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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_IIA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_IIA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Middle Bronze IIA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_IIA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hittite_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hittite_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Hittite influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hittite_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egyptian_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Egyptian influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitanni_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitanni_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Mitanni influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitanni_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hittite_influence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hittite_influence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Hittite influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hittite_influence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuzi-Teshub_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuzi-Teshub_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Kuzi-Teshub I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuzi-Teshub_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Suhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Suhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>House of Suhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Suhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Assyria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Assyria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Relations with Assyria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Assyria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stele_of_Kubaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stele_of_Kubaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Stele of Kubaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stele_of_Kubaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Astiruwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Astiruwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>House of Astiruwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Astiruwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Carchemish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Carchemish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6</span> <span>Battle of Carchemish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Carchemish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings_of_Carchemish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_of_Carchemish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kings of Carchemish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_of_Carchemish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goddess_Kubaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goddess_Kubaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Goddess Kubaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goddess_Kubaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Material Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carchemish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkamis" title="Karkamis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karkamis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="كركميش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كركميش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemi%C5%9F" title="Karkemiş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karkemiş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="کارکامیش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارکامیش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Каркемиш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каркемиш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carquemix" title="Carquemix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carquemix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karchemi%C5%A1" title="Karchemiš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karchemiš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemi%C5%A1" title="Karkemiš – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karkemiš" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%82" title="Καρχεμίς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρχεμίς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemish" title="Karkemish – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karkemish" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemi%C5%9D" title="Karkemiŝ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karkemiŝ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemish" title="Karkemish – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karkemish" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="کارکمیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارکمیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemish" title="Karkemish – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karkemish" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemish" title="Karkemish – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karkemish" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EC%BC%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C" title="카르케미시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르케미시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B7" title="Կարքեմիշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարքեմիշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemi%C5%A1" title="Karkemiš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karkemiš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemis" title="Karkemis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karkemis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemi%C5%A1" title="Karkemiš – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karkemiš" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כרכמיש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרכמיש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ქარხემიში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქარხემიში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemi%C5%A1as" title="Karkemišas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karkemišas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemis" title="Karkemis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karkemis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemisy" title="Karkemisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karkemisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="كركميش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كركميش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemis" title="Karkemis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karkemis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemish" title="Karkemish – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karkemish" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="カルケミシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルケミシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemisj" title="Karkemisj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karkemisj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karxemish" title="Karxemish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karxemish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkemisz" title="Karkemisz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karkemisz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carquemis" title="Carquemis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carquemis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carchemi%C8%99" title="Carchemiș – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carchemiș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carchemish&params=36_49_47_N_38_00_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°49′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°00′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.82972°N 38.01500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.82972; 38.01500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city in Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern settlement in Turkey, see <a href="/wiki/Karkam%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Karkamış">Karkamış</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Viceroyalty of Carchemish / Kingdom of Carchemish</div><div class="ib-country-names">Karkamiša</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">c. 1321 BC–717 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NeoHittiteStates.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Carchemish among the Neo-Hittite states"><img alt="Carchemish among the Neo-Hittite states" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/250px-NeoHittiteStates.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/375px-NeoHittiteStates.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Carchemish among the Neo-Hittite states</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Carchemish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite mythology">Hittite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Luwian_religion" title="Luwian religion">Luwian religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1321 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">717 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carte_du_Mitanni.png/20px-Carte_du_Mitanni.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carte_du_Mitanni.png/30px-Carte_du_Mitanni.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Carte_du_Mitanni.png/40px-Carte_du_Mitanni.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif/20px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif/30px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif/40px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="467" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/20px-Map_of_Assyria.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/30px-Map_of_Assyria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/40px-Map_of_Assyria.png 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1363" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carchemish</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAR</span>-kəm-ish</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kar-<span style="font-size:90%">KEE</span>-mish</i></a>), also spelled <b>Karkemish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Karkamış</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a>. At times during its history the city was independent, but it was also part of the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empires</a>. Today it is on the frontier between <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p><p>It was the location of an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">important battle</a>, about 605 BC, between the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a>, mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (Jer. 46:2, 2 Chron. 35:20).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern neighbouring cities are <a href="/wiki/Karkam%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Karkamış">Karkamış</a> in Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a> in Syria (also Djerablus, Jerablus, Jarablos, Jarâblos).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_of_the_site">Geography of the site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography of the site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/290px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/435px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg/580px-T._E._Lawrence_and_L._Woolley_at_Carchemish_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Early Hittite carving found by <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a> (right) in Carchemish.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carchemish is now an extensive set of ruins (90 hectares, of which 55 lie in Turkey and 35 in Syria), located on the West bank of <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a>, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. The site is crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a> that now forms the Turco-Syrian border. The site includes an <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> along the river, an Inner Town encircled by earthen ramparts and an Outer Town (most of which lies in Syrian territory). A Turkish military base has been established at the site and access but only the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> is presently of restricted access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_research">History of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Woolley_(right)_and_T.E.Lawrence_at_the_British_Museum%27s_Excavations_at_Carchemish,_Syria,_in_the_spring_of_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Leonard_Woolley_%28right%29_and_T.E.Lawrence_at_the_British_Museum%27s_Excavations_at_Carchemish%2C_Syria%2C_in_the_spring_of_1912.jpg/220px-Leonard_Woolley_%28right%29_and_T.E.Lawrence_at_the_British_Museum%27s_Excavations_at_Carchemish%2C_Syria%2C_in_the_spring_of_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Leonard_Woolley_%28right%29_and_T.E.Lawrence_at_the_British_Museum%27s_Excavations_at_Carchemish%2C_Syria%2C_in_the_spring_of_1912.jpg/330px-Leonard_Woolley_%28right%29_and_T.E.Lawrence_at_the_British_Museum%27s_Excavations_at_Carchemish%2C_Syria%2C_in_the_spring_of_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Leonard_Woolley_%28right%29_and_T.E.Lawrence_at_the_British_Museum%27s_Excavations_at_Carchemish%2C_Syria%2C_in_the_spring_of_1912.jpg/440px-Leonard_Woolley_%28right%29_and_T.E.Lawrence_at_the_British_Museum%27s_Excavations_at_Carchemish%2C_Syria%2C_in_the_spring_of_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a> (right) in Carchemish, Spring 1913</figcaption></figure> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29" alt="N29" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29" alt="N29" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa15.png?721ae" height="10" title="Aa15" alt="Aa15" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M8.png?bc894" height="19" title="M8" alt="M8" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1" alt="G1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T14.png?183d0" height="38" title="T14" alt="T14" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: palegoldenrod; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid crimson; padding: 0.5em">qꜣrjqꜣmjꜥšꜣ<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier157_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier157-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budge1042_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge1042-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Carchemish has always been well known to scholars because of several references to it in the Bible (Jer. 46:2; 2 Chr. 35:20; Isa. 10:9) and in Egyptian and Assyrian texts. In 1874, James H. Skene, British Consul at Aleppo proposed its identification. This was confirmed in 1876 by <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)" title="George Smith (Assyriologist)">George Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilibert_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilibert-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carchemish had been previously identified, incorrectly, with the Classical city of <a href="/wiki/Circesium" title="Circesium">Circesium</a>, at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a> and the Euphrates.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1878 and 1881 soundings were conducted by Consul Patrick Henderson on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilibert_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilibert-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1911 and 1914 full excavations were conducted under the direction of <a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">D. G. Hogarth</a>. In 1911 on the field there were D. G. Hogarth himself, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Campbell_Thompson" title="Reginald Campbell Thompson">R. C. Thompson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> ("Lawrence of Arabia"), from 1912 to 1914 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Woolley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Leonard Woolley">C. L. Woolley</a> and T. E. Lawrence, while a last campaign took place in 1920 with C. L. Woolley and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Langstaffe_Ord_Guy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Langstaffe Ord Guy">Philip Langstaffe Ord Guy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations were interrupted in 1914 by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and then ended in 1920 with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These expeditions uncovered substantial remains of the Assyrian and Neo-Hittite periods, including defensive structures, temples, palaces, and numerous basalt statues and reliefs with <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> hieroglyphic inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1956 and 1998, the whole site had been mined by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Land Forces</a>. </p><p>With the completion in February 2011 of mine clearing operations on the Turkish portion of the site, archaeological work was resumed in September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations in the Inner and Outer Towns were carried out by a joint Turco-Italian team from the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gaziantep" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Istanbul">University of Istanbul</a> under the direction of Prof. Dr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unibo.it/sitoweb/nicolo.marchetti/en">Nicolò Marchetti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second season, from August to November 2012, brought several new art findings and archaeological discoveries, the most remarkable of which is Katuwa's Palace (c. 900 BC) to the east of the Processional Entry. </p><p>The third season, from May to October 2013, extended the exposure of Katuwa's palace, retrieving a cuneiform tablet with an exorcism in the name of the god Marduk, as well as the ruins of Lawrence's excavation house in the Inner Town, from which literally hundreds of fragments of sculptures and hieroglyphic inscriptions have been retrieved. </p><p>The fourth season started in May 2014 and continued through October 2014: in Katuwa's palace several orthostats exquisitely carved with a procession of gazelle-bearers have been found, some of them in situ, next to a courtyard paved with squared slabs. In the Neo Assyrian period that courtyard was covered by a mosaic floor made of river pebbles forming squares alternating in black and white color. Lawrence's excavation house was completely excavated. </p><p>During the fifth season, April to October 2015, more significant discoveries have been made in the palace area, both for Late Hittite sculptures, and Neo Assyrian refurbishments, with tens of items—including two fragments of clay prismatical cylinders inscribed with a unique cuneiform text by Sargon, intended for display, telling how he captured and reorganized the city of Karkemish—retrieved in a 14-m-deep well, sealed in 605 BC at the time of the Late Babylonian takeover.