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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foundations_of_the_"Old_Navy"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental_Navy_(1775–1785)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Navy_(1775–1785)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Continental Navy (1775–1785)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Navy_(1775–1785)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disarmament_(1785–1794)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disarmament_(1785–1794)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Disarmament (1785–1794)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disarmament_(1785–1794)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_(1794–1812)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_(1794–1812)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Establishment (1794–1812)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_(1794–1812)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812_(1812–1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812_(1812–1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>War of 1812 (1812–1815)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812_(1812–1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Expansion_(1815–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Expansion_(1815–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Continental Expansion (1815–1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Expansion_(1815–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War_(1861–1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War_(1861–1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>American Civil War (1861–1865)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War_(1861–1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_the_Navy_(1865–1882)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_the_Navy_(1865–1882)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Decline of the Navy (1865–1882)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_the_Navy_(1865–1882)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"New_Navy"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"New_Navy""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>"New Navy"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"New_Navy"-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_Modern_Navy_(1898–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rise of the Modern Navy (1898–1914)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Modern_Navy_(1898–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_(1914–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_(1914–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>World War I (1914–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_(1914–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparing_for_war_1914–1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_for_war_1914–1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Preparing for war 1914–1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_for_war_1914–1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_a_world_war,_1917–18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_a_world_war,_1917–18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Fighting a world war, 1917–18</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_a_world_war,_1917–18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_entrenchment_and_expansion_(1918–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_entrenchment_and_expansion_(1918–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Inter-war entrenchment and expansion (1918–1941)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_entrenchment_and_expansion_(1918–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Submarines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Submarines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Worldwide expansion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldwide_expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldwide expansion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>World War II (1941–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Command structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carrier_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carrier_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Carrier warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carrier_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_(1945–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_(1945–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cold War (1945–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_(1945–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Admirals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_of_the_Admirals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Revolt of the Admirals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Admirals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War_and_naval_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War_and_naval_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Korean War and naval expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War_and_naval_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Soviet challenge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Cold_War_(1991–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War_(1991–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post–Cold War (1991–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War_(1991–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Ford">USS <i>Gerald R. Ford</i></a>, as of 2018, is the US Navy's latest and most advanced <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">nuclear powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>, and the largest naval vessel in the world.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 22.0em; border:3px solid navy;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">Ships of the United States Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size: 100%; border-top: 3px solid navy;">Ships in current service</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Current ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size: 100%; border-top: 3px solid navy;">Ships grouped alphabetically</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_A%E2%80%93B" title="List of United States Navy ships: A–B">A–B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_C" title="List of United States Navy ships: C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_D%E2%80%93F" title="List of United States Navy ships: D–F">D–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_G%E2%80%93H" title="List of United States Navy ships: G–H">G–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_I%E2%80%93K" title="List of United States Navy ships: I–K">I–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_L" title="List of United States Navy ships: L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_M" title="List of United States Navy ships: M">M</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_N%E2%80%93O" title="List of United States Navy ships: N–O">N–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_P" title="List of United States Navy ships: P">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_Q%E2%80%93R" title="List of United States Navy ships: Q–R">Q–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_S" title="List of United States Navy ships: S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_T%E2%80%93V" title="List of United States Navy ships: T–V">T–V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_W%E2%80%93Z" title="List of United States Navy ships: W–Z">W–Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size: 100%; border-top: 3px solid navy;">Ships grouped by type</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of airships of the United States Navy">Airships</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships" title="List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships">Amphibious warfare ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy">Auxiliaries</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battlecruisers_of_the_United_States" title="List of battlecruisers of the United States">Battlecruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of battleships of the United States Navy">Battleships</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of cruisers of the United States Navy">Cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyers of the United States Navy">Destroyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyer_escorts_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy">Destroyer escorts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_destroyer_leaders" title="List of United States Navy destroyer leaders">Destroyer leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_escort_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of escort carriers of the United States Navy">Escort carriers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of frigates of the United States Navy">Frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_hospital_ships" title="List of United States Navy hospital ships">Hospital ships</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral combat ships</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mine_warfare_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy">Mine warfare vessels</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monitors_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of monitors of the United States Navy">Monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_oilers" title="List of United States Navy oilers">Oilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy">Patrol vessels</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_patrol_craft" title="Section patrol craft">Registered civilian vessels</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sailing_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy">Sailing frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam frigates of the United States Navy">Steam frigates</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_gunboats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam gunboats of the United States Navy">Steam gunboats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of ships of the line of the United States Navy">Ships of the line</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sloops_of_war_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sloops of war of the United States Navy">Sloops of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of submarines of the United States Navy">Submarines</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_boats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of torpedo boats of the United States Navy">Torpedo boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_torpedo_retrievers" title="United States Navy torpedo retrievers">Torpedo retrievers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_miscellaneous_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of unclassified miscellaneous vessels of the United States Navy">Unclassified miscellaneous</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yard_and_district_craft_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of yard and district craft of the United States Navy">Yard and district craft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Navy_ship_types" title="Template:United States Navy ship types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Navy_ship_types" title="Template talk:United States Navy ship types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Navy_ship_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Navy ship types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the United States Navy</b> divides into two major periods: the "Old Navy", a small but respected force of <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a> that became notable for innovation in the use of <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclads</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and the "New Navy" the result of a modernization effort that began in the 1880s and made it the largest in the world by 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Crocker_III_2006_https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302_302_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crocker_III_2006_https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302_302-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> claims October 13, 1775 as the date of its official establishment, when the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> passed a resolution creating the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a>. With the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the Continental Navy was disbanded. Under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a>, merchant shipping came under threat while in the Mediterranean by Barbary pirates from four North African States. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1794" title="Naval Act of 1794">Naval Act of 1794</a>, which created a permanent standing U.S. Navy. The <a href="/wiki/Original_six_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Original six frigates of the United States Navy">original six frigates</a> were authorized as part of the Act. Over the next 20 years, the Navy fought the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Republic Navy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> (1798–99), <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary Wars</a>, and the British in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. After the War of 1812, the U.S. Navy was at peace until the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1846, and served to combat piracy in the Mediterranean and Caribbean seas, as well as fighting the slave trade off the coast of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. In 1845, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a> was founded at old Fort Severn at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. In 1861, the American Civil War began and the U.S. Navy fought the small <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate States Navy</a> with both sailing ships and new revolutionary ironclad ships while forming a blockade that shut down the Confederacy's civilian coastal shipping. After the Civil War, most of its ships were laid up in reserve, and by 1878, the Navy was just 6,000 men. </p><p>In 1882, the U.S. Navy consisted of many outdated ship designs. Over the next decade, Congress approved building multiple modern steel-hulled <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>, and by around the start of the 20th century had moved from twelfth place in 1870 to fifth place in terms of numbers of ships. Most sailors were foreigners. After winning two major battles during the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, the American Navy continued to build more ships, and by the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> had more men and women in uniform than the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth324_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth324-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> of 1921 recognized the Navy as equal in capital ship size to the Royal Navy, and during the 1920s and 1930s, the Navy built several <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> and battleships. The Navy was drawn into World War II after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on December 7, 1941, and over the next four years fought many historic battles including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>, multiple naval battles during the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal Campaign</a>, and the largest naval battle in history, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>. Much of the Navy's activity concerned the support of landings, not only with the "<a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island-hopping</a>" campaign in the Pacific, but also with the European landings. When the Japanese surrendered, a large flotilla entered <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> to witness the formal ceremony conducted on the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)"><i>Missouri</i></a>, on which officials from the Japanese government signed the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a>. By the end of the war, the Navy had over 1,600 warships. </p><p>After World War II ended, the U.S. Navy entered the 45 year long <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>. Nuclear power and ballistic and guided missile technology led to new ship propulsion and weapon systems, which were used in the <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier"><i>Nimitz</i>-class aircraft carriers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio-class_submarine" title="Ohio-class submarine"><i>Ohio</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>. By 1978, the number of ships had dwindled to less than 400, many of which were from World War II, which prompted <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> to institute a program for a modern, <a href="/wiki/600-ship_Navy" title="600-ship Navy">600-ship Navy</a>. Following the 1990-91 collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> the Soviet Navy was divided among the former Soviet Republics and was left without funding, which made the United States the world's undisputed naval superpower, with the ability to engage and <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">project power</a> in two simultaneous limited wars along separate fronts. This ability was demonstrated during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Second Persian Gulf Wars</a>. </p><p>In March 2007, the U.S. Navy reached its smallest fleet size, with 274 ships, since World War I. Former U.S. Navy admirals who head the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">U.S. Naval Institute</a> have raised concerns about what they see as the ability to respond to 'aggressive moves by Iran and China.'<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freedberg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Navy was overtaken by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">People's Liberation Army Navy</a> in terms of raw number of ships in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundations_of_the_"Old_Navy""><span id="Foundations_of_the_.22Old_Navy.22"></span>Foundations of the "Old Navy"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foundations of the "Old Navy""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Navy_(1775–1785)"><span id="Continental_Navy_.281775.E2.80.931785.29"></span>Continental Navy (1775–1785)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Continental Navy (1775–1785)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>Resolved</i>, That a swift sailing vessel, to carry ten carriage guns, and a proportionable number of swivels, with eighty men, be fitted, with all possible despatch, for a cruise of three months, and that the commander be instructed to cruize eastward, for intercepting such transports as may be laden with warlike stores and other supplies for our enemies, and for such other purposes as the Congress shall direct.<br />That a Committee of three be appointed to prepare an estimate of the expence, and lay the same before the Congress, and to contract with proper persons to fit out the vessel.<br /><i>Resolved</i>, that another vessel be fitted out for the same purposes, and that the said committee report their opinion of a proper vessel, and also an estimate of the expence. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> Resolution of the Continental Congress that marked the establishment of what is now the United States Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Establish_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Establish-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>The Navy was rooted in the American seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains and shipbuilders during the colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Revolution, several states operated their own navies. On June 12, 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly" title="Rhode Island General Assembly">Rhode Island General Assembly</a> passed a resolution creating a navy for the colony of Rhode Island. The same day, Governor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cooke" title="Nicholas Cooke">Nicholas Cooke</a> signed orders addressed to Captain <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Whipple" title="Abraham Whipple">Abraham Whipple</a>, commander of the sloop <a href="/wiki/USS_Providence_(1775)" title="USS Providence (1775)"><i>Katy</i></a>, and commodore of the armed vessels employed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first formal movement for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> came from Rhode Island, because the widespread smuggling activities of Rhode Island merchants had been increasing suppressed by the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. On August 26, 1775, Rhode Island passed a resolution that there be a single <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental fleet</a> funded by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution was introduced in the Continental Congress on October 3, 1775, but was tabled. In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> had begun to acquire ships, starting with the schooner <a href="/wiki/USS_Hannah" title="USS Hannah">USS <i>Hannah</i></a> that was paid for out of Washington's own pocket.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller15_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hannah</i> was commissioned and launched on September 5, 1775, under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Nicholson_Broughton" title="Nicholson Broughton">Nicholson Broughton</a>, from the port of <a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Massachusetts" title="Marblehead, Massachusetts">Marblehead, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Navy recognizes October 13, 1775, as the date of its official establishment—the date of the passage of the resolution of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that created the Continental Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Establish_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Establish-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this day, Congress authorized the purchase of two vessels to be armed for a privateering cruise against British merchant shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 13, 1775, Congress authorized the building of thirteen frigates within the next three months, five ships of 32 guns, five with 28 guns and three with 24 guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller17_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Lake Champlain, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> ordered the construction of 12 naval vessels to slow down the progress of British forces which had entered New York from Canada. