CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Issue Archive: 1881 | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1881/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1881/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Issue Archive: 1881"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Scientific American"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciam"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="scientificamerican.com"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon shortcut" href="/static/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/platform/syndication/rss/" /> <script data-layer="critical">;performance.mark('app-load-start');((d,ael,dcl,unl,cxl,log,onunl)=>{log('[readyState]',d.readyState);d[ael]('readystatechange',()=>log('[readyState]',d.readyState));d[ael](dcl,()=>log(dcl));d[ael](unl,onunl);window.onload=()=>{d.removeEventListener(unl,onunl);log('windowloaded')};})(document,'addEventListener','DOMContentLoaded','beforeunload','cancelled',(...msg)=>console.log('[dev]',...msg),()=>{window[cxl]=true;log(cxl)});((l,pii) => {if (pii.some(p => l.search.includes(p+"="))) {window.initSearch = l.search;const anon = new URLSearchParams(l.search);pii.forEach(p => anon.delete(p));history.replaceState({}, "", l.pathname + "?" + anon);} })(location, ["email", "magic_link", "token", "code", "state"]);</script> <script type="module" crossorigin src="/static/bundle.e56048fc.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/preload-helper-4aa0ec7d.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/vendor-react-d0986667.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/sciam-4e39ae07.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-piano-auth-sync-4ab8630c.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/datalayer-043ea249.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/index-59e43a0d.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-chargebee-5a11288c.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-plan-7775b4f0.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-cart-0526fb1f.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/useOverlay-f74ac14c.js"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/bundle-aba65ab5.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/DefaultLayout-2955ad5f.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/issues-39da08eb.css"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/static/issues.2c7062af.js" crossorigin fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-5FLM662" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciads/sciads.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.tp.scientificamerican.com/api/tinypass.min.js" as="script" fetchpriority="low"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.cxense.com/cx.cce.js" as="script"> </head> <body> <div id="app"><header class="headerContainer-8KxQ5" role="banner"><a href="#main" id="skipToMain" class="skiptocontent sr-only-focusable sr-only">Skip to main content</a><div class="header-1t1JE flex-aYeiI"><div class="left-ajw3c flex-aYeiI"><a href="/" aria-label="Link to homepage" class="logoLink-Wt3sq"><span class="sr-only">Scientific American</span><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 120.79 128.39" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="Scientific American"><path d="M7.98 58.19c2.3 0 5.24 3.18 14.53 3.18 13.66 0 21.75-8.57 21.75-17.86 0-7.86-3.73-12.94-11.43-17.23l-9.37-5.24c-4.05-2.3-7.46-5.32-7.46-9.92 0-4.92 3.73-7.7 9.69-7.7s11.35 4.21 13.02 13.26h1.98V.95h-1.83c-.16 1.43-.87 2.06-1.75 2.06-2.06 0-4.53-2.94-12.62-2.94C13.85.08 5.12 6.51 5.12 16.35c0 7.3 3.26 11.83 9.77 15.56l9.61 5.48c5.48 3.18 7.7 6.19 7.7 10.72 0 5.64-3.18 9.77-10.64 9.77-9.29 0-13.58-5.08-15.32-16.2H4.1V60.5h1.98c.16-1.67.95-2.3 1.91-2.3Zm65.97 3.26c11.11-.03 19.13-8.81 20.4-20.72l-2.22-.64c-2.54 8.26-7.22 12.46-13.97 12.46-12.23 0-16.04-14.93-16.04-27.87 0-15.56 6.11-21.28 14.13-21.28 5.72 0 11.83 5.72 14.45 16.59h2.06V.95h-1.91c-.16 1.27-.87 2.06-2.14 2.06-1.91 0-5.72-3.02-11.83-3.02-14.85 0-28.66 12.07-28.66 32.39 0 17.39 10.96 29.1 25.72 29.06Zm14.53 42.72L76.49 68.84H56.24v1.75c3.33.16 4.76.95 4.76 5.95v42c0 6.03-1.67 8.1-5.32 8.1-2.54 0-4.53-1.91-6.51-6.91L29.11 68.12h-2.7L6.35 119.89c-2.17 5.72-4.3 6.75-6.35 6.75v1.75h18.02v-1.75c-5.8-.24-8.65-2.7-5.8-10.48l2.05-5.4h17.88l3.45 8.97c2.3 5.72.64 6.91-3.73 6.91v1.75h39.62v-1.75c-4.13 0-6.27-1.19-6.27-8.02l.48-42.08 17.07 51.29h2.14l17.63-51.05v43.9c0 5.48-1.75 5.95-5.08 5.95v1.75h23.34v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V76.54c0-5.56 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95v-1.75h-19.85l-12.46 35.33Zm-72.88 3.1 7.56-19.85 7.63 19.85H15.6ZM120.79 2.7V.95h-23.1V2.7c3.33 0 4.84.32 4.84 5.95v44.14c0 5.48-1.51 5.95-4.84 5.95v1.75h23.1v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V8.65c0-5.64 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95Z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="center-oMgM8 flex-aYeiI"></div><div class="right-4LP3J flex-aYeiI"><button type="button" id="radix-:R5t:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="trigger-8ea-U" aria-label="User Menu"><div class="dropdownIconContainer-hDbEe"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 472 472" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="User" class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP profileIconImg-pc8tD"><path d="M403 69a235 235 0 0 0-334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0 334 235 235 0 0 0 334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0-334ZM118 412a122 122 0 0 1 237 0 211 211 0 0 1-237 0Zm41-197a77 77 0 1 1 155 0 77 77 0 0 1-155 0Zm216 181c-14-43-48-77-91-92a101 101 0 1 0-96 0c-43 15-77 49-91 92a212 212 0 1 1 278 0Z"></path></svg><div class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP initials-z1adZ"></div></div></button></div></div></header><main class="main-gNG8x"><h1 class="issuesTitle-F-sWZ">Archive</h1><h2 class="yearSubTitle-yMM-q">1881</h2><div style="border-top:2px solid #444;padding-top:1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;top:calc(var(--nav-height,0px) - 2px);background:#fff;z-index:1;width:var(--standard-width);max-width:var(--standard-max-width);margin:1rem auto"><div style="margin:0 -1rem 0.1rem"><div class="decades" style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1840s/">1840s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850s/">1850s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860s/">1860s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870s/">1870s</a><a class="date-selector decade selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880s/">1880s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890s/">1890s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900s/">1900s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910s/">1910s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920s/">1920s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930s/">1930s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940s/">1940s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950s/">1950s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960s/">1960s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970s/">1970s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980s/">1980s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990s/">1990s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000s/">2000s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010s/">2010s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020s/">2020s</a></div><div class="years" style="display:flex;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;color:#777;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1845/">1845</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1846/">1846</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1847/">1847</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1848/">1848</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1849/">1849</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850/">1850</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1851/">1851</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1852/">1852</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1853/">1853</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1854/">1854</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1855/">1855</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1856/">1856</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1857/">1857</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1858/">1858</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1859/">1859</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860/">1860</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1861/">1861</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1862/">1862</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1863/">1863</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1864/">1864</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1865/">1865</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1866/">1866</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1867/">1867</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1868/">1868</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1869/">1869</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870/">1870</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1871/">1871</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1872/">1872</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1873/">1873</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1874/">1874</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1875/">1875</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1876/">1876</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1877/">1877</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1878/">1878</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1879/">1879</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880/">1880</a><a class="date-selector exact selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #09396922;color:#093969;background-color:#3576b322;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1881/">1881</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1882/">1882</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1883/">1883</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1884/">1884</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1885/">1885</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1886/">1886</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1887/">1887</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1888/">1888</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1889/">1889</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890/">1890</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1891/">1891</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1892/">1892</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1893/">1893</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1894/">1894</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1895/">1895</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1896/">1896</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1897/">1897</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1898/">1898</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1899/">1899</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900/">1900</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1901/">1901</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1902/">1902</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1903/">1903</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1904/">1904</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1905/">1905</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1906/">1906</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1907/">1907</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1908/">1908</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1909/">1909</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910/">1910</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1911/">1911</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1912/">1912</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1913/">1913</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1914/">1914</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1915/">1915</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1916/">1916</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1917/">1917</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1918/">1918</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1919/">1919</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920/">1920</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1921/">1921</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1922/">1922</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1923/">1923</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1924/">1924</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1925/">1925</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1926/">1926</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1927/">1927</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1928/">1928</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1929/">1929</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930/">1930</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1931/">1931</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1932/">1932</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1933/">1933</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1934/">1934</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1935/">1935</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1936/">1936</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