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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&returntoquery=oldid%3D18827879" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&returntoquery=oldid%3D18827879" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div 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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分類學和命名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類學和命名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分類學和命名</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類學和命名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>外型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-毒性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#毒性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>毒性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-毒性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">毒鵝膏</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。70种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أمانيت فالوسياني – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمانيت فالوسياني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="امانيت فالوسيانى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امانيت فالوسيانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бледная паганка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бледная паганка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зелена мухоморка – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зелена мухоморка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinera_borda" title="Farinera borda – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Farinera borda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchom%C5%AFrka_zelen%C3%A1" title="Muchomůrka zelená – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muchomůrka zelená" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2trusowati_srom%C3%B2tnik" title="Pòtrusowati sromòtnik – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòtrusowati sromòtnik" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_marwol" title="Cap marwol – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cap marwol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n_Fluesvamp" title="Grøn Fluesvamp – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grøn Fluesvamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Knollenbl%C3%A4tterpilz" title="Grüner Knollenblätterpilz – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grüner Knollenblätterpilz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Αμανίτης ο φαλλοειδής – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμανίτης ο φαλλοειδής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faluseca_amanito" title="Faluseca amanito – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faluseca amanito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roheline_k%C3%A4rbseseen" title="Roheline kärbseseen – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roheline kärbseseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiltzaile_berde" title="Hiltzaile berde – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiltzaile berde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کلاهک مرگ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلاهک مرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalak%C3%A4rp%C3%A4ssieni" title="Kavalakärpässieni – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kavalakärpässieni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanite_phallo%C3%AFde" title="Amanite phalloïde – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amanite phalloïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Knolamanit" title="Green Knolamanit – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Green Knolamanit" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griene_knolamanyt" title="Griene knolamanyt – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Griene knolamanyt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caidhp_bh%C3%A1is" title="Caidhp bháis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caidhp bháis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacaforra_da_morte" title="Cacaforra da morte – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cacaforra da morte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אמנית המוות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנית המוות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_pupavka" title="Zelena pupavka – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zelena pupavka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyilkos_gal%C3%B3ca" title="Gyilkos galóca – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyilkos galóca" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AA%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Դժգույն գարշասունկ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դժգույն գարշասունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_del_morte" title="Fungo del morte – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fungo del morte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallugong_ti_natay_(Uong)" title="Kallugong ti natay (Uong) – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kallugong ti natay (Uong)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nserkur" title="Grænserkur – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grænserkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B4%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B1" title="タマゴテングタケ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タマゴテングタケ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="შხამასოკო – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შხამასოკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B4%91%EB%8C%80%EB%B2%84%EC%84%AF" title="알광대버섯 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알광대버섯" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Понтшак – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Понтшак" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDalsvoji_musmir%C4%97" title="Žalsvoji musmirė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žalsvoji musmirė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_mu%C5%A1mire" title="Zaļā mušmire – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zaļā mušmire" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зелена пупавка – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зелена пупавка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അമാനിറ്റ ഫല്ലോയിഡസ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമാനിറ്റ ഫല്ലോയിഡസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendawan_kep_kematian" title="Cendawan kep kematian – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cendawan kep kematian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groene_knolamaniet" title="Groene knolamaniet – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groene knolamaniet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nn_fluesopp" title="Grønn