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">ensuing engagement</a>, a Royal Navy fleet decisively defeated Arnold's ships after two days of fighting, but the battle managed to slow down the progression of British ground forces in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2122_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2122-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-1776, a number of ships, ranging up to and including the thirteen <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> approved by Congress, were under construction, but their effectiveness was limited; they were completely outmatched by the Royal Navy, and nearly all were captured or sunk by 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> had some success, with 1,697 <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letters of marque</a> being issued by Congress. Individual states, American agents in Europe and in the Caribbean also issued commissions; taking duplications into account more than 2,000 commissions were issued by various sources. Over 2,200 British merchant ships were captured by American privateers during the war, amounting to almost $66 million, a significant sum at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth16_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth16-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One particularly notable American naval officer of the Revolutionary War was <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a>, who a voyage around the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> captured the Royal Navy frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Serapis_(1779)" title="HMS Serapis (1779)"><i>Serapis</i> (1779)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flamborough_Head" title="Battle of Flamborough Head">Battle of Flamborough Head</a>. Partway through the battle, with the <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a> of the two ships entangled, and several guns of Jones' ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(1765)" title="USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)"><i>Bonhomme Richard</i> (1765)</a> out of action, the captain of <i>Serapis</i> asked Jones if he had <a href="/wiki/Striking_the_colors" title="Striking the colors">struck his colors</a>, to which Jones has been quoted as replying, "I have not yet begun to fight!"<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth39_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth39-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France officially entered the war on June 17, 1778, and ships of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> sent to the Western Hemisphere spent most of the year in the West Indies, and only sailed near the Thirteen Colonies during the Caribbean hurricane season from July until November. A French Navy fleet attempted landings in New York and Rhode Island in 1778, but ultimately failed to engage British forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1779, a fleet commanded by Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing">Charles Henri, comte d'Estaing</a> assisted American forces attempting to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">recapture Savannah, Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1780, a fleet with 6,000 troops commanded by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Jean-Baptiste, comte de Rochambeau</a> landed at Newport, Rhode Island, and shortly afterwards the fleet was blockaded by the Royal Navy. In early 1781, Washington and de Rochambeau planned an attack against the British in the Chesapeake Bay area to coordinate with the arrival of a large fleet commanded by Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">François, comte de Grasse</a>. Successfully deceiving the British that an attack was planned in New York, Washington and de Rochambeau marched to Virginia, and de Grasse began landing forces near Yorktown, Virginia. On September 5, 1781 a major naval action was fought by de Grasse and the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Virginia Capes</a>, ending with the French fleet in control of the Chesapeake Bay. The Continental Navy continued to interdict British supply ships until peace was finally declared in late 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disarmament_(1785–1794)"><span id="Disarmament_.281785.E2.80.931794.29"></span>Disarmament (1785–1794)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disarmament (1785–1794)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">United States Revenue Cutter Service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSAlliance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a painting of a three masted ship, its sails full of wind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/USSAlliance.png/220px-USSAlliance.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/USSAlliance.png/330px-USSAlliance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/USSAlliance.png/440px-USSAlliance.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Alliance_(1778)" title="USS Alliance (1778)">USS <i>Alliance</i></a> at sail<sup id="cite_ref-DANFSAlliance_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANFSAlliance-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Revolutionary War was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783, and by 1785 the Continental Navy was disbanded and the remaining ships were sold. The frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Alliance_(1778)" title="USS Alliance (1778)"><i>Alliance</i></a>, which had fired the last shots of the American Revolutionary War, was also the last ship in the Navy. A faction within Congress wanted to keep the ship, but the new nation did not have the funds to keep her in service. Other than a general lack of money, factors for the disarmament of the navy were the loose confederation of the states, a change of goals from war to peace, and more domestic and fewer foreign interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller3435_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller3435-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the American Revolutionary War, the brand-new United States struggled to stay financially afloat. National income was desperately needed and most came from <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on imported goods. Because of rampant <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>, the need was immediate for strong enforcement of tariff laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth6566_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth6566-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 4, 1790, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, urged on by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue-Marine</a>, the forerunner for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>, to enforce the tariff and all other maritime laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman14_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/First_ten_Revenue_Service_cutters" title="First ten Revenue Service cutters">Ten cutters</a> were initially ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-CoastGuardFirstTen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoastGuardFirstTen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1790 and 1797 when the Navy Department was created, the Revenue-Marine was the only armed maritime service for the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-USCGHistory_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCGHistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American merchant shipping had been protected by the Royal Navy during the colonial era, but as a consequence of the Treaty of Paris and the disarmament of the Continental Navy, the United States no longer had any protection for its ships from pirates. The fledgling nation did not have the funds to pay annual tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary states</a>, so their ships were vulnerable for capture after 1785. By 1789, the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> authorized Congress to create a navy, but during George Washington's first term (1787–1793) little was done to rearm the navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth4950_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth4950-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> between Great Britain and France began, and a truce negotiated between Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a> ended Portugal's blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> which had kept the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> in the Mediterranean. Soon after, the pirates sailed into the Atlantic, and captured 11 American merchant ships and more than a hundred seamen.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller3536_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller3536-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reaction to the seizure of the American vessels, Congress debated and approved the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1794" title="Naval Act of 1794">Naval Act of 1794</a>, which authorized the building of six frigates, four of 44 guns and two of 36 guns. Supporters were mostly from the northern states and the coastal regions, who argued the Navy would result in savings in insurance and ransom payments, while opponents from southern states and inland regions thought a navy was not worth the expense and would drive the United States into more costly wars.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller3536_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller3536-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_(1794–1812)"><span id="Establishment_.281794.E2.80.931812.29"></span>Establishment (1794–1812)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishment (1794–1812)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1794" title="Naval Act of 1794">Naval Act of 1794</a>, <a href="/wiki/Original_six_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Original six frigates of the United States Navy">Original six frigates of the United States Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Impressment_of_American_Seamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressment of American Seamen">Impressment of American Seamen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Navy,_1797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/United_States_Navy%2C_1797.jpg/170px-United_States_Navy%2C_1797.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/United_States_Navy%2C_1797.jpg/255px-United_States_Navy%2C_1797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/United_States_Navy%2C_1797.jpg/340px-United_States_Navy%2C_1797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms of the new navy (from left to right): <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">Purser</a>, Captain, <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">Surgeon</a> (with green coat), Lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Master_(naval)" title="Master (naval)">Sailing Master</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the passage of the Naval Act of 1794, work began on the construction of the six frigates: <a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_(1797)" title="USS United States (1797)">USS <i>United States</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_President_(1800)" title="USS President (1800)"><i>President</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Constellation_(1797)" title="USS Constellation (1797)"><i>Constellation</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)"><i>Chesapeake</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Congress_(1799)" title="USS Congress (1799)"><i>Congress</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution"><i>Constitution</i></a>. <i>Constitution</i>, launched in 1797 and the most famous of the six, was nicknamed "Old Ironsides" (like the earlier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Britannia_(1762)" title="HMS Britannia (1762)">HMS <i>Britannia</i></a>) and, thanks to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a>, is still in existence today, anchored in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> harbor. Soon after the bill was passed, Congress authorized $800,000 to obtain a treaty with the Algerians and ransom the captives, triggering an amendment of the Act which would halt the construction of ships if peace was declared. After considerable debate, three of the six frigates were authorized to be completed: <i>United States</i>, <i>Constitution</i> and <i>Constellation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman15_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman15-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first naval vessel to sail was <a href="/wiki/USS_Ganges" title="USS Ganges">USS <i>Ganges</i></a>, on May 24, 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman16_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman16-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, tensions between the U.S. and France developed into the Quasi-War, which originated from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance (1778)</a> that had brought the French into the Revolutionary War. The United States preferred to take a position of neutrality in the conflicts between France and Britain, but this put the nation at odds with both the British and French. After the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> was signed with Great Britain in 1794, France began to side against the United States and by 1797 they had seized over 300 American vessels. The newly inaugurated President John Adams took steps to deal with the crisis, working with Congress to finish the three almost-completed frigates, approving funds to build the other three, and attempting to negotiate an agreement similar to the Jay Treaty with France. The <a href="/wiki/XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a> originated with a report distributed by Adams where alleged French agents were identified by the letters X, Y, and Z who informed the delegation a bribe must be paid before the diplomats could meet with the foreign minister, and the resulting scandal increased popular support in the country for a war with France.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman15_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman15-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns about the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department's</a> ability to manage a navy led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a>, which was established on April 30, 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman16_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman16-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war with France was fought almost entirely at sea, mostly between privateers and merchant ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller40_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller40-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first victory for the United States Navy was on July 7, 1798 when <a href="/wiki/USS_Delaware_(1798)" title="USS Delaware (1798)">USS <i>Delaware</i></a> captured the French privateer <a href="/wiki/USS_Retaliation_(1798)" title="USS Retaliation (1798)"><i>Le Croyable</i></a>, and the first victory over an enemy warship was on February 9, 1799 when the frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Constellation_vs_L%27Insurgente" title="USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente"><i>Constellation</i> captured the French frigate <i>L'Insurgente</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman16_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman16-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1800, peace with France had been declared, and in 1801, to prevent a second disarmament of the Navy, the outgoing Federalist administration rushed through Congress an act authorizing a peacetime navy for the first time, which limited the navy to six active frigates and seven in ordinary, as well as 45 officers and 150 midshipmen. The remainder of the ships in service were sold and the dismissed officers were given four months pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller4546_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller4546-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problems with the Barbary states had never gone away, and on May 10, 1801 the Tripolitans declared war on the United States by chopping down the flag in front of the American Embassy, which began the First Barbary War.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller46_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller46-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(1799)" title="USS Philadelphia (1799)">USS <i>Philadelphia</i></a> was captured by the Moors, but then set on fire in an American raid led by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Stephen Decatur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman19_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marines invaded the "shores of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>" in 1805, capturing the city of <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a>, the first time the U.S. flag ever flew over a foreign conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman22_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman22-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act was enough to induce the Barbary rulers to sign peace treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller5253_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller5253-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Navy was greatly reduced for reasons of economy, and instead of regular ships, many <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> were built, intended for coastal use only. This policy proved completely ineffective within a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller59_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller59-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican party opposed a strong navy, arguing that the small gunboats stationed in the major Atlantic harbors, part of first Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton's</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Revenue-Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue-Marine">Revenue-Marine</a>, were all the nation needed to defend itself. However, this small fleet of lightly armed revenue <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">cutters</a>, which Hamilton had proposed in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._12" title="Federalist No. 12">Federalist Papers</a> No. 11 & 12, was insufficient as a wartime naval force for the needs of the new United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Royal Navy had begun to <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impress</a> sailors from American ships who they alleged were British deserters; an estimated 10,000 sailors were impressed this way between 1799 and 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller58_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller58-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1807, in the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>-<i>Leopard</i> Affair</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Leopard_(1790)" title="HMS Leopard (1790)">HMS <i>Leopard</i></a> demanded that <i>Chesapeake</i> submit to an inspection for British deserters onboard, which was rejected. <i>Leopard</i> responded by opening fire on <i>Chesapeake</i>, and forcibly searched the ship, detaining a number of alleged British subjects. The most violent of many such encounters, the affair further fueled the tensions between the two nations and in June 1812 the U.S. declared war on Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman23_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman23-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812_(1812–1815)"><span id="War_of_1812_.281812.E2.80.931815.29"></span>War of 1812 (1812–1815)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War of 1812 (1812–1815)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="War_of_1812"></span><span class="anchor" id="1812"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg/220px-USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg/330px-USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg/440px-USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> defeats <a href="/wiki/HMS_Guerriere_(1806)" title="HMS Guerriere (1806)">HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a>, a significant event during the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the war was expected to be fought at sea; and within an hour of the announcement of war, the diminutive U.S. Navy set forth to do battle with an opponent outnumbering it 50-to-1. After two months, <i>Constitution</i> <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">sank</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Guerriere_(1806)" title="HMS Guerriere (1806)">HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a>; <i>Guerriere</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew were most dismayed to see their cannonballs bouncing off <i>Constitution</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s unusually strong <a href="/wiki/Live_oak" title="Live oak">live oak</a> hull, giving her the enduring nickname of "Old Ironsides".<sup id="cite_ref-Miller65_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller65-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 29, 1812 <i>Constitution</i> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)#Engagement_with_USS_Constitution" title="HMS Java (1811)">defeated</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">HMS <i>Java</i></a> off the coast of Brazil and <i>Java</i> was burned after the Americans determined she could not be salvaged. On October 25, 1812, <i>United States</i> <a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">captured</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Macedonian" title="HMS Macedonian">HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a>; after the battle <i>Macedonian</i> was captured and entered into American service.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman26_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman26-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1813, <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(1799)" title="USS Essex (1799)">USS <i>Essex</i></a> commenced a very fruitful raiding venture into the South Pacific under the command of <a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a>, preying upon the British merchant and whaling industry. <i>Essex</i> was already known for her capture of HMS <i>Alert</i> and a British transport the previous year, and gained further success capturing 15 British merchant ships. The British finally took action, dispatching <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cherub_(1806)" title="HMS Cherub (1806)">HMS <i>Cherub</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Phoebe_(1795)" title="HMS Phoebe (1795)">HMS <i>Phoebe</i></a> to stop the <i>Essex</i>. The two ships, under the command of Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Hillyar" title="James Hillyar">James Hillyar</a>, blockaded <i>Essex</i> before Porter ordered his ship to attempt to escape; in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">ensuing battle</a>, <i>Essex</i> was captured by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman30_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman30-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capture of the three Royal Navy frigates led the British to deploy more vessels on the American seaboard to tighten their blockade of U.S. ports.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller68_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller68-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 1, 1813, off <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a>, the American frigate <i>Chesapeake</i>, commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</a>, was captured by the British frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)" title="HMS Shannon (1806)">HMS <i>Shannon</i></a> under Captain Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Broke" title="Philip Broke">Philip Broke</a>. Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out, "Don't give up the ship!".