1937/">1937</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1938/">1938</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1939/">1939</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940/">1940</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1941/">1941</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1942/">1942</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1943/">1943</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1944/">1944</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1945/">1945</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1946/">1946</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1947/">1947</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1948/">1948</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1949/">1949</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950/">1950</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1951/">1951</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1952/">1952</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1953/">1953</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1954/">1954</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1955/">1955</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1956/">1956</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1957/">1957</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1958/">1958</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1959/">1959</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960/">1960</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1961/">1961</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1962/">1962</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1963/">1963</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1964/">1964</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1965/">1965</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1966/">1966</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1967/">1967</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1968/">1968</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1969/">1969</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970/">1970</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1971/">1971</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1972/">1972</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1973/">1973</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1974/">1974</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1975/">1975</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1976/">1976</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1977/">1977</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1978/">1978</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1979/">1979</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980/">1980</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1981/">1981</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1982/">1982</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1983/">1983</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1984/">1984</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1985/">1985</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1986/">1986</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1987/">1987</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1988/">1988</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1989/">1989</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990/">1990</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1991/">1991</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1992/">1992</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1993/">1993</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1994/">1994</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1995/">1995</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1996/">1996</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1997/">1997</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1998/">1998</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1999/">1999</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000/">2000</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2001/">2001</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2002/">2002</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2003/">2003</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2004/">2004</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2005/">2005</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2006/">2006</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2007/">2007</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2008/">2008</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2009/">2009</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010/">2010</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2011/">2011</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2012/">2012</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2013/">2013</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2014/">2014</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2015/">2015</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2016/">2016</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2017/">2017</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2018/">2018</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2019/">2019</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020/">2020</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2021/">2021</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2022/">2022</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2023/">2023</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2025/">2025</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/12-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5770CA7D-735A-4BFF-866E134540DDCDE5_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 27" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5770CA7D-735A-4BFF-866E134540DDCDE5_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5770CA7D-735A-4BFF-866E134540DDCDE5_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-12-31">December 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/12-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E90BB4C8-B2F9-43FA-88BD46FBEE18A5E7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E90BB4C8-B2F9-43FA-88BD46FBEE18A5E7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E90BB4C8-B2F9-43FA-88BD46FBEE18A5E7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-12-24">December 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/12-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/33851D0D-1552-4158-BE072ABEB0B8DDA8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 311supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/33851D0D-1552-4158-BE072ABEB0B8DDA8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/33851D0D-1552-4158-BE072ABEB0B8DDA8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-12-17">December 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/12-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1E45DF5-586B-471C-96507E9E7852611D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1E45DF5-586B-471C-96507E9E7852611D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1E45DF5-586B-471C-96507E9E7852611D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-12-17">December 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/12-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E2360C17-04A5-46EA-821ED31D6B490B98_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 310supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E2360C17-04A5-46EA-821ED31D6B490B98_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E2360C17-04A5-46EA-821ED31D6B490B98_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-12-10">December 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/12-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C0EF18AC-C551-44E4-A0BB02C1CC152D34_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C0EF18AC-C551-44E4-A0BB02C1CC152D34_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C0EF18AC-C551-44E4-A0BB02C1CC152D34_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-12-10">December 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/12-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93DAA074-DDC0-4078-ADB751ABE787DEDA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 309supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93DAA074-DDC0-4078-ADB751ABE787DEDA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93DAA074-DDC0-4078-ADB751ABE787DEDA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-12-03">December 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/12-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F61ED993-D230-49F5-A0E48A95897DE06F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F61ED993-D230-49F5-A0E48A95897DE06F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F61ED993-D230-49F5-A0E48A95897DE06F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-12-03">December 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/11-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7090B7D3-7429-421B-A011570E25F545CF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 308supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7090B7D3-7429-421B-A011570E25F545CF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7090B7D3-7429-421B-A011570E25F545CF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-11-26">November 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/11-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04F2B8D1-62B3-4373-813B2BD0D106AB4D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04F2B8D1-62B3-4373-813B2BD0D106AB4D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04F2B8D1-62B3-4373-813B2BD0D106AB4D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-11-26">November 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/11-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4020D109-5BCA-4E28-AF4937C624FB78CE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 307supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4020D109-5BCA-4E28-AF4937C624FB78CE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4020D109-5BCA-4E28-AF4937C624FB78CE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-11-19">November 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/11-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE89252B-459F-4F8C-AA8095900138EF9F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE89252B-459F-4F8C-AA8095900138EF9F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE89252B-459F-4F8C-AA8095900138EF9F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-11-19">November 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/11-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93FA1B63-FCAC-43C2-8E46277ED3E0B5AA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 306supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93FA1B63-FCAC-43C2-8E46277ED3E0B5AA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93FA1B63-FCAC-43C2-8E46277ED3E0B5AA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-11-12">November 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/11-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BF53250-B1E5-4E44-BB1DFE949BB70210_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BF53250-B1E5-4E44-BB1DFE949BB70210_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BF53250-B1E5-4E44-BB1DFE949BB70210_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-11-12">November 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/11-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B8EE694-5576-4B48-BE1B2C8D6ADF11DB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 305supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B8EE694-5576-4B48-BE1B2C8D6ADF11DB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B8EE694-5576-4B48-BE1B2C8D6ADF11DB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-11-05">November 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/11-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A45ED5-8263-490B-AAEE173E2BF22321_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A45ED5-8263-490B-AAEE173E2BF22321_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A45ED5-8263-490B-AAEE173E2BF22321_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-11-05">November 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/10-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/598B145B-8197-4D5E-B899A7896437637F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 304supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/598B145B-8197-4D5E-B899A7896437637F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/598B145B-8197-4D5E-B899A7896437637F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-29">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/10-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4AC4C7B-EDCD-43AD-9C125CCC9F821373_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4AC4C7B-EDCD-43AD-9C125CCC9F821373_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4AC4C7B-EDCD-43AD-9C125CCC9F821373_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-29">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/10-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C6097BD-99DE-4BF5-874F85DF961CE893_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 303supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C6097BD-99DE-4BF5-874F85DF961CE893_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C6097BD-99DE-4BF5-874F85DF961CE893_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-22">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/10-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53060BE5-EF62-4ECD-9331E244BB0B5516_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53060BE5-EF62-4ECD-9331E244BB0B5516_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53060BE5-EF62-4ECD-9331E244BB0B5516_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-22">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/10-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BDED682-5C74-4209-963D4DA4F37E6234_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 302supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BDED682-5C74-4209-963D4DA4F37E6234_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BDED682-5C74-4209-963D4DA4F37E6234_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-15">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/10-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/868A14E4-630D-4BED-B912E9B4C15B038F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/868A14E4-630D-4BED-B912E9B4C15B038F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/868A14E4-630D-4BED-B912E9B4C15B038F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-15">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/10-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25592F76-CE3B-4833-B839A851C034B87B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 301supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25592F76-CE3B-4833-B839A851C034B87B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25592F76-CE3B-4833-B839A851C034B87B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-08">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/10-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94A30B62-2309-473E-B8B10B6EB48115A5_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94A30B62-2309-473E-B8B10B6EB48115A5_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94A30B62-2309-473E-B8B10B6EB48115A5_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-08">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E10A9EB9-9DC6-401F-A0040B6EB318D65E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 300supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E10A9EB9-9DC6-401F-A0040B6EB318D65E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E10A9EB9-9DC6-401F-A0040B6EB318D65E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-01">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A814270-ADA6-4C84-B08BD7739A46D9AA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A814270-ADA6-4C84-B08BD7739A46D9AA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A814270-ADA6-4C84-B08BD7739A46D9AA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-10-01">October 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/09-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF354938-D1F9-4739-98B41FB33AC2A7CE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 299supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF354938-D1F9-4739-98B41FB33AC2A7CE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF354938-D1F9-4739-98B41FB33AC2A7CE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-09-24">September 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/09-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FBA684F6-53A7-4E19-B316C3AD27021255_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FBA684F6-53A7-4E19-B316C3AD27021255_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FBA684F6-53A7-4E19-B316C3AD27021255_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-09-24">September 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/09-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D15A329F-FFC8-4EF8-8EFE87B1A3A90C00_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 298supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D15A329F-FFC8-4EF8-8EFE87B1A3A90C00_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D15A329F-FFC8-4EF8-8EFE87B1A3A90C00_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-09-17">September 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/scientific-american-volume-45-issue-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA20268D-92DE-4B02-9E161DFA9BF4BCBF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA20268D-92DE-4B02-9E161DFA9BF4BCBF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA20268D-92DE-4B02-9E161DFA9BF4BCBF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-09-17">September 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/09-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9994B005-BFAD-4B9B-B48AD2EEF0B66545_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 297supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9994B005-BFAD-4B9B-B48AD2EEF0B66545_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9994B005-BFAD-4B9B-B48AD2EEF0B66545_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-09-10">September 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/09-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A1907E9-E3D7-4AEC-A8DA995765506508_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A1907E9-E3D7-4AEC-A8DA995765506508_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A1907E9-E3D7-4AEC-A8DA995765506508_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-09-10">September 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/09-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09EBDA79-3534-4353-BB34009D676C0964_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 296supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09EBDA79-3534-4353-BB34009D676C0964_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09EBDA79-3534-4353-BB34009D676C0964_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-09-03">September 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/08-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67B50040-433D-4516-B071F096F5518F2B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67B50040-433D-4516-B071F096F5518F2B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67B50040-433D-4516-B071F096F5518F2B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-08-27">August 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/08-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA065608-1191-46CF-98F7B6E41E10749D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 295supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA065608-1191-46CF-98F7B6E41E10749D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA065608-1191-46CF-98F7B6E41E10749D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-08-27">August 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/08-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F254B495-2EF4-4052-BDB11AD992E86F19_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 294supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F254B495-2EF4-4052-BDB11AD992E86F19_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F254B495-2EF4-4052-BDB11AD992E86F19_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-08-20">August 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/08-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77E38FE9-0A08-4C01-BB89E7774F3AD94D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77E38FE9-0A08-4C01-BB89E7774F3AD94D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77E38FE9-0A08-4C01-BB89E7774F3AD94D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-08-20">August 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/08-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9870CA27-CB20-45AE-A705715F67D22247_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 293supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9870CA27-CB20-45AE-A705715F67D22247_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9870CA27-CB20-45AE-A705715F67D22247_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-08-13">August 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/08-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB6C3249-A91B-48C6-999E851126920E7F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB6C3249-A91B-48C6-999E851126920E7F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB6C3249-A91B-48C6-999E851126920E7F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-08-13">August 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/08-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94B13607-4B8A-44CF-BAEB0D8B2A836008_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 292supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94B13607-4B8A-44CF-BAEB0D8B2A836008_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94B13607-4B8A-44CF-BAEB0D8B2A836008_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-08-06">August 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/07-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D9F2E7AF-9AA0-4ED7-85F75BA50A8C447C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 291supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D9F2E7AF-9AA0-4ED7-85F75BA50A8C447C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D9F2E7AF-9AA0-4ED7-85F75BA50A8C447C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-30">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/07-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F024D39C-B864-4F66-93D9FB27DEA4F6FE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F024D39C-B864-4F66-93D9FB27DEA4F6FE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F024D39C-B864-4F66-93D9FB27DEA4F6FE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-30">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/07-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/706481BD-29F4-4A4D-8130982741B97495_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 290supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/706481BD-29F4-4A4D-8130982741B97495_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/706481BD-29F4-4A4D-8130982741B97495_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-23">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/07-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5DE5D2B4-0ED8-49A8-B4B2421BB699E9E5_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5DE5D2B4-0ED8-49A8-B4B2421BB699E9E5_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5DE5D2B4-0ED8-49A8-B4B2421BB699E9E5_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-23">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/07-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FE9FA059-9080-4266-B5E98730AC1511DC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 289supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FE9FA059-9080-4266-B5E98730AC1511DC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FE9FA059-9080-4266-B5E98730AC1511DC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-16">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/07-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FA2B4881-ED92-467E-80E6006A931208FD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FA2B4881-ED92-467E-80E6006A931208FD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FA2B4881-ED92-467E-80E6006A931208FD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-16">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/07-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/370C3AEF-2572-4320-9FB2A0E64BCD257C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 288supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/370C3AEF-2572-4320-9FB2A0E64BCD257C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/370C3AEF-2572-4320-9FB2A0E64BCD257C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-09">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/07-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4563620-4867-43E4-8E5147F823A2FCAD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4563620-4867-43E4-8E5147F823A2FCAD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4563620-4867-43E4-8E5147F823A2FCAD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-09">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/07-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C52A33F-0C3C-41A6-94127FBEA2B3A716_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 12 Issue 287supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C52A33F-0C3C-41A6-94127FBEA2B3A716_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C52A33F-0C3C-41A6-94127FBEA2B3A716_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-02">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/07-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC8DF0DD-6FCB-4483-A6175E214A2F48AA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 45 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC8DF0DD-6FCB-4483-A6175E214A2F48AA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC8DF0DD-6FCB-4483-A6175E214A2F48AA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-07-02">July 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/06-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E680BA93-C41D-4979-82BFFDBDD624E05F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 286supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E680BA93-C41D-4979-82BFFDBDD624E05F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E680BA93-C41D-4979-82BFFDBDD624E05F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-06-25">June 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/06-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38A67B56-96F4-4750-8D230EC578E66560_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38A67B56-96F4-4750-8D230EC578E66560_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38A67B56-96F4-4750-8D230EC578E66560_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-06-25">June 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/06-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C380795-0395-4736-90AB9808E8074702_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 285supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C380795-0395-4736-90AB9808E8074702_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C380795-0395-4736-90AB9808E8074702_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-06-18">June 