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sixth season, May to July 2016, saw a number of excavation areas opened also near the border, due to the added security represented by the construction of the wall (see below). Thus, in 2016 a complete stratigraphic record was obtained also for peripheral areas, greatly adding to our understanding of urban development between LB II and the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> period. </p><p>In the seventh season, from 7 May to 18 July 2017, the major breakthroughs were the beginning of the excavations on the north-western end of the acropolis and the discovery in the eastern Lower Palace area of a monumental building dating from the LB II. Among the finds, in addition to new sculpted complete artworks from the Iron Age, fragments of Imperial Hittite clay cuneiform tablets and c. 250 inscribed bullae should be mentioned. </p><p>The eighth season lasted from 4 May to 20 July 2019 and revealed a massive palace on the top of the acropolis dating from Late Bronze II, exposed more architecture and finds from the LB II administrative building in area C East (which seems to be the Hittite E2.KIŠIB) and more of the Iron I storage facility in area S. </p><p>Archaeological investigations on the Syrian side have been conducted as part of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Carchemish_project" title="Land of Carchemish project">Land of Carchemish project</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> investigations of the Outer Town of Carchemish were undertaken in conjunction with the DGAM in Damascus and with the funding and sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_British_Research_in_the_Levant" title="Council for British Research in the Levant">Council for British Research in the Levant</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>, under the direction of the late Professors <a href="/wiki/Tony_Wilkinson" title="Tony Wilkinson">T. J. Wilkinson</a> and E. Peltenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservation and presentation works have now been completed and the archaeological park at the site is finally open since 13 July 2019, thanks to the support also of Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality and <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep Province</a>: the site may be visited between 9 am and one hour before sunset through guided tours every two hours for security reasons. Financial support has been received by the three Universities mentioned above, by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Sanko Holding,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the technical support also of Şahinbey Municipality and Inta A.Ş. </p><p>The Outer Town area lying in Syria has been designated, already before the Syrian Civil War, an endangered cultural heritage site and labelled "at risk" by the Global Heritage Fund,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">agricultural expansion</a> and, especially, urban encroachment. The field assessment of the Syrian part of the Outer Town documented that parts of the modern border town of Jerablus encroached upon the Outer Town.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2019, a scientific visit to the outer town in Syria by the Turco-Italian Archaeological Expedition at Karkemish, entailed the protection of the area from further encroachment by the sprawling town of <a href="/wiki/Jerablus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerablus">Jerablus</a> and by the facilities for trucks which were being built to the South of the border: the City Council of Jerablus declared all the area enclosed by the Iron Age city walls a "first degree protected site", meaning the complete ban of any activity on it. </p><p>In February 2016, a prefabricated security wall (thus with no foundations that could have damaged the ancient site) was completed by the Turkish Army to the south of the railway, stretching between the Euphrates bridge and the train station of Karkamış. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carchemish&params=36_49_47_N_38_00_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°49′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°00′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.82972°N 38.01500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.82972; 38.01500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_head_of_Katuwas_statue-British_Museum_1105.1-IMG_3893-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_head_of_Katuwas_statue-British_Museum_1105.1-IMG_3893-black.jpg/220px-Lion_head_of_Katuwas_statue-British_Museum_1105.1-IMG_3893-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_head_of_Katuwas_statue-British_Museum_1105.1-IMG_3893-black.jpg/330px-Lion_head_of_Katuwas_statue-British_Museum_1105.1-IMG_3893-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_head_of_Katuwas_statue-British_Museum_1105.1-IMG_3893-black.jpg/440px-Lion_head_of_Katuwas_statue-British_Museum_1105.1-IMG_3893-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Basalt lion head from the monument to King <a href="/wiki/Katuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuwa">Katuwa</a> at Carchemish, now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria2mil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Syria2mil.JPG/290px-Syria2mil.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Syria2mil.JPG/435px-Syria2mil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Syria2mil.JPG/580px-Syria2mil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Map of Syria in the second millennium BC, showing the location of Carchemish, or "Karkemish."</figcaption></figure> <p>The site has been occupied since the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (pot burials). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze">Early Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late Early Bronze, <b>cist tombs</b> dating to around 2400 BC have been found. The city is mentioned in documents found in the <a href="/wiki/Ebla_tablets" title="Ebla tablets">Ebla archives</a> of the 3rd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze">Middle Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Bronze_IIA">Middle Bronze IIA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze IIA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to documents from the archives of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a>, dated from c. 1800 BC, Carchemish was then ruled by a king named <a href="/wiki/Aplahanda" title="Aplahanda">Aplahanda</a>, followed by his son, <a href="/wiki/Yatar-Ami" title="Yatar-Ami">Yatar-Ami</a>, (a contemporary of Mari ruler <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a>) and was an important center of timber trade. It had treaty relationships with <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanilgalbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanilgalbat">Hanilgalbat</a>). Another ruler of Carchemish in that period was Iahdun-Lim.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times, the city commanded the main ford in the region across the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, a situation which must have contributed greatly to its historical and strategic importance. After about 1745 BC, and the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yahdul-Lim" title="Yahdul-Lim">Yahdul-Lim</a>, not much is further known about Carchemish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hittite_influence">Hittite influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hittite influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known until the 1620s, when the city is mentioned in connection with the siege of <a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a> (Ursha) by the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili I">Hattusili I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bryce_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryce-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Carchemish was allied with the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, in supporting Urshu, but their efforts were unsuccessful, and the city fell, along with many other Syrian cities. Hattusili and his successor <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a> campaigned several years against Yamhad. Also <a href="/wiki/Hantili_I" title="Hantili I">Hantili I</a> conducted a campaign to Carchemish to face the Hurrians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egyptian_influence">Egyptian influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Egyptian influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> erected a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> near Carchemish to celebrate his conquest of Syria and other lands beyond the Euphrates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitanni_influence">Mitanni influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mitanni influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Mitanni Empire, the city was a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a> of Mitanni until its siege and conquest by <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Šuppiluliuma I</a> (c. 1345 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hittite_influence_2">Hittite influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hittite influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the end of the reign of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutankhamen">Tutankhamen</a>, Carchemish was captured by king <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Šuppiluliuma I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> (c. 14th century BC), who made it into a kingdom ruled by his son <a href="/wiki/Piyassili" title="Piyassili">Piyassili</a>. </p><p>Piyassili (Šarri-Kušuḫ) was followed by his son Shakhurunuwa (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahurunuwa" class="extiw" title="fr:Sahurunuwa">fr:Sahurunuwa</a>), about whom relatively little is known. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> (1274 BC). He was followed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ini-Te%C5%A1%C5%A1ub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ini-Teššub (page does not exist)">Ini-Teššub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city became one of the most important centres in the Hittite Empire, during the Late Bronze Age, and reached its apogee around the 13th century BC. While the Hittite empire fell to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>, Carchemish survived the Sea Peoples' attacks to continue to be the capital of an important <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hittite">Neo-Hittite</a> kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, and a trading center.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Ramesses III states in an inscription dating to his 8th Year from his Medinet Habu mortuary temple that Carchemish was destroyed by the Sea Peoples, the city evidently survived the onslaught.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kuzi-Teshub_I">Kuzi-Teshub I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kuzi-Teshub I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Kuzi-Teshub" title="Kuzi-Teshub">Kuzi-Teshub</a> (Kuzi-Tesup) is attested in power here and was the son of <a href="/wiki/Talmi-Teshub" title="Talmi-Teshub">Talmi-Teshub</a> who was a contemporary of the last Hittite king, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_II" title="Šuppiluliuma II">Šuppiluliuma II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his successors ruled a "mini-empire" stretching from Southeast Asia Minor to Northern Syria and the West bend of the Euphrates<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the title "Great King". This suggests that Kuzi-Tesub saw himself as the true heir of the line of the great Šuppiluliuma I and that the central dynasty at Hattusa was now defunct.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This powerful polity lasted from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1175</span> to 975 BC when it began losing control of its farther possessions and became gradually a more local city state centered around Carchemish.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Kuzi-Teshub, some of the kings of Carchemish, such as Tuthaliya I, Sapaziti, and Ura-Tarhunza, continued to use the title ‘Great King’ in order to advance their power interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Suhi">House of Suhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: House of Suhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Suhi" title="House of Suhi">House of Suhi</a></div> <p>Suhi I was the first known ruler of the dynasty of Carchemish that followed. He ruled in early 10th century BC, and was followed by Astuwalamanza. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Katuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuwa">Katuwa</a>, son of Suhi II, is the best known ruler of this dynasty as known in the Hieroglyphic Luwian sources. He reigned around 880 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_Assyria">Relations with Assyria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relations with Assyria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-13th century BC, after the fall of the Mitanni, <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> visited Carchemish together with Prince Tukultī-Ninurta.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th century BC, King <a href="/wiki/Sangara_(king)" title="Sangara (king)">Sangara</a> (870-848 BC), the last member of the dynasty, paid tribute to Kings <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangara already appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Bronze Bands</a> of Ashurnasirpal II as a tributary probably at some time before 868 BC. According to the archaeologist Shigeo Yamada, Karkamish may have been known during this period as 'Sazabê', “a fortified city of Sangara the Karkamishean”. Nevertheless, Sangara failed to leave any inscriptions at the city of Karkamish itself as far as is known.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins2016_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins2016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, in 2015 his name was identified in Hieroglyphic Luwian for the first time in a local inscription. </p><p>Following this period, Karkamish does not appear in Assyrian sources until the mid-8th century BC. The only exception was a brief mention by <a href="/wiki/Sam%C5%A1i-Adad_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Samši-Adad V">Samši-Adad V</a> (824–811 BC). Nevertheless, only 20 km downstream the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river, at the city of <a href="/wiki/Til-Barsip" class="mw-redirect" title="Til-Barsip">Til-Barsip</a> (modern Tell Ahmar), the Assyrians established an important provincial capital. They renamed their new city as 'Kar-Shalmaneser', yet the old name was also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins2016_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins2016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stele_of_Kubaba">Stele of Kubaba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stele of Kubaba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, for the first time, the name of Sangara has been documented in a hieroglyphic Luwian inscription originally erected in Carchemish, itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six extant pieces of the basalt stele of <a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">the goddess Kubaba</a> from Karkemish, currently housed in three different museums, have finally been all discovered and assembled together. This stele was made by <a href="/wiki/Kamani_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamani (king)">king Kamani</a> of Karkemish around 790 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top part of this stele was drawn in 1876 by George Smith and transported in 1881 to the British Museum. </p><p>In 1876, this was the longest hieroglyphic Luwian inscription known until then. Based on it, Smith was the first to link the site with the Hittites as mentioned in the Bible, and also to identify it as Carchemish.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Suhi" title="House of Suhi">House of Suhi</a> are known for their extensive building program. They left a prominent set of monuments, with sculptures and inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Carchemish_Before_and_After_1200_BC_pp._233–276_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carchemish_Before_and_After_1200_BC_pp._233–276-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the monuments they left, there are portal lions, inscriptions, relief <a href="/wiki/Orthostats" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthostats">orthostats</a> and freestanding statues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Astiruwa">House of Astiruwa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: House of Astiruwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Astiruwa" title="House of Astiruwa">House of Astiruwa</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Astiruwa" title="House of Astiruwa">House of Astiruwa</a> was the last known dynasty of rulers of Carchemish, and king Astiruwa (ca 848-790 BC) was the founder of this dynasty. Then came kings <a href="/wiki/Yariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yariri">Yariri</a>, Kamani, and Sastura. </p><p>King Yariri started to reign after 790 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a great scholar, and left extensive records of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carchemish was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> in 717 BC in the reign of King Pisiri, the last ruler of the House of Astiruwa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Carchemish">Battle of Carchemish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Battle of Carchemish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Battle of Carchemish</a></div> <p>In the summer of 605 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Battle of Carchemish</a> was fought there by the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> army of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> and that of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> of Egypt and the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> army (Jer. 46:2). The aim of Necho's campaign was to contain the Westward advance of the Babylonian Empire and cut off its trade route across the Euphrates. However, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> were defeated by the unexpected attack of the Babylonians and were eventually expelled from Syria. </p><p>After a brief Neo-Babylonian occupation, the Turco-Italian excavations found evidence for three phases of Achaemenid occupation, a significant reconstruction in Hellenistic times, a monumental phase from the Late Roman period, an Early Byzantine and three Abbasid phases before the final abandonment of the site until the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings_of_Carchemish">Kings of Carchemish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kings of Carchemish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yariri_and_Kamani_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Yariri_and_Kamani_1.JPG/170px-Yariri_and_Kamani_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Yariri_and_Kamani_1.JPG/255px-Yariri_and_Kamani_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Yariri_and_Kamani_1.JPG/340px-Yariri_and_Kamani_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Yariri (r.) and Kamani (l.), resp. regent and future-ruler of Carchemish</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ruler</th> <th>Proposed reign (BC)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adni-anda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adni-anda (page does not exist)">Adni-anda</a> (?)</td> <td>c. ? to 1786</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aplahanda" title="Aplahanda">Aplah-anda I</a></td> <td>c. 1786 to 1764</td> <td>son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adni-anda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adni-anda (page does not exist)">Adni-anda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yatar-Ami" title="Yatar-Ami">Yatar-Ami</a></td> <td>c. 1764 to 1763</td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Aplahanda" title="Aplahanda">Aplah-anda I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a>, or possibly <a href="/wiki/Yahdul-Lim" title="Yahdul-Lim">Yahdul-Lim</a></td> <td>c. 1763 to 1745?</td> <td>son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bin-Ami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bin-Ami (page does not exist)">Bin-Ami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aplah-anda_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aplah-anda II (page does not exist)">Aplah-anda II</a></td> <td>c. 1745? to ?