<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth109_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth109-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their earlier successes, by 1814 many of the Navy's best ships were blockaded in port and unable to prevent British incursions on land via the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller72_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller72-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1814, the British fought the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">Chesapeake Campaign</a>, which was climaxed by amphibious assaults against <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. The capital fell to the British almost without a fight, and several American warships were burned at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a>, including the 44-gun frigate USS <i>Columbia</i>. At Baltimore, the bombardment by Fort McHenry inspired Francis Scott Key to write "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>", and the hulks blocking the channel prevented the fleet from entering the harbor; the army reembarked on the ships, ending the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller72_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller72-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American naval victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Battle of Lake Champlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a> halted the final British offensive in the north and helped to deny the British exclusive rights to the Great Lakes in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller75777_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller75777-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before the treaty was signed, <i>President</i> was <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">captured</a> by four British frigates. Three days after the treaty was signed, <i>Constitution</i> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane_and_HMS_Levant" title="Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant">captured</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Levant_(1813)" title="HMS Levant (1813)">HMS <i>Levant</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cyane_(1806)" title="HMS Cyane (1806)"><i>Cyane</i></a>. The final naval action of the war occurred almost five months after the treaty on June 30, 1815 when the sloop <a href="/wiki/USS_Peacock_(1813)" title="USS Peacock (1813)">USS <i>Peacock</i></a> captured the East India Company brig <i>Nautilus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman3435_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman3435-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last enemy ship captured by the U.S. Navy until <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-505" title="German submarine U-505">World War II</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Expansion_(1815–1861)"><span id="Continental_Expansion_.281815.E2.80.931861.29"></span>Continental Expansion (1815–1861)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Continental Expansion (1815–1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></div> <p>After the war, the Navy's accomplishments paid off in the form of better funding, and it embarked on the construction of many new ships. However, the expense of the larger ships was prohibitive, and many of them stayed in shipyards half-completed, in readiness for another war, until the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a> had almost completely passed. The main force of the Navy continued to be large sailing frigates with a number of smaller <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloops</a> during the three decades of peace. By the 1840s, the Navy began to adopt steam power and shell guns, but they lagged behind the French and British in adopting the new technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-miller84_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller84-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enlisted sailors during this time included many foreign-born men, and native-born Americans were usually social outcasts who had few other employment options or they were trying to escape punishment for crimes. In 1835, almost 3,000 men sailed with merchant ships out of Boston harbor, but only 90 men were recruited by the Navy. It was unlawful for black men to serve in the Navy, but the shortage of men was so acute this law was frequently ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller94_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller94-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discipline followed the customs of the Royal Navy but punishment was much milder than typical in European navies. Sodomy was rarely prosecuted. The Army abolished flogging as a punishment in 1812, but the Navy kept it until 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DecaturOffAlgiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DecaturOffAlgiers.jpg/220px-DecaturOffAlgiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DecaturOffAlgiers.jpg/330px-DecaturOffAlgiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DecaturOffAlgiers.jpg/440px-DecaturOffAlgiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Decatur's</a> squadron off <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the War of 1812, the Barbary states took advantage of the weakness of the United States Navy to again capture American merchant ships and sailors. After the Treaty of Ghent was signed, the United States looked at ending the piracy in the Mediterranean which had plagued American merchants for two decades. On March 3, 1815, Congress authorized deployment of naval power against Algiers, beginning the Second Barbary War. Two powerful squadrons under the command of Commodores Decatur and <a href="/wiki/William_Bainbridge" title="William Bainbridge">William Bainbridge</a>, including the 74-gun <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Washington_(1814)" title="USS Washington (1814)"><i>Washington</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Independence_(1814)" title="USS Independence (1814)"><i>Independence</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_(1815)" title="USS Franklin (1815)"><i>Franklin</i></a>, were dispatched to the Mediterranean. Shortly after departing Gibraltar en route to Algiers, Decatur's squadron encountered the Algerian flagship <i><a href="/wiki/Mashouda" title="Mashouda">Meshuda</a></i>, and, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Cape_Gata" title="Battle off Cape Gata">Action of 17 June 1815</a>, captured it. Not long afterward, the American squadron likewise captured the Algerian <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estedio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estedio (page does not exist)">Estedio</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1815)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1815)">Battle off Cape Palos</a>. By June, the squadrons had reached Algiers and peace was negotiated with the Dey, including a return of captured vessels and men, a guarantee of no further tributes and a right to trade in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman35_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman35-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piracy in the Caribbean sea was also a major problem, and between 1815 and 1822 an estimated 3,000 ships were captured by pirates. In 1819, Congress authorized President James Madison to deal with this threat, and since many of the pirates were privateers of the newly independent states of Latin America, he decided to embark on a strategy of diplomacy backed up by the guns of the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman35_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman35-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement with Venezuela was reached in 1819, but ships were still regularly captured until a military campaign by the West India Squadron, under the command of <a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a>, used a combination of large frigates escorting merchant ships backed by many small craft searching small coves and islands, and capturing pirate vessels. During this campaign <a href="/wiki/USS_Sea_Gull_(1818)" title="USS Sea Gull (1818)">USS <i>Sea Gull</i></a> became the first steam-powered ship to see combat action.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman37_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman37-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although isolated instances of piracy continued into the 1830s, by 1826 the frequent attacks had ended and the region was declared free for commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller87_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller87-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another international problem was the slave trade, and the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Squadron" title="Africa Squadron">African squadron</a> was formed in 1820 to deal with this threat. Politically, the suppression of the slave trade was unpopular, and the squadron was withdrawn in 1823 ostensibly to deal with piracy in the Caribbean, and did not return to the African coast until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton treaty</a> with Britain in 1842. After the treaty was passed, the United States used fewer ships than the treaty required, ordered the ships based far from the coast of Africa, and used ships that were too large to operate close to shore. Between 1845 and 1850, the United States Navy captured only 10 slave vessels, while the British captured 423 vessels carrying 27,000 captives.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman44_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman44-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_of_the_Gun_Boats,_San_Juan_de_Ulloa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Attack_of_the_Gun_Boats%2C_San_Juan_de_Ulloa.jpg/220px-Attack_of_the_Gun_Boats%2C_San_Juan_de_Ulloa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Attack_of_the_Gun_Boats%2C_San_Juan_de_Ulloa.jpg/330px-Attack_of_the_Gun_Boats%2C_San_Juan_de_Ulloa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Attack_of_the_Gun_Boats%2C_San_Juan_de_Ulloa.jpg/440px-Attack_of_the_Gun_Boats%2C_San_Juan_de_Ulloa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>Gun boat attack during Battle of Veracruz</figcaption></figure> <p>Congress formally authorized the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> in 1802, but it took almost 50 years to approve a similar school for naval officers.<sup id="cite_ref-miller103_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller103-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the long period of peace between 1815 and 1846, midshipmen had few opportunities for promotion, and their warrants were often obtained via patronage. The poor quality of officer training in the U.S. Navy became visible after the <a href="/wiki/USS_Somers_(1842)#The_"Somers_Affair"" title="USS Somers (1842)">Somers Affair</a>, an alleged <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> aboard the training ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Somers_(1842)" title="USS Somers (1842)">USS <i>Somers</i></a> in 1842, and the subsequent execution of midshipman <a href="/wiki/Philip_Spencer_(sailor)" title="Philip Spencer (sailor)">Philip Spencer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman54_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman54-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a>, appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> in 1845, decided to work outside of congressional approval and create a new academy for officers. He formed a council led by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew Perry</a> to create a new system for training officers, and turned the old <a href="/wiki/Fort_Severn" title="Fort Severn">Fort Severn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a> into a new institution in 1845 which would be designated as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> by Congress in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-miller103_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller103-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naval forces participated in the effort to forcibly move the Seminole Indians from Florida to a reservation west of the Mississippi. After a massacre of army soldiers near Tampa on December 28, 1835, marines and sailors were added to the forces which fought the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> from 1836 until 1842. A "mosquito fleet" was formed in the Everglades out of various small craft to transport a mixture of army and navy personnel to pursue the Seminoles into the swamps. About 1,500 soldiers were killed during the conflict, some Seminoles agreed to move but a small group of Seminoles remained in control of the Everglades and the area around Lake Okeechobee.<sup id="cite_ref-sweetman4044_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweetman4044-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navy played a role in two major operations of the Mexican–American War (1845–1848); during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">Battle of Veracruz</a>, it transported the invasion force that captured <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a> by landing 12,000 troops and their equipment in one day, leading eventually to the capture of Mexico City, and the end of the war. Its <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Squadron" title="Pacific Squadron">Pacific Squadron</a>'s ships facilitated the capture of California.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman4851_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman4851-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, Perry led the Perry Expedition, a squadron of four ships which sailed to Japan to establish normal relations with Japan. Perry's two technologically advanced steam-powered ships and calm, firm diplomacy convinced Japan to end three centuries of isolation and sign the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Treaty of Kanagawa</a> with the U.S. in 1854. Nominally a treaty of friendship, the agreement soon paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">opening of Japan</a> and normal trade relations with the United States and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman5455_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman5455-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War_(1861–1865)"><span id="American_Civil_War_.281861.E2.80.931865.29"></span>American Civil War (1861–1865)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American Civil War (1861–1865)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">List of naval battles of the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate States Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott-anaconda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Scott-anaconda.jpg/220px-Scott-anaconda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Scott-anaconda.jpg/330px-Scott-anaconda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Scott-anaconda.jpg/440px-Scott-anaconda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="4382" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon of Scott's "<a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the beginning of the war and the end of 1861, 373 commissioned officers, warrant officers, and midshipmen resigned or were dismissed from the United States Navy and went on to serve the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-GoingSouth_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoingSouth-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 20, 1861, the Union burned its ships that were at the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard" title="Norfolk Naval Shipyard">Norfolk Navy Yard</a> to prevent their capture by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederates</a>, but not all of the ships were completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth182_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth182-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The screw frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Merrimack_(1855)" title="USS Merrimack (1855)">USS <i>Merrimack</i></a> was so hastily scuttled that her hull and steam engine were basically intact, which gave the South's <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen Mallory</a> the idea of raising her and then armoring the upper sides with iron plate. The resulting ship was named <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a> had similar ideas, and received funding to build <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth184815_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth184815-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, the commanding general of the U.S. Army at the beginning of the war, devised the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a> to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy; then the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> would split the South. Lincoln adopted the plan in terms of a blockade to squeeze to death the Confederate economy, but overruled Scott's warnings that his new army was not ready for an offensive operation because public opinion demanded an immediate attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaconda_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaconda-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 8, 1862, the Confederate Navy initiated the first combat between <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclads</a> when <i>Virginia</i> successfully attacked the blockade. The next day, <i>Monitor</i> engaged <i>Virginia</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a>. Their battle ended in a draw, and the Confederacy later lost <i>Virginia</i> when the ship was scuttled to prevent capture. <i>Monitor</i> was the prototype for the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitor warship</a> and many more were built by the Union Navy. While the Confederacy built more ironclad ships during the war, they lacked the ability to build or purchase ships that could effectively counter the monitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth191_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth191-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with ironclad ships, the new technologies of <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a>, which were known as <i>torpedoes</i> after the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(genus)" title="Torpedo (genus)">torpedo eel</a>, and submarine warfare were introduced during the war by the Confederacy. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Battle of Mobile Bay</a>, mines were used to protect the harbor and sank the Union monitor <a href="/wiki/USS_Tecumseh_(1863)" title="USS Tecumseh (1863)">USS <i>Tecumseh</i></a>. After <i>Tecumseh</i> sank, Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David G. Farragut</a> famously said, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!".<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth208209_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth208209-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forerunner of the modern submarine, <a href="/wiki/CSS_David" title="CSS David">CSS <i>David</i></a>, attacked <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Ironsides" title="USS New Ironsides">USS <i>New Ironsides</i></a> using a <a href="/wiki/Spar_torpedo" title="Spar torpedo">spar torpedo</a>. The Union ship was barely damaged and the resulting geyser of water put out the fires in the submarine's boiler, rendering the submarine immobile. Another submarine, <a href="/wiki/H._L._Hunley_(submarine)" title="H. L. Hunley (submarine)">CSS <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a>, was designed to dive and surface but ultimately did not work well and sank on five occasions during trials. In action against <a href="/wiki/USS_Housatonic_(1861)" title="USS Housatonic (1861)">USS <i>Housatonic</i></a> the submarine successfully sank its target but was lost by the same explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth203205_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth203205-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ironclad ships firing on each other, with a Union ship burning nearby and soldiers on the shore watching the battle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Confederates operated a number of <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade runners</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS <i>Alabama</i></a> being the most famous, and British investors built small, fast blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, Cuba, and <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> in return for high-priced cotton and tobacco. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were sold and the proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth206207_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth206207-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blockade of the South caused the Southern economy to collapse during the war. Shortages of food and supplies were caused by the blockade, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, and foraging by Union and Confederate armies. The standard of living fell even as large-scale printing of paper money caused inflation and distrust of the currency. By 1864 the internal food distribution had broken down, leaving cities without enough food and causing <a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">food riots</a> across the Confederacy. The Union victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="Second Battle of Fort Fisher">Second Battle of Fort Fisher</a> in January 1865 closed the last useful Southern port, virtually ending blockade running and hastening the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Luraghi334335_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luraghi334335-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_the_Navy_(1865–1882)"><span id="Decline_of_the_Navy_.281865.E2.80.931882.29"></span>Decline of the Navy (1865–1882)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline of the Navy (1865–1882)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, the Navy went into a period of decline. In 1864, the Navy had 51,500 men in uniform,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller114_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller114-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and almost 700 ships and about 60 monitor-type coastal ironclads which made the U.S. Navy the second largest in the world after the Royal Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-ne462_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne462-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1880 the Navy only had 48 ships in commission, 6,000 men, and the ships and shore facilities were decrepit but Congress saw no need to spend money to improve them.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller144147_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller144147-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy was unprepared to fight a major maritime war before 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871, an <a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">expedition</a> of five warships commanded by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Rodgers_(American_Civil_War_naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rodgers (American Civil War naval officer)">John Rodgers</a> was sent to Korea to obtain an apology for the murders of several shipwrecked American sailors and secure a treaty to protect shipwrecked foreigners in the future. After a small skirmish, Rodgers launched an amphibious assault of approximately 650 men on the forts protecting Seoul. Despite the capture of the forts, the Koreans refused to negotiate, and the expedition was forced to leave before the start of typhoon season.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman84_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman84-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine sailors and six marines received <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a> for their acts of heroism during the Korean campaign; the first for actions in a foreign conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-koreanexp_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreanexp-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1870s most of the ironclads from the Civil War were laid up in reserve, leaving the United States virtually without an ironclad fleet. When the <a href="/wiki/Virginius_Affair" title="Virginius Affair">Virginius Affair</a> first broke out in 1873, a Spanish ironclad happened to be anchored in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>, leading to the uncomfortable realization on the part of the U.S. Navy that it had no ship capable of defeating such a vessel. The Navy hastily issued contracts for the construction of five new ironclads, and accelerated its existing repair program for several more.