Henry V | Holy Roman Emperor, King of Germany & Italy

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[{"p":1,"t":261806},{"p":1,"t":292452},{"p":5,"t":441722},{"p":1,"t":519141},{"p":1,"t":131243},{"p":3,"t":217736},{"p":10,"t":231545},{"p":1,"t":640848},{"p":1,"t":380873},{"p":146,"t":231186}], "sequence": 1, "topics": {} }); </script> <article class="article-content container-lg qa-content px-0 pt-0 pb-40 py-lg-20 content " data-topic-id="261806"> <div class="grid gx-0"> <div class="col-auto"> <div class="topic-left-rail md-article-drawer position-relative d-flex border-right-sm border-left-sm open"> <div class="drawer d-flex flex-column open"> <div class="left-rail-section-content"> <div class="topic-left-rail-header text-truncate bg-gray-50 position-relative text-right d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="tlr-title px-20 py-15 text-left"> <em class="material-icons text-gray-400 d-lg-none" data-icon="toc"></em> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold text-black link-blue" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-V-Holy-Roman-emperor">Henry V</a> </div> <button 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href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-V-Holy-Roman-emperor/images-videos">Images</a> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 "> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex overflow-hidden text-nowrap ml-15"> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/24/44824-050-C735635C/Henry-V-Paschal-II-insignia-manuscript-possession-April-13-1111.jpg" data-href="/media/1/261806/37395" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/24/44824-004-A926A8E6/Henry-V-Paschal-II-insignia-manuscript-possession-April-13-1111.jpg" alt="Henry V and Pope Paschal II" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/79/130679-004-804AB32F/abdication-Henry-IV-V-favour-son-Chronicle.jpg" data-href="/media/1/261806/127257" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" 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Napoleon in Coronation Robes or Napoleon I Emperor of France, 1804 by Baron Francois Gerard or Baron Francois-Pascal-Simon Gerard, from the Musee National, Chateau de Versailles." width="200" height="200" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/quiz/kings-and-emperors-part-iii-quiz" >Kings and Emperors (Part III) Quiz</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-30 tlr-related-questions"> <div class="text-gray-900 p-5 pb-0 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-10 mb-15"> Related Questions </div> <ul> <li class="link-gray-900 mb-15"><a class="" href="/question/How-was-the-Holy-Roman-Empire-formed">How was the Holy Roman Empire formed?</a> </li> <li class="link-gray-900 mb-15"><a class="" href="/question/Why-did-the-Holy-Roman-Empire-fall">Why did the Holy Roman Empire fall?</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mb-30 tlr-discover"> <div class="text-gray-900 p-5 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-10 mb-10"> Discover </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/story/how-many-countries-are-there-in-the-world"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/27/238527-131-D73B3F08/flagpoles-world-countries.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="Flags of the countries of the world (flagpoles)." width="200" height="200" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/story/how-many-countries-are-there-in-the-world" >How Many Countries Are There in the World?</a> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/list/russian-revolution-timeline"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/47/71447-131-D3FA964C/soldiers-Red-Army.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="Red Army (Soviet) soldiers in the Russian Revolution." width="200" height="200" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/list/russian-revolution-timeline" >Russian Revolution Timeline</a> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/story/was-jesse-owens-snubbed-by-adolf-hitler-at-the-berlin-olympics"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/51/189351-131-104BA669/Jesse-Owens-Olympic-Games-1936.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="Berlin, 1936 - Jesse Owens of the USA in action in the mens 200m at the Summer Olympic Games. 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</button> </a> </div> <figcaption class="card-body"> <div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"> <span> <a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/24/44824-050-C735635C/Henry-V-Paschal-II-insignia-manuscript-possession-April-13-1111.jpg" data-href="/media/1/261806/37395">Henry V and Pope Paschal II</a> <span><span>Henry V (left) receiving the imperial insignia from Pope Paschal II at Rome, April 13, 1111, illumination from a German manuscript, c. 1114–25; in the possession of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.</span></span> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <span class="link-blue">(more)</span> </button> </span> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div><div class="topic-header"> <div class="d-flex align-items-top justify-content-between"> <div class="d-flex flex-column"> <div> <div> <h1>Henry V</h1></div> </div> <div class="topic-identifier font-16 font-md-20">Holy Roman emperor</div> </div> </div> <div class="d-none d-sm-flex flex-row"> <div class="mr-10 mb-15"> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="d-block md-topic-tools qa-action-buttons mb-15" data-topic-id="261806"> <button class="js-tooltip btn btn-sm btn-outline-blue border pr-10 border-2 text-nowrap" > <em class="material-icons md-icon ml-n10 my-n5 mr-5" data-icon="more_vert"></em> More Actions </button> <div class="md-more-popover popover popover-sm p-0 font-14 z-1"> <div> <a class="js-modal btn btn-sm btn-link gtm-topic-tool font-weight-bold btn-link" href="/print/article/261806" target="_blank" > <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="print"></em> Print </a> </div> <div> <button class="js-modal qa-cite-modal-button btn btn-sm btn-link 