fluesopp – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grønn fluesopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Фæлурсзокъо – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фæлурсзокъо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchomor_sromotnikowy" title="Muchomor sromotnikowy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muchomor sromotnikowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BC%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%DB%8C%DA%89%DB%90%D8%B3" title="آمانیټا فالويیډېس – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آمانیټا فالويیډېس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бледная поганка – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бледная поганка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_pupavka" title="Zelena pupavka – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zelena pupavka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchotr%C3%A1vka_zelen%C3%A1" title="Muchotrávka zelená – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Muchotrávka zelená" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_mu%C5%A1nica" title="Zelena mušnica – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zelena mušnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зелена пупавка – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зелена пупавка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6msk_flugsvamp" title="Lömsk flugsvamp – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lömsk flugsvamp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சாவுத் தொப்பிக் காளான் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாவுத் தொப்பிக் காளான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เห็ดระโงกหิน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดระโงกหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6yg%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BCren_mantar%C4%B1" title="Köygöçüren mantarı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köygöçüren mantarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Мухомор зелений – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухомор зелений" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nấm tử thần – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm tử thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanite_moudreuse" title="Amanite moudreuse – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Amanite moudreuse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amanita phalloides" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E9%B9%85%E8%86%8F" title="毒鹅膏 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毒鹅膏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%8B%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%8C" title="條紋毒鵝膏菌 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="條紋毒鵝膏菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188643#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" hreflang="en"><span>维基物种</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188643" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>这是本页的一个<a href="/wiki/Help:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Help:页面历史">历史版本</a>，由<span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/129.78.32.22" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:用户贡献/129.78.32.22" data-mw-revid="18827879"><bdi>129.78.32.22</bdi></a><span class="mw-usertoollinks">（<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:129.78.32.22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:129.78.32.22（页面不存在）">留言</a>）</span></span>在<span id="mw-revision-date">2012年1月3日 (二) 23:19</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">（<span class="autocomment"><a href="#毒性">→<bdi dir="ltr">毒性</bdi></a></span>）</span></span>编辑。这可能和<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F">当前版本</a></span>存在着巨大的差异。</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">由<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/129.78.32.22" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:用户贡献/129.78.32.22" data-mw-revid="18827879"><bdi>129.78.32.22</bdi></a><span class="mw-usertoollinks">（<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:129.78.32.22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:129.78.32.22（页面不存在）">留言</a>）</span> <span class="comment">（<span class="autocomment"><a href="#毒性">→<bdi dir="ltr">毒性</bdi></a></span>）</span>在2012年1月3日 (二) 23:19编辑的版本</div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&diff=prev&oldid=18827879" title="毒鵝膏">差异</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&direction=prev&oldid=18827879" title="毒鵝膏">←上一修订</a> | <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F" title="毒鵝膏">最后版本</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&diff=cur&oldid=18827879" title="毒鵝膏">差异</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&direction=next&oldid=18827879" title="毒鵝膏">下一修订→</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&diff=next&oldid=18827879" title="毒鵝膏">差异</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align:center; padding:2.5px; width:200px; background: F7FCFD; border: 1px solid lightblue"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:lightblue;">毒鵝膏 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/250px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/375px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/500px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center"></div></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5" title="保护状况">保护状况</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_iucn2.3_LC_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Status_iucn2.3_LC_zh.svg/220px-Status_iucn2.3_LC_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Status_iucn2.3_LC_zh.svg/330px-Status_iucn2.3_LC_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Status_iucn2.3_LC_zh.svg/440px-Status_iucn2.3_LC_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%8D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="无危">无危</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E7%B4%85%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄">IUCN 2.3</a>）</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="科學分類">科學分類</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:transparent;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>界： </td> <td><span class="kingdom"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真菌界">真菌界</a> Fungi</span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">亞界：</span> </td> <td><span