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann141142_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann141142-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time the <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield administration</a> assumed office in 1881, the Navy's condition had deteriorated still further. A review conducted on behalf of the new Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a>, found that of 140 vessels on the Navy's active list, only 52 were in an operational state, of which a mere 17 were iron-hulled ships, including 14 aging Civil War era ironclads. Hunt recognized the necessity of modernizing the Navy, and set up an informal advisory board to make recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann152154_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann152154-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also to be expected, morale was considerably down; officers and sailors in foreign ports were all too aware that their old wooden ships would not survive long in the event of war. The limitations of the monitor type effectively prevented the United States from projecting power overseas, and until the 1890s the United States would have come off badly in a conflict with even Spain or the Latin American powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sondhaus126128_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus126128-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sondhaus173179_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus173179-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""New_Navy""><span id=".22New_Navy.22"></span>"New Navy"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "New Navy""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebuilding_(1882–1898)"><span id="Rebuilding_.281882.E2.80.931898.29"></span>Rebuilding (1882–1898)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rebuilding (1882–1898)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Atlanta_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USS_Atlanta_1884.jpg/220px-USS_Atlanta_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USS_Atlanta_1884.jpg/330px-USS_Atlanta_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USS_Atlanta_1884.jpg/440px-USS_Atlanta_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>USS <i>Atlanta</i>, the US Navy's first cruiser</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1882, on the recommendation of an advisory panel, the Navy Secretary William H. Hunt requested funds from Congress to construct modern ships. The request was rejected initially, but in 1883 Congress authorized the construction of three <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Chicago_(1885)" title="USS Chicago (1885)">USS <i>Chicago</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)" title="USS Boston (1884)">USS <i>Boston</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1884)" title="USS Atlanta (1884)">USS <i>Atlanta</i></a>, and the dispatch vessel <a href="/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(PG-24)" title="USS Dolphin (PG-24)">USS <i>Dolphin</i></a>, together known as the ABCD ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller149_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller149-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, two more protected cruisers, <a href="/wiki/USS_Charleston_(C-2)" title="USS Charleston (C-2)">USS <i>Charleston</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Newark_(C-1)" title="USS Newark (C-1)">USS <i>Newark</i></a> which was the last American cruiser to be fitted with a sail rig, were authorized. Congress also authorized the construction of the first <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> in the Navy, <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(1892)" title="USS Texas (1892)">USS <i>Texas</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a>. The ABCD ships proved to be excellent vessels, and the three cruisers were organized into the <a href="/wiki/Squadron_of_Evolution" title="Squadron of Evolution">Squadron of Evolution</a>, popularly known as the <i>White Squadron</i> because of the color of the hulls, which was used to train a generation of officers and men.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman87_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman87-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1910, when an apprenticeship system was established, most enlisted sailors were foreign mercenaries who spoke little English.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Influence_of_Sea_Power_upon_History" title="The Influence of Sea Power upon History">The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783</a></i>, published in 1890 had momentous impact on major navies around the globe. In the United States it justified Expansion to both the government and the general public. With the closing of the frontier, geographical expansionists had to look outwards, to the Caribbean, to Hawaii and the Pacific, and with the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> as philosophical justification, many saw the Navy as an essential part of realizing that doctrine beyond the limits of the American continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller153_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller153-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, Mahan's doctrine influenced Navy Secretary <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Tracy" title="Benjamin F. Tracy">Benjamin F. Tracy</a> to propose the United States start building no less than 200 ships of all types, but Congress rejected the proposal. Instead, the Navy Act of 1890 authorized building three battleships, <a href="/wiki/USS_Indiana_(BB-1)" title="USS Indiana (BB-1)">USS <i>Indiana</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_(BB-2)" title="USS Massachusetts (BB-2)">USS <i>Massachusetts</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Oregon_(BB-3)" title="USS Oregon (BB-3)">USS <i>Oregon</i></a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-4)" title="USS Iowa (BB-4)">USS <i>Iowa</i></a>. By around the start of the 20th century, two <a href="/wiki/Kearsarge-class_battleship" title="Kearsarge-class battleship"><i>Kearsarge</i>-class battleships</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Illinois-class_battleship" title="Illinois-class battleship"><i>Illinois</i>-class battleships</a> were completed or under construction, which brought the U.S. Navy from twelfth place in 1870<sup id="cite_ref-Miller144_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller144-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to fifth place among the world's navies.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller155_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller155-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Battle tactics, especially long-range gunnery, became a central concern.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/USS_Puritan_(BM-1)" title="USS Puritan (BM-1)">USS <i>Puritan</i></a> and the four <a href="/wiki/Amphitrite-class_monitor" title="Amphitrite-class monitor"><i>Amphitrite</i>-class</a> monitors, originally ordered after the 1873 <i>Virginius</i> war scare, were completed in the 1880s and 1890s. They were followed by the <a href="/wiki/USS_Monterey_(BM-6)" title="USS Monterey (BM-6)">USS <i>Monterey</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas-class_monitor" title="Arkansas-class monitor"><i>Arkansas</i>-class</a> monitors. All of these vessels except the <i>Arkansas</i>-class would later take part in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann141142_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann141142-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the modern <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> in Europe between 1866 and 1890 would also lead the Navy to build 35 steam-powered <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a> between 1890 and 1901 for coastal defense.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish–American_War_(1898)"><span id="Spanish.E2.80.93American_War_.281898.29"></span>Spanish–American War (1898)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spanish–American War (1898)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_Flying_Squadron_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/US_Navy_Flying_Squadron_1898.jpg/220px-US_Navy_Flying_Squadron_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/US_Navy_Flying_Squadron_1898.jpg/330px-US_Navy_Flying_Squadron_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/US_Navy_Flying_Squadron_1898.jpg/440px-US_Navy_Flying_Squadron_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flying_Squadron_(United_States_Navy)" title="Flying Squadron (United States Navy)">Flying Squadron</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States was interested in purchasing colonies from Spain, specifically Cuba, but Spain refused. Newspapers wrote stories, many which were fabricated, about atrocities committed in Spanish colonies which raised tensions between the two countries. A riot gave the United States an excuse to send <i>Maine</i> to Cuba, and the subsequent explosion of the ship in <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a> increased popular support for war with Spain. The cause of the explosion was investigated by a board of inquiry, which in March 1898 came to the conclusion the explosion was caused by a sea mine, and there was pressure from the public to blame Spain for sinking the ship. However, later investigations pointed to an internal explosion in one of the magazines caused by heat from a fire in the adjacent coal bunker.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth249250_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth249250-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assistant Navy secretary <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> quietly positioned the Navy for attack before the Spanish–American War was declared in April 1898. The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron" title="Asiatic Squadron">Asiatic Squadron</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a>, immediately left Hong Kong for the Philippines, attacking and decisively defeating the Spanish fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a>. A few weeks later, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Squadron" title="North Atlantic Squadron">North Atlantic Squadron</a> destroyed the majority of heavy Spanish naval units in the Caribbean in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Battle of Santiago de Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth253257_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth253257-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navy's experience in this war was encouraging in that it had won but also cautionary in that the enemy had one of the weakest of the world's modern fleets. Also, the Manila Bay attack was extremely risky in which the American ships could have incurred severe damage or run out of supplies, as they were 7,000 miles from the nearest American harbor. That would have a profound effect on Navy strategy and American foreign policy for next several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller163165_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller163165-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_Modern_Navy_(1898–1914)"><span id="Rise_of_the_Modern_Navy_.281898.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Rise of the Modern Navy (1898–1914)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rise of the Modern Navy (1898–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="History of the Panama Canal">History of the Panama Canal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Big Stick ideology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Us-atlantic-fleet-1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Us-atlantic-fleet-1907.jpg/220px-Us-atlantic-fleet-1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Us-atlantic-fleet-1907.jpg/330px-Us-atlantic-fleet-1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Us-atlantic-fleet-1907.jpg/440px-Us-atlantic-fleet-1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The Great White Fleet in 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortunately for the New Navy, its most ardent political supporter, Theodore Roosevelt, became President in 1901. Under his administration, the Navy went from the sixth largest in the world to second only to the Royal Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth288_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth288-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodore Roosevelt's administration became involved in the politics of the Caribbean and Central America, with interventions in 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1906. At a speech in 1901, Roosevelt said, "Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far", which was a cornerstone of diplomacy during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth275_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth275-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt believed that a U.S.-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest to the U.S. Navy, because it would significantly shorten travel times for ships between the two coasts. Roosevelt was able to reverse a decision in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaraguan Canal</a> and instead moved to purchase the failed French effort across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>. The isthmus was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and in early 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Herr%C3%A1n_Treaty" title="Hay–Herrán Treaty">Hay–Herrán Treaty</a> was signed by both nations to give control of the canal to the United States. After the Colombian Senate failed to ratify the treaty, Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the US Navy would assist their cause for independence. Panama proceeded to proclaim its independence on November 3, 1903, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Nashville_(PG-7)" title="USS Nashville (PG-7)">USS <i>Nashville</i></a> impeded any interference from Colombia. The victorious Panamanians allowed the United States control of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> on February 23, 1904, for US$10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth278_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth278-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naval base at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay, Cuba</a> was built in 1905 to protect the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller169_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller169-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latest technological innovation of the time, submarines, were developed in the state of New Jersey by an Irish-American inventor, <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Holland" title="John Philip Holland">John Philip Holland</a>. His submarine, <a href="/wiki/USS_Holland_(SS-1)" title="USS Holland (SS-1)">USS <i>Holland</i></a> was officially commissioned into U.S. Navy service in the fall of 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller166168_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller166168-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1905 and the launching of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> in the following year lent impetus to the construction program. At the end of 1907 Roosevelt had sixteen new <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a> to make up his "<a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a>", which he sent on a cruise around the world. While nominally peaceful, and a valuable training exercise for the rapidly expanding Navy, it was also useful politically as a demonstration of United States power and capabilities; at every port, the politicians and naval officers of both potential allies and enemies were welcomed on board and given tours. The cruise had the desired effect, and American power was subsequently taken more seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller166168_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller166168-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller170171_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller170171-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The voyage taught the Navy more fueling stations were needed around the world, and the strategic potential of the Panama Canal, which was completed in 1914. The Great White Fleet required almost 50 coaling ships, and during the cruise most of the fleet's coal was purchased from the British, who could deny access to fuel during a military crisis as they did with Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.<sup id="cite_ref-Albertson106_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albertson106-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_(1914–1918)"><span id="World_War_I_.281914.E2.80.931918.29"></span>World War I (1914–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War I (1914–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States in World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Find_the_range_of_your_patriotism2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Find_the_range_of_your_patriotism2.jpg/220px-Find_the_range_of_your_patriotism2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Find_the_range_of_your_patriotism2.jpg/330px-Find_the_range_of_your_patriotism2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Find_the_range_of_your_patriotism2.jpg/440px-Find_the_range_of_your_patriotism2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="3576" /></a><figcaption>"Find the Range of Your Patriotism By Enlisting in the Navy", recruitment poster from 1918. Digitally restored.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When United States agents discovered that the German merchant ship <i>Ypiranga</i> was <a href="/wiki/Ypiranga_incident" title="Ypiranga incident">carrying illegal arms to Mexico</a>, President Wilson ordered the Navy to stop the ship from docking at the port of Veracruz. On April 21, 1914, a naval infantry brigade of 2,500 seamen, alongside a 1,300 man Marine Corps brigade, <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">occupied Veracruz</a>. During the battle, the naval brigade—which used outdated massed <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tactics" title="Infantry tactics">infantry tactics</a>—proved less adept at <a href="/wiki/Urban_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban combat">urban combat</a> than the marine brigade, which had embraced small unit tactics. This, combined with the unacceptability of risking increasingly valuable naval technical specialists in ground combat, resulted in Veracruz being the last large-scale use of U.S. sailors as landing infantry, leaving the Marine Corps to conduct <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assaults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 55 Medals of Honor were awarded for acts of heroism at Veracruz, the largest number ever granted for a single action.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman116117_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman116117-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparing_for_war_1914–1917"><span id="Preparing_for_war_1914.E2.80.931917"></span>Preparing for war 1914–1917</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Preparing for war 1914–1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite U.S. declarations of neutrality and German accountability for its unrestricted submarine warfare, in 1915 the British passenger liner <i><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">Lusitania</a></i> was sunk, leading to calls for war.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth301302_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth301302-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Wilson forced the Germans to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare and after long debate Congress passes the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1916" title="Naval Act of 1916">Naval Act of 1916</a> that authorized a $500 million construction program over three years for 10 battleships, 6 battlecruisers, 10 scout cruisers, 50 destroyers and 67 submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman121_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman121-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was a balanced fleet, but in the event destroyers were much more important, because they had to handle submarines and convoys. By the end of the war 273 destroyers had been ordered; most were finished after World War I ended but many served in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller186_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller186-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were few war plans beyond the defense of the main American harbors.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Navy Secretary <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a>, a pacifistic journalist, had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a> an essential experience for would-be admirals. However, he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms (no wine in the officers' mess, no hazing at Annapolis, more chaplains and YMCAs). Ignoring the nation's strategic needs, and disdaining the advice of its experts, Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice. He chopped in half the General Board's recommendations for new ships, reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired, and ignored the administrative chaos in his department. <a href="/wiki/Bradley_A._Fiske" title="Bradley A. Fiske">Bradley Fiske</a>, one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history, was Daniels' top aide in 1914; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war, but Daniels refused. Instead, he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Benson" title="William S. Benson">William S. Benson</a>. Chosen for his compliance, Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany. </p><p>In 1915 Daniels set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists, engineers, and industrialists. It popularized technology, naval expansion, and military preparedness, and was well covered in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniels and Benson rejected proposals to send observers to Europe, leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Sims" title="William Sims">William Sims</a> charged after the war that in April 1917, only ten percent of the Navy's warships were fully manned; the rest lacked 43% of their seamen. Only a third of the ships were fully ready. Light antisubmarine ships were few in number, as if no one had noticed the U-boat factor that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years. The Navy's only warfighting plan, the "Black Plan" assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His most recent biographer concludes that, "it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fighting_a_world_war,_1917–18"><span id="Fighting_a_world_war.2C_1917.E2.80.9318"></span>Fighting a world war, 1917–18</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fighting a world war, 1917–18"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Wilson ordered the United States Marine Corps enlisted strength increased on March 26; and the United States Naval Academy class of 1917 graduated three months early on March 29 before America entered the war in April 1917. Retired officers were recalled to active duty at shore station billets freeing younger officers for sea duty. The Navy was given control of the Coast Guard and of the Naval Militia of 584 officers and 7,933 men who were assigned to coast patrol service and the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Flying_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Flying Corps">Naval Reserve Flying Corps</a>. The Navy took possession of all United States wireless (radio) stations and dismantled those in less useful locations to salvage equipment for military use.