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/06-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BCDE5504-8AA0-4081-A145AA7B4A0960BA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BCDE5504-8AA0-4081-A145AA7B4A0960BA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BCDE5504-8AA0-4081-A145AA7B4A0960BA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-06-18">June 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/06-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C70FA49-6CCA-4F2A-8FA00F147549C241_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 284supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C70FA49-6CCA-4F2A-8FA00F147549C241_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C70FA49-6CCA-4F2A-8FA00F147549C241_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-06-11">June 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/06-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0259E5D1-1C10-4A3E-B5AB987548C0C287_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0259E5D1-1C10-4A3E-B5AB987548C0C287_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0259E5D1-1C10-4A3E-B5AB987548C0C287_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-06-11">June 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/06-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97B62CC3-F10E-48B7-B38FFD0CA387AFF6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 283supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97B62CC3-F10E-48B7-B38FFD0CA387AFF6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97B62CC3-F10E-48B7-B38FFD0CA387AFF6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-06-04">June 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/06-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CF4997D-8841-4C11-B4EE41F46407A2EB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CF4997D-8841-4C11-B4EE41F46407A2EB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CF4997D-8841-4C11-B4EE41F46407A2EB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-06-04">June 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/05-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D34DF619-24DF-44CD-9FEC481352CDC8B2_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 282supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D34DF619-24DF-44CD-9FEC481352CDC8B2_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D34DF619-24DF-44CD-9FEC481352CDC8B2_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-05-28">May 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/05-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE13E528-3803-4267-BE657BCD9E5B5226_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE13E528-3803-4267-BE657BCD9E5B5226_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE13E528-3803-4267-BE657BCD9E5B5226_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-05-28">May 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/05-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AD1237E-453B-4015-AF6A55E8EE39F939_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 281supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AD1237E-453B-4015-AF6A55E8EE39F939_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AD1237E-453B-4015-AF6A55E8EE39F939_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-05-21">May 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/05-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E890706-EBF7-4383-888DF4003A04ADEA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E890706-EBF7-4383-888DF4003A04ADEA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E890706-EBF7-4383-888DF4003A04ADEA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-05-21">May 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/05-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/630C3D22-A6EF-47DC-8C83A47D72103AEE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 280supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/630C3D22-A6EF-47DC-8C83A47D72103AEE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/630C3D22-A6EF-47DC-8C83A47D72103AEE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-05-14">May 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/05-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E082D3E1-51E8-4A49-829DB423C8C02ECA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E082D3E1-51E8-4A49-829DB423C8C02ECA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E082D3E1-51E8-4A49-829DB423C8C02ECA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-05-14">May 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/05-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/090FC2E5-A0BC-4CF7-9FD0C2359A120A54_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 279supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/090FC2E5-A0BC-4CF7-9FD0C2359A120A54_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/090FC2E5-A0BC-4CF7-9FD0C2359A120A54_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-05-07">May 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/05-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F56A596-0B80-4A2C-BE86E92FF743150D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F56A596-0B80-4A2C-BE86E92FF743150D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F56A596-0B80-4A2C-BE86E92FF743150D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-05-07">May 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/04-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78AFFC67-859B-4B88-8596551654752B4D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 278supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78AFFC67-859B-4B88-8596551654752B4D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78AFFC67-859B-4B88-8596551654752B4D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-30">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/04-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A9920C0-F05E-4535-8CA7688A1DF4DCEE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A9920C0-F05E-4535-8CA7688A1DF4DCEE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A9920C0-F05E-4535-8CA7688A1DF4DCEE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-30">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/04-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FE6462E-7E26-48C9-8C1CD51D4365FC28_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 277supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FE6462E-7E26-48C9-8C1CD51D4365FC28_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FE6462E-7E26-48C9-8C1CD51D4365FC28_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-23">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/04-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBC81AFC-55EC-475D-8C41F98E17084987_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBC81AFC-55EC-475D-8C41F98E17084987_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBC81AFC-55EC-475D-8C41F98E17084987_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-23">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/04-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/265998CC-22E9-435F-B4AB6F38A0340DBF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 276supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/265998CC-22E9-435F-B4AB6F38A0340DBF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/265998CC-22E9-435F-B4AB6F38A0340DBF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-16">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/04-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5891BA9-C589-4A3D-A5685FFB5150946F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5891BA9-C589-4A3D-A5685FFB5150946F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5891BA9-C589-4A3D-A5685FFB5150946F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-16">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/04-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E7D1AF9-A5B2-4394-A39D65403F740194_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 275supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E7D1AF9-A5B2-4394-A39D65403F740194_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E7D1AF9-A5B2-4394-A39D65403F740194_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-09">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/04-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/79DAF04B-6316-49A3-9500CA71CDCE2870_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/79DAF04B-6316-49A3-9500CA71CDCE2870_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/79DAF04B-6316-49A3-9500CA71CDCE2870_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-09">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/04-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/705D9788-8A86-4412-AF09DEB9794FCCF7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 274supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/705D9788-8A86-4412-AF09DEB9794FCCF7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/705D9788-8A86-4412-AF09DEB9794FCCF7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-02">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/04-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BCC5144-E953-4D49-8F7F2E7C5EFE3E4F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BCC5144-E953-4D49-8F7F2E7C5EFE3E4F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BCC5144-E953-4D49-8F7F2E7C5EFE3E4F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-04-02">April 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/03-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1304F462-7439-4E18-82AF975C303ABB50_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 273supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1304F462-7439-4E18-82AF975C303ABB50_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1304F462-7439-4E18-82AF975C303ABB50_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-03-26">March 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/03-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FB4199B-92C8-461B-B7AE609F5D9E0729_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FB4199B-92C8-461B-B7AE609F5D9E0729_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FB4199B-92C8-461B-B7AE609F5D9E0729_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-03-26">March 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/03-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85156F6D-4F56-4F98-B7156EC907E589D4_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 272supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85156F6D-4F56-4F98-B7156EC907E589D4_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85156F6D-4F56-4F98-B7156EC907E589D4_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-03-19">March 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/03-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A340D6A0-0ACB-4B5D-A9AB5DA91480F584_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A340D6A0-0ACB-4B5D-A9AB5DA91480F584_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A340D6A0-0ACB-4B5D-A9AB5DA91480F584_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-03-19">March 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/03-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4A76781-41A9-4290-9BEA7DE33C7A5935_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 271supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4A76781-41A9-4290-9BEA7DE33C7A5935_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4A76781-41A9-4290-9BEA7DE33C7A5935_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-03-12">March 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/03-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36F8EC31-4F16-46CD-A20255A20B24BDA0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36F8EC31-4F16-46CD-A20255A20B24BDA0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36F8EC31-4F16-46CD-A20255A20B24BDA0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-03-12">March 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/03-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5FE1732-666C-4B10-A25D9EC0910A1CBE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 270supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5FE1732-666C-4B10-A25D9EC0910A1CBE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5FE1732-666C-4B10-A25D9EC0910A1CBE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-03-05">March 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/03-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50028228-6FED-4672-833B248A5A2D252E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50028228-6FED-4672-833B248A5A2D252E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50028228-6FED-4672-833B248A5A2D252E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-03-05">March 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/02-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DD07D27-0945-447C-A83CD8089A59DDFC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 269supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DD07D27-0945-447C-A83CD8089A59DDFC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DD07D27-0945-447C-A83CD8089A59DDFC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-02-26">February 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/02-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16D4740C-B18D-4C31-8C20FCECA1B6FB4F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16D4740C-B18D-4C31-8C20FCECA1B6FB4F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16D4740C-B18D-4C31-8C20FCECA1B6FB4F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-02-26">February 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/02-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D66ACD5-63A4-4BCF-8E2BBE3CCF68A8A8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 268supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D66ACD5-63A4-4BCF-8E2BBE3CCF68A8A8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D66ACD5-63A4-4BCF-8E2BBE3CCF68A8A8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-02-19">February 