class="subkingdom"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%A0%B8%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%8C" title="雙核亞界">雙核亞界</a> Dikarya</span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>門： </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="phylum"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%85%E5%AD%90%E8%8F%8C%E9%97%A8" title="担子菌门">擔子菌門</a> Basidiomycota</span></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">亞門：</span> </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="subphylum"><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%98%E8%8F%8C%E4%BA%9E%E9%96%80" title="傘菌亞門">傘菌亞門</a> Agaricomycotina</span></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>綱： </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="taxoclass"><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%98%E8%8F%8C%E7%B6%B1" title="傘菌綱">傘菌綱</a> Agaricomycetes</span></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">亞綱：</span> </td> <td><span class="subclass"><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%98%E8%8F%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%B1" title="傘菌亞綱">傘菌亞綱</a> Agaricomycetidae</span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>目： </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="order"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9E%E8%8F%8C%E7%9B%AE" title="伞菌目">傘菌目</a> Agaricales</span></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>科： </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="family"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%8C%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鵝膏菌科">鵝膏菌科</a> Amanitaceae</span></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>屬： </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="genus"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%AC" title="鵝膏菌屬">鵝膏菌屬</a> <i>Amanita</i></span></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>種： </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>毒鵝膏</b> <i><b>A. phalloides</b></i></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue;"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法">二名法</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><b><span class="binomial"><i>Amanita phalloides</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9bastien_Vaillant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sébastien Vaillant（页面不存在）">Vaill.</a> ex <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Magnus_Fries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Magnus Fries（页面不存在）">Fr.</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Link&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link（页面不存在）">Link</a></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>毒鵝膏</b>（學名：<i>Amanita phalloides</i>，一般发音为<span title="在国际音标（IPA）中的读音" class="IPA">/æməˈnaɪtə fəˈlɔɪdiːz/</span>），平常也稱作<b>死帽蕈</b>（Death cap），现在学校的教科书上则用的是<b>“鬼笔鹅膏”</b>这一名字。為一種劇毒的擔子類真菌，<a href="/wiki/%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%AC" title="鵝膏菌屬">鵝膏菌屬</a>的一員。毒鵝膏廣泛分布在歐洲，並且以菌根型式共生於落葉性喬木。在某些案例中，毒鵝膏會因種植如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E6%A8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="橡樹">橡樹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%97%E6%A0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="栗树">栗樹</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%A0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="松树">松樹</a>的非本土樹種，而意外散播到新的環境中。大型的植物部分（子實體）在夏季和秋季出現；菌傘一般呈現綠色，並且有白色的菌柄和菌褶。 </p><p>目前一致認為，這種毒菇會被誤認為數種可食用種類（尤其像<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E8%8F%87" title="草菇">草菇</a>）而被人類食用，因而導致意外中毒的比例上升。毒鵝膏是已知的毒菇中最毒的一種菇類。這種菇類在人類因毒菇中毒而死亡的比例中，超過了半數<sup id="cite_ref-benjamin200_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benjamin200-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並且有可能是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="羅馬皇帝">羅馬皇帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E7%8B%84%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="克勞狄烏斯">克勞狄烏斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a>皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="查理六世 (神圣罗马帝国)">查爾斯六世</a>的死因。毒鵝膏成為眾多研究的主題，而且其生物學上的活性物質也被分離出來。主要的毒性物質為<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%95%88%E9%B9%BC" title="Α-鵝膏蕈鹼">α-鵝膏蕈鹼</a>，通常主要會對<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E8%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="腎臟">腎臟</a>造成致命傷害。目前沒有任何已知的決定性解毒劑被發現。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類學和命名"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E.E5.AD.B8.E5.92.8C.E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D"></span>分類學和命名</h2></div> <p>毒鵝膏第一次被描述，是在1727年，法國的植物學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%BD%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E5%88%A9%E6%81%A9%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賽巴斯汀·凡利恩特（页面不存在）">賽巴斯汀·凡利恩特</a>所做的。當時他給予一個簡潔的名稱和描述：「<i>Fungus phalloides, annulatus, sordide virescens, et patulus</i>」，這個描述當時被認為是真菌類，現今仍然也被承認是如此<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。縱使其<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D" title="學名">學名</a><i>phalloides</i>意思為「陰莖狀的」，但並不清楚到底這個命名是因為外型像字面上的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E8%8E%96" class="mw-redirect" title="陰莖">陰莖</a>，還是分類上和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E8%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="竹蓀">竹蓀</a>同樣為<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%BC%E7%AD%86%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鬼筆屬">鬼筆屬</a>。1821年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊萊斯·馬格尼斯·弗萊斯（页面不存在）">伊萊斯·馬格尼斯·弗萊斯</a>描述它並命名為<i>Agaricus phalloides</i>，但是本命名範圍卻是所有的白色鵝膏菌屬真菌。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。最後在1833年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·弗里德里希·海因里希·林克（页面不存在）">約翰·弗里德里希·海因里希·林克</a>決定命名為<i>Amanita phalloides</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，30年後<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯汀·亨德里克·培生（页面不存在）">克里斯汀·亨德里克·培生</a>命名為<i>Amanita viridis</i>，但晚了一步<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。縱使<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易斯·薩克里頓（页面不存在）">路易斯·薩克里頓</a>比林克還早使用<i>Amanita phalloides</i>，此命名爭論以薩克里頓的被駁回作為結束，因為他的研究沒有堅定使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法">二名法</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；然而，一些分類學家對於這個結果有不同意見<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>毒鵝膏為鵝膏菌屬鵝膏菌節的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="模式物種">模式物種</a>，這個節包含所有早就鑑定出來的劇毒性鵝膏菌屬物種。在這些物種中最著名的是被稱作「毀滅天使」的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E6%9F%84%E7%99%BD%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F" title="鱗柄白鵝膏">鱗柄白鵝膏</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死亡天使（页面不存在）">死亡天使</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%AF%92%E5%82%98" class="mw-redirect" title="白毒傘">白毒傘</a>。「毀滅天使」（destroying angel）這個名稱有時也會被應用到毒鵝膏上，但是「死帽蕈」（death cap）早就成為英文中最常用的俗名。其他常用的俗名包含了「惡臭鵝膏菌」（stinking amanita）<sup id="cite_ref-North67_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North67-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和「致命鵝膏菌」（deadly amanita）<sup id="cite_ref-benjamin203_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benjamin203-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一種罕見的全白色子實體的菌種，剛開始被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%95%A2%E6%BE%A4%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克斯·畢澤爾（页面不存在）">馬克斯·畢澤爾</a>視為毒鵝膏的一種，並命名為<i>A. phalloides</i> f. <i>alba</i><sup id="cite_ref-tulloss_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tulloss-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jord109_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jord109-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，儘管其情形並不清楚。