-print" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.344 1.541a.693.693 0 0 0-.694.693v3.069h9.7V2.234a.693.693 0 0 0-.694-.693H5.344Zm9.994 3.762V2.234A1.681 1.681 0 0 0 13.656.553H5.344a1.681 1.681 0 0 0-1.682 1.681v3.069h-1.88A1.682 1.682 0 0 0 .1 6.984v5.938a1.682 1.682 0 0 0 1.681 1.681h1.881v4.257c0 .272.221.494.494.494h10.688a.494.494 0 0 0 .494-.494v-4.256h1.88a1.682 1.682 0 0 0 1.682-1.682V6.984a1.681 1.681 0 0 0-1.681-1.681h-1.881ZM1.78 6.291a.693.693 0 0 0-.693.693v5.938a.694.694 0 0 0 .693.694h1.881v-3.069c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h10.688c.273 0 .494.221.494.494v3.069h1.88a.694.694 0 0 0 .694-.694V6.984a.693.693 0 0 0-.693-.693H1.78Zm12.569 4.75h-9.7v7.325h9.7V11.04ZM2.475 8.172c0-.273.22-.494.494-.494h1.187a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H2.97a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Zm3.562 4.75c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h5.938a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H6.53a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Zm0 2.375c0-.273.221-.494.494-.494h4.157a.494.494 0 1 1 0 .988H6.53a.494.494 0 0 1-.494-.494Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-share" viewBox="0 0 19 18"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.844 1.73a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 0 4.949 2.475 2.475 0 0 0 0-4.95ZM11.38 4.203a3.463 3.463 0 1 1 .447 1.703L7.531 7.58a3.473 3.473 0 0 1-.087 1.873l4.555 2.278a3.463 3.463 0 1 1-.442.883L7 10.335a3.463 3.463 0 1 1 .171-3.677l4.298-1.671a3.473 3.473 0 0 1-.089-.783Zm1.242 8.407a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 4.441 2.187 2.475 2.475 0 0 0-4.44-2.187ZM4.156 5.886a2.475 2.475 0 1 0 0 4.95 2.475 2.475 0 0 0 0-4.95Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-bookmark" viewBox="0 0 13 19"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.05.948c-.293-.32-.7-.494-1.114-.494H2.007c-.421 0-.821.175-1.121.494a1.73 1.73 0 0 0-.457 1.186v15.488c0 .198.05.388.142.563.1.167.236.304.408.395a.89.89 0 0 0 .535.122.956.956 0 0 0 .522-.19l2.464-1.84h.007l1.964-1.459 1.958 1.46h.014l2.464 1.839c.15.114.329.182.522.19a.89.89 0 0 0 .535-.122 1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .4-.395c.1-.175.15-.365.15-.563V2.134c0-.449-.164-.874-.464-1.186ZM3.771 16.011 1.5 17.7s-.029.015-.05.022c-.014 0-.029-.007-.043-.015-.021-.008-.028-.023-.043-.038-.007-.015-.007-.03-.007-.053V2.134a.74.74 0 0 1 .186-.494.639.639 0 0 1 .464-.198h1.764v14.57Zm4.465-.691-1.5-1.125a.462.462 0 0 0-.536 0L4.7 15.32V1.442h3.536V15.32Zm3.35 2.378v-.053s-.015.015-.015.023a.089.089 0 0 1-.035.038c-.015 0-.036.015-.05.015-.015-.007-.036-.007-.05-.023l-2.272-1.687V1.442h1.772c.171 0 .335.069.457.198a.747.747 0 0 1 .193.494v15.564Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-bookmarked" viewBox="0 0 17 25"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.27.65C15.86.23 15.29 0 14.71 0H2.21A2.201 2.201 0 0 0 0 2.21v20.38c0 .26.07.51.2.74.14.22.33.4.57.52.23.13.49.18.75.16.26-.01.51-.1.73-.25l3.45-2.42h.01l1.15-.8 1.6-1.12 1.6 1.12 1.14.8h.02l3.45 2.42c.21.15.46.24.73.25.26.02.52-.03.75-.16.23-.12.43-.3.56-.52.14-.23.21-.48.21-.74V2.21c0-.59-.23-1.15-.65-1.56ZM4.68 20.47 1.5 22.69s-.04.02-.07.03c-.02 0-.04-.01-.06-.02-.03-.01-.04-.03-.06-.05V2.21c0-.24.09-.47.26-.65.17-.17.41-.26.65-.26h2.47v19.17h-.01Zm10.94 2.22v-.07s-.02.02-.02.03a.12.12 0 0 1-.05.05c-.02 0-.05.02-.07.02-.02-.01-.05-.01-.07-.03l-3.18-2.22V1.3h2.48a.9.9 0 0 1 .64.26c.17.18.27.41.27.65v20.48Z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m23 21.85-6.145-6.146a8.966 8.966 0 1 0-1.151 1.15L21.849 23 23 21.85ZM2.656 9.98a7.324 7.324 0 1 1 7.324 7.324A7.332 7.332 0 0 1 2.656 9.98Z" fill="#015FAC"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"><path d="M48.75 24c0 13.255-10.745 24-24 24s-24-10.745-24-24 10.745-24 24-24 24 10.745 24 24Z" fill="#fff"></path><path d="m24.998 9-15 15 15 15 15-15-15-15Z" fill="#027BA3"></path><path d="M34.196 24A9.195 9.195 0 0 1 25 33.196 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 15.804 24 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 25 14.804 9.195 9.195 0 0 1 34.196 24Z" fill="#fff"></path><path d="M33.28 24A8.275 8.275 0 0 1 25 32.275 8.275 8.275 0 0 1 16.72 24c0-4.57 3.705-8.28 8.28-8.28A8.276 8.276 0 0 1 33.28 24Z" fill="#027BA3"></path><path d="M20.18 25.613c-.084.07-.163.133-.23.191a1.641 1.641 0 0 1-.596.292c-.104.025-.25.041-.441.041-.35 0-.642-.116-.875-.354a1.219 1.219 0 0 1-.35-.891c0-.296.058-.534.175-.717.116-.183.287-.325.508-.433.225-.109.492-.184.804-.225.313-.042.646-.075 1.004-.1v-.021c0-.221-.083-.371-.241-.454-.163-.084-.405-.125-.73-.125-.145 0-.316.025-.512.079s-.388.12-.571.204h-.104v-.967c.12-.037.32-.079.596-.125.275-.05.55-.075.829-.075.687 0 1.187.117 1.5.342.312.23.47.575.47 1.046v2.712h-1.241v-.42h.004Zm0-.621v-.825c-.21.02-.38.041-.505.054-.13.017-.258.046-.38.091a.561.561 0 0 0-.253.171.488.488 0 0 0-.088.305c0 .187.05.312.15.383.1.07.246.104.442.104a.802.802 0 0 0 .329-.075c.113-.05.212-.12.304-.208ZM24.154 26.137c-.329 0-.633-.041-.904-.125a1.897 1.897 0 0 1-.712-.383c-.2-.17-.355-.387-.467-.65a2.336 2.336 0 0 1-.167-.925c0-.379.058-.704.183-.97.121-.267.284-.488.492-.659.2-.167.433-.288.7-.367a2.98 2.98 0 0 1 1.504-.046c.221.05.442.134.667.242v1.067h-.158c-.05-.046-.113-.1-.184-.154a1.673 1.673 0 0 0-.237-.159 1.349 1.349 0 0 0-.683-.175c-.317 0-.563.109-.738.33-.175.22-.262.516-.262.891 0 .4.091.696.279.892.187.196.433.296.741.296.155 0 .296-.017.413-.055a1.27 1.27 0 0 0 .517-.28c.058-.049.112-.099.154-.14h.158v1.062l-.246.108a2.925 2.925 0 0 1-.629.175 2.776 2.776 0 0 1-.417.026h-.004ZM30.867 26.033v-1.991c0-.196 0-.363-.013-.496a1.102 1.102 0 0 0-.062-.33.386.386 0 0 0-.167-.187.715.715 0 0 0-.317-.058.665.665 0 0 0-.279.062 1.99 1.99 0 0 0-.304.175v2.83h-1.242v-1.992c0-.192 0-.358-.012-.496a1 1 0 0 0-.067-.333.386.386 0 0 0-.166-.188.707.707 0 0 0-.313-.058c-.1 0-.2.025-.3.07-.096.05-.192.105-.283.167v2.83H26.1v-3.984h1.242v.438c.204-.175.396-.309.575-.405a1.27 1.27 0 0 1 .604-.145c.246 0 .458.058.642.175.183.116.325.287.42.516.238-.22.467-.391.675-.512.213-.121.425-.18.642-.18.183 0 .35.03.496.088.146.058.27.146.37.267.113.129.197.279.25.454.055.175.084.408.084.692v2.596h-1.242l.009-.005Z" fill="#fff"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-logo" viewBox="30.79 34.55 548.86 88.05"><path d="M54.75 71.41c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2H39.52c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2H51.9c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.23 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm44.5-4.68-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2H76.83c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h14.89c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.68 4.68c.8.8 1.2 1.77 1.2 2.85v20.6c0 1.08-.4 2.05-1.2 2.85zM93.6 44.42c0-.29-.11-.57-.34-.8l-2.23-2.23c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H78.31c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.23 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h11.92c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.23-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V44.42zm50.44 28.19V42.37l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V34.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5V72.6h-6.67zm52.65 0V42.37l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V34.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5V72.6h-6.67zm46.66-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-11.47c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85V34.55h6.85v28.18c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.23 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h8.5c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.23-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V34.55h6.85v29.33c-.01 1.08-.41 2.05-1.21 2.85zm32.69 5.88-12.55-29.5v29.5h-6.67V34.55h9.7l12.55 29.5v-29.5h6.67V72.6h-9.7zm20.82 0v-6.05h6.85V40.6h-6.85v-6.05h20.54v6.05h-6.85v25.96h6.85v6.05h-20.54zm53.46-1.2c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-12.38c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h12.38c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-9.41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.11.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm39.47 1.2-3.59-9.53h-15.18l-3.6 9.53h-6.85l14.09-38.05h8.1l13.98 38.05h-6.95zm-11.18-30.7-5.25 15.06h10.5l-5.25-15.06zm35.94-.85v31.55h-6.85V41.06h-11.01v-6.5h28.87v6.5h-11.01zm19.27 31.55v-6.05h6.85V40.6h-6.85v-6.05h20.54v6.05h-6.85v25.96h6.85v6.05h-20.54zm61.89-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-14.89c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h14.89c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.68 4.68c.8.8 1.2 1.77 1.2 2.85v20.6c0 1.08-.4 2.05-1.2 2.85zm-5.64-22.31c0-.29-.11-.57-.34-.8l-2.22-2.23c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-11.92c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.12.