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/02-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FEDEEC1-1069-4425-8E6695FABC39E013_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FEDEEC1-1069-4425-8E6695FABC39E013_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FEDEEC1-1069-4425-8E6695FABC39E013_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-02-19">February 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/02-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CBBEBF7-7F7B-46CF-B252DBF13ED05F49_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 267supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CBBEBF7-7F7B-46CF-B252DBF13ED05F49_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CBBEBF7-7F7B-46CF-B252DBF13ED05F49_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-02-12">February 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/02-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6361753C-DD7B-4103-B2265A60A86551B9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6361753C-DD7B-4103-B2265A60A86551B9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6361753C-DD7B-4103-B2265A60A86551B9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-02-12">February 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/02-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5D347E8-F6B2-4653-875B923C6199954A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 266supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5D347E8-F6B2-4653-875B923C6199954A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5D347E8-F6B2-4653-875B923C6199954A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-02-05">February 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/02-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F930667-2C70-4EDC-8C8604E16F0C1E87_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F930667-2C70-4EDC-8C8604E16F0C1E87_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F930667-2C70-4EDC-8C8604E16F0C1E87_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-02-05">February 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/01-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0772E1A2-96A7-4AF7-94852760A3ED2AAF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 265supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0772E1A2-96A7-4AF7-94852760A3ED2AAF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0772E1A2-96A7-4AF7-94852760A3ED2AAF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-29">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/01-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC95E68F-3EDA-41B8-89A3C3FCFE905ECE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC95E68F-3EDA-41B8-89A3C3FCFE905ECE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC95E68F-3EDA-41B8-89A3C3FCFE905ECE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-29">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/01-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F3B09E8-32F3-4314-8B08442F7A0022F3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 264supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F3B09E8-32F3-4314-8B08442F7A0022F3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F3B09E8-32F3-4314-8B08442F7A0022F3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-22">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/01-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D90E911-911A-4905-B7A19CFB932158AC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D90E911-911A-4905-B7A19CFB932158AC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D90E911-911A-4905-B7A19CFB932158AC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-22">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/01-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92BA2D7A-D55E-4570-8FEB9E11B6C8128B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 263supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92BA2D7A-D55E-4570-8FEB9E11B6C8128B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92BA2D7A-D55E-4570-8FEB9E11B6C8128B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-15">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/01-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F723DDE-52B3-4EEF-B82A8BABC0FA7604_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F723DDE-52B3-4EEF-B82A8BABC0FA7604_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F723DDE-52B3-4EEF-B82A8BABC0FA7604_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-15">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/01-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC1039B0-599C-49A8-99649F8AE178D24E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 262supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC1039B0-599C-49A8-99649F8AE178D24E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC1039B0-599C-49A8-99649F8AE178D24E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-08">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/01-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/70BD7519-F1F5-4F1D-841C0F47E7F83DBC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/70BD7519-F1F5-4F1D-841C0F47E7F83DBC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/70BD7519-F1F5-4F1D-841C0F47E7F83DBC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-08">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1881/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BA8C58D-7D4B-4A39-B0F6029CA944AA3F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 11 Issue 261supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BA8C58D-7D4B-4A39-B0F6029CA944AA3F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BA8C58D-7D4B-4A39-B0F6029CA944AA3F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-01">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1881/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/51F0DC5F-CCC5-49DA-BDCA045A1FC05951_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 44 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/51F0DC5F-CCC5-49DA-BDCA045A1FC05951_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/51F0DC5F-CCC5-49DA-BDCA045A1FC05951_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1881-01-01">January 1881</time></div></div></div></a></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><h2 class="footerMainText-wQ3og">Expand Your World with Science</h2></div><div class="footerFlexContainer-XKe5g footerContainer-pfbjC"><div class="footerLinks-m1THn"><p class="footerText-PzHcy">Learn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.</p><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/getsciam/">Subscribe</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/newsletters/">Sign up for our newsletters</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/">See the latest stories</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/latest-issue/">Read the latest issue</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/getsciam/gift/">Give a Gift Subscription</a><p class="footerSocialMedia-7KIIV">Follow Us:<a href="https://www.instagram.com/scientific_american/?hl=en" target="_blank" alt="Instagram link" title="Instagram"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SciAmerican" target="_blank" alt="YouTube link" title="YouTube"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@scientific_american" target="_blank" alt="Threads link" title="Threads"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2.9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6v-.5c.5-71.5 17.1-128.6 49.4-169.6c36.3-46.1 90.3-69.7 160.5-70.2h.3c70.3.5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8h-.7c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6.4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2.2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6.1-14.4.4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ScientificAmerican" target="_blank" alt="Facebook link" title="Facebook"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"></path></svg></a><a href="/platform/syndication/rss/" target="_blank" alt="RSS feed" title="RSS feed"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M0 64C0 46.3 14.3 32 32 32c229.8 0 416 186.2 416 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32C384 253.6 226.4 96 32 96C14.3 96 0 81.7 0 64zM0 416a64 64 0 1 1 128 0A64 64 0 1 1 0 416zM32 160c159.1 0 288 128.9 288 288c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32c0-123.7-100.3-224-224-224c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32z"></path></svg></a></p></div><div class="footerImageContainer-omuef"><img class="footerImage-fMFhw" src="/static/assets/footerProductImg-f6732134.png" alt="Scientific American publications in print & digital formats" as="image" loading="lazy"/></div></div><div class="grid-c0--6 footerContainer-pfbjC"><div><ul><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/return-refund-policy/">Return & Refund Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/about-scientific-american/">About</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/pressroom/">Press Room</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/frequently-asked-questions/subscriptions-products/">FAQs</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/contact-us/customer-service/">Contact Us</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/international/">International Editions</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/mediakit/">Advertise</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/california-consumer-privacy-statement/">California Consumer Privacy Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="#">Use of cookies/Do not sell my data</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><p>Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.</p><p>漏 2024 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.<br/>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.</p></div></footer></div> <script id="__DATA__">window.__DATA__=JSON.parse(`{"initialData":{"issues":[{"contentful_id":"RsOEzNEI19suGhV7xCGoy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/12-31/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 27","volume":45,"issue":"27","issue_date":"1881-12-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F72605A-D103-4143-9C85BFD1CBE96BED.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5770CA7D-735A-4BFF-866E134540DDCDE5_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3vXXBKJvQyXU0gm4G2bfhe","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/12-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 26","volume":45,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1881-12-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4B470D9A-2C43-40B3-BC2CF63E3E5EE2E4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E90BB4C8-B2F9-43FA-88BD46FBEE18A5E7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7jZ5P5lyVlSRBqpPG0etsb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/12-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 311supp","volume":12,"issue":"311supp","issue_date":"1881-12-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9FC7FF49-7994-41D1-9FA1C8C9E7046741.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/33851D0D-1552-4158-BE072ABEB0B8DDA8_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"ExJfloZj1EvWbdsO7vhyX","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/12-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 25","volume":45,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1881-12-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3484064D-9C63-4424-B89D7A81742C642B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1E45DF5-586B-471C-96507E9E7852611D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"cYVoL226hF6CUbFlRKDmq","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/12-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 310supp","volume":12,"issue":"310supp","issue_date":"1881-12-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF3909E8-B716-41F4-BBD4904B86D73FF7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E2360C17-04A5-46EA-821ED31D6B490B98_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1lWWbKp3JkwV3TyBewGev8","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/12-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 24","volume":45,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1881-12-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74D6CB8D-25F1-4DD3-A7FD6E94B5B996FC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C0EF18AC-C551-44E4-A0BB02C1CC152D34_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"77PW1QI84dFY11rZFTL9FE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/12-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 309supp","volume":12,"issue":"309supp","issue_date":"1881-12-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F453F6B-5468-4B70-856CB2EA4CDB2A91.