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy's role was mostly limited to convoy escort and troop transport and laying the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">North Sea Mine Barrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth309_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth309-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first United States military unit sent to Europe was the First Aeronautic Detachment of seven naval officers and 122 enlisted men who arrived in France on June 5, 1917 to form the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bombing_Group" title="Northern Bombing Group">Northern Bombing Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> sent a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Battleship_Division_Nine_(World_War_I)" title="United States Battleship Division Nine (World War I)">battleship group</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> to join with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">British Grand Fleet</a>, destroyers to <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Queenstown</a>, Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France. The first victory for the Navy in the war occurred on November 17, 1917 when <a href="/wiki/USS_Fanning_(DD-37)" title="USS Fanning (DD-37)">USS <i>Fanning</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Nicholson_(DD-52)" title="USS Nicholson (DD-52)">USS <i>Nicholson</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_November_1917" title="Action of 17 November 1917">sank the German U-boat <i>U-58</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman124_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman124-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War I, the Navy was the first branch of the United States armed forces to allow enlistment by women in a non-nursing capacity, as <a href="/wiki/Yeoman_(F)" title="Yeoman (F)">Yeoman (F)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman122_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman122-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first woman to enlist in the U.S. Navy was <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Perfectus_Walsh" title="Loretta Perfectus Walsh">Loretta Perfectus Walsh</a> on March 17, 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-navy_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navy's vast wartime expansion was overseen by civilian officials, especially Assistant Secretary <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. In peacetime, the Navy confined all munitions that lacked civilian uses, including warships, <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">naval guns</a>, and shells to Navy yards. The Navy yards expanded enormously, and subcontracted the shells and explosives to chemical companies like DuPont and Hercules. Items available on the civilian market, such as food and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors. Armor plate and airplanes were purchased on the market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_entrenchment_and_expansion_(1918–1941)"><span id="Inter-war_entrenchment_and_expansion_.281918.E2.80.931941.29"></span>Inter-war entrenchment and expansion (1918–1941)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Inter-war entrenchment and expansion (1918–1941)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a></div> <p>At the end of World War I, the United States Navy had almost 500,000 officers and enlisted men and women and in terms of personnel was the largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth324_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth324-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger officers were enthusiastic about the potential of land-based naval aviation as well as the potential roles of aircraft carriers. Chief of Naval Operations Benson was not among them. He tried to abolish aviation in 1919 because he could not "conceive of any use the fleet will ever have for aviation." However Roosevelt listened to the visionaries and reversed Benson's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Langley_(CV-1)_and_USS_Somers_(DD-301)_underway_off_San_Diego,_in_1928_(NH_81279).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USS_Langley_%28CV-1%29_and_USS_Somers_%28DD-301%29_underway_off_San_Diego%2C_in_1928_%28NH_81279%29.jpg/220px-USS_Langley_%28CV-1%29_and_USS_Somers_%28DD-301%29_underway_off_San_Diego%2C_in_1928_%28NH_81279%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USS_Langley_%28CV-1%29_and_USS_Somers_%28DD-301%29_underway_off_San_Diego%2C_in_1928_%28NH_81279%29.jpg/330px-USS_Langley_%28CV-1%29_and_USS_Somers_%28DD-301%29_underway_off_San_Diego%2C_in_1928_%28NH_81279%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USS_Langley_%28CV-1%29_and_USS_Somers_%28DD-301%29_underway_off_San_Diego%2C_in_1928_%28NH_81279%29.jpg/440px-USS_Langley_%28CV-1%29_and_USS_Somers_%28DD-301%29_underway_off_San_Diego%2C_in_1928_%28NH_81279%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS <i>Langley</i></a>, the US Navy's first aircraft carrier</figcaption></figure> <p>After a short period of demobilization, the major naval nations of the globe began programmes for increasing the size and number of their capital ships. Wilson's plan for a world-leading set of capital ships led to a Japanese counter-programme, and a plan by the British to build sufficient ships to maintain a navy superior to either. American isolationist feeling and the economic concerns of the others led to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> of 1921. The outcome of the conference included the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> (also known as the Five-Power treaty), and limitations on the use of submarines. The Treaty prescribed a ratio of 5:5:3:1:1 for capital ships between treaty nations. The treaty recognized the U.S. Navy as being equal to the Royal Navy with 525,000 tons of capital ships and 135,000 tons of aircraft carriers, and the Japanese as the third power. Many older ships were scrapped by the five nations to meet the treaty limitations, and new building of capital ships limited.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth339342_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth339342-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One consequence was to encourage the development of <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>. The United States's first carrier, a converted <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">collier</a> named <a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS <i>Langley</i></a> was commissioned in 1922, and soon joined by <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS <i>Lexington</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">USS <i>Saratoga</i></a>, which had been designed as <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a> until the treaty forbade it. Organizationally, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Aeronautics" title="Bureau of Aeronautics">Bureau of Aeronautics</a> was formed in 1921; naval aviators would become referred to as members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Aviator">United States Naval Air Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth341342_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth341342-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Army airman <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a> challenged the Navy by trying to demonstrate that warships could be destroyed by land-based bombers. He destroyed his career in 1925 by publicly attacking senior leaders in the Army and Navy for incompetence for their "almost treasonable administration of the national defense."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chief of Naval Operations <a href="/wiki/William_V._Pratt" title="William V. Pratt">William V. Pratt</a> (1930-1933) agreed with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover">President Hoovers's</a> emphasis on disarmament and went along with postponement of new construction and cutting the fleet. Other naval officers disagreed sharply with Hoover's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">President Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945)</a> had been in effect in civilian control of the Navy during World War I, knew many senior officers, and strongly supported naval expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson-Trammell Act</a> of 1934 set up a regular program of ship building and modernization to bring the Navy to the maximum size allowed by treaty. The Navy's preparation was helped along by another Navy assistant secretary turned president, Franklin D. Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth357358_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth357358-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naval limitation treaties also applied to bases, but Congress only approved building seaplane bases on <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Harbor" title="Dutch Harbor">Dutch Harbor</a> and rejected any additional funds for bases on Guam and the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Morison2122_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morison2122-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navy ships were designed with greater endurance and range which allowed them to operate further from bases and between refits.<sup id="cite_ref-Morison23_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morison23-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_North_Carolina_(BB-55)_underway_at_sea_on_3_June_1946_(NH_97267).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/USS_North_Carolina_%28BB-55%29_underway_at_sea_on_3_June_1946_%28NH_97267%29.jpg/220px-USS_North_Carolina_%28BB-55%29_underway_at_sea_on_3_June_1946_%28NH_97267%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/USS_North_Carolina_%28BB-55%29_underway_at_sea_on_3_June_1946_%28NH_97267%29.jpg/330px-USS_North_Carolina_%28BB-55%29_underway_at_sea_on_3_June_1946_%28NH_97267%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/USS_North_Carolina_%28BB-55%29_underway_at_sea_on_3_June_1946_%28NH_97267%29.jpg/440px-USS_North_Carolina_%28BB-55%29_underway_at_sea_on_3_June_1946_%28NH_97267%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4333" data-file-height="2924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_North_Carolina_(BB-55)" title="USS North Carolina (BB-55)">USS <i>North Carolina</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Navy had a presence in the Far East with a naval base in the US-owned Philippines and river gunboats in China on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a>. The gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_(PR-5)" title="USS Panay (PR-5)">USS <i>Panay</i></a> was bombed and machine-gunned by Japanese airplanes. Washington quickly accepted Japan's apologies and compensation. </p><p>African-Americans were enlisted during World War I, but this was halted in 1919 and they were mustered out of the Navy. Starting in the 1930s a few were recruited to serve as stewards in the officers mess. African-Americans were recruited in larger numbers only after Roosevelt insisted in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose132_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose132-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Act_of_1936&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Act of 1936 (page does not exist)">Naval Act of 1936</a> authorized the first new battleship since 1921, and <a href="/wiki/USS_North_Carolina_(BB-55)" title="USS North Carolina (BB-55)">USS <i>North Carolina</i></a>, was laid down in October 1937. The <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1938" title="Naval Act of 1938">Second Vinson Act</a> authorized a 20% increase in the size of the Navy, and in June 1940 the <a href="/wiki/Two-Ocean_Navy_Act" title="Two-Ocean Navy Act">Two-Ocean Navy Act</a> authorized an 11% expansion in the Navy. <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rainsford_Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Rainsford Stark">Harold Rainsford Stark</a> asked for another 70% increase, amounting to about 200 additional ships, which was authorized by Congress in less than a month. In September 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a> gave Britain much-needed destroyers—of WWI vintage—in exchange for United States use of British bases.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command" title="United States Fleet Forces Command">Atlantic Fleet</a> was reactivated. The Navy's first shot in anger came on April 9, when the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Niblack" title="USS Niblack">USS <i>Niblack</i></a> dropped depth charges on a U-boat detected while <i>Niblack</i> was rescuing survivors from a torpedoed Dutch freighter. In October, the destroyers <a href="/wiki/USS_Kearny" title="USS Kearny"><i>Kearny</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Reuben_James_(DD-245)" title="USS Reuben James (DD-245)"><i>Reuben James</i></a> were torpedoed, and <i>Reuben James</i> was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Submarines">Submarines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Submarines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usstambor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Usstambor.jpg/220px-Usstambor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Usstambor.jpg/330px-Usstambor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Usstambor.jpg/440px-Usstambor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Tambor" title="USS Tambor">USS <i>Tambor</i></a> in Hawaii, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Submarines were the "silent service"—in terms of operating characteristics and the closed-mouth preferences of the submariners. Strategists had, however, been looking into this new type of warship, influenced in large part by Germany's nearly successful U-boat campaign. As early as 1912, Lieutenant Chester Nimitz had argued for long-range submarines to accompany the fleet to scout the enemy's location. The new head of the Submarine Section in 1919 was Captain Thomas Hart, who argued that submarines could win the next war: "There is no quicker or more effective method of defeating Japan than the cutting of her sea communications."<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Hart was astonished to discover how backward American submarines were compared to captured German U-boats, and how unready they were for their mission.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public supported submarines for their coastal protection mission; they would presumably intercept enemy fleets approaching San Francisco or New York. The Navy realized it was a mission that isolationists in Congress would fund, but it was not actually serious. Old-line admirals said the mission of the subs ought to be as eyes of the battle fleet, and as assistants in battle. That was unfeasible since even on the surface submarines could not move faster than 20 knots, far slower than the 30 knot main warships. The young commanders were organized into a "Submarine Officers' Conference" in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argued they were best suited for the commerce raiding that had been the forte of the U-boats. They therefore redesigned their new boats along German lines, and added the new requirement that they be capable of sailing alone for 7,500 miles on a 75-day mission. Unrestricted submarine warfare had led to war with Germany in 1917, and was still vigorously condemned both by public opinion and by treaties, including the London Treaty of 1930. Nevertheless, the submariners planned a role in unrestricted warfare against Japanese merchant ships, transports and oil tankers. The Navy kept its plans secret from civilians. It was an admiral, not President Roosevelt, who within hours of the Pearl Harbor attack, ordered unrestricted warfare against any enemy ship anywhere in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The submariners had won over Navy strategists, but their equipment was not yet capable of handling their secret mission. The challenge of designing appropriate new boats became a high priority by 1934, and was solved in 1936 as the first new long-range, all welded submarines were launched. Even better were the S-class <a href="/wiki/Salmon-class_submarine" title="Salmon-class submarine"><i>Salmon</i> class</a> (launched in 1937), and its successors the T-class or <a href="/wiki/Tambor-class_submarine" title="Tambor-class submarine"><i>Tambor</i> submarines</a> of 1939 and the <a href="/wiki/Gato-class_submarine" title="Gato-class submarine"><i>Gato</i> class of 1940</a>. The new models cost about $5–6 million each. At 300 feet in length and 1500 tons, they were twice as big as the German U-boats, but still highly maneuverable. In only 35 seconds they could crash dive to 60 feet. The superb Mark 3 TDC Torpedo Data Computer (an analog computer) took data from periscope or sonar readings on the target's bearing, range and angle on the bow, and continuously set the course and proper gyroscope angle for a salvo of torpedoes until the moment of firing. Six forward tubes and 4 aft were ready for the 24 Mk-14 "fish" the subs carried. Cruising on the surface at 20 knots (using 4 diesel engines) or maneuvering underwater at 8-10 knots (using battery-powered electric motors) they could circle around slow-moving merchant ships. New steels and welding techniques strengthened the hull, enabling the subs to dive as deep as 400 feet in order to avoid depth charges. Expecting long cruises the 65 crewmen enjoyed good living conditions, complete with frozen steaks and air conditioning to handle the hot waters of the Pacific. The new subs could remain at sea for 75 days, and cover 10,000 miles, without resupply. The submariners thought they were ready—but they had two hidden flaws. The penny-pinching atmosphere of the 1930s produced hypercautious commanders and defective torpedoes. Both would have to be replaced in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_expansion">Worldwide expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Worldwide expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1941–1945)"><span id="World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World War II (1941–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World War II (1941–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_in_World_War_II" title="United States Navy in World War II">United States Navy in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg/220px-USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg/330px-USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg/440px-USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)">USS <i>Shaw</i></a> explodes during the attack on <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Command_structure">Command structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Command structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the disaster at Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt turned to the most aggressive sailor available, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ernest_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest King">Ernest J. King</a> (1878–1956). Experienced in big guns, aviation and submarines, King had a broad knowledge and a total dedication to victory. He was perhaps the most dominating admiral in American naval history; he was hated but obeyed, for he made all the decisions from his command post in the Washington, and avoided telling anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civilian Secretary of the Navy was a cipher whom King kept in the dark; that only changed when the Secretary died in 1944 and Roosevelt brought in his tough-minded aide <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the decision of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">William D. Leahy</a> to concentrate first against Germany, King made the defeat of Japan his highest priority. For example, King insisted on fighting for Guadalcanal despite strong Army objections.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main strike force was built around carriers based at Pearl Harbor under the command of <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester Nimitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nimitz had one main battle fleet, with the same ships and sailors but two command systems that rotated every few months between <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">Admiral Bull Halsey</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance" title="Raymond A. Spruance">Raymond A. Spruance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy had a major advantage: it had broken the Japanese JN-25 code.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It deduced that Hawaii was the target in June 1942, and that <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Yamamoto's</a> fleet would strike at Midway Island. King only had three carriers in operation; he sent them all to Midway where in a miraculous few minutes they sank the Japanese carriers. This gave the Americans the advantage in firepower that grew rapidly as new American warships came on line much faster than Japan could build them. King paid special attention to submarines to use against the overextended Japanese logistics system. They were built for long-range missions in tropical waters, and set out to sink the freighters, troop transports and oil tankers that held the Japanese domains together.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">South West Pacific Area</a>, based in Australia, was under the control of Army General Douglas MacArthur; King assigned him a fleet of his own under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Kinkaid" title="Thomas C. Kinkaid">Thomas C. Kinkaid</a>, without any big carriers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carrier_warfare">Carrier warfare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Carrier warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 7, 1941, Japan's carriers launched the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, sinking or disabling the entire battleship fleet. The stupendous defeat forced Admiral King to develop a new strategy based on carriers. Although the sunken battleships were raised, and many new ones were built, battleships played a secondary role in the war, limited chiefly to bombardment of islands scheduled for amphibious landings. The "Big Gun" club that had dominated the Navy since the Civil War lost its clout.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. was helpless in the next six months as the Japanese swept through the Western Pacific and into the Indian Ocean, rolling up the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines campaign (1941–42)">Philippines</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">the main British base at Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After reeling from these defeats the Navy stabilized its lines in summer 1942. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg/220px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg/330px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg/440px-USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29_is_hit_by_a_torpedo_on_4_June_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5660" data-file-height="4467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)">USS <i>Yorktown</i></a> under attack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of the war, the United States and Japan were well matched in aircraft carriers, in terms of numbers and quality, but the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a> carrier fighter plane was superior in terms of range and maneuverability to its American counterpart, the F4F Wildcat. By reverse engineering <a href="/wiki/Akutan_Zero" title="Akutan Zero">a captured Zero</a>, the American engineers identified its weaknesses, such as inadequate protection for the pilot and the fuel tanks, and built the Hellcat as a superior weapon system. In late 1943 the Grumman F6F Hellcats entered combat. Powered by the same <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Double_Wasp" title="Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp">2,000 horsepower Pratt and Whitney 18-cylinder radial engine</a> as used by the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair#Development" title="Vought F4U Corsair">F4U Corsair</a> already in service with the Marine Corps and the UK's allied <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a>, the F6Fs were faster (at 400 mph) than the Zeros, quicker to climb (at 3,000 feet per minute), more nimble at high altitudes, better at diving, had more armor, more firepower (6 machine guns fired 120 bullets per second) than the Zero's two machine guns and pair of 20 mm autocannon, carried more ammunition, and used a gunsight designed for deflection shooting at an angle. Although the Hellcat was heavier and had a shorter range than the Zero, on the whole it proved a far superior weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan's carrier and pilot losses at Midway crippled its offensive capability, but America's overwhelming offensive capability came from shipyards that increasingly out produced Japan's, from the refineries that produced high-octane gasoline, and from the training fields that produced much better trained pilots. In 1942 Japan commissioned 6 new carriers but lost 6; in 1943 it commissioned 3 and lost 1. The turning point came in 1944 when it added 8 and lost 13. At war's end Japan had 5 carriers tied up in port; all had been damaged, all lacked fuel and all lacked warplanes. Meanwhile, the US launched 13 small carriers in 1942 and one large one; and in 1943 added 15 large and 50 escort carriers, and more arrived in 1944 and 1945. The new American carriers were much better designed, with far more antiaircraft guns, and powerful radar.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both sides were overextended in the exhaustive sea, air and land battles for Guadalcanal. The Japanese were better at night combat (because the American destroyers had only trained for attacks on battleships).<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Japanese could not feed its soldiers so the Americans eventually won because of superior logistics.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howarth418424_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth418424-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy built up its forces in 1942–43, and developed a strategy of "<a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island-hopping</a>, that is to skip over most of the heavily defended Japanese islands and instead go further on and select islands to seize for forward air bases. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyer_drops_depth_charge_off_NY_1942.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Destroyer_drops_depth_charge_off_NY_1942.jpeg/220px-Destroyer_drops_depth_charge_off_NY_1942.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Destroyer_drops_depth_charge_off_NY_1942.jpeg/330px-Destroyer_drops_depth_charge_off_NY_1942.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Destroyer_drops_depth_charge_off_NY_1942.jpeg/440px-Destroyer_drops_depth_charge_off_NY_1942.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Navy destroyer drops depth charges during operations in the Atlantic Ocean.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Atlantic, the Allies waged a long battle with German submarines which was termed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. Navy aircraft flew from bases in Greenland and Iceland to hunt submarines, and hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escorts</a> were built which were specifically designed to protect merchant convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman159160_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman159160-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Pacific, in an ironic twist, the U.S. submarines fought against Japanese shipping in a mirror image of the Atlantic, with German submarines hunting U.S. merchant ships. At the end of the war the U.S. had 260 submarines in commission. It had lost 52 submarines during the war, 36 in actions in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth436_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth436-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Submarines effectively destroyed the Japanese merchant fleet by January 1945 and choked off Japan's oil supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair819_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair819-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1943, the U.S. began the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. After this success, the Americans went on to the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau Islands</a> in summer 1944. Following their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">Battle of Saipan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a>, with 5 aircraft carriers, sortied to attack the Navy's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">Fifth Fleet</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a>, which was the largest aircraft carrier battle in history.<sup id="cite_ref-sweetman173174_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweetman173174-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle was so one-sided that it became known as the "Marianas turkey shoot"; the U.S. lost 130 aircraft and no ships while the Japanese lost 411 planes and 3 carriers. Following victory in the Marianas, the U.S. began the reconquest of the Philippines at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a> in October 1944. The Japanese fleet sortied to attack the invasion fleet, resulting in the four-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, one of the largest naval battles in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller239243_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller239243-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> missions were flown during the battle, sinking <a href="/wiki/USS_St._Lo" title="USS St. Lo">USS <i>St. Lo</i></a> and damaging several other U.S. ships; these attacks were the most effective anti-ship weapon of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman181182_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman181182-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a> became the last major battle between U.S. and Japanese ground units. <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> was to become a staging area for the eventual <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of Japan</a> since it was just 350 miles (560 km) south of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Japan" title="Mainland Japan">Japanese mainland</a>. Marines and soldiers landed unopposed on April 1, 1945, to begin an 82-day campaign which became the largest land-sea-air battle in history and was noted for the ferocity of the fighting and the high civilian casualties with over 150,000 Okinawans losing their lives. Japanese kamikaze pilots inflicted the largest loss of ships in U.S. naval history with the sinking of 36 and the damaging of another 243. Total U.S. casualties were over 12,500 dead and 38,000 wounded, while the Japanese lost over 110,000 men, making Okinawa one of the bloodiest battles in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman194_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman194-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fierce fighting on Okinawa is said to have played a part in <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">President Truman's</a> decision to use the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic bomb</a> and to forego an invasion of Japan. When the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrendered</a>, a flotilla of 374 ships entered <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> to witness the ceremony conducted on the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS <i>Missouri</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth471472_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth471472-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war the US Navy had over 1200 warships, surpassing the size of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth476_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth476-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_(1945–1991)"><span id="Cold_War_.281945.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Cold War (1945–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cold War (1945–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg/220px-US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg/330px-US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg/440px-US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Navy gunboat using <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The immediate postwar fate of the Navy was the scrapping and mothballing of ships on a large scale; by 1948 only 267 ships were active in the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth476_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth476-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948 the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Armed_Services_Integration_Act" title="Women's Armed Services Integration Act">Women's Armed Services Integration Act</a> gave women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve forces of the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-womensmemorial1_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womensmemorial1-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolt_of_the_Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Revolt of the Admirals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a></div> <p>The military services were unified in 1947 over the strong objections of Navy Secretary James Forrestal. President Truman appointed him Secretary of Defense, but the two disagreed over budgets and Truman fired him in 1949 when Forrestal took the Navy's side in a public protest against White House policy known as the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a>. A basic political problem was that the Secretary of Defense did not fully control the budgets of the three services. Each one worked with powerful Congressmen to enhance their budgets despite the White House determination to hold down spending. In 1948–49 the "Revolt of the Admirals" came when a number of retired and active-duty admirals publicly disagreed with President Truman and with his replacement for Forrestal <a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a> because they wanted less expensive <a href="/wiki/Strategic_nuclear_weapon" title="Strategic nuclear weapon">strategic atomic bombs</a> delivered by the Air Force. Forrestal had supported the Navy position and had obtained funding for an aircraft carrier from Congress. Truman fired Forrestal, and Johnson cancelled the carrier and announced plans to move Marine Corps aviation out of the Navy and into the Air Force. During Congressional hearings public opinion shifted strongly against the Navy. In the end the Navy kept Marine aviation and eventually got its carrier, but its revolting admirals were punished and it lost control over strategic bombing. The Truman administration essentially defeated the Revolt, and civilian control over the military was reaffirmed. Military budgets following the hearings prioritized the development of Air Force heavy bomber designs, accumulating a combat ready force of over 1,000 long-range strategic bombers capable of supporting nuclear mission scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navy gradually developed a reputation for having the most highly developed technology of all the U.S. services. The 1950s saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> for ships, under the leadership of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover" title="Hyman G. Rickover">Hyman G. Rickover</a>, the development of <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> for Navy use and the construction of supercarriers. <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and was followed by the <i>Nimitz</i>-class supercarriers. <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">Ballistic missile submarines</a> grew ever more deadly and quiet, culminating in the <i>Ohio</i>-class submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller255257_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller255257-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rickover had a strong base of support in Congress and in public opinion, and he forced nuclear power to be a high Navy priority, especially for submarines. Combined with missile technology, this gave the United States the assured second-strike capability that was the foundation of deterrence against the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War_and_naval_expansion">Korean War and naval expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Korean War and naval expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tension with the Soviet Union and China came to a head in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and it became clear that the peacetime Navy would have to be much larger than ever imagined. Fleets were assigned to geographic areas around the world, and ships were sent to hot spots as a standard part of the response to the periodic crises.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller245247_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller245247-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because the North Korean navy was not large, the Korean War featured few naval battles; the combatant navies served mostly as naval artillery for their in-country armies. A large amphibious landing at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">Inchon</a> succeeded in driving the North Koreans back across the 38th parallel. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir">Battle of Chosin Reservoir</a> ended with the evacuation of almost 105,000 UN troops from the port of <a href="/wiki/Hungnam" title="Hungnam">Hungnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth490493_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth490493-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Navy's 1956 shipbuilding program was significant because it included authorization for the construction of eight submarines, the largest such order since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This FY-56 program included five nuclear-powered submarines – <i>Triton</i>, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Halibut_(SSGN-587)" title="USS Halibut (SSGN-587)">guided missile submarine <i>Halibut</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Skipjack_(SSN-585)" title="USS Skipjack (SSN-585)">lead ship</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Skipjack-class_submarine" title="Skipjack-class submarine"><i>Skipjack</i> class</a>, and the final two <a href="/wiki/Skate-class_submarine" title="Skate-class submarine"><i>Skate</i>-class attack submarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Sargo_(SSN-583)" title="USS Sargo (SSN-583)"><i>Sargo</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Seadragon_(SSN-584)" title="USS Seadragon (SSN-584)"><i>Seadragon</i></a>. It also included the three diesel-electric <a href="/wiki/Barbel-class_submarine" title="Barbel-class submarine"><i>Barbel</i> class</a>, the last diesel-electric submarines to be built by the U.S. Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An unlikely combination of Navy ships fought in the Vietnam War 1965–72; aircraft carriers offshore launched thousands of air strikes, while small gunboats of the "<a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">brown-water navy</a>" patrolled the rivers. Despite the naval activity, new construction was curtailed by Presidents <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> to save money, and many of the carriers on <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Station" title="Yankee Station">Yankee Station</a> dated from World War II. By 1978 the fleet had dwindled to 217 surface ships and 119 submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller261271_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller261271-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_challenge">Soviet challenge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Soviet challenge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, the Soviet fleet had been growing, and outnumbered the U.S. fleet in every type except carriers, and the Navy calculated they probably would be defeated by the Soviet Navy in a major conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth530531_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth530531-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concern led the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> administration to set a goal for a <a href="/wiki/600-ship_Navy" title="600-ship Navy">600-ship Navy</a>, and by 1988 the fleet was at 588, although it declined again in subsequent years. The <i>Iowa</i>-class battleships <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)"><i>Iowa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-62)" title="USS New Jersey (BB-62)"><i>New Jersey</i></a>, <i>Missouri</i>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)"><i>Wisconsin</i></a> were reactivated after 40 years in storage, modernized, and made showy appearances off the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and elsewhere. In 1987 and 1988, the United States Navy conducted various combat operations in the Persian Gulf against Iran, most notably <a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a>, the largest surface-air naval battle with US involvement since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller272282_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller272282-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Cold_War_(1991–present)"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Cold_War_.281991.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Post–Cold War (1991–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Post–Cold War (1991–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Nimitz_(CVN-68).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/USS_Nimitz_%28CVN-68%29.jpg/220px-USS_Nimitz_%28CVN-68%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/USS_Nimitz_%28CVN-68%29.jpg/330px-USS_Nimitz_%28CVN-68%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/USS_Nimitz_%28CVN-68%29.jpg/440px-USS_Nimitz_%28CVN-68%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Supercarrier USS <i>Nimitz</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Navy fell apart, without sufficient personnel to man many of its ships or the money to maintain them—indeed, many of them were sold to foreign nations. This left the United States as the world's undisputed naval superpower. U.S. naval forces did undergo a decline in absolute terms but relative to the rest of the world, however, United States dwarfs other nations' naval power as evinced by its 11 aircraft supercarriers and their supporting battle groups. During the 1990s, the United States naval strategy was based on the overall military strategy of the United States which emphasized the ability of the United States to engage in two simultaneous limited wars along separate fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller294296_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller294296-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ships of the Navy participated in a number of conflicts after the end of the Cold War. After diplomatic efforts failed, the Navy was instrumental in the opening phases of the 1991 Gulf War with Iraq; the ships of the navy launched hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk II</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> and naval aircraft flew sorties from six carriers in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea. The battleships <i>Missouri</i> and <i>Wisconsin</i> fired their 16-inch guns for the first time since the Korean War on several targets in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in early February.<sup id="cite_ref-sweetman278282_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweetman278282-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, hundreds of Navy and Marine Corps aircraft flew thousands of sorties from bases in Italy and carriers in the Adriatic against targets in Serbia and Kosovo to try to stop the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. After a 78-day campaign Serbia capitulated to NATO's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-sweetman302333_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweetman302333-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of a large number of command officers being fired for failing to do their job properly, in 2012 the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) ordered a new method of selecting command officers across the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2007, the U.S. Navy reached its smallest fleet size, with 274 ships, since World War I. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Navy has shifted its focus from preparations for large-scale war with the Soviet Union to special operations and strike missions in regional conflicts. The Navy participated in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and is a major participant in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a>, largely in this capacity. Development continues on new ships and weapons, including the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier"><i>Gerald R. Ford</i>-class aircraft carriers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral combat ships</a>. One hundred and three U.S. Navy personnel died in the Iraq War.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Navy warships launched cruise missiles into military targets in Libya during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn" title="Operation Odyssey Dawn">Operation Odyssey Dawn</a> to enforce a UN resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former U.S. Navy admirals who head the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">U.S. Naval Institute</a> have raised concerns about what they see as the ability to respond to "aggressive moves by Iran and China".<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freedberg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the pivot to the Pacific, Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta said that the Navy would switch from a 50/50 split between the Pacific and the Atlantic to a 60/40 percent split that favored the Pacific, but the CNO, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Greenert" title="Jonathan Greenert">Jonathan Greenert</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Martin Dempsey</a>, have said that this would not mean "a big influx of troops or ships in the Western Pacific".<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pivot is a continuation of the trend towards the Pacific that first saw the Cold War's focus against the Soviet Union with 60 percent of the American submarine fleet stationed in the Atlantic shift towards an even split between the coasts and then in 2006, 60 percent of the submarines stationed on the Pacific side to counter China. The pivot is not entirely about numbers as some of the most advanced platforms will now have a Pacific focus, where their capabilities are most needed.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However even a single incident can make a big dent in a fleet of modest size with global missions.