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h11.92c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.22-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8V44.42zm37.65 28.19-12.55-29.5v29.5h-6.68V34.55h9.7l12.55 29.5v-29.5h6.68V72.6h-9.7zm50.72-5.88-4.68 4.68c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-15.92c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.85-4.85 4.56-4.62 3.82 3.82c.23.23.46.34.8.34h12.95c.34 0 .57-.11.8-.34l2.22-2.23c.23-.23.34-.51.34-.8v-3.65c0-.57-.51-1.08-1.08-1.14l-20.48-2.74c-2.23-.29-3.94-2.28-3.94-4.45v-7.47c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h15.92c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.85 4.85-4.56 4.62-3.82-3.82c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34H557.5c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v3.65c0 .57.46 1.08 1.03 1.14l20.54 2.74c2.22.29 3.94 2.28 3.94 4.45v7.47c-.01 1.08-.41 2.05-1.21 2.85zM263.05 90.51l-.88.88c-.15.15-.33.22-.54.22h-2.79a.79.79 0 0 1-.54-.22l-.88-.88a.732.732 0 0 1-.22-.54v-3.86c0-.2.07-.38.22-.54l.88-.88c.15-.15.33-.22.54-.22h2.79c.2 0 .39.07.54.22l.88.88c.15.15.22.33.22.54v3.86c0 .2-.07.39-.22.54zm-1.06-4.19a.22.22 0 0 0-.06-.15l-.42-.42a.204.204 0 0 0-.15-.06h-2.24c-.06 0-.11.02-.15.06l-.42.42a.22.22 0 0 0-.06.15v3.43c0 .05.02.11.06.15l.42.42c.04.04.09.06.15.06h2.24c.06 0 .11-.02.15-.06l.42-.42c.04-.04.06-.1.06-.15v-3.43zm5.41 2.33v2.96h-1.28v-7.13h4.78v1.22h-3.5v1.73h3.5v1.22h-3.5zm12.04-2.96v5.92h-1.28v-5.92h-2.06v-1.22h5.41v1.22h-2.07zm8.45 5.92v-2.96h-2.86v2.96h-1.28v-7.13h1.28v2.95h2.86v-2.95h1.28v7.13h-1.28zm4.43 0v-7.13h4.78v1.22h-3.5v1.73h3.5v1.22h-3.5v1.74h3.5v1.22h-4.78zm30.16 30.99-3.59-9.53h-15.18l-3.59 9.53h-6.85l14.09-38.05h8.1l13.98 38.05h-6.96zM311.3 91.91l-5.25 15.06h10.5l-5.25-15.06zm49.12 29.49c-.8.8-1.77 1.2-2.85 1.2h-12.38c-1.08 0-2.05-.4-2.85-1.2l-4.68-4.68c-.8-.8-1.2-1.77-1.2-2.85v-20.6c0-1.08.4-2.05 1.2-2.85l4.68-4.68c.8-.8 1.77-1.2 2.85-1.2h12.38c1.08 0 2.05.4 2.85 1.2l4.96 4.96-4.62 4.56-3.88-3.88c-.23-.23-.46-.34-.8-.34h-9.41c-.34 0-.57.11-.8.34l-2.22 2.23c-.23.23-.34.51-.34.8v18.31c0 .29.12.57.34.8l2.22 2.23c.23.23.46.34.8.34h9.41c.34 0 .57-.12.8-.34l3.88-3.88 4.62 4.56-4.96 4.97zm47.51 1.2V92.36l-9.3 30.24h-7.07l-9.3-30.24v30.24h-6.68V84.55h10.5l9.01 29.5 9.01-29.5h10.5v38.05h-6.67z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-facebook"><path d="m22.723 20 .445-2.896h-2.779v-1.879c0-.792.388-1.564 1.633-1.564h1.263v-2.465S22.139 11 21.043 11c-2.289 0-3.784 1.387-3.784 3.898v2.206h-2.544V20h2.544v7h3.13v-7h2.334Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-twitter"><path d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-linkedin"><path d="M14.117 12.74c0 .96-.773 1.738-1.726 1.738a1.732 1.732 0 0 1-1.725-1.739c0-.96.772-1.739 1.725-1.739.953 0 1.726.78 1.726 1.74Zm.013 3.13h-3.478V27h3.479V15.87Zm5.553 0h-3.456V27h3.457v-5.843c0-3.248 4.194-3.514 4.194 0V27h3.47v-7.048c0-5.481-6.207-5.282-7.665-2.583v-1.5Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-icon-social-reddit"><path d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"></path></symbol><symbol id="am-symbol-cacm-avatar-blank" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><g> <circle cx="20" cy="20" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)" r="19" stroke="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)" stroke-width="2"></circle> <path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 33.23v-.73c0-4.987 9.994-7.5 15-7.5s15 2.513 15 7.5v.73A19.952 19.952 0 0 1 20 40a19.952 19.952 0 0 1-15-6.77ZM20 8.333a7.498 7.498 0 0 0-7.5 7.5c0 4.143 3.356 7.5 7.5 7.5s7.5-3.357 7.5-7.5c0-4.144-3.356-7.5-7.5-7.5Z" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-gray-200)" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </g></symbol></svg><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="site-header-wrapper" data-component="siteHeader"> <header id="masthead" class="site-header site-header--no-js"> <div class="site-header-container"> <button class="site-header-hamburger" aria-label="Main Menu"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-closed"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 25 25"> <path d="M.2.2h24.6v2.6H.2zm0 11h24.6v2.7H.2zm0 11h24.6v2.6H.2z" style="fill:#1a1a1a"/> </svg> </span> <span class="site-header-hamburger-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 25 25"> <path d="M1.7.9 24 23.8m-23 0L23.3.9" style="fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:1.3"/> </svg> </span> </button> <a class="site-header-logo" aria-label="Home" href="https://cacm.acm.org"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#000"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#FFF"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> </a> <div class="site-header-topics-menu"> <button class="site-header-topics-menu-toggle"> Explore Topics <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="8" fill="none"> <path stroke="#1A1A1A" stroke-width="1.5" d="m1.5 1.5 5.5 5 5.5-5"/> </svg> </button> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Topics Menu" class="site-header-topics-menu-expanded" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="site-header-topics-menu-list"> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/philosophy-of-computing/"> Philosophy of Computing </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li class="site-header-topics-menu-list-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu"> <button class="site-header-magazine-menu-toggle"> Latest Issue <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="8" fill="none"> <path stroke="#1A1A1A" stroke-width="1.5" d="m1.5 1.5 5.5 5 5.5-5"/> </svg> </button> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Magazine Menu" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded" aria-hidden="true"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/issue/december-2024/"> <figure class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-image"> <div class="image-wrapper"><img width="1000" height="1338" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?w=1000" class="attachment-original size-original" alt="December 2024 CACM cover" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg 1000w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=224,300 224w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=768,1028 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=765,1024 765w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></div> </figure> </a> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-text"> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-current"> <h2 class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-heading"> Latest Issue </h2> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/issue/december-2024/" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-issue"><b>December 2024</b>, Vol. 67 No. 12</a> </div> <div class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-previous"> <h2 class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-heading"> Previous Issue </h2> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/issue/november-2024/" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-issue"><b>November 2024</b>, Vol. 67 No. 11</a> </div> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/issues" class="site-header-magazine-menu-expanded-link"> Explore the archive <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="10" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <path fill="#000" d="m7 0-.715.697 3.79 3.803H0v1h10.075l-3.79 3.787L7 10l5-5-5-5Z"/> </svg> </a> </div> </nav> </div> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/?s=" aria-label="Search" class="site-header-search"> <span class="site-header-search-text"> Search </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="site-header-search-icon"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-search"></use></svg></a> <nav class="site-header-membership-nav"> <button class="site-header-membership-nav__button"> <span class="site-header-membership-nav__button-text">Open Membership Navigation</span> <span class="site-header-membership-nav__button-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="40" height="40" tabindex="-1"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-avatar-blank"></use></svg> </span> </button> <div class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-container" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="site-header-membership-nav__menu"> <li class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/account/settings">Settings</a> </li> <li class="site-header-membership-nav__menu-item"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/logout/">Sign Out</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <a class="site-header-member-login-link" href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-login.php?saml_sso">Sign In</a> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/join-acm" class="site-header-cta-membership"> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-container"> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-text"> Join ACM <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="10" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <path fill="#000" d="m7 0-.715.697 3.79 3.803H0v1h10.075l-3.79 3.787L7 10l5-5-5-5Z"/> </svg> </div> <div class="site-header-cta-membership-logo"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="48" height="48"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"></use></svg> </div> </div> </a> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Main Menu" class="site-header-hamburger-menu" aria-hidden="true">  <form role="search" action="https://cacm.acm.org" method="get" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search"> <label for="site-navigation-expanded-search"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="21" fill="none"> <path fill="#4C4C4C" d="m21 19.902-5.866-5.867a8.558 8.558 0 1 0-1.099 1.099L19.902 21 21 19.902ZM1.581 8.572a6.99 6.99 0 1 1 6.99 6.99 6.999 6.999 0 0 1-6.99-6.99Z"/> </svg> </span> <input type="text" name="s" id="site-navigation-expanded-search" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-search-input" placeholder="Search" value="" /> </label> </form>  <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-topics site-header-hamburger-menu-topics--expanded"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Topics <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-topics-menu"> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/philosophy-of-computing/"> Philosophy of Computing </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-sections"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Sections <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-sections-menu"> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/research/"> Research and Advances </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/opinion/"> Opinion </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/practice/"> Practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/news/"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/careers/"> Careers </a> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-magazine"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Magazine <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul id="menu-magazine-header" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-magazine-menu"><li id="menu-item-217988" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217988"><a href="/issue/latest/" id="menu-link-1">Latest Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217989"><a href="/issues/" id="menu-link-2">Magazine Archive</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224644"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/editorial-staff-board/" id="menu-link-3">Editorial Staff and Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-751386" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-751386"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author-guidelines#CACMsubmission" id="menu-link-4">Submit an Article</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224585" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224585"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/feeds-2/" id="menu-link-5">Alerts & Feeds</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224645"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author-guidelines/" id="menu-link-6">Author Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership"> <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-logo"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="49" height="48"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo-small"></use></svg> </span> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-heading"> CACM Web Account </h2> <p class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-text">Membership in ACM includes a subscription to Communications of the ACM (CACM), the computing industry's most trusted source for staying connected to the world of advanced computing.</p> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-login.php?saml_sso" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons-log-in"> Sign In </a> <a href="https://accounts.acm.org/" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-membership-buttons-sign-up"> Sign Up </a> </div> </div>  <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-communications"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Communications of the ACM <span class="site-header-hamburger-menu-accordion-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </span> </h2> <ul id="menu-communications-header" class="site-header-hamburger-menu-communications-menu"><li id="menu-item-224641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224641"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/about-us/" id="menu-link-7">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224663"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/faq/" id="menu-link-8">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224640"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/contact-us/" id="menu-link-9">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-header-hamburger-menu-social"> <h2 class="site-header-hamburger-menu-heading"> Follow Us </h2> <ul class="site-header-hamburger-menu-social-menu"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/cacmmag"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Twitter</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#1DA1F2" d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"/> <path fill="#000" d="M27.613 13.657a7.057 7.057 0 0 1-2.03.557 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.555-1.955 7.08 7.08 0 0 1-2.245.857A3.53 3.53 0 0 0 22.313 12c-2.282 0-3.958 2.13-3.442 4.34a10.033 10.033 0 0 1-7.285-3.694 3.54 3.54 0 0 0 1.093 4.72 3.52 3.52 0 0 1-1.6-.442c-.038 1.637 1.135 3.169 2.835 3.51a3.542 3.542 0 0 1-1.596.06 3.538 3.538 0 0 0 3.301 2.454 7.106 7.106 0 0 1-5.232 1.465A10.006 10.006 0 0 0 15.804 26c6.562 0 10.27-5.542 10.046-10.513a7.195 7.195 0 0 0 1.763-1.83Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheOfficialACM"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Reddit</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#FF4500" d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"/> <path fill="#000" d="M27.764 21.071v.613c0 3.368-3.879 6.022-8.676 6.022-4.797 0-8.676-2.654-8.676-6.022v-.613c-1.122-.51-1.53-1.735-1.122-2.857.306-.817 1.123-1.327 1.939-1.225.612 0 1.123.204 1.531.612 1.735-1.122 3.776-1.837 5.818-1.837l1.122-5.103c0-.102.102-.204.102-.204.102-.102.205-.102.307-.102l3.572.816c.408-.714 1.327-1.123 2.041-.714.715.408 1.123 1.326.715 2.04-.409.715-1.327 1.124-2.042.715-.51-.204-.816-.714-.816-1.326l-3.164-.715-1.02 4.593c2.245.102 4.286.817 5.715 1.837.816-.816 2.245-.816 3.062 0 .408.408.612.919.612 1.531.306.919-.306 1.633-1.02 1.94Zm-11.942 1.123c.816 0 1.53-.714 1.53-1.53 0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.531.715-1.531 1.531 0 .817.612 1.531 1.53 1.531Zm7.042 1.94c-.204-.205-.408-.205-.51 0-.612.714-2.041.918-3.062.918-1.02 0-2.45-.204-3.062-.919-.204-.204-.408-.204-.51 0-.204.204-.204.409 0 .51 1.02 1.021 3.062 1.123 3.674 1.123.613 0 2.552-.102 3.675-1.122-.102-.102-.102-.306-.205-.51Zm1.225-3.47c0-.817-.714-1.532-1.53-1.532-.817 0-1.532.715-1.532 1.531 0 .817.715 1.531 1.531 1.531.817 0 1.531-.714 1.531-1.53Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/36836/"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on LinkedIn</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none"> <path fill="#000" d="M14.117 12.74c0 .96-.773 1.738-1.726 1.738a1.732 1.732 0 0 1-1.725-1.739c0-.96.772-1.739 1.725-1.739.953 0 1.726.78 1.726 1.74Zm.013 3.13h-3.478V27h3.479V15.87Zm5.553 0h-3.456V27h3.457v-5.843c0-3.248 4.194-3.514 4.194 0V27h3.47v-7.048c0-5.481-6.207-5.282-7.665-2.583v-1.5Z"/> <rect width="37" height="37" x=".5" y=".5" stroke="#D8D8D8" rx="18.5"/> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> </div> <div id="content" class="site-content container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <div class="block-featured-posts"> <section class="post-list" data-layout="single" data-component="postList"> <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"><div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762945" class="post-list__post post-762945 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning section-opinion"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/opinion/">Opinion</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 4 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/on-program-synthesis-and-large-language-models/">On Program Synthesis and Large Language Models</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>It is unreasonable to expect the generational powers of ChatGPT and similar software to provide a general tool for program synthesis.