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93DAA074-DDC0-4078-ADB751ABE787DEDA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"tztzbXrQn51G6ezVU2WDp","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/12-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 23","volume":45,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1881-12-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BAFFDF5-5459-4858-8874AFB9D20A4EDC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F61ED993-D230-49F5-A0E48A95897DE06F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2uAveb1dVlFsVmEoDTY0xE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/11-26/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 308supp","volume":12,"issue":"308supp","issue_date":"1881-11-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B17DB582-655C-4CB8-A763E3F54E188A0C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7090B7D3-7429-421B-A011570E25F545CF_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5iGwzCFSvpj9yKH8rZqsld","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/11-26/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 22","volume":45,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1881-11-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/981CD723-85C0-40C0-9DB395FC2A5BEDF2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04F2B8D1-62B3-4373-813B2BD0D106AB4D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4cTQ2bWTbzibyx5Ln05CrN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/11-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 307supp","volume":12,"issue":"307supp","issue_date":"1881-11-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62D28D3F-B211-44F1-8C6D84046C3CDDC1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4020D109-5BCA-4E28-AF4937C624FB78CE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7mDkMmV0MBTqby4OSV8m8u","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/11-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 21","volume":45,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1881-11-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/026A35F6-DC3F-4F88-A538BA598E87414E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE89252B-459F-4F8C-AA8095900138EF9F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3QKsYti0FLtlyMF6MvZDXb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/11-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 306supp","volume":12,"issue":"306supp","issue_date":"1881-11-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D188B3EA-D7A7-4C9E-A59BC3290CE13463.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93FA1B63-FCAC-43C2-8E46277ED3E0B5AA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"syeNpwUtqAhpKyhW09b8e","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/11-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 20","volume":45,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1881-11-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/564C996D-C639-4159-8A5958B322115F64.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BF53250-B1E5-4E44-BB1DFE949BB70210_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7GoHmDHzwyIlROQUh2bMUS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/11-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 305supp","volume":12,"issue":"305supp","issue_date":"1881-11-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C05AA61-41FF-4969-9FC17EBEC2DA4DB2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B8EE694-5576-4B48-BE1B2C8D6ADF11DB_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1zd99XdLSXAYEyTlqY3cqx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/11-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 19","volume":45,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1881-11-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00E512B6-726B-4718-95E7A0A9C0B53820.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A45ED5-8263-490B-AAEE173E2BF22321_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"78mDmZ9l4KO1BnZkMeh3l3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/10-29/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 304supp","volume":12,"issue":"304supp","issue_date":"1881-10-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8D59B414-0D83-4EBD-975759D784BC78CF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/598B145B-8197-4D5E-B899A7896437637F_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"PqwQ8eL3NSf0oSSECVr1C","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/10-29/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 18","volume":45,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1881-10-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/302B1950-56C9-4356-83AF16E97F2C2417.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4AC4C7B-EDCD-43AD-9C125CCC9F821373_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5fwX1u50dpqwLxkO6F7XkC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/10-22/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 303supp","volume":12,"issue":"303supp","issue_date":"1881-10-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A8B8E005-3119-4283-AC83E56968D5B392.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C6097BD-99DE-4BF5-874F85DF961CE893_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2ONmOoM1oNMlXOCrE009JM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/10-22/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 17","volume":45,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1881-10-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/42BD18B3-EE5D-4757-96DBD0C282D5D012.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53060BE5-EF62-4ECD-9331E244BB0B5516_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6nnjBDtQGNchUkInL3ocdf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/10-15/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 302supp","volume":12,"issue":"302supp","issue_date":"1881-10-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FFDF937C-7329-4648-BADDACC70BA9C40B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BDED682-5C74-4209-963D4DA4F37E6234_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7mLv6y2NfsLlXJ8gBSFA0w","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/10-15/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 16","volume":45,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1881-10-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0E295BD2-7DE1-4CE2-89A40B224F9AFFAD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/868A14E4-630D-4BED-B912E9B4C15B038F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"17uaI5zOvxvFSFNZT09V5g","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/10-08/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 301supp","volume":12,"issue":"301supp","issue_date":"1881-10-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ABECDBD9-1368-4D5D-9B4CFD30DF813551.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25592F76-CE3B-4833-B839A851C034B87B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"34idZql5TNiBz5GdC4pL6U","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/10-08/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 15","volume":45,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1881-10-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E773272-3F6B-4160-8BCA0A79A69B57EF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94A30B62-2309-473E-B8B10B6EB48115A5_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"101xLxtdPvdAo9B6Qrw5C0","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/10-01/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 300supp","volume":12,"issue":"300supp","issue_date":"1881-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E8390B2C-87FD-43D7-843880FEA85277C8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E10A9EB9-9DC6-401F-A0040B6EB318D65E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"Iz0BY4lHiFFWin4x8Dj1m","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 14","volume":45,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1881-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41CB972C-5955-421D-AFA225CBBCB6E926.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A814270-ADA6-4C84-B08BD7739A46D9AA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4uH1MhVrmkmPtBaKuI5pRD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/09-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 299supp","volume":12,"issue":"299supp","issue_date":"1881-09-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F770EC75-9A1D-4263-AAF0A68F4F5FA389.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF354938-D1F9-4739-98B41FB33AC2A7CE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6HXU2dtu33q4zI8hiLsDgP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/09-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 13","volume":45,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1881-09-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FEB1D56-0E94-4DE1-B5B49BC8CA2AAE3B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FBA684F6-53A7-4E19-B316C3AD27021255_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1G5lffnIO8LTJeyoUbv27O","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/09-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 298supp","volume":12,"issue":"298supp","issue_date":"1881-09-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3DF175A3-04A0-474D-AA04D8F5886A6773.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D15A329F-FFC8-4EF8-8EFE87B1A3A90C00_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7KLPL9snzaokXV5wqCkyhF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/scientific-american-volume-45-issue-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 12","volume":45,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1881-09-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/75BC9AD1-5AAB-4BBE-A2A165DF11A66922.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA20268D-92DE-4B02-9E161DFA9BF4BCBF_source.jpg","image_width":3213,"image_height":4724,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"xihO3zv0F7Vfbhm5oHeoR","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/09-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 297supp","volume":12,"issue":"297supp","issue_date":"1881-09-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28552D05-50E3-4142-97CD145FFE52CDE5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9994B005-BFAD-4B9B-B48AD2EEF0B66545_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"UHbiYonTj5fRUrxOPYsjS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/09-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 11","volume":45,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1881-09-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9161F759-6891-423E-A9FF2920FEEB9E9C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A1907E9-E3D7-4AEC-A8DA995765506508_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4l39sUin6opo0P9ivXltcj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/09-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 296supp","volume":12,"issue":"296supp","issue_date":"1881-09-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/068DB208-D40B-4A01-91143616E2F4B865.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09EBDA79-3534-4353-BB34009D676C0964_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6ljSnYjiwLjMLWHpnoQudD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/08-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 9","volume":45,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1881-08-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC5012A5-ABDA-460F-93144424C9FA075D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67B50040-433D-4516-B071F096F5518F2B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4EdJjgsWMXdtmIyRlGPZbX","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/08-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 295supp","volume":12,"issue":"295supp","issue_date":"1881-08-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7637E939-DD2C-4315-93907351B0D85A4A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA065608-1191-46CF-98F7B6E41E10749D_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4x5B6pnDODncLpq4a4RDIq","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/08-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 294supp","volume":12,"issue":"294supp","issue_date":"1881-08-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D464C1F-09BD-4BFE-B5E9666DEF4A21E3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F254B495-2EF4-4052-BDB11AD992E86F19_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7p2NqP8bCVcIavXSD9qxAT","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/08-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 8","volume":45,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1881-08-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E13B6A22-1AE4-4E9E-9A142CEFA7281BAF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77E38FE9-0A08-4C01-BB89E7774F3AD94D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4k58NYDiTJV7iKs1gxTBUp","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/08-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 293supp","volume":12,"issue":"293supp","issue_date":"1881-08-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/52100712-2059-4554-9FCFE21AE27DD8BB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9870CA27-CB20-45AE-A705715F67D22247_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4I9racucVMg2vV5E3wcplB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/08-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 7","volume":45,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1881-08-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5220B67C-8479-4382-96781A231B952C00.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB6C3249-A91B-48C6-999E851126920E7F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4kI2JWXuAYIaO6MOGrX3CK","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/08-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 292supp","volume":12,"issue":"292supp","issue_date":"1881-08-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/24BC6F7F-4F29-4B20-8AB3454EC86E4955.