</td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piyassili" title="Piyassili">Piyassili</a> or Sharri-Kushukh</td> <td>c. 1315</td> <td>son of the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Šuppiluliuma I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ ... ]sharruma</td> <td></td> <td>son of Piyassilis </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shakhurunuwa</td> <td></td> <td>son of Piyassilis </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ini-Teshub I</td> <td>c. 1230s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Talmi-Teshub" title="Talmi-Teshub">Talmi-Teshub</a></td> <td>c. 1200</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuzi-Teshub" title="Kuzi-Teshub">Kuzi-Teshub</a></td> <td>c. 1170</td> <td>claimed the title of "Great King" after the fall of Hatti </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ini-Teshub II</td> <td>c. 1100</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya" title="Tudhaliya">Tudhaliya</a></td> <td>c. 1100</td> <td>either before or after Ini-Teshub II </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sapaziti</td> <td>c. 1025</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uratarhunda</td> <td>c. 1000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suhi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhi I">Suhi I</a></td> <td>c. 975</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astuwalamanza" class="mw-redirect" title="Astuwalamanza">Astuwalamanza</a></td> <td>c. 950</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suhi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhi II">Suhi II</a></td> <td>c. 925</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuwa">Katuwa</a></td> <td>c. 900</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhi_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhi III (page does not exist)">Suhi III</a></td> <td>c. 890</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangara_(King)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangara (King)">Sangara</a></td> <td>c. 870–848</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isarwilamuwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isarwilamuwa (page does not exist)">Isarwilamuwa</a></td> <td>c. 840</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwalanamuwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwalanamuwa (page does not exist)">Kuwalanamuwa</a></td> <td>c. 835</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Astiru">Astiru</a></td> <td>c. 830</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yariri">Yariri</a> (regent)</td> <td>c. 815</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamani_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamani (king)">Kamani</a></td> <td>c. 790</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sastura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sastura">Sastura</a></td> <td>c. 760</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astiru_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Astiru II">Astiru II</a></td> <td>(?)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pisiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisiri">Pisiri</a></td> <td>c. 730s</td> <td>the last king, defeated in 717 by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goddess_Kubaba">Goddess Kubaba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Goddess Kubaba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba (goddess)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_35_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Image_from_page_35_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/330px-Image_from_page_35_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Image_from_page_35_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/495px-Image_from_page_35_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Image_from_page_35_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/660px-Image_from_page_35_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>Old Syrian seal, dedicated to goddess <a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba</a> by Matrunna, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Aplahanda" title="Aplahanda">Aplahanda</a>, early 18th century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The patron goddess of Carchemish was <a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba</a>, a deity of apparently <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a> origins.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was represented as a dignified woman wearing a long robe, standing or seated, and holding a mirror. The main male deity of the town was <a href="/wiki/Karhuha" title="Karhuha">Karhuha</a>, akin to the Hittite stag-god <a href="/wiki/Kurunta_(god)" title="Kurunta (god)">Kurunta</a>. </p><p>Kubaba was also the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a>, located in the coastal <a href="/wiki/Amik_Valley" title="Amik Valley">Amik Valley</a>. </p><p>In 2015, a basalt stele of Kubaba, originally from Karkemish, was assembled back together from six separate broken pieces currently housed in three different museums around the world. This stele was originally made by king Kamani of Karkemish around 790 BC. The Luwian hieroglyphic inscription on this stele can now be read more fully, and it carries some important information about Karkemish history.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kubaba appears to be one of the three main deities worshipped in Carchemish during the Middle Bronze Age. The other two were <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubandag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubandag">Nubandag</a>. The chief god was the Mesopotamian-influenced Nergal, who was the city-god of Carchemish. He was also called <i>Il-Karkamis</i>, “God of Karkemish”, as is evidenced on an Old Babylonian hematite cylinder seal in the British Museum collections (BM 89172).<sup id="cite_ref-Marchetti2019_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchetti2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The warrior god Nubandag has <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> roots. According to the Mari texts, he was worshipped at Carchemish in the Old Babylonian period along with Nergal.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchetti2019_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchetti2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, beginning in the mid-14th century BC, the city-god of Carchemish became the warrior god Karhuha, similar to <a href="/wiki/Kurunta_(god)" title="Kurunta (god)">Kurunta (god)</a>. He was seen as a Stag-god, and his cult was probably introduced to Carchemish under the Mitannian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchetti2019_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchetti2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These deities clearly reflect the geographical position of Carchemish at the crossing of important trade routes; because of this, the city became a mixed cultural and religious centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_Culture">Material Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Material Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the many artefacts recovered at Karkemish, typical of this territory are the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Handmade_Syrian_Horses_and_Riders" title="Euphrates Handmade Syrian Horses and Riders">Handmade Syrian Horses and Riders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Syrian_Pillar_Figurines" title="Euphrates Syrian Pillar Figurines">Syrian Pillar Figurines</a>. These are clay figurines dating from mid-8th-7th centuries BCE that have been found in several hundreds in the town. These terracottas were manufactured during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> phase of Karkemish and it is currently believed they might have represented male and female characters performing distinguished public roles.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerablus_Tahtani" title="Jerablus Tahtani">Jerablus Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkam%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Karkamış">Karkamış</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish_Phoenician_inscription" title="Carchemish Phoenician inscription">Carchemish Phoenician inscription</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>: <span lang="hit"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:UllikummiA" lang="und-Xsux">𒋼𒀀𒅗𒈩</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hittite-language romanization"><i lang="hit-Latn">Kargamiš</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian language">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a>: <span lang="hlu"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227579655">.mw-parser-output .script-Hluw{font-family:"Noto Sans Anatolian Hieroglyphs";font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-Hluw" style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size:120%">𔕢𔗧𔖻𔑺</span></span>‎</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">Karkamis</i></span>, <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language text"><span lang="hlu"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227579655"><span class="script-Hluw" style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size:120%">𔕢𔗧𔖻𔑷𔔂</span></span>‎</span></span> <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">Karkamis</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Assurbanipal" lang="und-Xsux">𒆳𒃻𒂵𒈩</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Gargamiš</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">qꜣrjqꜣmjꜥšꜣ</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier157_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier157-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budge1042_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge1042-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כַּרְכְּמִישׁ</span>‎</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Karkəmīš</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kargamiš." Hawkins J.D., 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, John D (2000). <i>Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Part 1: Text, Introduction, Karatepe, Karkamis, Tell Ahmar, Maras, Malatya, Commagene</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-80420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-80420-1"><bdi>978-3-110-80420-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+of+Hieroglyphic+Luwian+Inscriptions.+Vol.+1%3A+Inscriptions+of+the+Iron+Age.+Part+1%3A+Text%2C+Introduction%2C+Karatepe%2C+Karkamis%2C+Tell+Ahmar%2C+Maras%2C+Malatya%2C+Commagene.&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-110-80420-1&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, John D (2000). <i>Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Part 3: Plates</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 80, 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-10864-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-10864-4"><bdi>978-3-110-10864-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+of+Hieroglyphic+Luwian+Inscriptions.+Vol.+1%3A+Inscriptions+of+the+Iron+Age.+Part+3%3A+Plates&rft.pages=80%2C+83&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-110-10864-4&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola1970" class="citation book cs1">Parpola, Simo (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neoassyriantopon0000parp"><i>Neo-Assyrian Toponyms</i></a>. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. pp. 364–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Assyrian+Toponyms&rft.place=Kevaeler&rft.pages=364-365&rft.pub=Butzon+%26+Bercker&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Simo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneoassyriantopon0000parp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauthier157-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier157_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier157_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1928" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928/page/n81"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques</i></a>. Vol. 5. pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques&rft.pages=157-158&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1928%2Fpage%2Fn81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budge1042-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budge1042_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budge1042_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis_Budge1920" class="citation book cs1">Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft"><i>An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1042">1042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Egyptian+hieroglyphic+dictionary%3A+with+an+index+of+English+words%2C+king+list+and+geological+list+with+indexes%2C+list+of+hieroglyphic+characters%2C+coptic+and+semitic+alphabets%2C+etc.+Vol+II&rft.pages=1042&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wallis+Budge&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptianhierogly02budguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemche2004" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels Peter (2004). <i>Historical dictionary of ancient Israel</i>. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. 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(Ed.) (2019-2020), "Recent archaeological discoveries at Karkemish. Anatomy and trajectories of a capital city on the Middle Euphrates"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>in De Martino, S. – Marazzi, M. – Mora, C. (eds.), News from the Lands of the Hittites. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=figure+%26%23124%3B+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FW_1927-1114-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langer-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langer_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1972" class="citation book cs1">Langer, William L., ed. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9"><i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i></a></span> (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-13592-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-13592-3"><bdi>0-395-13592-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-395-13592-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaworl00will%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Frayne, "Carchemish", in Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 773-778, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryce-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bryce_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton_Lloyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Seton Lloyd (21 August 2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846030819" title="Special:BookSources/9781846030819"><bdi>9781846030819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hittite+Warrior&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2007-08-21&rft.isbn=9781846030819&rft.au=Seton+Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/10249a2f-b92c-407c-ae3c-b4bfe86a1f54/36892.pdf#page=94">[1]</a> Mora, Clelia, Maria ElenaBalza, and Marco De Pietri, "The Court and Administration of Karkemish in the Late Bronze Age", Administrative Practices and Political Control in Anatolian and Syro-Anatolian Polities in the 2nd and 1st Millennium BCE: pp. 93-126, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Federico Giusfredi, Sources for a Socio-Economic History of the Neo-Hittite States, Winter Verlag, 2010, pp. 35-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Beckman, "Hittite Chronology", <i>Akkadica</i>, pp.119–120 (2000), p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K.A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament, William B. Eerdsman Publishing Co, pp.99 & 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen, op. cit., p.99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor R. Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford University Press, p.384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen, op. cit., p.100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giusfredi, op.cit., pp. 37-44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marchetti_Peker_pp._81–99_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchettiPeker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Marchetti, Nicolò; Peker, Hasan (16 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37292779">"The Stele of Kubaba by Kamani and the Kings of Karkemish in the 9th Century BC"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie</i>. <b>108</b> (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 81–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fza-2018-0006">10.1515/za-2018-0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-5299">0084-5299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165166999">165166999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie+und+vorderasiatische+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.atitle=The+Stele+of+Kubaba+by+Kamani+and+the+Kings+of+Karkemish+in+the+9th+Century+BC&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-99&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165166999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0084-5299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fza-2018-0006&rft.aulast=Marchetti&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%B2&rft.au=Peker%2C+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37292779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shibata, Daisuke, "An Expedition of King Shalmaneser I and Prince Tukultī-Ninurta to Carchemish", in At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 491-506, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Bryce: <i>The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History</i>. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins2016-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins2016_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins2016_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.D. Hawkins, M. Weeden (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22219/1/2%20-%20Hawkins%20Weeden.pdf">Sketch history of Karkamish in the earlier Iron Age (Iron I–IIB).</a> in Tony J. Wilkinson, Edgar Peltenburg 2016 (eds), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1z2DrgEACAAJ">CARCHEMISH IN CONTEXT - THE LAND OF CARCHEMISH PROJECT, 2006–2010.</a> Oxbow Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1785701118" title="Special:BookSources/1785701118">1785701118</a> p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carchemish_Before_and_After_1200_BC_pp._233–276-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carchemish_Before_and_After_1200_BC_pp._233–276_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanna_Pauliina_Aro-Valjus2013" class="citation book cs1">Sanna Pauliina Aro-Valjus (1 January 2013). "Carchemish Before and After 1200 BC". <i>Luwian Identities</i>. BRILL. pp. 233–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004253414_013">10.1163/9789004253414_013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004253414" title="Special:BookSources/9789004253414"><bdi>9789004253414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carchemish+Before+and+After+1200+BC&rft.btitle=Luwian+Identities&rft.pages=233-276&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004253414_013&rft.isbn=9789004253414&rft.au=Sanna+Pauliina+Aro-Valjus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3447214/">academia.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilibert, Alessandra (2011). Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. De Gruyter. p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zsolt Simon (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1404033/">Where is the Land of Sura of the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription KARKAMIŠ A4b and Why Were Cappadocians Called Syrians by Greeks?</a> Altoriental. Forsch., Akademie Verlag 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaina F. (ed.) 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Peker, Texts from Karkemish I. Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from the 2011-2015 Excavations (OrientLab Series Maior 1), Disci-Ante Quem, Bologna, 2016, pp. 47-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutter M. 2003, pp. 211-280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marchetti2019-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marchetti2019_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marchetti2019_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marchetti2019_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchesiMarchetti2019" class="citation book cs1">Marchesi, Gianni; Marchetti, Nicolò (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38027371">"The Deities of Karkemish in the Middle Bronze Age according to Glyptic and Textual Evidence"</a>. <i>Pearls of the past: studies on Near Eastern art and archaeology in honour of Frances Pinnock</i>. Münster: Zaphon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96327-058-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96327-058-1"><bdi>978-3-96327-058-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1099837791">1099837791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Deities+of+Karkemish+in+the+Middle+Bronze+Age+according+to+Glyptic+and+Textual+Evidence&rft.btitle=Pearls+of+the+past%3A+studies+on+Near+Eastern+art+and+archaeology+in+honour+of+Frances+Pinnock&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=Zaphon&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1099837791&rft.isbn=978-3-96327-058-1&rft.aulast=Marchesi&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft.au=Marchetti%2C+Nicol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38027371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarchemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolognani B. 2017, pp.172, 220, 246-247; 2020a; 2020b.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>BRITISH MUSEUM EXPEDITION </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/39020025962252-carchemishrepor/HighRes_39020025962252.pdf">[2]</a> Hogarth D.G., <i>Carchemish I: Introductory</i>, The British Museum Press, London 1914, repr. 1969.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/carchemishreport02brit/carchemishreport02brit.pdf">[3]</a> Woolley C.L., <i>Carchemish II: Town Defences: Report on the Excavations at Jerablus on Behalf of the British Museum</i>, British Museum Press, London 1921, repr. 1969, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1002-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1002-7">0-7141-1002-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carchemishreport02brit">Carchemish II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/carchemishreport03brituoft/carchemishreport03brituoft.pdf">[4]</a> Woolley C.L. & Barnett R.D., <i>Carchemish III: Excavations in the Inner Town: Report on the Excavations at Jerablus on Behalf of the British Museum</i>, British Museum Press, London 1952, repr. 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1003-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1003-5">0-7141-1003-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carchemishreport03brituoft">Carchemish III</a></li></ul> <p>TURCO-ITALIAN EXPEDITION </p> <ul><li>Bitelli G., Girardi F., Girelli V.A., Digital enhancement of the 3D scan of Suhi I's stele from Karkemish, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/2 (2014), pp. 154–161.</li> <li>Bolognani B.,<i>The Iron Age Figurines from Karkemish (2011–2015 Campaigns) and the Coroplastic Art of the Syro-Anatolian Region</i>, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Bologna, Bologna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8222/7/Bolognani_Barbara_tesi.pdf">amsdottorato.unibo.it/8222/7/Bolognani_Barbara_tesi.pdf</a></li> <li>Bolognani B., "The Iron Age Female Figurines from Karkemish and the Middle Euphrates Valley. Preliminary Notes on Some Syrian Pillar Figurines", in Donnat S., Hunziker-Rodewald R., Weygand I. (eds), <i>Figurines féminines nues : Proche-Orient, Égypte, Nubie, Méditerranée, Asie centrale (VIIIe millénaire av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.), Proceedings of the International Conference “Figurines féminines nues. Proche-Orient, Egypte, Nubie, Méditerranée, Asie centrale”, June 25th-26th 2015, MISHA, Strasbourg</i>, Études d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne (EAHA), De Boccard, Paris, pp. 209–223 (2020a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41710319/The_Iron_Age_Female_Figurines_from_Karkemish_and_the_Middle_Euphrates_Valley_Preliminary_Notes_on_Some_Syrian_Pillar_Figurines">Bolognani 2020a</a></li> <li>Bolognani, B., "Figurines as Social Markers: The Neo-Assyrian Impact on the Northern Levant as Seen from the Material Culture", in Gavagnin K., Palermo R. (eds), <i>Imperial Connections. Interactions and Expansions from Assyria to the Roman Period. Proceedings of the 5th “Broadening Horizons” Conference, 5–8 June 2017, Udine</i>(West & East Monografie 2), University of Udine, Udine, pp. 43–57 (2020b).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44613909/Figurines_as_social_markers_the_Neo_Assyrian_impact_on_the_Northern_Levant_as_seen_from_the_material_culture">Bolognani 2020b</a></li> <li>Dinçol A., Dinçol B., Hawkins J.D., Marchetti N., Peker H., A Stele by Suhi I from Karkemish, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/2 (2014), pp. 143–153.</li> <li>Dinçol A., Dinçol B., Peker H., An Anatolian Hieroglyphic Cylinder Seal from the Hilani at Karkemish, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/2 (2014), pp. 162–165.</li> <li>Marchesi G., Epigraphic Materials of Karkemish from the Middle Bronze Age, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/2 (2014), pp. 166–181.</li> <li>Marchesi G., A Bilingual Literary Text from Karmenish Featuring Marduk (with contributions by W.R. Mayer and S.V. Panayotov), in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/4 (2014), pp. 333–340.</li> <li>Marchetti N., "The 2011 Joint Turco-Italian Excavations at Karkemish", in <i>34. kazı sonuçları toplantısı, 28 Mayıs-1 Haziran 2012, Çorum. 1. cilt</i>, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Ankara (2013), pp. 349–364. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/Eklenti/7332,34kazi1.pdf?0">kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/Eklenti/7332,34kazi1.pdf?0</a></li> <li>Marchetti N., The 2012 Joint Turco-Italian Excavations at Karkemish, in <i>35. kazı sonuçları toplantısı, 27–31 Mayıs 2013, Muğla. 3. cilt</i>, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Ankara (2014), pp. 233–248. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/Eklenti/27148,35kazi3.pdf?0">kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/Eklenti/27148,35kazi3.pdf?0</a></li> <li>Marchetti N., <i>Karkemish. An Ancient Capital on the Euphrates</i> (OrientLab 2), Ante Quem, Bologna (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientlab.net/pubs,">free download orientlab.net/pubs (free download)</a></li> <li>Marchetti N., Bronze Statuettes from the Temples of Karkemish, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/3 (2014), pp. 305–320.</li> <li>Marchetti N., Karkemish. New Discoveries in the Last Hittite Capital, in <i>Current World Archaeology</i> 70 (2015), pp 18–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-archaeology.com/issue-70/cwa-70.htm">world-archaeology.com/issue-70/cwa-70.htm</a></li> <li>Marchetti N., Les programmes publics de communication visuelle à Karkemish entre la fin du IIe millénaire et le début du Ier millénaire avant J.-C., in V. Blanchard (ed.), Royaumes oubliés. De l'Empire hittite aux Araméens, Louvre éditions, Paris, (2019), pp. 154–161.</li> <li>Marchetti N. et al., Karkemish on the Euphrates: Excavating a City's History, in <i>Near Eastern Archaeology</i> 75/3 (2012), pp. 132–147.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5615/neareastarch.75.issue-3">jstor.org/stable/10.5615/neareastarch.75.issue-3</a></li> <li>Marchetti N., Peker H., A Stele from Gürçay near Karkemish, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/2 (2014), pp. 182–188.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3316452">[5]</a> Peker, Hasan, "A New Funerary Stele from Karkemish and New Values for Some Anatolian Hieroglyphic Signs", Belleten 87.309, pp. 357–383, 2023</li> <li>Peker H., A Funerary Stele from Yunus, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/2 (2014), pp. 189–193.</li> <li>Peker H., <i>Texts from Karkemish I. Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from the 2011-2015 Excavations</i> (OrientLab Series Maior 1), Ante Quem, Bologna (2016).</li> <li>Pizzimenti S., Three Glyptic Documents from Karkemish, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/2 (2014), pp. 194–201.</li> <li>Zaina F. (ed.), <i>Excavations at Karkemish I. The Stratigraphic Sequence of Area G</i> (OrientLab Series Maior 3), Ante Quem, Bologna, (2019).</li> <li>Zecchi M., A Note on Two Egyptian Seal Impressions from Karkemish, in <i>Orientalia</i> 83/2 (2014), pp. 202–206.</li></ul> <p>OTHER REFERENCES </p> <ul><li>GüterbockH.G., Carchemish, in <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> 13/2 (1954), pp. 102–114.</li> <li>Hayes Ward W.M., Unpublished or Imperfectly Published Hittite Monuments. III. Reliefs at Carchemish=Jerablûs, The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, vol. 4, pp. 172–174, (1988).*<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/jstor-496305/496305.pdf">[6]</a></li> <li>Hawkins J.D.,"Kargamiš.", Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (1980).</li> <li>Hawkins J.D., <i>Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions I. Inscriptions of the Iron Age</i>. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010864-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010864-4">978-3-11-010864-4</a>.</li> <li>Hutter M., "Aspects of Luwian Religion", in H.C. Melchert (ed.), The Luwians, Brill, (2003).</li> <li>Peltenburg E., <i>Euphrates River Valley Settlement: The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC</i>, Oxbow Books, (2007).</li> <li>Wilson D.M., <i>The British Museum. A history</i>. The British Museum Press, London, 2002.</li> <li>Woolley, C. Leonard, "The Prehistoric Pottery of Carchemish", Iraq, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 146–62, 1934</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box 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title="Chytrium">Chytrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidramus" title="Cidramus">Cidramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindye" title="Cindye">Cindye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisthene_(Mysia)" title="Cisthene (Mysia)">Cisthene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannuda" title="Clannuda">Clannuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossae" title="Colossae">Colossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conium_(Phrygia)" title="Conium (Phrygia)">Conium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coryphas" title="Coryphas">Coryphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybeleia" title="Cybeleia">Cybeleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllandus" title="Cyllandus">Cyllandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daldis" title="Daldis">Daldis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareioukome" title="Dareioukome">Dareioukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dideiphyta" title="Dideiphyta">Dideiphyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digda" title="Digda">Digda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioclea_(Phrygia)" title="Dioclea (Phrygia)">Dioclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiopolis" title="Dionysiopolis">Dionysiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Ionia)" title="Dios Hieron (Ionia)">Dios Hieron in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Lydia)" title="Dios Hieron (Lydia)">Dios Hieron in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioskome" title="Dioskome">Dioskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docimium" title="Docimium">Docimium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doroukome" title="Doroukome">Doroukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eibeos" title="Eibeos">Eibeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiokome" title="Eiokome">Eiokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Aeolis)" title="Elaea (Aeolis)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluza" title="Eluza">Eluza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embatum" title="Embatum">Embatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoddi" title="Emoddi">Emoddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erines" title="Erines">Erines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythras_(Ionia)" title="Erythras (Ionia)">Erythras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etsyena" title="Etsyena">Etsyena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaza" title="Euaza">Euaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukarpia" title="Eukarpia">Eukarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhippe" title="Euhippe">Euhippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumeneia" title="Eumeneia">Eumeneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromus" title="Euromus">Euromus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenae" title="Euthenae">Euthenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxine_(Caria)" title="Euxine (Caria)">Euxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrium" title="Gambrium">Gambrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerga" title="Gerga">Gerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergitha" title="Gergitha">Gergitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerriadai" title="Gerriadai">Gerriadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glauke_(Ionia)" title="Glauke (Ionia)">Glauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryneium" title="Gryneium">Gryneium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halisarna" title="Halisarna">Halisarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasa" title="Harpasa">Harpasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helos_(Ionia)" title="Helos (Ionia)">Helos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_at_Latmus" title="Heraclea at Latmus">Heraclea at Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Aeolis)" title="Heraclea (Aeolis)">Heraclea in Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Lydia)" title="Heraclea (Lydia)">Heraclea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Salbace" title="Heraclea Salbace">Heraclea Salbace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermocapelia" title="Hermocapelia">Hermocapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_(Phrygian_Pentapolis)" title="Hierapolis (Phrygian Pentapolis)">Hieropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocaesarea" title="Hierocaesarea">Hierocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homadena" title="Homadena">Homadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydai" title="Hydai">Hydai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydas" title="Hydas">Hydas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydissus" title="Hydissus">Hydissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygassos" title="Hygassos">Hygassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyllarima" title="Hyllarima">Hyllarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypaepa" title="Hypaepa">Hypaepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokremnos" title="Hypokremnos">Hypokremnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanis_(Lydia)" title="Hyrcanis (Lydia)">Hyrcanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasos" title="Iasos">Iasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaza" title="Iaza">Iaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyma" title="Idyma">Idyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioniapolis" title="Ioniapolis">Ioniapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioudda" title="Ioudda">Ioudda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsus" title="Ipsus">Ipsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isindus" title="Isindus">Isinda in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskome" title="Iskome">Iskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadyie" title="Kadyie">Kadyie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaira_(Lydia)" title="Kaira (Lydia)">Kaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabantia" title="Kalabantia">Kalabantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasara_(Caria)" title="Kasara (Caria)">Kasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasossos" title="Kasossos">Kasossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaualena" title="Kaualena">Kaualena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Kaunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaymak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaymakçı Tepe">Kaymakçı Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilaraza" title="Kilaraza">Kilaraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildara" title="Kildara">Kildara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klazomenai" title="Klazomenai">Klazomenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleimaka" title="Kleimaka">Kleimaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleros_Politike" title="Kleros Politike">Kleros Politike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koddinou_Petra" title="Koddinou Petra">Koddinou Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraia" title="Koraia">Koraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korakoe" title="Korakoe">Korakoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koresa" title="Koresa">Koresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouara" title="Kouara">Kouara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyllene_(Aeolis)" title="Kyllene (Aeolis)">Kyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kymnissa" title="Kymnissa">Kymnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kys_(Caria)" title="Kys (Caria)">Kys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labraunda" title="Labraunda">Labraunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagina" title="Lagina">Lagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalandos" title="Lalandos">Lalandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamyana" title="Lamyana">Lamyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankena" title="Lankena">Lankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea on the Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Caria)" title="Larisa (Caria)">Larisa in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Ionia)" title="Larisa (Ionia)">Larisa in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Lydia)" title="Larisa (Lydia)">Larisa in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_Phrikonis" title="Larissa Phrikonis">Larissa Phrikonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larymna_(Caria)" title="Larymna (Caria)">Larymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasnedda" title="Lasnedda">Lasnedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latmus_(town)" title="Latmus (town)">Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebedus" title="Lebedus">Lebedus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leimon" title="Leimon">Leimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucae_(Ionia)" title="Leucae (Ionia)">Leucae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucophrys" title="Leucophrys">Leucophrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limantepe" title="Limantepe">Limantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobolda" title="Lobolda">Lobolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loryma" title="Loryma">Loryma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_(Asia_Minor)" title="Lunda (Asia Minor)">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydae" title="Lydae">Lydae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrna" title="Lyrna">Lyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Mysia)" title="Lysimachia (Mysia)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madnasa" title="Madnasa">Madnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeandropolis" title="Maeandropolis">Maeandropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum" title="Magnesia ad Sipylum">Magnesia ad Sipylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiboza" title="Maiboza">Maiboza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maionia_in_Lydia" title="Maionia in Lydia">Maionia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malene" title="Malene">Malene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathesium" title="Marathesium">Marathesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Caria)" title="Mastaura (Caria)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros" title="Meiros">Meiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros_Megale" title="Meiros Megale">Meiros Megale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampagos" title="Melampagos">Melampagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloukome" title="Meloukome">Meloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(Anatolia)" title="Metropolis (Anatolia)">Metropolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(southern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (southern Phrygia)">Metropolis in southern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Mylasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobolla" title="Mobolla">Mobolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokolda" title="Mokolda">Mokolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossyna" title="Mossyna">Mossyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostene" title="Mostene">Mostene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motella" title="Motella">Motella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myloukome" title="Myloukome">Myloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myndus" title="Myndus">Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(Aeolis)" title="Myrina (Aeolis)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myus" title="Myus">Myus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nais_(Lydia)" title="Nais (Lydia)">Nais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasos" title="Nasos">Nasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochon" title="Naulochon">Naulochon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochus_(Ionia)" title="Naulochus (Ionia)">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxia_(Caria)" title="Naxia (Caria)">Naxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Caria)" title="Neapolis (Caria)">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos" title="Neonteichos">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisyra" title="Nisyra">Nisyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notion_(ancient_city)" title="Notion (ancient city)">Notion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Caria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaeum (Caria)">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_on_the_Maeander" title="Nysa on the Maeander">Nysa on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odon_(Lydia)" title="Odon (Lydia)">Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoanda" title="Oenoanda">Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaeis" title="Olaeis">Olaeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olymos" title="Olymos">Olymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroanna" title="Oroanna">Oroanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosia_(Caria)" title="Orthosia (Caria)">Orthoisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygia_(Ionia)" title="Ortygia (Ionia)">Ortygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrus" title="Otrus">Otrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaemyndus" title="Palaemyndus">Palaemyndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_(Lydia)" title="Palaeopolis (Lydia)">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasion" title="Panasion">Panasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Caria)" title="Panormus (Caria)">Panormus near Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Halicarnassus)" title="Panormus (Halicarnassus)">Panormus near Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsada" title="Parsada">Parsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenium_(Mysia)" title="Parthenium (Mysia)">Parthenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passala" title="Passala">Passala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passanda" title="Passanda">Passanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasa" title="Pedasa">Pedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltae" title="Peltae">Peltae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperene" title="Perperene">Perperene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Lydia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia (Lydia)">Philadelphia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Caria)" title="Phoenix (Caria)">Phoenix in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaris" title="Marmaris">Physcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyteia" title="Phyteia">Phyteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidasa" title="Pidasa">Pidasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisilis" title="Pisilis">Pisilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisye" title="Pisye">Pisye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)" title="Pitane (Aeolis)">Pitane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pladasa" title="Pladasa">Pladasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plarasa" title="Plarasa">Plarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichna_(Ionia)" title="Polichna (Ionia)">Polichna in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichne_(Ionia)" title="Polichne (Ionia)">Polichne in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybotus" title="Polybotus">Polybotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pordoselene" title="Pordoselene">Pordoselene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prymnessus" title="Prymnessus">Prymnessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteleum_(Ionia)" title="Pteleum (Ionia)">Pteleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pydnae" title="Pydnae">Pydnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygela" title="Pygela">Pygela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrnus_(Caria)" title="Pyrnus (Caria)">Pyrnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(Caria)" title="Pyrrha (Caria)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saouenda" title="Saouenda">Saouenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_in_Lydia" title="Satala in Lydia">Satala in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaste_(Phrygia)" title="Sebaste (Phrygia)">Sebaste in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastopolis_(Caria)" title="Sebastopolis (Caria)">Sebastopolis in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setae_(Lydia)" title="Setae (Lydia)">Setae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(Caria)" title="Side (Caria)">Side in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidussa" title="Sidussa">Sidussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandus" title="Silandus">Silandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyos" title="Sillyos">Sillyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion_(Asia_Minor)" title="Sion (Asia Minor)">Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolopoeis" title="Skolopoeis">Skolopoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soa_(Phrygia)" title="Soa (Phrygia)">Soa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore_(Phrygia)" title="Spore (Phrygia)">Spore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadia_(Caria)" title="Stadia (Caria)">Stadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stectorium" title="Stectorium">Stectorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Lydia)" title="Stratonicea (Lydia)">Stratonicea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Stratonicea in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos" title="Strobilos">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syangela" title="Syangela">Syangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbra" title="Symbra">Symbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaus">Synaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneta_(Caria)" title="Syneta (Caria)">Syneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synnada" title="Synnada">Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrna_(Caria)" title="Syrna (Caria)">Syrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabae" title="Tabae">Tabae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabala_(Lydia)" title="Tabala (Lydia)">Tabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tateikome" title="Tateikome">Tateikome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taza_(Lydia)" title="Taza (Lydia)">Taza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teichiussa" title="Teichiussa">Teichiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telandrus" title="Telandrus">Telandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenothyra" title="Temenothyra">Temenothyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnos" title="Temnos">Temnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempsis" title="Tempsis">Tempsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendeba" title="Tendeba">Tendeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termera" title="Termera">Termera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthrania" title="Teuthrania">Teuthrania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thasthara" title="Thasthara">Thasthara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theangela" title="Theangela">Theangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_Hypoplakia" title="Thebe Hypoplakia">Thebe Hypoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Ionia)" title="Thebes (Ionia)">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thera_(Caria)" title="Thera (Caria)">Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyaira" title="Thyaira">Thyaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymbrara" title="Thymbrara">Thymbrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssanus" title="Thyssanus">Thyssanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisna" title="Tisna">Tisna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos_(Caria)" title="Tlos (Caria)">Tlos in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomara_(Lydia)" title="Tomara (Lydia)">Tomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Traianopolis (Phrygia)">Traianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezopolis" title="Trapezopolis">Trapezopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trarium" title="Trarium">Trarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triopium" title="Triopium">Triopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_on_the_Meander" title="Tripolis on the Meander">Tripolis on the Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troketta" title="Troketta">Troketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyanollos" title="Tyanollos">Tyanollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymion" title="Tymion">Tymion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymnos" title="Tymnos">Tymnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(Caria)" title="Ula (Caria)">Ula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_(Caria)" title="Uranium (Caria)">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemmeana" title="Zemmeana">Zemmeana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingotos_Kome" title="Zingotos Kome">Zingotos Kome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegialus" title="Aegialus">Aegialus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiginetes" title="Aiginetes">Aiginetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amastris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancon_(Pontus)" title="Ancon (Pontus)">Ancon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticinolis" title="Anticinolis">Anticinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Pontus)" title="Argyria (Pontus)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armene" title="Armene">Armene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenae_(Pontus)" title="Athenae (Pontus)">Athenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berissa" title="Berissa">Berissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonita_(Paphlagonia)" title="Bonita (Paphlagonia)">Bonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boon_(Pontus)" title="Boon (Pontus)">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabira" title="Cabira">Cabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales_(Bithynia)" title="Cales (Bithynia)">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistratia" title="Callistratia">Callistratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carambis" title="Carambis">Carambis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carissa_(Galatia)" title="Carissa (Galatia)">Carissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carussa" title="Carussa">Carussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerasus_(near_Trapezus)" title="Cerasus (near Trapezus)">Cerasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadisia" title="Chadisia">Chadisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolis" title="Cinolis">Cinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizari" title="Cizari">Cizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_in_Armenia" title="Colonia in Armenia">Colonia in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colussa" title="Colussa">Colussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_Pontica" title="Comana Pontica">Comana in the Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coralla" title="Coralla">Coralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordyle" title="Cordyle">Cordyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratia_(Bithynia)" title="Cratia (Bithynia)">Cratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromen" title="Cromen">Cromen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromna_(Paphlagonia)" title="Cromna (Paphlagonia)">Cromna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyptasia" title="Cyptasia">Cyptasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(Bithynia)" title="Dia (Bithynia)">Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacopa" title="Diacopa">Diacopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus_(Bithynia)" title="Elaeus (Bithynia)">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeira" title="Endeira">Endeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythini" title="Erythini">Erythini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchaita" title="Euchaita">Euchaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusene" title="Eusene">Eusene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadilon" title="Gadilon">Gadilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garius" title="Garius">Garius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garzoubanthon" title="Garzoubanthon">Garzoubanthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziura" title="Gaziura">Gaziura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozalena" title="Gozalena">Gozalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_in_Paphlagonia" title="Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia">Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Pontus)" title="Heracleium (Pontus)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermonassa_(Pontus)" title="Hermonassa (Pontus)">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieron_Oros" title="Hieron Oros">Hieron Oros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyindede_Tepe" title="Hüseyindede Tepe">Hüseyindede Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssus" title="Hyssus">Hyssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibora" title="Ibora">Ibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischopolis" title="Ischopolis">Ischopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karza" title="Karza">Karza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelesa" title="Kelesa">Kelesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimista" title="Kimista">Kimista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladik" title="Ladik">Laodicea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libiopolis" title="Libiopolis">Libiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillium" title="Lillium">Lillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroon_(Bithynia)" title="Metroon (Bithynia)">Metroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokata" title="Mokata">Mokata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naustathmus_(Pontus)" title="Naustathmus (Pontus)">Naustathmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerik" title="Nerik">Nerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Armenia)" title="Nicopolis (Armenia)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophis_(Pontus)" title="Ophis (Pontus)">Ophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxinas" title="Oxinas">Oxinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Cappadocia)" title="Patara (Cappadocia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Pharnacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phazemon" title="Phazemon">Phazemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocaleia" title="Philocaleia">Philocaleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pida_(Pontus)" title="Pida (Pontus)">Pida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimolisa" title="Pimolisa">Pimolisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeiopolis" title="Pompeiopolis">Pompeiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potami_(Paphlagonia)" title="Potami (Paphlagonia)">Potami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_ad_Hypium" title="Prusias ad Hypium">Prusias ad Hypium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Paphlagonia)" title="Pteria (Paphlagonia)">Pteria in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salatiwara" title="Salatiwara">Salatiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuha">Samuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandaraca" title="Sandaraca">Sandaraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapinuwa" title="Sapinuwa">Sapinuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurania" title="Saurania">Saurania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulusaray" title="Sulusaray">Sebastopolis in Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(Paphlagonia)" title="Stephane (Paphlagonia)">Stephane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syderos" title="Syderos">Syderos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymena" title="Thymena">Thymena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaeum" title="Timolaeum">Timolaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasia" title="Virasia">Virasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagorus" title="Zagorus">Zagorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_(Paphlagonia)" title="Zephyrium (Paphlagonia)">Zephyrium in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziporea" title="Ziporea">Ziporea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abouadeineita" title="Abouadeineita">Abouadeineita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%C5%9Far_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" title="Alişar Hüyük">Alişar Hüyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblada" title="Amblada">Amblada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadynata" title="Anadynata">Anadynata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Anastasiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andabalis" title="Andabalis">Andabalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisa" title="Anisa">Anisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniaca" title="Anniaca">Anniaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniopolis_(Paphlagonia)" title="Antoniopolis (Paphlagonia)">Antoniopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzoulada" title="Anzoulada">Anzoulada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Saravenae" title="Aquae Saravenae">Aquae Saravenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralla" title="Aralla">Aralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasaxa" title="Arasaxa">Arasaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archalla" title="Archalla">Archalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardistama" title="Ardistama">Ardistama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariaramneia" title="Ariaramneia">Ariaramneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathia" title="Ariarathia">Ariarathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armaxa" title="Armaxa">Armaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiknos" title="Artiknos">Artiknos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspenzinsos" title="Aspenzinsos">Aspenzinsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(Isauria)" title="Astra (Isauria)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenia_(Pisidia)" title="Atenia (Pisidia)">Atenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbissa" title="Balbissa">Balbissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgatia" title="Balgatia">Balgatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barate" title="Barate">Barate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Rhyax" title="Bathys