這種菌種長被發現在普通有顏色的毒鵝膏中生長。2004年，它已被描述為一個不同的變種，並且被認定為白毒傘的變種<i>A. verna</i> var. <i>tarda</i><sup id="cite_ref-Nevpoum04_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevpoum04-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。真正的白毒傘植物部分在春季會因為和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="氫氧化鉀">氫氧化鉀</a>作用而變黃，但毒鵝膏並不會這樣<sup id="cite_ref-tullossverna_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tullossverna-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外型"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E5.9E.8B"></span>外型</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ADD8E6">Amanita phalloides</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #ADD8E6; font-style: normal; font-size: 110%"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycomorphbox" title="查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板"><img alt="查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/14px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/21px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/28px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="真菌學">真菌形态特徵</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/32px-Gills_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/48px-Gills_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/64px-Gills_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%A6%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="子實層">子實層上有<b>菌褶</b></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/32px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/48px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/64px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="342" /></span></span> <span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flat_cap_icon.svg/32px-Flat_cap_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flat_cap_icon.svg/48px-Flat_cap_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flat_cap_icon.svg/64px-Flat_cap_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="342" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%88%E5%82%98" class="mw-redirect" title="蕈傘">蕈傘為<b>凸面</b></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%95%88%E5%82%98" class="mw-redirect" title="蕈傘">或<b>平坦</b></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Free_gills_icon2.svg/32px-Free_gills_icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Free_gills_icon2.svg/48px-Free_gills_icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Free_gills_icon2.svg/64px-Free_gills_icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%A6%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="子實層">子實層<b>自由下垂</b></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg/32px-Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg/48px-Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg/64px-Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">有<b>外披</b>的<b>環狀</b><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%88%E6%9F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="蕈柄">蕈柄</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/White_spore_print_icon.png/32px-White_spore_print_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/White_spore_print_icon.png/48px-White_spore_print_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/White_spore_print_icon.png/64px-White_spore_print_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%B0" title="孢子印">孢印<b>白色</b></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/32px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/48px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/64px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E6%A0%B9" title="菌根"><b>菌根</b>真菌</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/32px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/48px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/64px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%88%E9%A1%9E%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92" title="蕈類中毒"><b>致命</b></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>毒鵝膏</b>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%9B%96" title="菌盖">菌蓋</a>很大，一般直徑是5－15公分，呈圓形或半球狀，但會隨著時間慢慢變成扁平。<sup id="cite_ref-Bresinsky_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bresinsky-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>菌蓋顏色以灰色、微黃、橄欖綠為主，雨後顏色往往更淡。菌蓋當濕潤時呈黏性，表皮容易脫落。<sup id="cite_ref-Jord99_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jord99-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b>毒鵝膏</b>的菌桿上的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E7%92%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體環（页面不存在）">體環</a>像小裙，一般位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%9B%96" title="菌盖">菌蓋</a>下１到1.5公分的位置。白色薄層自由下垂。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="菌托">菌托</a>色白，像氣囊腫脹。<sup id="cite_ref-Bresinsky_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bresinsky-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由於這樣的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="菌托">菌托</a>是它的重要特徵，應該避免瓦礫掩蓋，以便檢查。<sup id="cite_ref-Jord108_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jord108-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="毒性"><span id=".E6.AF.92.E6.80.A7"></span>毒性</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg/220px-Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg/330px-Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg/440px-Death_Cap_Mushroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>在澳洲坎培拉的警告牌</figcaption></figure> <p>正如名字所說，死帽蕈劇毒無比，是世界上幾種最毒的<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%88%E9%A1%9E" title="蕈類">蕈類</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-benjamin200_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benjamin200-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>根據估計，進食大約30克或者半個菌蓋可以足以致命。<sup id="cite_ref-benjamin211_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benjamin211-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2006年，一個三口的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭">波蘭</a>家庭中毒後，一名逝世，兩名倖存者則需要<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>移植。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2011年末，澳洲堪培拉有四位亚洲人因误食而导致死亡或者肝移植。有權威人士建議要避免接觸毒鵝膏。<sup id="cite_ref-Jord99_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jord99-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 另外，毒鵝膏的毒性不能通過煮、冷凍或風乾方法來減低。在過去十多年，科學家已經對它的毒性作出深入研究。