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 12, 2016, Iranian armed forces <a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">captured ten Navy personnel</a> when their two boats entered Iranian territorial waters off the coast of Farsi Island in the Persian Gulf. They were released the next day following diplomatic discussions between the U.S. and Iran. </p><p>In mid-2017, two Navy ships, <a href="/wiki/USS_Fitzgerald" title="USS Fitzgerald">USS <i>Fitzgerald</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_John_S._McCain_(DDG-56)" title="USS John S. McCain (DDG-56)">USS <i>John S. McCain</i></a>, were involved in <a href="/wiki/USS_Fitzgerald_and_MV_ACX_Crystal_collision" title="USS Fitzgerald and MV ACX Crystal collision">collisions</a> with merchant ships during regular transits that resulted in fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the United States Navy was overtaken by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Navy">Chinese Navy</a> in terms of raw number of ships.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States had previously held the title of largest navy since it surpassed the Royal Navy in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Crocker_III_2006_https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302_302_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crocker_III_2006_https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302_302-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_United_States_naval_history" title="Bibliography of early United States naval history">Bibliography of early American naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Naval_Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Naval Commissioners">Board of Naval Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Board_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="General Board of the United States Navy">General Board of the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homeland_security_in_the_United_States" title="History of homeland security in the United States">History of homeland security in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">List of United States Navy ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> - museums</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Seabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_History_and_Heritage_Sites" title="United States Coast Guard History and Heritage Sites">United States Coast Guard History and Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_bureau_system" title="United States Navy bureau system">United States Navy bureau system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_systems_commands" title="United States Navy systems commands">United States Navy systems commands</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crocker_III_2006_https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302_302-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crocker_III_2006_https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302_302_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crocker_III_2006_https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302_302_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_III2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker III, H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22The+New+Bases+Acquired+for+old+Destroyers%22&rft.btitle=Guarding+the+United+States+and+its+Outposts&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1964&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FGuard-US%2Fch14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Eliot_Morison2001" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Eliot Morison (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwvs7TDDXyoC&pg=PA94"><i>History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939–May 1943</i></a> (reprint ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252069635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252069635"><bdi>978-0252069635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+United+States+Naval+Operations+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Atlantic%2C+September+1939%E2%80%93May+1943&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0252069635&rft.au=Samuel+Eliot+Morison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnwvs7TDDXyoC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Talbott, <i>Naval War College Review</i> (1984) 37#1 p 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary E. Weir, "The Search for an American Submarine Strategy and Design: 1916–1936," <i>Naval War College Review</i> (1991) 44#1 pp. 34–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnwc.edu/NavalWarCollegeReviewArchives/1990s/1991%20Winter.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111113911/http://www.usnwc.edu/NavalWarCollegeReviewArchives/1990s/1991%20Winter.pdf">Archived</a> November 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._J._Galantin1997" class="citation book cs1">I. J. Galantin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPblkvoBtF8C&pg=PA29"><i>Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles</i></a>. U. of Illinois Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252066757" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252066757"><bdi>978-0252066757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Submarine+Admiral%3A+From+Battlewagons+to+Ballistic+Missiles&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=U.+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0252066757&rft.au=I.+J.+Galantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPblkvoBtF8C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Ira_Holwitt2009" class="citation book cs1">Joel Ira Holwitt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrhBItGMEH4C&pg=PA155"><i>"Execute against Japan": The U.S. Decision to Conduct Unrestricted Submarine Warfare</i></a>. Texas A&M U.P. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603442558" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603442558"><bdi>978-1603442558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Execute+against+Japan%22%3A+The+U.S.+Decision+to+Conduct+Unrestricted+Submarine+Warfare&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+U.P.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1603442558&rft.au=Joel+Ira+Holwitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrhBItGMEH4C%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. E. Talbott, "Weapons Development, War Planning and Policy: The U.S. Navy and the Submarine, 1917–1941," <i>Naval War College Review</i> (1984) 37#1 pp. 53–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnwc.edu/NavalWarCollegeReviewArchives/1980s/1984%20May-June.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111113915/http://www.usnwc.edu/NavalWarCollegeReviewArchives/1980s/1984%20May-June.pdf">Archived</a> November 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Buell, <i>Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. 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Hoyt, <i>How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and His Admirals</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/How-They-Won-Pacific-ebook/dp/B005ZZZ23K/">excerpt and text search</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wukovits, <i>Admiral "Bull" Halsey: The Life and Wars of the Navy's Most Controversial Commander</i> (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas B. Buell, <i>The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral Raymond A. 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Zenith. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616732660" title="Special:BookSources/978-1616732660"><bdi>978-1616732660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F6F+Hellcat+at+War&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Zenith&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1616732660&rft.au=Cory+Graff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8uUMPNQKkEC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James P. 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Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3026-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3026-1"><bdi>0-8061-3026-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40200083">40200083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Shining+Sea%3A+a+History+of+the+United+States+Navy%2C+1775%E2%80%931998&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40200083&rft.isbn=0-8061-3026-1&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_VtMBG6vw0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Langley, Harold. <i>Social Reform in the United States Navy, 1798–1862</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1967)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove" class="citation book cs1">Love, Robert W. Jr. <i>History of the U.S. Navy (1992)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+U.S.+Navy+%281992%29&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuraghi1996" class="citation book cs1">Luraghi, Raimondo (1996). <i>History of the Confederate Navy</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557505276" title="Special:BookSources/1557505276"><bdi>1557505276</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33665082">33665082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Confederate+Navy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33665082&rft.isbn=1557505276&rft.aulast=Luraghi&rft.aufirst=Raimondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch1919" class="citation book cs1">March, Francis A. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofworldwa00marciala"><i>History of the World War</i></a>. Philadelphia: The United Publishers of the United States and Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+War&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+United+Publishers+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Francis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofworldwa00marciala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1997" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nathan (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usnavyhistory00mill"><i>The U.S. Navy: A History</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-595-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-595-0"><bdi>1-55750-595-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37211290">37211290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Navy%3A+A+History&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37211290&rft.isbn=1-55750-595-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusnavyhistory00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison2007" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (2007). <i>The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War</i>. Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-524-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-524-0"><bdi>978-1-59114-524-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two-Ocean+War%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+United+States+Navy+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-524-0&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2007" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Lisle (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poweratsea0000rose"><i>Power at Sea: The Age of Navalism, 1890–1918</i></a></span>. Jefferson City, MO: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1701-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1701-1"><bdi>978-0-8262-1701-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+at+Sea%3A+The+Age+of+Navalism%2C+1890%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Jefferson+City%2C+MO&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1701-1&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Lisle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoweratsea0000rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2001" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). <i>Naval Warfare 1815–1914</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21478-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21478-5"><bdi>0-415-21478-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44039349">44039349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44039349&rft.isbn=0-415-21478-5&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwann1965" class="citation book cs1">Swann, Leonard Alexander Jr. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91j4E08lh0cC"><i>John Roach, Maritime Entrepreneur: the Years as Naval Contractor 1862–1886</i></a>. Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-13078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-13078-6"><bdi>978-0-405-13078-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6278183">6278183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Roach%2C+Maritime+Entrepreneur%3A+the+Years+as+Naval+Contractor+1862%E2%80%931886&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6278183&rft.isbn=978-0-405-13078-6&rft.aulast=Swann&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Alexander+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91j4E08lh0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweetman2002" class="citation book cs1">Sweetman, Jack (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americannavalhis0003swee_l7e0"><i>American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775–present</i></a></span>. Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-867-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-867-4"><bdi>1-55750-867-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Naval+History%3A+An+Illustrated+Chronology+of+the+U.S.+Navy+and+Marine+Corps%2C+1775%E2%80%93present&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55750-867-4&rft.aulast=Sweetman&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericannavalhis0003swee_l7e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_American_naval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of early American naval history">Bibliography of early American naval history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War#Naval_history" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography of the American Civil War § Naval history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II#_bibliography" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history of World War II §  bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer1994" class="citation book cs1">Baer, George W. (1994). <i>One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890–1990</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Sea+Power%3A+The+U.S.+Navy%2C+1890%E2%80%931990&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bennett, Michael J. <i>Union Jacks: Yankee Sailors in the Civil War</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2003)</li> <li>Dull, Jonathan R. <i>American Naval History, 1607–1865: Overcoming the Colonial Legacy</i> (University of Nebraska Press; 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/American-Naval-History-1607-1865-Overcoming/dp/080324052X/">excerpt and text search</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120075419/american-naval-history-1607-1865-overcoming-the">full text online</a></li> <li>Grenville, John A. S. and George Berkeley Young, <i>Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873–1917</i> (1966) pp. 1–38, on "The Admiral and politics: Stephan B. Luce and the foundation of the modern American Navy.</li> <li>Hagan, Kenneth J. and Michael T. McMaster, eds. <i>In Peace and War: Interpretations of American Naval History</i> (2008), essays by scholars</li> <li>Hendrix, Henry J. <i>Theodore Roosevelt's Naval Diplomacy: The U.S. Navy and the Birth of the American Century</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Theodore-Roosevelts-Naval-Diplomacy-American/dp/1591143632">excerpt</a></li> <li>Isenberg, Michael T. <i>Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace 1945–1962</i> (1993)</li> <li>McKee, Christopher. <i>A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794–1815</i> (Naval Institute Press, 1991)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2012" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (2012). <i>War on the Waters: The Union and Confederate Navies, 1861–1865</i>. University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+on+the+Waters%3A+The+Union+and+Confederate+Navies%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pedisich, Paul E. <i>Congress Buys a Navy: Politics, Economics, and the Rise of American Naval Power, 1881–1921</i> (Naval Institute, 2016). 286 pp.</li> <li>Potter, E.B. <i> Sea Power: A Naval History</i> (1981), battle history worldwide</li> <li>Rose, Lisle A. <i>Power at Sea, Volume 1: The Age of Navalism, 1890–1918</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Power-Sea-Age-Navalism-1890-1918/dp/082621701X/">excerpt and text search vol 1</a>; <i> Power at Sea, Volume 2: The Breaking Storm, 1919–1945</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Power-Sea-Breaking-Storm-1919-1945/dp/0826217028/">excerpt and text search vol 2</a>; <i>Power at Sea, Volume 3: A Violent Peace, 1946–2006</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Power-Sea-Violent-Peace-1946-2006/dp/0826217036/">excerpt and text search vol 3</a></li> <li>Symonds, Craig L. <i>Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles that Shaped American History</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Decision-Sea-Battles-American-History/dp/0195312112/">excerpt and text search</a>; Lake Erie, Hampton Roads, Manila Bay. Midway, Persian Gulf</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). <i>The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-338-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-338-5"><bdi>978-1-59884-338-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Naval+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-338-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Turnbull, Archibald Douglas, and Clifford Lee Lord. <i>History of United States Naval Aviation</i> (Ayer Co Pub, 1972) to 1939</li> <li>Verney, Michael A. <i>Great and Rising Nation: Naval Exploration and Global Empire in the Early US Republic</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58231">online review</a></li> <li>Wimmel, Kenneth. <i>Theodore Roosevelt and the Great White Fleet: American Seapower Comes of Age</i> (Potomac Books, 1998), popular history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hackemer, Kurt H. "The US Navy, 1860–1920." in James C. Bradford <i>A Companion to American Military History</i> (2 vol 2009) 1: 388–398</li> <li>Holwitt, Joel I. "Review Essay: Reappraising the Interwar U.S. Navy," <i>Journal of Military History</i> (2012) 76#1 193–210</li> <li>McKee, Christopher. "The US Navy, 1794–1860: Men, Ships, and Governance." in <i>James C. Bradford A Companion to American Military History</i> (2 vol 2009) 1: 378–387.</li> <li>Winkler, David F. "The US Navy since 1920." in James C. Bradford <i>A Companion to American Military History</i> (2 vol 2009) 1: 399–410.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of the United States Navy">History of the United States Navy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/">"Naval History & Heritage Command's official website"</a>. 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U.S. Navy. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Naval+Academy&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Navy+in+100+Objects&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usna.edu%2F100Objects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/_Topics/history/_Texts/A_Short_History_of_the_United_States_Navy/home.html"><i>A Short History of the United States Navy</i></a> by Admiral George R. Clark et al. (textbook written for use at the Naval Academy by its Commandant of Midshipmen; rev. ed. 1927)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Navy" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template:US Navy navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template talk:US Navy navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Navy navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Navy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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Naval Operations">Vice Chief of Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy" title="Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy">Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_four-star_admirals" title="List of United States Navy four-star admirals">4-star admirals</a></li> <li>3-star admirals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_on_active_duty_before_1960" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals on active duty before 1960">1864–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_from_2000_to_2009" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals from 2000 to 2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_from_2010_to_2019" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals from 2010 to 2019">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_since_2020" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals since 2020">2020–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_rear_admirals#Department_of_the_Navy" title="List of active duty United States rear admirals">2-star admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower_and_Projection_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces">House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower">Senate Subcommittee on Seapower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Structure of the United States Navy">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Navy Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Expeditionary_Combat_Command" title="Navy Expeditionary Combat Command">Expeditionary Combat Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of units of the United States Navy">Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Active ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the United States Navy">Future ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_wings" title="List of United States Navy aircraft wings">Aircraft wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons">Aircraft squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_installations" title="List of United States Navy installations">Installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_jet_base" title="Master jet base">Master jet base</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operating<br />forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command" title="United States Fleet Forces Command">Fleet Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Fleet_Forces_Command" title="Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Pacific_Fleet" title="Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Europe-Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Forces Europe-Africa">Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Central_Command" title="United States Naval Forces Central Command">Naval Forces Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Southern_Command" title="United States Naval Forces Southern Command">Naval Forces Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Special_Warfare_Command" title="United States Naval Special Warfare Command">Naval Special Warfare Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Naval Reserve Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Network_Warfare_Command" title="Naval Network Warfare Command">Naval Network Warfare Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command" title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Shore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command" title="Naval Sea Systems Command">Naval Sea Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Systems_Command" title="Naval Air Systems Command">Naval Air Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Facilities_Engineering_Systems_Command" title="Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command">Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Supply_Systems_Command" title="Naval Supply Systems Command">Naval Supply Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Information_Warfare_Systems_Command" title="Naval Information Warfare Systems Command">Naval Information Warfare Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Fleet_Cyber_Command" title="U.S. Fleet Cyber Command">Fleet Cyber Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Naval Education and Training Command">Naval Education and Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Command" title="Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command">Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Warfighting_Development_Center" title="Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center">Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Legal_Service_Command" title="Naval Legal Service Command">Naval Legal Service Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Safety_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Safety Center">Naval Safety Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Naval_Personnel" title="Bureau of Naval Personnel">Bureau of Naval Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Personnel" title="Chief of Naval Personnel">Chief of Naval Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Bureau of Medicine and Surgery">Bureau of Medicine and Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_Navy_Installations_Command" title="Commander, Navy Installations Command">Navy Installations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Working_Capital_Fund" title="United States Navy Working Capital Fund">Navy Working Capital Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fleets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet" title="United States Second Fleet">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fourth_Fleet" title="United States Fourth Fleet">Fourth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">Fifth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">Sixth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Tenth_Fleet" title="United States Tenth Fleet">Tenth Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">Ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_A%E2%80%93B" title="List of United States Navy ships: A–B">A–B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_C" title="List of United States Navy ships: C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_D%E2%80%93F" title="List of United States Navy ships: D–F">D–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_G%E2%80%93H" title="List of United States Navy ships: G–H">G–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_I%E2%80%93K" title="List of United States Navy ships: I–K">I–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_L" title="List of United States Navy ships: L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_M" title="List of United States Navy ships: M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_N%E2%80%93O" title="List of United States Navy ships: N–O">N–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_P" title="List of United States Navy ships: P">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_Q%E2%80%93R" title="List of United States Navy ships: Q–R">Q–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_S" title="List of United States Navy ships: S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_T%E2%80%93V" title="List of United States Navy ships: T–V">T–V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_W%E2%80%93Z" title="List of United States Navy ships: W–Z">W–Z</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of airships of the United States Navy">Airships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships" title="List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships">Amphibious warfare ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of battleships of the United States Navy">Battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of cruisers of the United States Navy">Cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyers of the United States Navy">Destroyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyer_escorts_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy">Destroyer escorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_escort_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of escort carriers of the United States Navy">Escort carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of frigates of the United States Navy">Frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mine_warfare_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy">Mine warfare vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monitors_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of monitors of the United States Navy">Monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy">Patrol vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_patrol_craft" title="Section patrol craft">Registered civilian vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sailing_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy">Sailing frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam frigates of the United States Navy">Steam frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_gunboats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam gunboats of the United States Navy">Steam gunboats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of ships of the line of the United States Navy">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sloops_of_war_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sloops of war of the United States Navy">Sloops of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of submarines of the United States Navy">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_boats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of torpedo boats of the United States Navy">Torpedo boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_torpedo_retrievers" title="United States Navy torpedo retrievers">Torpedo retrievers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_miscellaneous_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of unclassified miscellaneous vessels of the United States Navy">Unclassified miscellaneous vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yard_and_district_craft_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of yard and district craft of the United States Navy">Yard and district craft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel<br />and<br />training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_people" title="List of United States Navy people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">Insignia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_officer_designators" title="List of United States Naval officer designators">Designators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Enlisted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">Rates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Ratings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Enlisted_Classification" title="Navy Enlisted Classification">Classification</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps" title="United States Navy Chaplain Corps">Chaplain Corps</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">Chief</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">Deputy Chief</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal_(United_States_Navy)" title="Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)">Explosive ordnance disposal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Medical_Corps_(United_States_Navy)" title="Medical Corps (United States Navy)">Medical Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Dental_Corps" title="United States Navy Dental Corps">Dental Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Navy Nurse Corps">Nurse Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Medical_Service_Corps" title="Navy Medical Service Corps">Medical Service Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps" title="Navy Supply Corps">Supply Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineer_Corps" title="Civil Engineer Corps">Civil Engineer Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps">JAG Corps</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Judge Advocate General of the Navy">JAG</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Deputy Judge Advocate General of the Navy">DJAG</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">NCIS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boatswain%27s_mate_(United_States_Navy)" title="Boatswain's mate (United States Navy)">Boatswain's mates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hospital_corpsman" title="Hospital corpsman">Hospital corpsman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Aviator">Naval Aviator</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">SEALs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Seabees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master-at-arms (United States Navy)">Master-at-arms</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operations_specialist_(United_States_Navy)" title="Operations specialist (United States Navy)">Operations specialist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special_warfare_combatant-craft_crewmen" title="Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen">SWCCs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Navy">Hispanic sailors</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">Recruit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">Officer Candidate School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/STA-21" title="STA-21">STA-21</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">NROTC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_University_System" title="Naval University System">Naval University System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Community_College" title="United States Naval Community College">Naval Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Basic_Enlisted_Submarine_School" title="Basic Enlisted Submarine School">BESS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_Force_Tactical_Training" title="Battle Force Tactical Training">BFTT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Center_For_Naval_Aviation_Technical_Training_Unit_Keesler" title="Center For Naval Aviation Technical Training Unit Keesler">CNATT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Composite_Training_Unit_Exercise" title="Composite Training Unit Exercise">COMPTUEX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Training_Systems_Division" title="Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division">NAWCTSD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Authoring_Instructional_Materials" title="Authoring Instructional Materials">AIM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps#Naval_Chaplaincy_School_and_Center" title="United States Navy Chaplain Corps">Naval Chaplaincy School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Corps_School" title="Naval Hospital Corps School">Naval Hospital Corps School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Justice_School" title="Naval Justice School">Naval Justice School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_School_of_Music" title="United States Armed Forces School of Music">United States Armed Forces School of Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Senior_Enlisted_Academy" title="United States Navy Senior Enlisted Academy">Navy Senior Enlisted Academy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps_School" title="Navy Supply Corps School">Navy Supply Corps School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_School" title="Nuclear Power School">Nuclear Power School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joint_Maritime_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Maritime Training Center">JMTC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Strike_Fighter_Tactics_Instructor_program" title="United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program">TOPGUN</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Test_Pilot_School" title="United States Naval Test Pilot School">USNTPS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of equipment of the United States Navy">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Current fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the United States Navy">Future fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets" title="United States Navy reserve fleets">Reserve fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_naval_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of currently active United States naval aircraft">Current aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Naval reactors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and <br /> traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Angels" title="Blue Angels">Blue Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Band_Activities" title="Fleet Band Activities">Fleet bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Week" title="Fleet Week">Fleet Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line-crossing_ceremony" title="Line-crossing ceremony">Line-crossing ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="National Museum of the United States Navy">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">Navy Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Ceremonial_Guard" title="United States Navy Ceremonial Guard">Ceremonial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">Navy Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Father,_Strong_to_Save" title="Eternal Father, Strong to Save">Navy Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">Navy Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">Navy service numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Weeks" title="Navy Weeks">Navy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">Sailor's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning#Ship_decommissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ship_naming_conventions" title="United States ship naming conventions">Ship naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingey_House" title="Tingey House">Tingey House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAVES" title="WAVES">WAVES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetting-down" title="Wetting-down">Wetting-down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_battleship_retirement_debate" title="United States battleship retirement debate">United States battleship retirement debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>A = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></dd> <dd>MC = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></dd> <dd>N = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></dd> <dd>AF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></dd> <dd>SF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></dd> <dd>CG = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security">Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Committees on Armed Services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_three-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States three-star officers">Active duty three-star officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_seniority" title="United States military seniority">United States military seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act" title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_components_of_the_U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="List of components of the U.S. Department of Defense">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Service branches and heads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Chief of Space Operations">Chief of Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant of the Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Reserves: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">AF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Civilian auxiliaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System" title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Cyber_Auxiliary" title="Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary">Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary" title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command" title="United States European Command">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command" title="United States Indo-Pacific Command">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command" title="United States Southern Command">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command" title="United States Cyber Command">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command" title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title 50</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">Installations</a></li> <li>Units: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Category:Units and formations of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Mass media of the military of the United States">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Armed_Forces_unit_mottoes" title="List of United States Armed Forces unit mottoes">Unit mottoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations<br />and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States" title="Military budget of the United States">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">Current deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ancestry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhists_in_the_United_States_military" title="Buddhists in the United States military">Buddhist Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_the_United_States_military" title="Muslims in the United States military">Muslim Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">Sikh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Hispanic Americans">Hispanic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hispanics in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Hispanics in the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy" title="Hispanics in the United States Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Naval_Academy" title="Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy">Academy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">Marine Corps History Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_official_war_artists" title="American official war artists">War artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program" title="United States Army Art Program">Army Art Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program" title="United States Air Force Art Program">Air Force Art Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">Service academies</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">A</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">MC/N</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">AF/SF</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF/SF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Officer candidate/training school: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF/SF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officer</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School" title="Warrant Officer Candidate School">A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command" title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery" title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School" title="The Basic School">The Basic School</a> (MC)</li> <li>Enlisted recruit training: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF/SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May" title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces">Uniforms</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces">Awards & decorations</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force">AF/SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices" title="United States military award devices">Devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States" title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Identification badges of the uniformed services of the United States">Identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Badges of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Badges of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Officer: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officers</a></li> <li>Enlisted: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_ranks" title="List of United States Coast Guard enlisted ranks">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oath: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment" title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office" title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Officer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Creeds & Codes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force" title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed" title="Noncommissioned officer's creed">NCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier's Creed">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed" title="Rifleman's Creed">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman's Creed">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman" title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces)" title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army)" title="Service number (United States Army)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard)" title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code" title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_pay" title="United States military pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Health_System" title="Military Health System">Military Health System</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tricare" title="Tricare">Tricare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military)" title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States" title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="List of equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of equipment of the United States Army">A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_Nomenclature_System" title="Army Nomenclature System">Designations</a>)</li> <li>MC: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of equipment of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="List of equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles" title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft" title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</a></li> <li>Ships: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy#Future_ships" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters" title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships" title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weapons: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_undesignated_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of undesignated military aircraft of the United States">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_future_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of future military aircraft of the United States">future</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems" title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army_during_World_War_II" title="List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II">WWII equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_football" title="Nuclear football">Nuclear football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System" title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Flag of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Flag of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidon_(United_States)" title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics" title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army" title="Category:United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy" title="Category:United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Space_Force" title="Category:United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Navboxes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Template:US Army navbox">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Air_Force" title="Template:United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Space_Force" title="Template:United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Coast_Guard_navbox" title="Template:US Coast Guard navbox">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&oldid=1257912828">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Navy&oldid=1257912828</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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