Rhyax">Bathys Rhyax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binbirkilise" title="Binbirkilise">Binbirkilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blucium" title="Blucium">Blucium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borissos" title="Borissos">Borissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campae" title="Campae">Campae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camuliana" title="Camuliana">Camuliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candara_(Paphlagonia)" title="Candara (Paphlagonia)">Candara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus_Vicus" title="Carus Vicus">Carus Vicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimiata" title="Cimiata">Cimiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciscissus" title="Ciscissus">Ciscissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinna_(Galatia)" title="Cinna (Galatia)">Cinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claneus" title="Claneus">Claneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitanassus" title="Comitanassus">Comitanassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congustus" title="Congustus">Congustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corna_(Lycaonia)" title="Corna (Lycaonia)">Corna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corniaspa" title="Corniaspa">Corniaspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coropassus" title="Coropassus">Coropassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotenna" title="Cotenna">Cotenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybistra" title="Cybistra">Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzistra" title="Cyzistra">Cyzistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadastana" title="Dadastana">Dadastana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasmenda" title="Dasmenda">Dasmenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Cappadocia)" title="Diocaesarea (Cappadocia)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doara" title="Doara">Doara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dometiopolis" title="Dometiopolis">Dometiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorylaeum" title="Dorylaeum">Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdaumava" title="Ecdaumava">Ecdaumava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecobriga" title="Ecobriga">Ecobriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergobrotis" title="Ergobrotis">Ergobrotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaissa" title="Euaissa">Euaissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Cappadocia)" title="Eudocia (Cappadocia)">Eudocia (Cappadocia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Phrygia)" title="Eudocia (Phrygia)">Eudocia (Phrygia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulepa" title="Eulepa">Eulepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustinopolis" title="Faustinopolis">Faustinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Galatia)" title="Germa (Galatia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbeus" title="Gorbeus">Gorbeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Phrygia)">Hadrianopolis in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Cybistra" title="Heraclea Cybistra">Heraclea Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpha" title="Herpha">Herpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieropotamon" title="Hieropotamon">Hieropotamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homana" title="Homana">Homana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_(Cappadocia)" title="Hyde (Cappadocia)">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilistra" title="Ilistra">Ilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Irenopolis (Isauria)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauropolis" title="Isauropolis">Isauropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliopolis" title="Juliopolis">Juliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kaman-Kalehöyük">Kaman-Kalehöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanotala" title="Kanotala">Kanotala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_(Cappadocia)" title="Karbala (Cappadocia)">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keissia" title="Keissia">Keissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkenes" title="Kerkenes">Kerkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilistra" title="Kilistra">Kilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindyria" title="Kindyria">Kindyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobara" title="Kobara">Kobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodylessos" title="Kodylessos">Kodylessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korama" title="Korama">Korama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koron_(Cappadocia)" title="Koron (Cappadocia)">Koron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> (Kanesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lageina" title="Lageina">Lageina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamatorma" title="Lamatorma">Lamatorma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_Combusta" title="Laodicea Combusta">Laodicea Combusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laroumada" title="Laroumada">Laroumada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauzadus" title="Lauzadus">Lauzadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Cappadocia)" title="Limnae (Cappadocia)">Limnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandasa" title="Malandasa">Malandasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Galatia)" title="Malus (Galatia)">Malus in Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Phrygia)" title="Malus (Phrygia)">Malus in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Isauria)" title="Meloë (Isauria)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(northern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (northern Phrygia)">Metropolis in northern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midaeium" title="Midaeium">Midaeium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistea" title="Mistea">Mistea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnizus" title="Mnizus">Mnizus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokissos" title="Mokissos">Mokissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourisa" title="Mourisa">Mourisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moutalaske" title="Moutalaske">Moutalaske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musbanda" title="Musbanda">Musbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrika" title="Myrika">Myrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakoleia" title="Nakoleia">Nakoleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazianzus" title="Nazianzus">Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitazi" title="Nitazi">Nitazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_(Cappadocia)" title="Nora (Cappadocia)">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyssa_(Cappadocia)" title="Nyssa (Cappadocia)">Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochras" title="Ochras">Ochras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olosada" title="Olosada">Olosada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcistus" title="Orcistus">Orcistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirion" title="Papirion">Papirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassus_(Cappadocia)" title="Parnassus (Cappadocia)">Parnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedachto%C3%AB" title="Pedachtoë">Pedachtoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaia" title="Pedaia">Pedaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peium" title="Peium">Peium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perta_(Lycaonia)" title="Perta (Lycaonia)">Perta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharax" title="Pharax">Pharax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlara" title="Phlara">Phlara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillitokome" title="Pillitokome">Pillitokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissia" title="Pissia">Pissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pithoi (Lycaonia)">Pithoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontanena" title="Pontanena">Pontanena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posala" title="Posala">Posala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Cappadocia)" title="Pteria (Cappadocia)">Pteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pyrgoi (Lycaonia)">Pyrgoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadagolthina" title="Sadagolthina">Sadagolthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamboreia" title="Salamboreia">Salamboreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salarama" title="Salarama">Salarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasima" title="Sasima">Sasima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savatra" title="Savatra">Savatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbida" title="Sbida">Sbida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedasa" title="Sedasa">Sedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senzousa" title="Senzousa">Senzousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereana" title="Sereana">Sereana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibora" title="Sibora">Sibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidamaria" title="Sidamaria">Sidamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandos" title="Skandos">Skandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanda" title="Soanda">Soanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soandos" title="Soandos">Soandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(Anatolia)" title="Sora (Anatolia)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takourtha" title="Takourtha">Takourtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavium" title="Tavium">Tavium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebasa" title="Thebasa">Thebasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thouththourbia" title="Thouththourbia">Thouththourbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberiopolis" title="Tiberiopolis">Tiberiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmades" title="Trocmades">Trocmades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana" title="Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynna" title="Tynna">Tynna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyriaeum" title="Tyriaeum">Tyriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasada" title="Vasada">Vasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verinopolis" title="Verinopolis">Verinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeita_(Anatolia)" title="Zeita (Anatolia)">Zeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizima" title="Zizima">Zizima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1ntepe" title="Altıntepe">Altıntepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsamosata" title="Arsamosata">Arsamosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Cafer Höyük">Cafer Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camachus" title="Camachus">Camachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citharizum" title="Citharizum">Citharizum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadima" title="Dadima">Dadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinianopolis_in_Armenia" title="Justinianopolis in Armenia">Justinianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugunia" title="Sugunia">Sugunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarnis" title="Abarnis">Abarnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaiion" title="Achaiion">Achaiion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Troad)" title="Achilleion (Troad)">Achilleion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Statuas_(Thrace)" title="Ad Statuas (Thrace)">Ad Statuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrasteia_(Mysia)" title="Adrasteia (Mysia)">Adrasteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegospotami" title="Aegospotami">Aegospotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(Thrace)" title="Agora (Thrace)">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Thrace)" title="Aianteion (Thrace)">Aianteion in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Troad)" title="Aianteion (Troad)">Aianteion in the Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Ainos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopeconnesus" title="Alopeconnesus">Alopeconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammoi" title="Ammoi">Ammoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amycus_(Bithynia)" title="Amycus (Bithynia)">Amycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplous" title="Anaplous">Anaplous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_Myrlea" title="Apamea Myrlea">Apamea Myrlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Thrace)" title="Aphrodisias (Thrace)">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_ad_Rhyndacum" title="Apollonia ad Rhyndacum">Apollonia on the Rhyndacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprus_(Thrace)" title="Aprus (Thrace)">Aprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsoda" title="Apsoda">Apsoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeila" title="Arbeila">Arbeila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argiza" title="Argiza">Argiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Troad)" title="Argyria (Troad)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyronion" title="Argyronion">Argyronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyropolis_(Thrace)" title="Argyropolis (Thrace)">Argyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisba" title="Arisba">Arisba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artace_(Mysia)" title="Artace (Mysia)">Artace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaiouteichos" title="Artaiouteichos">Artaiouteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanes_(Bithynia)" title="Artanes (Bithynia)">Artanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astacus_(Bithynia)" title="Astacus (Bithynia)">Astacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Troad)" title="Astyra (Troad)">Astyra in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athyras" title="Athyras">Athyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliane" title="Aureliane">Aureliane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Asia" title="Aureliopolis in Asia">Aureliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baradendromia" title="Baradendromia">Baradendromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_in_Hellesponto" title="Baris in Hellesponto">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Therma_(Bithynia)" title="Basilica Therma (Bithynia)">Basilica Therma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinopolis" title="Basilinopolis">Basilinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathonea" title="Bathonea">Bathonea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Limen" title="Bathys Limen">Bathys Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beodizo" title="Beodizo">Beodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergule" title="Bergule">Bergule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birytis" title="Birytis">Birytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisanthe" title="Bisanthe">Bisanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitenas" title="Bitenas">Bitenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynium" title="Bithynium">Bithynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolos_(Thrace)" title="Bolos (Thrace)">Bolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boradion" title="Boradion">Boradion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_(Bithynia)" title="Brunca (Bithynia)">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burtudizon" title="Burtudizon">Burtudizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bythias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bythias">Bythias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzapena" title="Byzapena">Byzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caenophrurium" title="Caenophrurium">Caenophrurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callum_(Thrace)" title="Callum (Thrace)">Callum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpe_(Bithynia)" title="Calpe (Bithynia)">Calpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus_(Thrace)" title="Canopus (Thrace)">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebrene" title="Cebrene">Cebrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenchreae_(Troad)" title="Cenchreae (Troad)">Cenchreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenon_Gallicanon" title="Cenon Gallicanon">Cenon Gallicanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcaea" title="Chalcaea">Chalcaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax_(Bithynia)" title="Charax (Bithynia)">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmidea" title="Charmidea">Charmidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bithynia)" title="Chelae (Bithynia)">Chelae on the Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bosphorus)" title="Chelae (Bosphorus)">Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Thrace)" title="Chelae (Thrace)">Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiragria" title="Choiragria">Choiragria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_(Troad)" title="Chryse (Troad)">Chryse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitae_(Bithynia)" title="Clitae (Bithynia)">Clitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobrys" title="Cobrys">Cobrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocylium" title="Cocylium">Cocylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colla_(Thrace)" title="Colla (Thrace)">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonae_(Hellespont)" title="Colonae (Hellespont)">Colonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremaste" title="Cremaste">Cremaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressa_(Thrace)" title="Cressa (Thrace)">Cressa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crithote_(Thrace)" title="Crithote (Thrace)">Crithote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypasis" title="Cypasis">Cypasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypsela_(Thrace)" title="Cypsela (Thrace)">Cypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadokome" title="Dadokome">Dadokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacibyza" title="Dacibyza">Dacibyza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damalis" title="Damalis">Damalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Mainomene" title="Daphne Mainomene">Daphne Mainomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnus_(Bithynia)" title="Daphnus (Bithynia)">Daphnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(city)" title="Dardanus (city)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium" title="Dascylium">Dascylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium_(Bithynia)" title="Dascylium (Bithynia)">Dascylium in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Bithynia)" title="Dekaton (Bithynia)">Dekaton in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Thrace)" title="Dekaton (Thrace)">Dekaton in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delkos" title="Delkos">Delkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphin_(Thrace)" title="Delphin (Thrace)">Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deris_(Thrace)" title="Deris (Thrace)">Deris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_(Bithynia)" title="Desa (Bithynia)">Desa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymateiche" title="Didymateiche">Didymateiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diolkides" title="Diolkides">Diolkides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabus" title="Drabus">Drabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drizipara" title="Drizipara">Drizipara/Drusipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirakla" title="Eirakla">Eirakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Bithynia)" title="Elaea (Bithynia)">Elaea