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/on-program-synthesis-and-large-language-models/" aria-label="On Program Synthesis and Large Language Models" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="wand casting a spell, illustration" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762924" class="post-list__post post-762924 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computer-history section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 4 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/technical-marvels-part-9-program-controlled-musical-picture-clocks/">Technical Marvels, Part 9: Program-Controlled Musical Picture Clocks</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>Parts of the painting, such as people, animals, and windmills, move in some picture clocks.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/herbert-bruderer/" title="Posts by Herbert Bruderer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Herbert Bruderer</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computer-history/">Computer History</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/technical-marvels-part-9-program-controlled-musical-picture-clocks/" aria-label="Technical Marvels, Part 9: Program-Controlled Musical Picture Clocks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120424.BLOG_.TM-Part-9.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="picture clock" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120424.BLOG_.TM-Part-9.jpg 1280w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120424.BLOG_.TM-Part-9.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120424.BLOG_.TM-Part-9.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120424.BLOG_.TM-Part-9.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762997" class="post-list__post post-762997 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-applications category-data-and-information category-society section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 3 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/news/can-we-predict-earthquakes/">Can We Predict Earthquakes?</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>UT Austin researchers used AI to correctly predict 70% of earthquakes over seven months in an area of China a week before they happened.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/logan-kugler/" title="Posts by Logan Kugler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Logan Kugler</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-applications/">Computing Applications</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/news/can-we-predict-earthquakes/" aria-label="Can We Predict Earthquakes?" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/120324.News_.Can-We-Predict-G.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="collapsed highway" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/120324.News_.Can-We-Predict-G.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/120324.News_.Can-We-Predict-G.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/120324.News_.Can-We-Predict-G.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/120324.News_.Can-We-Predict-G.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/120324.News_.Can-We-Predict-G.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/120324.News_.Can-We-Predict-G.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762863" class="post-list__post post-762863 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-computing-profession section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 3 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/finding-roles-in-a-team-with-generative-ai/">Finding Roles in a Team with Generative AI</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>Generative AI can help an organization fill roles that are responsible for different parts of a project.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/ted-selker/" title="Posts by Ted Selker" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted Selker</a> and Berry Billingsley </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/finding-roles-in-a-team-with-generative-ai/" aria-label="Finding Roles in a Team with Generative AI" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120324.BLOG_.Finding-Roles-S.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="workers at computers in mission control setting" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120324.BLOG_.Finding-Roles-S.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120324.BLOG_.Finding-Roles-S.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120324.BLOG_.Finding-Roles-S.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120324.BLOG_.Finding-Roles-S.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120324.BLOG_.Finding-Roles-S.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120324.BLOG_.Finding-Roles-S.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="wp-block-group block-group-homepage-upper is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-columns container is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.6%"><div class="block-featured-posts-lower"> <section class="post-list" data-layout="grid-two-up" data-component="postList"> <header class="section-header "> <h3 class="section-header__heading"> More Top Articles </h3> </header> <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"><div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-763019" class="post-list__post post-763019 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-data-and-information category-software-engineering-and-programming-languages section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 2 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/datagram-forwarding-considered-harmful/">Datagram Forwarding Considered Harmful</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/micah-d-beck/" title="Posts by Micah D. Beck" class="author url fn" rel="author">Micah D. Beck</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/data-and-information/">Data and Information</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/datagram-forwarding-considered-harmful/" aria-label="Datagram Forwarding Considered Harmful" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.BLOG_.Datagram-G.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="arrowhead pattern, illustration" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.BLOG_.Datagram-G.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.BLOG_.Datagram-G.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.BLOG_.Datagram-G.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.BLOG_.Datagram-G.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.BLOG_.Datagram-G.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.BLOG_.Datagram-G.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-761948" class="post-list__post has-featured-video post-761948 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-applications category-hci category-society issue-december-2024 section-research content-type-has-video content-type-video-archive"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 22 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/ethics-and-cultural-background-as-key-factors-for-an-attractive-metaverse/">Ethics and Cultural Background as Key Factors for an Attractive Metaverse</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/tiziana-catarci/" title="Posts by Tiziana Catarci" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tiziana Catarci</a>, <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/giuseppina-de-nicola/" title="Posts by Giuseppina De Nicola" class="author url fn" rel="author">Giuseppina De Nicola</a>, and <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/daniel-raffini/" title="Posts by Daniel Raffini" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Raffini</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-applications/">Computing Applications</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/ethics-and-cultural-background-as-key-factors-for-an-attractive-metaverse/" aria-label="Ethics and Cultural Background as Key Factors for an Attractive Metaverse" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="person wearing VR goggles extends her hands" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762993" class="post-list__post post-762993 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/news/">News</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 27 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/news/controlling-ais-growing-energy-needs/">Controlling AI鈥檚 Growing Energy Needs</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/sandrine-ceurstemont/" title="Posts by Sandrine Ceurstemont" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandrine Ceurstemont</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/architecture-and-hardware/">Architecture and Hardware</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/news/controlling-ais-growing-energy-needs/" aria-label="Controlling AI鈥檚 Growing Energy Needs" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112724.News_.Controlling-AIs.