<sup id="cite_ref-Litten75_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litten75-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%83%E7%B6%A0%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黃綠毒鵝膏菌（页面不存在）">黃綠毒鵝膏菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%8C" title="白毒鵝膏菌">白毒鵝膏菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E6%9F%84%E7%99%BD%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="鱗柄白毒鵝膏菌">鱗柄白毒鵝膏菌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%B9%E6%96%91%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="豹斑鵝膏菌（页面不存在）">豹斑鵝膏菌</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-benjamin200-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benjamin200_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benjamin200_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin.p200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="拉丁語">（拉丁文）</span><cite class="citation book">Vaillant, Sébastien. Botanicon Parisiense. Leide & Amsterdam: J. H. Verbeek and B. Lakeman. 1727. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5146641"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 5146641</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft.aulast=Vaillant&rft.btitle=Botanicon+Parisiense&rft.date=1727&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Leide+%26+Amsterdam&rft.pub=J.+H.+Verbeek+and+B.+Lakeman&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5146641&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="拉丁語">（拉丁文）</span><cite class="citation book">Fries, Elias Magnus. Systema Mycologicum I. Gryphiswaldiae: Ernesti Mauritii. 1821. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10717479"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 10717479</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.aufirst=Elias+Magnus&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.btitle=Systema+Mycologicum+I&rft.date=1821&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Gryphiswaldiae&rft.pub=Ernesti+Mauritii&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10717479&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|publisher=</code>值左起第8位存在換行符 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#invisible_char" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="德語">（德文）</span> Link JHF (1833) <i>Grundriss der Kraeuterkunde IV</i>. Haude und Spenerschen Buchhandlung (S.J. Joseephy), Berlin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="拉丁語">（拉丁文）</span><cite class="citation book">Persoon, Christian Hendrik. Tentamen Dispositionis Methodicae Fungorum. Lipsiae: P.P. Wolf,. 1797. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19300194"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 19300194</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.aufirst=Christian+Hendrik&rft.aulast=Persoon&rft.btitle=Tentamen+Dispositionis+Methodicae+Fungorum&rft.date=1797&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Lipsiae&rft.pub=P.P.+Wolf%2C&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19300194&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="拉丁語">（拉丁文）</span><cite class="citation book">Persoon, Christian Hendrik. Synopsis Methodica Fungorum. Göttingen: H. Dietrich. 1801. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/28329773"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 28329773</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.aufirst=Christian+Hendrik&rft.aulast=Persoon&rft.btitle=Synopsis+Methodica+Fungorum&rft.date=1801&rft.genre=book&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=H.+Dietrich&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28329773&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Donk, M.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-0262%28196206%2911%3A5%3C170%3AOSFN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I">On Secretan's Fungus Names</a>. Taxon. 1962, <b>11</b> (5): 170–173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1216724"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1216724</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.atitle=On+Secretan%27s+Fungus+Names&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.aulast=Donk&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.pages=170-173&rft.volume=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0040-0262%2528196206%252911%253A5%253C170%253AOSFN%253E2.0.CO%253B2-I&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1216724&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">已忽略未知参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code>（建议使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>） (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Demoulin, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-0262%28197411%2923%3A5%2F6%3C836%3AIONPIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T">Invalidity of Names Published in Secretan's Mycographie Suisse and Some Remarks on the Problem of Publication by Reference</a>. Taxon. 1974, <b>23</b> (5/6): 836–843. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1218449"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1218449</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.atitle=Invalidity+of+Names+Published+in+Secretan%27s+Mycographie+Suisse+and+Some+Remarks+on+the+Problem+of+Publication+by+Reference&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.aulast=Demoulin&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.pages=836-843&rft.volume=23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0040-0262%2528197411%252923%253A5%252F6%253C836%253AIONPIS%253E2.0.CO%253B2-T&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1218449&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">已忽略未知参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code>（建议使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>） (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolf Singer">Singer, Rolf</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Machol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Machol（页面不存在）">Robert E. Machol</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-0262%28197705%2926%3A2%2F3%3C251%3AASFNV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G">Are Secretan's Fungus Names Valid?</a>. Taxon. 1962, <b>26</b> (2/3): 251–255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1220563"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1220563</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.atitle=Are+Secretan%27s+Fungus+Names+Valid%3F&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.pages=251-255&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0040-0262%2528197705%252926%253A2%252F3%253C251%253AASFNV%253E2.0.CO%253B2-G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1220563&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">已忽略未知参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code>（建议使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>） (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Machol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Machol（页面不存在）">Machol, Robert E.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-0262%28198408%2933%3A3%3C532%3ALTCA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9">Leave the Code Alone</a>. Taxon. 