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Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. </div> <div class="label mt-20 mb-10">Select Citation Style</div> <select class="js-citation-format-select form-select"> <option selected value="mla">MLA</option> <option value="apa">APA</option> <option value="chicago">Chicago Manual of Style</option> </select> <div class="citation font-serif border rounded p-15 mt-20" data-authors="Schmale, Franz-Josef" data-authors-initial="Schmale, F." data-title="Henry V" data-published-date="7 Aug. 2024" data-url="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-V-Holy-Roman-emperor" > <div class="citation-text"></div> </div> <button class="js-copy-citation-button mt-20 btn btn-xs btn-outline-blue border shadow-sm pr-10" > <em class="material-icons md-icon ml-n10 my-n5 mr-5" data-icon="file_copy"></em> <span class="js-citation-status-text">Copy Citation</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div> <button class="js-share-modal-button js-modal btn btn-sm btn-link gtm-topic-tool font-weight-bold btn-link" data-modal="[data-topic-id=261806] .md-share-modal"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="share"></em> Share </button> <div class="md-share-modal size-lg d-none qa-share-modal"> <div class="md-modal-body"> <div class="h2 font-serif d-flex align-items-center pb-15 border-bottom"> <em class="material-icons text-blue mr-10" data-icon="share"></em> Share </div> <div class="label my-20">Share to social media</div> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle d-flex align-items-start inverted" data-value="share" title="Henry V" data-url="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-V-Holy-Roman-emperor" > <a class="social-icon facebook justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="social-icon x justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="x" href="https://x.com/britannica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>X</span></a> </div> <div class="label pt-20 mt-20 mb-5 border-top">URL</div> <a class="font-serif text-truncate d-inline-block" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-V-Holy-Roman-emperor">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-V-Holy-Roman-emperor</a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <button class="js-feedback-modal-button js-modal btn btn-sm btn-link gtm-topic-tool font-weight-bold btn-link" data-modal=".md-feedback-modal"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="message"></em> Feedback </button> </div> <div> <button class="qa-external-website-modal-button js-modal btn btn-sm btn-link gtm-topic-tool font-weight-bold btn-link" data-modal="[data-topic-id=261806] .md-websites-modal"> <em class="material-icons md-icon ml-n10 mr-5" data-icon="link"></em> External Websites </button> </div> </div> <div class="md-feedback-modal size-lg d-none"> <div class="md-modal-body"> <div class="h2 font-serif pb-15 border-bottom"> Feedback </div> <form method="post" action="/submission/feedback/261806"> <div class="my-20"> Corrections? 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Editor of <em>Quellen zur Geschichte Kaiser Heinrichs IV.</em></div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> Franz-Josef Schmale</span></div> <div class="font-serif font-12 text-gray-700"> <span class="qa-fact-checked-by">Fact-checked by</span> <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"> <a class="d-block p-20 qa-editor-popup font-12" href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419" > <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 text-black">Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 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Friesland (aged 38)</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Title / Office: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/emperor-title">emperor (1111-1125)</a>, <a href="/place/Holy-Roman-Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/king-monarch">king (1099-1125)</a>, <a href="/place/Germany">Germany</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>House / Dynasty: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/Salian-dynasty">Salian dynasty</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Notable Family Members: </dt> <dd>spouse <a href="/biography/Matilda-daughter-of-Henry-I">Matilda</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Role In: </dt> <dd><a href="/event/Concordat-of-Worms">Concordat of Worms</a></dd> <dd><a href="/event/Investiture-Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-link p-0" href="/facts/Henry-V-Holy-Roman-emperor"> See all related content </a> </div> </div> </div> <button class="facts-list-show-more-btn mt-15 p-0 mx-auto btn font-14 d-block font-weight-normal"> <span class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></span> <span class="show-more-label">Show More</span> </button> </div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref3980"></span>Henry V</strong> (born Aug. 11, 1086 [not Nov. 8, 1081]—died May 23, 1125, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Utrecht-Netherlands" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Utrecht</a>, Friesland) was the German <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/king-monarch" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">king</a> (from 1099) and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Holy-Roman-emperor" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Holy Roman emperor</a> (1111–25), last of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Salian-dynasty" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Salian dynasty</a>. He restored virtual peace in the empire and was generally successful in wars with Flanders, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bohemia" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Bohemia</a>, Hungary, and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Poland</a>. As the son of <span id="ref3981"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-IV-Holy-Roman-emperor" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Henry IV</a>, he continued his father’s <span id="ref3982"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Investiture-Controversy" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Investiture Controversy</a> with the papacy.