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94B13607-4B8A-44CF-BAEB0D8B2A836008_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7Bmqh8zovoA6IKzWn90YMn","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/07-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 291supp","volume":12,"issue":"291supp","issue_date":"1881-07-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8D999ABC-ED9F-482F-93B931FC3F9BDD0A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D9F2E7AF-9AA0-4ED7-85F75BA50A8C447C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5tINLYeBFxB2NZGLmPnDbg","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/07-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 5","volume":45,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1881-07-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD374C2F-8F70-4F57-8A3C262E4DC3BA5D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F024D39C-B864-4F66-93D9FB27DEA4F6FE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"67akuWdleGhHwkhdOwezd3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/07-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 290supp","volume":12,"issue":"290supp","issue_date":"1881-07-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6F4D8B7F-BFDC-4FC3-8E5F6B6E49752E9D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/706481BD-29F4-4A4D-8130982741B97495_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1uIUyhLL1iZVLeOfBndlvw","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/07-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 4","volume":45,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1881-07-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E8779886-0B6B-4833-8BB43D84C3D2C23C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5DE5D2B4-0ED8-49A8-B4B2421BB699E9E5_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1TfXFUn4qvLOttvbj9i4te","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/07-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 289supp","volume":12,"issue":"289supp","issue_date":"1881-07-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA92D6D0-85C7-42C8-92CA692B6EA9CE84.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FE9FA059-9080-4266-B5E98730AC1511DC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"262qc0dbhSiYm09sqQeLvT","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/07-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 3","volume":45,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1881-07-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F2420024-0D19-4307-A382FF3F06FE7CD6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FA2B4881-ED92-467E-80E6006A931208FD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"24eanEqOxjNq4Dao9LtN9L","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/07-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 288supp","volume":12,"issue":"288supp","issue_date":"1881-07-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF4B369C-4CB7-4468-A058A9A2C42A2DFE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/370C3AEF-2572-4320-9FB2A0E64BCD257C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7BanwAIyseAgxr3RT8WlBO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/07-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 2","volume":45,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1881-07-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A39338B4-5F93-45CC-8AFD898F4A0ED66D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4563620-4867-43E4-8E5147F823A2FCAD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4fKg0dTCUq5oeG2qUqV1qF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/07-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 12, Issue 287supp","volume":12,"issue":"287supp","issue_date":"1881-07-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/21D4D4ED-017D-4815-8E9129D1CC4561AC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C52A33F-0C3C-41A6-94127FBEA2B3A716_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"25y3J4En6bVqv2ZWT09lxa","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/07-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 45, Issue 1","volume":45,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1881-07-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D2913B13-EDD6-4BAA-80F66D200A07D15F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC8DF0DD-6FCB-4483-A6175E214A2F48AA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6rbaDVSyGqENZOVQ1j6UfN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/06-25/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 286supp","volume":11,"issue":"286supp","issue_date":"1881-06-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C17AC4C-5A4F-455D-A4CAFA6FCB455C93.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E680BA93-C41D-4979-82BFFDBDD624E05F_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3m7ulQXacY5WaaWq6ATH6d","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/06-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 26","volume":44,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1881-06-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FE9C4A0A-0246-42E4-84031406EE562F08.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38A67B56-96F4-4750-8D230EC578E66560_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"68x0z0ilTd9P3LqnMPo1DD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/06-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 285supp","volume":11,"issue":"285supp","issue_date":"1881-06-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4946ABD0-B3DB-4AA5-B93686925B8288B9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C380795-0395-4736-90AB9808E8074702_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":570,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6q6JR6iq3QP2DxfItQprP8","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/06-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 25","volume":44,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1881-06-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CC3C8102-83A2-4F3B-B09B4551128A05C3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BCDE5504-8AA0-4081-A145AA7B4A0960BA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3O3RuoDmbM1ASHD121bedN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/06-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 284supp","volume":11,"issue":"284supp","issue_date":"1881-06-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A118D10-E241-49D6-AFCD5DB6DD620F3F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C70FA49-6CCA-4F2A-8FA00F147549C241_source.gif","image_width":381,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4Eu3vJnNpx8k9yeQF6tOXf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/06-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 24","volume":44,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1881-06-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40C29B9D-E5B8-4186-83CD805027E1D576.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0259E5D1-1C10-4A3E-B5AB987548C0C287_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2sH7l6tWSNQ15Hf78uOD69","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/06-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 283supp","volume":11,"issue":"283supp","issue_date":"1881-06-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/619F68E5-D677-46B5-AF6B0E99DFC944B5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97B62CC3-F10E-48B7-B38FFD0CA387AFF6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6Fm8zO3DPZA4lwhHH7W6tA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/06-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 23","volume":44,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1881-06-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE42414C-A05D-44A0-80FF5CCF07869EEC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CF4997D-8841-4C11-B4EE41F46407A2EB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6iDaiNTojflCSmroo24nCU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/05-28/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 282supp","volume":11,"issue":"282supp","issue_date":"1881-05-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77243D8A-C49F-44F6-814A1E956D65BB9E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D34DF619-24DF-44CD-9FEC481352CDC8B2_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3XgBrhuyaf50ND2zpnQawP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/05-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 22","volume":44,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1881-05-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E8717D14-9C63-4553-B886E70EDA607722.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE13E528-3803-4267-BE657BCD9E5B5226_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1B3eJ3eYDzp4Km8buQv5Oy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/05-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 281supp","volume":11,"issue":"281supp","issue_date":"1881-05-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8D8A0C4-E738-4ED5-B357DA0402EF5439.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AD1237E-453B-4015-AF6A55E8EE39F939_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"43KeGNubTt2SNz80dpSNvj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/05-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 21","volume":44,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1881-05-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/45D06995-4819-4969-B89E3EBF77C33A39.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E890706-EBF7-4383-888DF4003A04ADEA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6wPfqabIaWPFcfIIWygmRU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/05-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 280supp","volume":11,"issue":"280supp","issue_date":"1881-05-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4DE425BA-4A4D-41DA-A2FCB2146EF78CB2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/630C3D22-A6EF-47DC-8C83A47D72103AEE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6vUX1wQF7kecmjezxJ5EAt","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/05-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 20","volume":44,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1881-05-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02CA2CE4-75B7-4D89-8523225474D47F13.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E082D3E1-51E8-4A49-829DB423C8C02ECA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4ovH8cjghAmF0SSXhuz1uN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/05-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 279supp","volume":11,"issue":"279supp","issue_date":"1881-05-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B909A60D-9E3E-4563-BB7406614B7DF646.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/090FC2E5-A0BC-4CF7-9FD0C2359A120A54_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"pcQEibfPMTLEctfZAScrC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/05-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 19","volume":44,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1881-05-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/996FDD7B-233A-4AA2-BB1B0086E20088C7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F56A596-0B80-4A2C-BE86E92FF743150D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3s7409B9OyUJ1L7C8qRpBO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/04-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 278supp","volume":11,"issue":"278supp","issue_date":"1881-04-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/450FF7D8-06E9-4AE8-98B806D15525D8BD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78AFFC67-859B-4B88-8596551654752B4D_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4upKOUReZeRckvy3rGUiRE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/04-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 18","volume":44,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1881-04-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA31AA70-FB92-48AA-B1CEA462CF39AB76.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A9920C0-F05E-4535-8CA7688A1DF4DCEE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"26J0w5VV7bfkPtpiqbXvFh","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/04-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 277supp","volume":11,"issue":"277supp","issue_date":"1881-04-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1021200B-F261-416E-9BB150C4A832D61C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FE6462E-7E26-48C9-8C1CD51D4365FC28_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6MmOoqBsZv6MjCUPQzFLVe","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/04-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 17","volume":44,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1881-04-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A7E3CC3-8216-4140-88D887D3F6D23CD7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBC81AFC-55EC-475D-8C41F98E17084987_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"oQwXlsHe3fMqb8tmVyNsO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/04-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 276supp","volume":11,"issue":"276supp","issue_date":"1881-04-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF9F57B4-5BFD-40C8-BE4F96A069ECFDAC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/265998CC-22E9-435F-B4AB6F38A0340DBF_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"cyRDciiMHQTKJEVLyi8Ic","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/04-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 16","volume":44,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1881-04-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B9C88F1-D1BD-41FE-9EC21BFA4C524A1D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5891BA9-C589-4A3D-A5685FFB5150946F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3G6x7xzzudQjRFwlYEJOYm","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/04-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 275supp","volume":11,"issue":"275supp","issue_date":"1881-04-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/292F3429-BF35-49EF-9FB90B8D9186FC97.