in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus" title="Elaeus">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elekosmioi" title="Elekosmioi">Elekosmioi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolos" title="Embolos">Embolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergasteria" title="Ergasteria">Ergasteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eribolum" title="Eribolum">Eribolum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargara" title="Gargara">Gargara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentinos" title="Gentinos">Gentinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergis_(Troad)" title="Gergis (Troad)">Gergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Mysia)" title="Germa (Mysia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Germanicopolis (Bithynia)">Germanicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriani_ad_Olympum" title="Hadriani ad Olympum">Hadriani ad Olympum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriania_(Mysia)" title="Hadriania (Mysia)">Hadriania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianotherae" title="Hadrianotherae">Hadrianotherae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%9Faliman%C4%B1" title="Paşalimanı">Halone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxitus" title="Hamaxitus">Hamaxitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpagion" title="Harpagion">Harpagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y" title="Bakırköy">Hebdomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis/Drepanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Bithynia)" title="Heracleium (Bithynia)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaion" title="Hermaion">Hermaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieria" title="Hieria">Hieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierion" title="Hierion">Hierion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasonion" title="Iasonion">Iasonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ide_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Ide (Thracian Chersonese)">Ide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilieon_Kome" title="Ilieon Kome">Ilieon Kome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabia" title="Kabia">Kabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos_(Thrace)" title="Kalamos (Thrace)">Kalamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasyrta" title="Kalasyrta">Kalasyrta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_Peuke" title="Kale Peuke">Kale Peuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Agros" title="Kalos Agros">Kalos Agros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampos_(Thrace)" title="Kampos (Thrace)">Kampos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassa_(Bithynia)" title="Kassa (Bithynia)">Kassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapaspanas" title="Katapaspanas">Katapaspanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepos" title="Kepos">Kepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizoura" title="Kizoura">Kizoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koila_(Thrace)" title="Koila (Thrace)">Koila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonai" title="Kolonai">Kolonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosilaos" title="Kosilaos">Kosilaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koubaita" title="Koubaita">Koubaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyparodes" title="Kyparodes">Kyparodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kypra" title="Kypra">Kypra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamponeia" title="Lamponeia">Lamponeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Troad)" title="Larisa (Troad)">Larisa in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasthenes_(Thrace)" title="Lasthenes (Thrace)">Lasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoia" title="Leptoia">Leptoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liada" title="Liada">Liada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libum" title="Libum">Libum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyssa" title="Libyssa">Libyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Bithynia)" title="Limnae (Bithynia)">Limnae in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Thrace)" title="Limnae (Thrace)">Limnae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_(Mysia)" title="Linus (Mysia)">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupadium" title="Lupadium">Lupadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Lygos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)" title="Lysimachia (Thrace)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madytus" title="Madytus">Madytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantineion" title="Mantineion">Mantineion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpessos" title="Marpessos">Marpessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletopolis" title="Miletopolis">Miletopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocasura" title="Mocasura">Mocasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochadion" title="Mochadion">Mochadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modra_(Bithynia)" title="Modra (Bithynia)">Modra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morzapena" title="Morzapena">Morzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossynea" title="Mossynea">Mossynea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukaporis" title="Moukaporis">Moukaporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrileion" title="Myrileion">Myrileion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco_(Thrace)" title="Narco (Thrace)">Narco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassete" title="Nassete">Nassete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausikleia" title="Nausikleia">Nausikleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausimachion" title="Nausimachion">Nausimachion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neandreia" title="Neandreia">Neandreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Bosphorus)" title="Neapolis (Bosphorus)">Neapolis on the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Neapolis (Thracian Chersonese)">Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos_(Thrace)" title="Neonteichos (Thrace)">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerola_(Bithynia)" title="Nerola (Bithynia)">Nerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(Bithynia)" title="Oka (Bithynia)">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontoraita" title="Ontoraita">Ontoraita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophryneion" title="Ophryneion">Ophryneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestias" title="Orestias">Orestias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orni" title="Orni">Orni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostreodes" title="Ostreodes">Ostreodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactya" title="Pactya">Pactya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeon_(Thrace)" title="Paeon (Thrace)">Paeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paesus" title="Paesus">Paesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palodes" title="Palodes">Palodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panion" title="Panion">Panion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantichium" title="Pantichium">Pantichium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolos" title="Parabolos">Parabolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parium" title="Parium">Parium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulines_(Thrace)" title="Paulines (Thrace)">Paulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Pegae in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegae_(Thrace)" title="Pegae (Thrace)">Pegae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pege" title="Pege">Pege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentephyle" title="Pentephyle">Pentephyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percote" title="Percote">Percote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericharaxis" title="Pericharaxis">Pericharaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozetoi" title="Petrozetoi">Petrozetoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakia" title="Pharmakia">Pharmakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phidalia_Petra" title="Phidalia Petra">Phidalia Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phiela" title="Phiela">Phiela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Thrace)" title="Philia (Thrace)">Philia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(Thrace)" title="Phosphorus (Thrace)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionia_(Mysia)" title="Pionia (Mysia)">Pionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitheci_Portus" title="Pitheci Portus">Pitheci Portus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placia" title="Placia">Placia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploketta" title="Ploketta">Ploketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemanenum" title="Poemanenum">Poemanenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleatikon" title="Poleatikon">Poleatikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychron">Polychron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymedium" title="Polymedium">Polymedium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamoi_(Bithynia)" title="Potamoi (Bithynia)">Potamoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamonion" title="Potamonion">Potamonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praenetus" title="Praenetus">Praenetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratomysia" title="Pratomysia">Pratomysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepa" title="Prepa">Prepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prindea" title="Prindea">Prindea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proconnesus_(city)" title="Proconnesus (city)">Proconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proochthoi" title="Proochthoi">Proochthoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusa_(Bithynia)" title="Prusa (Bithynia)">Prusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psarela" title="Psarela">Psarela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyllium_(Bithynia)" title="Psyllium (Bithynia)">Psyllium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhias_Cyon" title="Pyrrhias Cyon">Pyrrhias Cyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheion" title="Pytheion">Pytheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhebas" title="Rhebas">Rhebas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhegion_(Thrace)" title="Rhegion (Thrace)">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesion" title="Rhesion">Rhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoiteion" title="Rhoiteion">Rhoiteion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouphinianai" title="Rouphinianai">Rouphinianai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmydessus" title="Salmydessus">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarus" title="Sangarus">Sangarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandria" title="Scamandria">Scamandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrus" title="Scamandrus">Scamandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scepsis" title="Scepsis">Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylace" title="Scylace">Scylace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(Thrace)" title="Scylla (Thrace)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semystra" title="Semystra">Semystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrion_Teichos" title="Serrion Teichos">Serrion Teichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestos" title="Sestos">Sestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeion" title="Sigeion">Sigeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkanos" title="Sirkanos">Sirkanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smintheion" title="Smintheion">Smintheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_(Bithynia)" title="Soka (Bithynia)">Soka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos_(Bithynia)" title="Strobilos (Bithynia)">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykai" title="Sykai">Sykai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllanta" title="Syllanta">Syllanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpodizo" title="Tarpodizo">Tarpodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(Bithynia)" title="Tarsus (Bithynia)">Tarsus in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaios" title="Tattaios">Tattaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenba" title="Tenba">Tenba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbos" title="Terbos">Terbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesderamoska" title="Tesderamoska">Tesderamoska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakomia" title="Tetrakomia">Tetrakomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipaso" title="Tipaso">Tipaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragasai" title="Tragasai">Tragasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thynias" title="Thynias">Thynias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traron" title="Traron">Traron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricomia_(Bithynia)" title="Tricomia (Bithynia)">Tricomia in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrodiza" title="Tyrodiza">Tyrodiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orlu" title="Çorlu">Tzurulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urisio" title="Urisio">Urisio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsurgae" title="Utsurgae">Utsurgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeleia" title="Zeleia">Zeleia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acalissus" title="Acalissus">Acalissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarassus" title="Acarassus">Acarassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adada_(Pisidia)" title="Adada (Pisidia)">Adada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balabolu" title="Balabolu">Adrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegae_(Cilicia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegae (Cilicia)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrae_(Pisidia)" title="Agrae (Pisidia)">Agrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelas" title="Amelas">Amelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabura_(Pisidia)" title="Anabura (Pisidia)">Anabura in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchiale" title="Anchiale">Anchiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andeda" title="Andeda">Andeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriaca">Andriaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemurium" title="Anemurium">Anemurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ano_Kotradis" title="Ano Kotradis">Ano Kotradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Syria)" title="Antigonia (Syria)">Antigonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch on the Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_Lamotis" title="Antiochia Lamotis">Antiochia Lamotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Cragum" title="Antiochia ad Cragum">Antioch on the Cragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Pyramum" title="Antiochia ad Pyramum">Antioch on the Pyramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphellus" title="Antiphellus">Antiphellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperlae" title="Aperlae">Aperlae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Cilicia)" title="Aphrodisias (Cilicia)">Aphrodisias of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Lycia)" title="Apollonia (Lycia)">Apollonia in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araxa" title="Araxa">Araxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariassus" title="Ariassus">Ariassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima_(Cilicia)" title="Arima (Cilicia)">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnabanda" title="Arnabanda">Arnabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arneae" title="Arneae">Arneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsada" title="Arsada">Arsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Cilicia)" title="Arsinoe (Cilicia)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanada" title="Artanada">Artanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arycanda" title="Arycanda">Arycanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">Aspendos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augai" title="Augai">Augai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_(Cilicia)" title="Augusta (Cilicia)">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Cilicia)" title="Aulae (Cilicia)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunesis" title="Aunesis">Aunesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hawa_Border_Crossing" title="Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing">Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)" title="Balbura (Lycia)">Balbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_(Pisidia)" title="Baris (Pisidia)">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindaios" title="Bindaios">Bindaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)" title="Bubon (Lycia)">Bubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabassus" title="Cabassus">Cabassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadrema" title="Cadrema">Cadrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadyanda" title="Cadyanda">Cadyanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callimache" title="Callimache">Callimache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calynda" title="Calynda">Calynda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carallia_(Pamphylia)" title="Carallia (Pamphylia)">Carallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Beyşehir">Casae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabala_(city)" title="Castabala (city)">Castabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretapa" title="Ceretapa">Ceretapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestrus" title="Cestrus">Cestrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadrus" title="Charadrus">Charadrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choma_(Lycia)" title="Choma (Lycia)">Choma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibyra_Mikra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibyra Mikra">Cibyra Mikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudiopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Claudiopolis (Cilicia)">Claudiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colybrassus" title="Colybrassus">Colybrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comama" title="Comama">Comama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_(Cappadocia)" title="Comana (Cappadocia)">Comana in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comba_(Lycia)" title="Comba (Lycia)">Comba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conana" title="Conana">Conana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Coracesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycium_Antrum" title="Corycium Antrum">Corycium Antrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Corycus (Kızkalesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydala" title="Corydala">Corydala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremna" title="Cremna">Cremna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretopolis" title="Cretopolis">Cretopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crya" title="Crya">Crya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus" title="Cyrrhus">Cyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedala_(city)" title="Daedala (city)">Daedala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_(Isauria)" title="Dalisandus (Isauria)">Dalisandus in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_in_Pamphylia" title="Dalisandus in Pamphylia">Dalisandus in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasei" title="Damasei">Damasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dias_(Lycia)" title="Dias (Lycia)">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Isauria)" title="Diocaesarea (Isauria)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domuztepe" title="Domuztepe">Domuztepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaiussa_Sebaste" title="Elaiussa