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="light speed background, illustration" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112724.News_.Controlling-AIs.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112724.News_.Controlling-AIs.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112724.News_.Controlling-AIs.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112724.News_.Controlling-AIs.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112724.News_.Controlling-AIs.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112724.News_.Controlling-AIs.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-761878" class="post-list__post has-featured-video post-761878 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-security-and-privacy category-society issue-december-2024 section-research content-type-has-video content-type-video-archive"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 22 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/the-eu-ai-act-and-the-wager-on-trustworthy-ai/">The EU AI Act and the Wager on Trustworthy AI</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <div class="author-dropdown meta-dropdown" data-component="metaDropdown"><button class="author-dropdown__button meta-dropdown__button">Alejandro Bellog铆n, Oliver Grau, Stefan Larsson, Gerhard Schimpf, and 2 more authors<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="13" height="13"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg></span></button><ul class="author-dropdown__list meta-dropdown__list"><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/alejandro-bellogin/" title="Posts by Alejandro Bellog铆n" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alejandro Bellog铆n</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/oliver-grau/" title="Posts by Oliver Grau" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oliver Grau</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/stefan-larsson/" title="Posts by Stefan Larsson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Stefan Larsson</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/gerhard-schimpf/" title="Posts by Gerhard Schimpf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gerhard Schimpf</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/biswa-sengupta/" title="Posts by Biswa Sengupta" class="author url fn" rel="author">Biswa Sengupta</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/gurkan-solmaz/" title="Posts by G眉rkan Solmaz" class="author url fn" rel="author">G眉rkan Solmaz</a></li></ul></div> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/the-eu-ai-act-and-the-wager-on-trustworthy-ai/" aria-label="The EU AI Act and the Wager on Trustworthy AI" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="cards and chips on a poker table" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.3%"> <div class="block-what-were-reading-posts"> <header class="section-header "> <h3 class="section-header__heading"> What We're Reading </h3> </header> <section class="post-list post-list--what-were-reading-posts" data-layout="list-seven" data-component="postList"> <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-763153" class="post-list__post post-763153 feed-content type-feed-content status-publish hentry section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/meta-selects-northeast-louisiana-as-site-of-10-billion-artificial-intelligence-optimized-data-center-that-will-be-companys-largest-in-the-world-302322851.html">Meta Selects Northeast Louisiana as Site of $10-Billion AI-Optimized Datacenter</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/pr-newswire/" title="Posts by PR Newswire" class="author url fn" rel="author">PR Newswire</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-763136" class="post-list__post post-763136 feed-content type-feed-content status-publish hentry section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://news.sky.com/story/paralysed-patients-able-to-walk-after-having-electrodes-implanted-in-their-brains-13265412">Paralyzed Patients Walk After Electrodes Implanted in Their Brains</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> Sky News (U.K.) </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-763135" class="post-list__post post-763135 feed-content type-feed-content status-publish hentry section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/us-officials-urge-americans-use-encrypted-apps-cyberattack-rcna182694">U.S. Officials Urge Americans to Use Encryption amid Cyberattack</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/nbc-news/" title="Posts by NBC News" class="author url fn" rel="author">NBC News</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-763133" class="post-list__post post-763133 feed-content type-feed-content status-publish hentry section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/12/china-retaliates-bans-exports-of-rare-metals-after-us-chip-ban/">China Hits U.S. with Ban on Critical Minerals Used in Tech Manufacturing</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/ars-technica/" title="Posts by Ars Technica" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ars Technica</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-763143" class="post-list__post post-763143 feed-content type-feed-content status-publish hentry section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/indigenous-engineers-are-using-ai-preserve-culture-rcna176012">Indigenous Engineers Use AI to Preserve Their Culture</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/nbc-news/" title="Posts by NBC News" class="author url fn" rel="author">NBC News</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-763146" class="post-list__post post-763146 feed-content type-feed-content status-publish hentry section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/technology/nvidia-ai-chips.html">The Furious Contest to Unseat Nvidia as King of AI Chips</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/the-new-york-times/" title="Posts by The New York Times" class="author url fn" rel="author">The New York Times</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-763083" class="post-list__post post-763083 feed-content type-feed-content status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry section-news"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://insidehpc.com/2024/12/red-hat-signs-agreement-with-aws-for-virtualization-and-ai-in-hybrid-cloud/">Red Hat Signs Agreement with AWS for Virtualization and AI in Hybrid Cloud</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> insideHPC </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"><div class="block-opinion-posts"> <div class="block-opinion-posts__inner container"> <header class="section-header "> <h3 class="section-header__heading"> <a class="section-header__heading-link" href="/section/opinion/"> Opinion </a> </h3> <div class="section-header__readmore"> <a class="section-header__readmore-link" href="/section/opinion/" aria-label=" Explore more from Opinion "> <span class="section-header__readmore-text">Explore More</span> <span class="section-header__readmore-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="14" height="9"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-arrow-right"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> <div class="section-header__description"> Views on issues of broad interest to the computing community </div> </header> <section class="post-list post-list--opinion-posts post-list--dark-mode" data-layout="grid-three-up" data-component="postList"> <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"><div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762798" class="post-list__post post-762798 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-society category-systems-and-networking section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 27 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/the-rise-of-bluesky/">The Rise of Bluesky</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> Carlos Baquero-Moreno </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/society/">Society</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/the-rise-of-bluesky/" aria-label="The Rise of Bluesky" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.The-Rise-of-S.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="rocket contrails in deep blue sky" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.The-Rise-of-S.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.The-Rise-of-S.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.The-Rise-of-S.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.The-Rise-of-S.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.The-Rise-of-S.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.The-Rise-of-S.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762180" class="post-list__post post-762180 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-security-and-privacy category-society issue-december-2024 section-opinion"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/opinion/">Opinion</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 22 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/warnings/">Warnings!