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E7D1AF9-A5B2-4394-A39D65403F740194_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1y2J0E5BoUF14BO0jM16N4","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/04-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 15","volume":44,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1881-04-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/87077F48-5504-4C29-A35208D8CD235C66.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/79DAF04B-6316-49A3-9500CA71CDCE2870_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"625TGHYrdU3ibLQhq1Kb6n","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/04-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 274supp","volume":11,"issue":"274supp","issue_date":"1881-04-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A2CA6D4-4867-48CE-A2DB584501E1C6EE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/705D9788-8A86-4412-AF09DEB9794FCCF7_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1VDFUGatGFcFuY8B1axAVS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/04-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 14","volume":44,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1881-04-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/08EB873B-0095-4EC4-9C705DB4A424FB11.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BCC5144-E953-4D49-8F7F2E7C5EFE3E4F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5neCPnTjkbghBu4byMXL3J","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/03-26/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 273supp","volume":11,"issue":"273supp","issue_date":"1881-03-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83BEEC62-BCB1-42A0-A4B10D9796914495.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1304F462-7439-4E18-82AF975C303ABB50_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7Mh8cHPvANuy8DBXS2FGoh","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/03-26/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 13","volume":44,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1881-03-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE114EE3-C0C0-4BF8-BBEC422A285BBF66.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3FB4199B-92C8-461B-B7AE609F5D9E0729_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1e4cG37ovM4idvOWHeA3sw","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/03-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 272supp","volume":11,"issue":"272supp","issue_date":"1881-03-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7D3C5F81-1F15-489B-9764C3001B36ED3C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85156F6D-4F56-4F98-B7156EC907E589D4_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1UTyPXvs9Y4M0puQgMtYew","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/03-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 12","volume":44,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1881-03-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D819948A-6588-4745-B4AE8D368ADA4CF1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A340D6A0-0ACB-4B5D-A9AB5DA91480F584_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3sRRIKBmbH5SXkW4B11C7y","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/03-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 271supp","volume":11,"issue":"271supp","issue_date":"1881-03-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D71E914-3913-46E7-80FB79709E0491C9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4A76781-41A9-4290-9BEA7DE33C7A5935_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"25b5hNMO42vXCMXwmmY9MJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/03-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 11","volume":44,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1881-03-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1CC67123-9CD8-4BC7-968FE83FF5100B00.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36F8EC31-4F16-46CD-A20255A20B24BDA0_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7qqNekNI2QYHJvlECDJsuJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/03-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 270supp","volume":11,"issue":"270supp","issue_date":"1881-03-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/348CF0DE-A29E-4E82-BDBAEDC75E07686C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5FE1732-666C-4B10-A25D9EC0910A1CBE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2TZWWlznYHKvoI634aD6BO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/03-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 10","volume":44,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1881-03-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2A84EEF6-D19F-496B-9B6F75B4D4192B3F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50028228-6FED-4672-833B248A5A2D252E_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1KA0sxucUNkdWrpzZseKKU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/02-26/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 269supp","volume":11,"issue":"269supp","issue_date":"1881-02-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/930F1823-121B-4A6F-990497246B4A7D39.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DD07D27-0945-447C-A83CD8089A59DDFC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"mVzEZRS02dz0yc3hflXiU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/02-26/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 9","volume":44,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1881-02-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/608AFC86-853B-44AB-9D5045EA23EE2334.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16D4740C-B18D-4C31-8C20FCECA1B6FB4F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2hFWapz6QxpxxBs4YfovTa","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/02-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 268supp","volume":11,"issue":"268supp","issue_date":"1881-02-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F79D3E35-4F98-49E4-A2B5CB118CF81CA2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D66ACD5-63A4-4BCF-8E2BBE3CCF68A8A8_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3rVOFIw03YUMMIrnWWJVl0","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/02-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 8","volume":44,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1881-02-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/323B0533-E2B0-4EA0-BC058E6F7E401939.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FEDEEC1-1069-4425-8E6695FABC39E013_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1p9jpTzqqpRcCEvom0njzi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/02-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 267supp","volume":11,"issue":"267supp","issue_date":"1881-02-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68637695-741E-4E45-B0B600A4AB238F42.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CBBEBF7-7F7B-46CF-B252DBF13ED05F49_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2hES2apdhWVEubWsnNFk6v","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/02-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 7","volume":44,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1881-02-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B3547BF2-8E8B-46BD-95CC1E892A139BC1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6361753C-DD7B-4103-B2265A60A86551B9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1VccfMhb5LnzlBZGTUGSTK","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/02-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 266supp","volume":11,"issue":"266supp","issue_date":"1881-02-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C0A7F77-0EF0-4A18-A05D4633C0788E1E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5D347E8-F6B2-4653-875B923C6199954A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5KqwwwKkaIG3eAAsV29GDR","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/02-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 6","volume":44,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1881-02-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC852FCD-8281-45C0-A757EF48B3A32C33.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F930667-2C70-4EDC-8C8604E16F0C1E87_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3vTPt6RTWR80OsIvpUep2x","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/01-29/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 265supp","volume":11,"issue":"265supp","issue_date":"1881-01-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7229606C-525B-40E2-BDE62203C4EA0F60.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0772E1A2-96A7-4AF7-94852760A3ED2AAF_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1wgfMusdKlcJ4rEsJxbjry","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/01-29/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 5","volume":44,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1881-01-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/092309AE-B9B7-463E-BBD9E20C94823B30.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC95E68F-3EDA-41B8-89A3C3FCFE905ECE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"QL0JiXTouYKm6z1Hxef8w","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/01-22/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 264supp","volume":11,"issue":"264supp","issue_date":"1881-01-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E64F6CF-395C-485D-851B709C90149576.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F3B09E8-32F3-4314-8B08442F7A0022F3_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1WvLnRUCV0C0rMiJsNYpAG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/01-22/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 4","volume":44,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1881-01-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/215F056F-7D2B-42B5-9E657582F2413394.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D90E911-911A-4905-B7A19CFB932158AC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3ovZWpHFgCoGRb6tfgG433","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/01-15/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 263supp","volume":11,"issue":"263supp","issue_date":"1881-01-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/23AB41A5-175F-4D8A-A6AFE3DB1022AA87.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92BA2D7A-D55E-4570-8FEB9E11B6C8128B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"38UexQqDsCYMnLuomMn3OQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/01-15/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 3","volume":44,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1881-01-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A9BD153-4D7C-472C-A934A828B1BF0687.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F723DDE-52B3-4EEF-B82A8BABC0FA7604_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1HGKeIL7GcFCT57lB5bzzb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/01-08/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 262supp","volume":11,"issue":"262supp","issue_date":"1881-01-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58571589-DA75-47AE-83BCD65FEDC1F083.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC1039B0-599C-49A8-99649F8AE178D24E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"DCL1vfkGDBsTgYigxW5rm","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/01-08/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 2","volume":44,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1881-01-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CBEFBB1-C0E6-4B42-A6FD855022B5567D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/70BD7519-F1F5-4F1D-841C0F47E7F83DBC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"odLmJSkrwQkUAHtrZ47ew","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1881/01-01/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 11, Issue 261supp","volume":11,"issue":"261supp","issue_date":"1881-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/137AC76A-1789-40CB-A961FD4E01909D75.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BA8C58D-7D4B-4A39-B0F6029CA944AA3F_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3yZaJ14UJbMznA2dolUptP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1881/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 44, Issue 1","volume":44,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1881-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CB39108-CAA1-4F17-BA395DBA050D61F9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/51F0DC5F-CCC5-49DA-BDCA045A1FC05951_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null}],"startYear":1881,"endYear":1881,"meta":{"title":"Issue Archive: 1881","canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1881/","tags":{"description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845","og:title":"Issue Archive: 1881","og:description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"}},"dataLayerContent":{"content":{"articleDoi":"","authors":[],"authorsCategory":[],"canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1881/","categories":"","collectionId":"","collectionName":"","column":"","containsMedia":"","contentId":"","contentDifficulty":"","contentModeling":[],"durability":"","editors":[],"isPartner":false,"isResalable":false,"isSyndicated":false,"journalIssueName":"","language":"en","partnerName":"","platform":"hopper","paywallExempt":null,"podcastSeries":"","primaryCategory":"","printDek":"","printTitle":"","publishedAtDate":"","publishedAtDateTime":"","publishedAtTime":"","sentiment":"","subCategory":"","title":"Issue Archive: 1881","type":"archive","updatedAtDateTime":"","advertiser":"","campaign":"","isSponsored":false},"game":{"gameId":"","puzzleType":"","set":"","dek":""}},"abTestGroup":"1"},"bundle":"issues"}`)</script> <script data-layer="footer">;OptanonWrapper=()=>{};consentQueue=[];tp=[];pdl={requireConsent:'v2'};window.dataLayer=[];;window.__ads=[];_sf_async_config={};_cbq=[]</script> </body> </html>