</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Henry was the second son of Henry IV and his first wife, Bertha of Turin. After his father became <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/emperor-title" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">emperor</a>, Henry’s elder brother, Conrad, was elected German king; Henry succeeded him after Conrad had rebelled unsuccessfully against his father, being crowned on Jan. 6, 1099. In 1104, in the conflict between the <span id="ref3984"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/papacy" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">papacy</a> and his father, he sided with the Bavarians and Saxons against his father. As a promoter of <span id="ref3983"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Roman-Catholicism" class="md-crosslink ">church</a> reform willing to compromise with the papacy, he had the support of the church. He took his father prisoner and forced him to <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="abdicate" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abdicate" data-type="MW">abdicate</a> (Dec. 31, 1105) but was not certain of his throne until his father’s death on Aug. 7, 1106. He had already sent messengers to Pope <span id="ref3985"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paschal-II" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Paschal II</a> inviting him to come to Germany; he was prepared to reach a settlement provided the pope granted him full rights of investiture of bishops. The pope rejected this condition. Henry was still able to consolidate his rule in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Germany</a>. Campaigns against Hungary (1108) and Poland (1109) failed, but Henry reasserted German lordship over Bohemia in 1110. In 1110 he became betrothed to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matilda-daughter-of-Henry-I" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Matilda</a>, daughter of Henry I of England, marrying her in 1114.</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">An understanding with the pope in the controversy over investiture was essential to Henry. The church possessed not only spiritual rights but <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="secular" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secular" data-type="MW">secular</a> rights as well. Henry journeyed to Rome in 1110 and again demanded the right of investiture. The pope was willing to command the German churches to give back all lands and rights received from the crown if Henry would renounce the right to investiture, a bargain that was acceptable to Henry but not to the German bishops and princes. Henry then imprisoned the pope, forcing him to grant the right of investiture. On April 13, 1111, the pope crowned him emperor in St. Peter’s. In the satisfaction that he had achieved what Henry IV had not, he arranged a memorial ceremony for his father in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Speyer" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Speyer</a> on Aug. 7, 1111.</p><a class="link-module shadow-sm d-block qa-quiz-module" href="/quiz/kings-and-emperors-part-iii-quiz" data-link-module-iframe-link=""> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/95/115195-131-5A6187D9/Napoleon-His-Imperial-Robes-Francois-Gerard-Versailles-1805.jpg" alt="Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon in Coronation Robes or Napoleon I Emperor of France, 1804 by Baron Francois Gerard or Baron Francois-Pascal-Simon Gerard, from the Musee National, Chateau de Versailles." class="rounded-sm mr-15" width="70" /> <div class="line-clamp clamp-5"> <div class="module-title bg-green">Britannica Quiz</div> <div class="font-weight-semi-bold mt-5">Kings and Emperors (Part III) Quiz</div> </div> </a><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">In Germany, Henry V followed his father’s policy of favouring the class of unfree servants known as <em><span id="ref3986"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ministeriale" class="md-crosslink ">ministeriales</a></em> and also the towns, thus <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="provoking" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/provoking" data-type="EB">provoking</a> the antagonism of the princes. Rebellion soon broke out; Archbishop <span id="ref3987"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adalbert-archbishop-of-Mainz" class="md-crosslink ">Adalbert</a> of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mainz" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Mainz</a> fomented unrest in the upper Rhineland, and the revolt of Lothar of Supplinburg (later to become king as <span id="ref3988"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lothar-II-Holy-Roman-emperor" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lothar III</a> and emperor as Lothar II) in Saxony ended in 1115 in a severe defeat for Henry.</p><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">There was also strong opposition to Henry within the church. While the pope kept to his agreement with Henry, a council in Rome declared the privilege granted to Henry invalid. Papal legates in Germany pronounced Henry’s excommunication, and consequently he lost the support of the German bishops. Despite this, he went to Italy in 1116 to take possession of the inheritance of Matilda of Tuscany, who had died in 1115. Further negotiations with the Curia over the investiture question were without success. When, in 1118, Pope <span id="ref3989"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gelasius-II" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Gelasius II</a> was elected successor to Paschal II, Henry set up an antipope, <span id="ref3990"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregory-VIII-pope" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Gregory VIII</a>, but the move failed. Henry was called back from Italy in 1118 by an