</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/vinton-g-cerf/" title="Posts by Vinton G. Cerf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Vinton G. Cerf</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/warnings/" aria-label="Warnings!" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/103024.OP_.Warning-S.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="warning symbol" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/103024.OP_.Warning-S.jpg 2371w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/103024.OP_.Warning-S.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/103024.OP_.Warning-S.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/103024.OP_.Warning-S.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/103024.OP_.Warning-S.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/103024.OP_.Warning-S.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762756" class="post-list__post post-762756 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-education section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 26 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/heutagogy-in-computer-science-education/">Heutagogy in Computer Science Education</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/orit-hazzan/" title="Posts by Orit Hazzan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Orit Hazzan</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/education/">Education</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/heutagogy-in-computer-science-education/" aria-label="Heutagogy in Computer Science Education" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.Heutagogy-G.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="lower legs climbing colorful stairs" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.Heutagogy-G.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.Heutagogy-G.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.Heutagogy-G.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.Heutagogy-G.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.Heutagogy-G.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/112224.BLOG_.Heutagogy-G.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="block-blog-posts"> <div class="block-blog-posts__inner container"> <header class="section-header "> <h4 class="section-header__heading"> <a class="section-header__heading-link" href="/section/blogcacm/"> BLOG@CACM </a> </h4> <div class="section-header__readmore"> <a class="section-header__readmore-link" href="/section/blogcacm/" aria-label=" Explore more from BLOG@CACM "> <span class="section-header__readmore-text">Explore More</span> <span class="section-header__readmore-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="14" height="9"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-arrow-right"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> <div class="section-header__description"> Thought leaders discuss relevant computing topics </div> </header> <section class="post-list post-list--blog-posts post-list--dark-mode" data-layout="grid-three-up" data-component="postList"> <div class="post-list__mobile-slider"> <div class="post-list__content"><div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762299" class="post-list__post post-762299 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-applications category-security-and-privacy section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 4 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/the-gift-that-keeps-on-giving-to-apple-and-google/">The Gift That Keeps on Giving to Apple and聽Google</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>Technical arguments for keeping or upending the current Apple and Google mobile app store systems.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/saurabh-bagchi/" title="Posts by Saurabh Bagchi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Saurabh Bagchi</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-applications/">Computing Applications</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762342" class="post-list__post post-762342 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-profession category-software-engineering-and-programming-languages section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 8 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/the-importance-of-robust-documentation-in-software-development/">The Importance of Robust Documentation in Software Development</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>Without well-maintained documentation, even the most elegant codebases can become opaque, inefficient, and impossible to scale.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/alex-williams/" title="Posts by Alex Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Williams</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-profession/">Computing Profession</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762512" class="post-list__post post-762512 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computer-history section-blogcacm"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/blogcacm/">BLOG@CACM</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 11 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/remembering-grace-hopper/">Remembering Grace Hopper</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>Hopper kept a backwards clock on her wall to remind herself to think outside the box.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/joel-c-adams/" title="Posts by Joel C. Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joel C. Adams</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computer-history/">Computer History</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> <aside class="cta-bulletin"> <div class="cta-bulletin__inner"> <h4>What Are You Thinking?</h4> <p>We rely on an always-changing international community of bloggers. Please recommend a blogger or volunteer yourself as a BLOG@CACM contributor. Contact us at <a href="mailto:blog@cacm.acm.org">blog@cacm.acm.org</a>.</p> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block-latest-issue-cta"> <section class="block-cta"> <div class="block-cta__inner container"> <h3 class="block-cta__heading"> Explore the latest issue </h3> <a class="block-cta__link" href="https://cacm.acm.org/issue/december-2024/"> Table of Contents <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="14" height="9" fill="var(--wp--preset--color--cacm-link-blue)"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-arrow-right"></use></svg> </a> </div> </section> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper-latest-issue-cta"><img decoding="async" width="1000" height="1338" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?w=1000" class="attachment-original size-original" alt="December 2024 CACM cover" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg 1000w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=224,300 224w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=768,1028 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Dec.2024-Cover-1000x1338-1.jpg?resize=765,1024 765w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></div></div> <div class="block-career-posts"> <header class="section-header "> <h3 class="section-header__heading"> <a class="section-header__heading-link" href="https://jobs.acm.org/"> Career Opportunities </a> </h3> <div class="section-header__readmore"> <a class="section-header__readmore-link" href="https://jobs.acm.org/" aria-label=" Explore more from Career Opportunities "> <span class="section-header__readmore-text">Explore all opportunities</span> <span class="section-header__readmore-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="14" height="9"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-arrow-right"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </header> <section class="post-list" data-layout="grid-four-up" data-component="postList"> <div class="post-list__mobile-slider"> <div class="post-list__content"> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-752164" class="post-list__post post-752164 job-listing type-job-listing status-publish hentry"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://jobs.acm.org/job/advanced-computing-technologies-program-manager/72587344/">Advanced Computing Technologies Program Manager – Department of Energy, Office of Science – Germantown, MD</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> ACM Career & Job Center </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-751756" class="post-list__post post-751756 job-listing type-job-listing status-publish hentry"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://jobs.acm.org/job/associate-dean/72566022/">Associate Dean – CSULB – Long Beach, CA</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> ACM Career & Job Center </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-751711" class="post-list__post post-751711 job-listing type-job-listing status-publish hentry"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://jobs.acm.org/job/henry-and-isabelle-dever-professor-of-electrical-and-computer-engineering/72545162/">Henry and Isabelle Dever Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering – Northwestern University – Evanston, IL</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> ACM Career & Job Center </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-752318" class="post-list__post post-752318 job-listing type-job-listing status-publish hentry"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://jobs.acm.org/job/dean-of-the-college-of-engineering-informatics-and-applied-sciences/72601742/">Dean of the College of Engineering, Informatics, and Applied Sciences – Northern Arizona University – Flagstaff, AZ</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> ACM Career & Job Center </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="block-video-posts"> <div class="block-video-posts__inner container"> <header class="section-header "> <h3 class="section-header__heading"> <a class="section-header__heading-link" href="/videos/"> Video </a> </h3> <div class="section-header__readmore"> <a class="section-header__readmore-link" href="/videos/" aria-label=" Explore more from Video "> <span class="section-header__readmore-text">Explore more videos</span> <span class="section-header__readmore-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="14" height="9"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-arrow-right"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </header> <section class="post-list post-list--video-posts post-list--dark-mode" data-layout="single-video" data-component="postList"> <div class=""> <div class="post-list__content"> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-761878" class="post-list__post has-featured-video post-761878 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning category-security-and-privacy category-society issue-december-2024 section-research content-type-has-video content-type-video-archive"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 22 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/the-eu-ai-act-and-the-wager-on-trustworthy-ai/">The EU AI Act and the Wager on Trustworthy AI</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>The EU AI Act serves as a reminder for developers to always prioritize the well being of individuals and society as a whole.聽</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <div class="author-dropdown meta-dropdown" data-component="metaDropdown"><button class="author-dropdown__button meta-dropdown__button">Alejandro Bellog铆n, Oliver Grau, Stefan Larsson, Gerhard Schimpf, and 2 more authors<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="13" height="13"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-chevron-down"></use></svg></span></button><ul class="author-dropdown__list meta-dropdown__list"><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/alejandro-bellogin/" title="Posts by Alejandro Bellog铆n" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alejandro Bellog铆n</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/oliver-grau/" title="Posts by Oliver Grau" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oliver Grau</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/stefan-larsson/" title="Posts by Stefan Larsson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Stefan Larsson</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/gerhard-schimpf/" title="Posts by Gerhard Schimpf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gerhard Schimpf</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/biswa-sengupta/" title="Posts by Biswa Sengupta" class="author url fn" rel="author">Biswa Sengupta</a></li><li><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/gurkan-solmaz/" title="Posts by G眉rkan Solmaz" class="author url fn" rel="author">G眉rkan Solmaz</a></li></ul></div> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/the-eu-ai-act-and-the-wager-on-trustworthy-ai/" aria-label="The EU AI Act and the Wager on Trustworthy AI" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="cards and chips on a poker table" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111524.RE_.The-EU-AI-Act.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-761948" class="post-list__post has-featured-video post-761948 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computing-applications category-hci category-society issue-december-2024 section-research content-type-has-video content-type-video-archive"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Nov 22 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/ethics-and-cultural-background-as-key-factors-for-an-attractive-metaverse/">Ethics and Cultural Background as Key Factors for an Attractive Metaverse</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>Lessons from South Korea could hold the key to more widespread adoption of the metaverse.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/tiziana-catarci/" title="Posts by Tiziana Catarci" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tiziana Catarci</a>, <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/giuseppina-de-nicola/" title="Posts by Giuseppina De Nicola" class="author url fn" rel="author">Giuseppina De Nicola</a>, and <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/daniel-raffini/" title="Posts by Daniel Raffini" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Raffini</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-applications/">Computing Applications</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/ethics-and-cultural-background-as-key-factors-for-an-attractive-metaverse/" aria-label="Ethics and Cultural Background as Key Factors for an Attractive Metaverse" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="person wearing VR goggles extends her hands" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111824.RE_.Ethics-and-Cultural.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-761448" class="post-list__post has-featured-video post-761448 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture-and-hardware category-software-engineering-and-programming-languages issue-november-2024 section-research content-type-has-video content-type-video-archive"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/research/">Research and Advances</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Oct 23 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/reevaluating-googles-reinforcement-learning-for-ic-macro-placement/">Reevaluating Google鈥檚 Reinforcement Learning for IC Macro Placement</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>Crosschecked data indicates that the integrity of a 2021 paper in <em>Nature</em> by Mirhoseini et al. is substantially undermined, owing to errors in conduct, analysis, and reporting.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <div class="post-list__post-byline"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author/igor-l-markov/" title="Posts by Igor L. Markov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Igor L. Markov</a> </div> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/architecture-and-hardware/">Architecture and Hardware</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/research/reevaluating-googles-reinforcement-learning-for-ic-macro-placement/" aria-label="Reevaluating Google鈥檚 Reinforcement Learning for IC Macro Placement" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024.RE_.Reevaluating-Googles.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="chip and circuit board in Google's color palette, illustration" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024.RE_.Reevaluating-Googles.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024.RE_.Reevaluating-Googles.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024.RE_.Reevaluating-Googles.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024.RE_.Reevaluating-Googles.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024.RE_.Reevaluating-Googles.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024.RE_.Reevaluating-Googles.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> <div class="post-list__item"> <article id="post-762945" class="post-list__post post-762945 digital-library type-digital-library status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning section-opinion"> <div class="post-list__post-content"> <div class="post-list__post-text"> <div class="post-list__post-eyebrow"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/section/opinion/">Opinion</a> <span class="post-list__post-timestamp"><span class="posted-on"> Dec 4 2024</span></span> </div> <p class="post-list__post-heading"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/on-program-synthesis-and-large-language-models/">On Program Synthesis and Large Language Models</a> </p> <div class="post-list__post-excerpt"> <p>It is unreasonable to expect the generational powers of ChatGPT and similar software to provide a general tool for program synthesis.