1984, <b>33</b> (3): 532–533. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1221006"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1221006</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.atitle=Leave+the+Code+Alone&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.aulast=Machol&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.pages=532-533&rft.volume=33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0040-0262%2528198408%252933%253A3%253C532%253ALTCA%253E2.0.CO%253B2-9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1221006&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">已忽略未知参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code>（建议使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>） (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North67-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-North67_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：没有为名为<code>North67</code>的参考文献提供内容</span></li> <li id="cite_note-benjamin203-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-benjamin203_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin.p203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tulloss-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tulloss_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：没有为名为<code>tulloss</code>的参考文献提供内容</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jord109-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jord109_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan & Wheeler. p109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevpoum04-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nevpoum04_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：没有为名为<code>Nevpoum04</code>的参考文献提供内容</span></li> <li id="cite_note-tullossverna-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tullossverna_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tulloss, Rodham E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/verna.html">Amanita verna (Bull.: Fr.) Lam.</a>. Amanita Studies site. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-05-22</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.atitle=Amanita+verna+%28Bull.%3A+Fr.%29+Lam.&rft.aufirst=Rodham+E.&rft.aulast=Tulloss&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amanita+Studies+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpluto.njcc.com%2F~ret%2Famanita%2Fspecies%2Fverna.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">已忽略未知参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code>（建议使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>） (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bresinsky-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bresinsky_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bresinsky_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bresinsky A, Besl H. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi. Wolfe Publishing. 1990: 26–9. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0723415765" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7234-1576-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.au=Bresinsky+A%2C+Besl+H.&rft.btitle=A+Colour+Atlas+of+Poisonous+Fungi&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=26-9&rft.pub=Wolfe+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jord99-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jord99_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jord99_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan & Wheeler. p99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jord108-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jord108_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan & Wheeler. p108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benjamin211-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-benjamin211_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin.p211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="波蘭語">（波兰文）</span> <cite class="citation journal">Pawlowska, J.; Pawlak J, Kamiski A, Hevelke P, Jankowska I, Teisseyre M, Szymczak M, Kaliciiski P, Krawczyk M. (<i>Amanita phalloides</i> poisoning as an indication for liver transplantation in three family members.). Wiadomości Lekarskie. 2006, <b>59</b> (1–2): 131–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16646310"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16646310</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.atitle=%28Amanita+phalloides+poisoning+as+an+indication+for+liver+transplantation+in+three+family+members.%29&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Pawlowska&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.jtitle=Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+Lekarskie&rft.pages=131-4&rft.volume=59&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16646310&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carluccio A. The Complete Mushroom Book. London: Quadrille. 2003: 224. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1844000400" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84400-040-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.au=Carluccio+A&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Mushroom+Book&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=224&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quadrille&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litten75-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Litten75_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Litten, W. The most poisonous mushrooms. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 1975, <b>232</b> (3): 90–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1114308"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 1114308</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%92%E9%B5%9D%E8%86%8F&rft.atitle=The+most+poisonous+mushrooms&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Litten&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=90-101&rft.volume=232&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1114308&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">已忽略未知参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code>（建议使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>） (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.tesri.gov.tw/tesriusr/internet/natshow.cfm?IDNo=661">特有生物研究保育中心</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Link_FA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Link FA（页面不存在）">Template:Link FA</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Link_FA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Link FA（页面不存在）">Template:Link FA</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Link_FA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Link FA（页面不存在）">Template:Link FA</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Link_GA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Link GA（页面不存在）">Template:Link GA</a> <a 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