Sebaste">Elaiussa Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbessos" title="Elbessos">Elbessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirzeli" title="Emirzeli">Emirzeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphania_(Cilicia)" title="Epiphania (Cilicia)">Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymna" title="Erymna">Erymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etenna" title="Etenna">Etenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Lycia)" title="Eudocia (Lycia)">Eudocia (Lycia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocias_(Pamphylia)" title="Eudocias (Pamphylia)">Eudocias (Pamphylia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaviopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Flaviopolis (Cilicia)">Flaviopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagae" title="Gagae">Gagae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkule" title="Gözlükule">Gözlükule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Pisidia)">Hadrianopolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halae_(Cilicia)" title="Halae (Cilicia)">Halae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxia_(town)" title="Hamaxia (town)">Hamaxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_in_Isauria" title="Hierapolis in Isauria">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippucome" title="Hippucome">Hippucome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi">Holmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyia" title="Hyia">Hyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idebessos" title="Idebessos">Idebessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyros" title="Idyros">Idyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotape" title="Iotape">Iotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Irenopolis (Cilicia)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Nea" title="Isaura Nea">Isaura Nea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Palaea" title="Isaura Palaea">Isaura Palaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isba" title="Isba">Isba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Lycia)" title="Isinda (Lycia)">Isinda in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Pisidia)" title="Isinda (Pisidia)">Isinda in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issus_(Cilicia)" title="Issus (Cilicia)">Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istlada" title="Istlada">Istlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliosebaste" title="Juliosebaste">Juliosebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanthia" title="Kalanthia">Kalanthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalelibelen" title="Kalelibelen">Kalelibelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyba" title="Kandyba">Kandyba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanytelis" title="Kanytelis">Kanytelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakabakl%C4%B1" title="Karakabaklı">Karakabaklı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkabo" title="Karkabo">Karkabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastellon" title="Kastellon">Kastellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraia_(Pisidia)" title="Keraia (Pisidia)">Keraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Kibyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiphisos" title="Kiphisos">Kiphisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkota" title="Kirkota">Kirkota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanaura" title="Kitanaura">Kitanaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodroula" title="Kodroula">Kodroula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbasa" title="Kolbasa">Kolbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korasion" title="Korasion">Korasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korma_(Lycia)" title="Korma (Lycia)">Korma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynosarion" title="Kynosarion">Kynosarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(Cilicia)" title="Laertes (Cilicia)">Laertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagbe" title="Lagbe">Lagbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamos_(Cilicia)" title="Lamos (Cilicia)">Lamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak%C3%B6y" title="Kayaköy">Lebessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legeita" title="Legeita">Legeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Pamphylia)" title="Limnae (Pamphylia)">Limnae in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_in_Pisidia" title="Limnae in Pisidia">Limnae in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissa_(Lycia)" title="Lissa (Lycia)">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycae" title="Lycae">Lycae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrbe" title="Lyrbe">Lyrbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysinia" title="Lysinia">Lysinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magarsa" title="Magarsa">Magarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magastara" title="Magastara">Magastara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magydus" title="Magydus">Magydus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallus_(Cilicia)" title="Mallus (Cilicia)">Mallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Pisidia)" title="Malus (Pisidia)">Malus in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mampsoukrenai" title="Mampsoukrenai">Mampsoukrenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamure_Castle" title="Mamure Castle">Mamure Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava_(Pamphylia)" title="Manava (Pamphylia)">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandane_(Cilicia)" title="Mandane (Cilicia)">Mandane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marciana_(Lycia)" title="Marciana (Lycia)">Marciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_(Lycia)" title="Marmara (Lycia)">Marmara</a> (Mnara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Lycia)" title="Mastaura (Lycia)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Lycia)" title="Meloë (Lycia)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe_(Lycia)" title="Melanippe (Lycia)">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriana" title="Meriana">Meriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezgitkale" title="Mezgitkale">Mezgitkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moatra" title="Moatra">Moatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsucrene" title="Mopsucrene">Mopsucrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morka" title="Morka">Morka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_Hydor" title="Moron Hydor">Moron Hydor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moumoustra" title="Moumoustra">Moumoustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylae_(Cilicia)" title="Mylae (Cilicia)">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylios" title="Mylios">Mylios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagidos" title="Nagidos">Nagidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauloi" title="Nauloi">Nauloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Pisidia)" title="Neapolis (Pisidia)">Neapolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelis" title="Nephelis">Nephelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa_(Lycia)" title="Nisa (Lycia)">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octapolis" title="Octapolis">Octapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olba_(ancient_city)" title="Olba (ancient city)">Olba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbasa_(Pisidia)" title="Olbasa (Pisidia)">Olbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pamphylia)" title="Olbia (Pamphylia)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_(Lycia)" title="Olympus (Lycia)">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCzl%C3%BC" title="Öküzlü">Öküzlü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobara" title="Onobara">Onobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokenda" title="Orokenda">Orokenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otanada" title="Otanada">Otanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouerbe" title="Ouerbe">Ouerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padyandus" title="Padyandus">Padyandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_in_Pamphylia" title="Palaeopolis in Pamphylia">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panemotichus" title="Panemotichus">Panemotichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhormus_(Cilicia)" title="Panhormus (Cilicia)">Panhormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargais" title="Pargais">Pargais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlais" title="Parlais">Parlais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pednelissus" title="Pednelissus">Pednelissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perminounda" title="Perminounda">Perminounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellus" title="Phellus">Phellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Cilicia)" title="Philadelphia (Cilicia)">Philadelphia in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaea" title="Philaea">Philaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicus_(Lycia)" title="Phoenicus (Lycia)">Phoenicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (Lycia)">Phoenix in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisarissos" title="Pisarissos">Pisarissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisurgia" title="Pisurgia">Pisurgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placoma" title="Placoma">Placoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(Cilicia)" title="Platanus (Cilicia)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalia_(Lycia)" title="Podalia (Lycia)">Podalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogla" title="Pogla">Pogla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanna" title="Prostanna">Prostanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudokorasion" title="Pseudokorasion">Pseudokorasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_(Pamphylia)" title="Ptolemais (Pamphylia)">Ptolemais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodiapolis" title="Rhodiapolis">Rhodiapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoscopus" title="Rhoscopus">Rhoscopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsuz" title="Arsuz">Rhosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rygmanoi" title="Rygmanoi">Rygmanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabandus" title="Sabandus">Sabandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalium" title="Sandalium">Sandalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraganda" title="Saraganda">Saraganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebeda" title="Sebeda">Sebeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(Pamphylia)" title="Seleucia (Pamphylia)">Seleucia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Sidera" title="Seleucia Sidera">Seleucia Sidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selge" title="Selge">Selge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)" title="Selinus (Cilicia)">Selinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seroiata" title="Seroiata">Seroiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(Pisidia)" title="Sia (Pisidia)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibidounda" title="Sibidounda">Sibidounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyla" title="Sibyla">Sibyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderus_(Lycia)" title="Siderus (Lycia)">Siderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidyma" title="Sidyma">Sidyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyon" title="Sillyon">Sillyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simena" title="Simena">Simena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinda_(Pisidia)" title="Sinda (Pisidia)">Sinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siricae" title="Siricae">Siricae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)" title="Soli (Cilicia)">Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solyma" title="Solyma">Solyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Sozopolis (Pisidia)">Sozopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(Lycia)" title="Sura (Lycia)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syca" title="Syca">Syca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syedra" title="Syedra">Syedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takina" title="Takina">Takina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapureli_ruins" title="Tapureli ruins">Tapureli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardequeia" title="Tardequeia">Tardequeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teimiussa" title="Teimiussa">Teimiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Judaidah" title="Tell Judaidah">Tell Judaidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos" title="Telmessos">Telmessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos_(Caria)" title="Telmessos (Caria)">Telmessos (Caria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenedos_(Pamphylia)" title="Tenedos (Pamphylia)">Tenedos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termessos" title="Termessos">Termessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Cappadocia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Cappadocia)">Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Pamphylia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Pamphylia)">Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiopolis" title="Titiopolis">Titiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityassus" title="Tityassus">Tityassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toriaeum" title="Toriaeum">Toriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragalassus" title="Tragalassus">Tragalassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebendae" title="Trebendae">Trebendae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebenna" title="Trebenna">Trebenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysa" title="Trysa">Trysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyberissus" title="Tyberissus">Tyberissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyinda" title="Tyinda">Tyinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymandus" title="Tymandus">Tymandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynada" title="Tynada">Tynada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typallia" title="Typallia">Typallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%C4%B1khan" title="Yanıkhan">Yanıkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumuktepe" title="Yumuktepe">Yumuktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Zenopolis (Isauria)">Zenopolis in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Lycia)" title="Zenopolis (Lycia)">Zenopolis in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_on_the_Calycadnus" title="Zephyrium on the Calycadnus">Zephyrium on the Calycadnus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern<br />Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amida_(Mesopotamia)" title="Amida (Mesopotamia)">Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Taurum" title="Antiochia ad Taurum">Antioch in the Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(Osrhoene)" title="Constantia (Osrhoene)">Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Euphrates)" title="Apamea (Euphrates)">Apamea on the Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcathiocerta" title="Carcathiocerta">Carcathiocerta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabanas" title="Dabanas">Dabanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Dülük">Doliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallan Çemi Tepesi">Hallan Çemi Tepesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashshum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khashshum">Khashshum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiate" title="Matiate">Matiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Nicopolis (Cilicia)">Nicopolis in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A7ag%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Sakçagözü">Sakçagözü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sareisa" title="Sareisa">Sareisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_at_the_Zeugma" title="Seleucia at the Zeugma">Seleucia at the Zeugma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitai_(Mesopotamia)" title="Sitai (Mesopotamia)">Sitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultantepe" title="Sultantepe">Sultantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tille_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Tille Höyük">Tille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushhan" title="Tushhan">Tushhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urima" title="Urima">Urima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)#Hittite_documents" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa League</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalla" title="Hapalla">Hapalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isuwa" title="Isuwa">Isuwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunna">Atuna</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syro-Hittite_states_and_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Template:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Template talk:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syro-Hittite_states_and_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite</a> states and cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(region)" title="Tabal (region)">Tabal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuwana">Tuwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuna_(state)" title="Atuna (state)">Atuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAubi%C5%A1na" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫubišna">Ḫubišna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0inu%E1%B8%ABtu" title="Šinuḫtu">Šinuḫtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1tuanda" title="Ištuanda">Ištuanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hilakku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilakku">Hilakku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqas">Marqas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carchemish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carchemish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NeoHittiteStates.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE"><img alt="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/300px-NeoHittiteStates.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaean</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Unqi-Pattina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Bit Gabbari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Adini" title="Bit Adini">Bit Adini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Til_Barsip" title="Til Barsip">Til Barsip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guzana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guzana">Guzana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nampigi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nampigi (page does not exist)">Nampigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Halab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Afis" title="Tell Afis">Hatarikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283680#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carchemish (Extinct city)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315164261">VIAF</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Karkemisch"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315164261">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7753065-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carchemish (Extinct city)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007009585">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549639805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658465">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&oldid=1257069593">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carchemish&oldid=1257069593</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carchemish" 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