</p> </div> <div class="post-list__post-meta-group"> <span class="post-list__post-topic"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</a></span> </div> </div> <figure class="post-list__post-figure"> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/on-program-synthesis-and-large-language-models/" aria-label="On Program Synthesis and Large Language Models" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="image-wrapper image-wrapper--widescreen"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="wand casting a spell, illustration" srcset="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg 2400w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/120224.OP_.On-Program-Synthesis-G.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div> </a> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="cta-membership cta-membership--no-js" data-component="ctaMembership"> <section class="cta-become-a-member"> <div class="cta-become-a-member__inner container"> <h3 class="cta-become-a-member__heading"> Shape the Future of Computing </h3> <p class="cta-become-a-member__description"> ACM encourages its members to take a direct hand in shaping the future of the association. There are more ways than ever to get involved. </p> <a class="cta-become-a-member__link" href="https://www.acm.org/about-acm/get-involved"> Get Involved </a> </div> </section> <section class="cta-open-access"> <div class="cta-open-access__inner container"> <h3 class="cta-open-access__heading"> Communications of the ACM (CACM) is now a fully Open Access publication. </h3> <p class="cta-open-access__description"> By opening CACM to the world, we hope to increase engagement among the broader computer science community and encourage non-members to discover the rich resources ACM has to offer. </p> <a class="cta-open-access__link" href="https://cacm.acm.org/news/cacm-is-becoming-open-access"> Learn More </a> </div> </section> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__inner container"> <div class="site-footer__columns"> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-branding"> <a class="site-footer__logo" aria-label="Home" href="https://cacm.acm.org"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="548" height="88" fill="#FFF"><use href="#am-symbol-cacm-logo"></use></svg> </a> <nav class="social-navigation"> <ul class="social-navigation__list"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/cacmmag"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Twitter</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-twitter"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheOfficialACM"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on Reddit</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-reddit"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/36836/"> <span class="screen-reader-only">CACM on LinkedIn</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="38" height="38" fill="#fff"><use href="#am-symbol-icon-social-linkedin"></use></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-topics"> <div class="site-footer__topics-menu"> <p class="site-footer__heading"> Topics </p> <ul class="site-footer__topics-menu__list"> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/architecture-and-hardware/"> Architecture and Hardware </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/"> Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computer-history/"> Computer History </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-applications/"> Computing Applications </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/computing-profession/"> Computing Profession </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/data-and-information/"> Data and Information </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/education/"> Education </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/hci/"> HCI </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/philosophy-of-computing/"> Philosophy of Computing </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/security-and-privacy/"> Security and Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/society/"> Society </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/software-engineering-and-programming-languages/"> Software Engineering and Programming Languages </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/systems-and-networking/"> Systems and Networking </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/category/theory/"> Theory </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__column site-footer__column-about"> <div class="site-footer__menu-magazine"> <p class="site-footer__heading">Magazine</p> <ul id="menu-magazine-footer" class="site-footer__menu-magazine-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217988"><a href="/issue/latest/" id="menu-link-10">Latest Issue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217989"><a href="/issues/" id="menu-link-11">Magazine Archive</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224644"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/editorial-staff-board/" id="menu-link-12">Editorial Staff and Board</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-751386"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author-guidelines#CACMsubmission" id="menu-link-13">Submit an Article</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224585"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/feeds-2/" id="menu-link-14">Alerts & Feeds</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224645"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/author-guidelines/" id="menu-link-15">Author Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__menu-communications"> <p class="site-footer__heading">Communications of the ACM</p> <ul id="menu-communications-footer" class="site-footer-communications-menu"><li id="menu-item-224637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224637"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/about-us/" id="menu-link-16">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224664"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/faq/" id="menu-link-17">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224638"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/contact-us/" id="menu-link-18">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217972" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217972"><a href="https://www.acm.org/publications/advertising" id="menu-link-19">For Advertisers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224639" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-224639"><a href="https://cacm.acm.org/join-acm/" id="menu-link-20">Join ACM</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__info"> <div class="site-footer__info__inner"> <p class="site-footer__info-copyright"><small> © 2024 Communications of the ACM. All Rights Reserved. </small></p> <div class="menu-policy-menu-container"><ul id="menu-policy-footer" class="site-footer__info-policy-list"><li id="menu-item-217993" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217993"><a href="https://www.acm.org/cookie-notice" id="menu-link-21">Cookie Notice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-217994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-217994"><a href="https://www.acm.org/about-acm/privacy-policy" id="menu-link-22">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-parsely-loader-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.wpParselySiteId = 'acm.org'; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/mu-plugins/wp-parsely-3.17/build/loader.js?ver=b681bb9905652ac12735" id="wp-parsely-loader-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-parsely-site="acm.org" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/acm.org/p.js?ver=3.17.0" id="parsely-cfg"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/js/global.bundle.min.js?ver=e97a984b44ccc756957f" id="cacm-global-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cacm.acm.org/wp-content/themes/cacm/client/build/js/homepage.bundle.min.js?ver=d117287dfb5e86c30f5e" id="cacm-homepage-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202449.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"212686646\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"cacm.acm.org\",\"hp\":\"vip\",\"j\":\"1:14.0\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "212686646", "0" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript">(function(){var id="Sh2m7XRvbVWoA8uJG6g2wIBNDLfpsOxFx1ciwKwo";var js=document.createElement("script");js.setAttribute("type","text/javascript");js.setAttribute("src","//deploy.mopinion.com/js/pastease.js");js.async=true;document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(js);var t=setInterval(function(){try{Pastease.load(id);clearInterval(t)}catch(e){}},50)})();</script>  </body> </html>