ultimatum from the German princes, who threatened to dethrone him. He was forced to make political <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="concessions" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concessions" data-type="MW">concessions</a>. When Gelasius II’s successor, <span id="ref3991"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Callixtus-II" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Calixtus II</a>, offered to negotiate with him, Henry was prepared to drop his demand for full rights of investiture, but these negotiations failed. As his domestic difficulties increased, the princes finally took the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="initiative" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/initiative" data-type="MW">initiative</a> and negotiated the <span id="ref3992"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Concordat-of-Worms" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Concordat of Worms</a> (1122). The king had to renounce the right to invest the bishops with ring and crozier and to accede to their <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="canonical" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/canonical" data-type="MW">canonical</a> election, while the pope granted the king the right to be present at the election, the right to a deciding voice if the election was indecisive, and the right to enfeoff the elected bishop with the temporalities of his see. This arrangement, however, applied only to Germany, whereas in Italy and in Burgundy the enfeoffment was to follow consecration and would therefore be a pure formality.</p><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Henry’s subsequent struggle with the princes and, especially, with Lothar was without success. At the same time he became involved in the conflict between the English and the French. The death of the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="successor" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/successor" data-type="EB">successor</a> to the English throne had made Matilda, Henry’s wife, the heiress and created the prospect of a German-English empire. Henry therefore supported his father-in-law in his conflict with <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/France" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">France</a> but could achieve nothing militarily. Henry died childless. His successor was his former enemy Lothar III, duke of Saxony, who was elected king largely through the efforts of the church.</p><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD7 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">As a ruler, Henry V showed political skill, but his reach exceeded his grasp. He had dethroned his father by allying himself with the princes and presenting himself as a champion of the church’s rights. Once in power, he took up his father’s cause but was unable to force the church to grant him his demands. The settlement of 1122, which secured the king’s influence over the German church, was brought about mainly by the German princes. By intervening in the conflict between the king and the church, they won a victory for themselves against the king, a fact that dominated the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="subsequent" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/subsequent" data-type="EB">subsequent</a> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Germany" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">history of Germany</a>.</p><div class="module-spacing"> <DIV class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION"><style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; margin-bottom: 15px; } @container (min-width: 475px) { .student-promo-banner { flex-direction: row; } .student-promo-banner-img-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 10px; justify-content: flex-start; } .student-promo-banner-text-wrapper { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; } .student-promo-banner-button-wrapper { margin-right: 0; } }</style> <div class="student-promo-banner-wrapper"> <div class="student-promo-banner d-flex flex-column align-items-center bg-blue rounded p-20"> <div class="student-promo-banner-img-wrapper mb-20 mr-0 d-flex justify-content-center"> <img class="rounded" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/BlueThistle.webp" /> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-text-wrapper ml-0 mb-10 text-center text-white"> <div class="h2 mb-10">Get Unlimited Access</div> <div class="h4 font-weight-semi-bold">Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more.</div> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-button-wrapper d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center ml-auto mr-auto"> <a class="btn btn-m btn-orange" href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=august-2024">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </DIV></div><span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span></section> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/contributor/Franz-Josef-Schmale/2623">Franz-Josef Schmale</a></span><span class="marker end-of-content"></span><span class="marker after-article"></span></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script>  <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"Topic","templateName":"DESKTOP","pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":1,"pageId":261806,"pageLength":916,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-133/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.133.9"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-133/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.133.9' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"D","adLeg":"C","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"Topic","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":"BIO_MEDIUM","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":true} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>

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Henry V | Holy Roman Emperor, King of Germany & Italy | Britannica