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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Turkmenistan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Legislature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Judiciary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions_on_free_and_open_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions_on_free_and_open_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Restrictions on free and open communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_on_free_and_open_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate,_biodiversity_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate,_biodiversity_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate, biodiversity and environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate,_biodiversity_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_gas_and_export_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas_and_export_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Natural gas and export routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas_and_export_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automobile_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobile_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Automobile transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobile_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Maritime transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Railway transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmen_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmen_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Turkmen tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmen_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Mass media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Turkmenistan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 244 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-244" aria-hidden="true" > 244 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменистэн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуменистэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменыстан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуменыстан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ቱርክመኒስታን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክመኒስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%83%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҭурқменисҭан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭурқменисҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turcmènistan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turcmènistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuykomenit%C3%A3" title="Tuykomenitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuykomenitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmin_suyu" title="Turkmin suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkmin suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C9%99nistan" title="Türkmənistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمنیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکمنیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төркмәнстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэністан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туркмэністан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukmenistan" title="Tukmenistan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tukmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuakmenien" title="Tuakmenien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tuakmenien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcmenistan" title="Tyrcmenistan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tyrcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naashch%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC_Bidiyog%C3%ADihnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenio" title="Turkmenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkmenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuircm%C3%A9anast%C3%A1in" title="An Tuircméanastáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuircméanastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkmenistaan" title="Yn Turkmenistaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmanast%C3%A0n" title="Turcmanastàn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Turcmanastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۊرکمنستان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکمنستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="투르크메니스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르크메니스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukemenikana" title="Tukemenikana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tukemenikana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Թուրքմենստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքմենստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenistan" title="Túrkmenistan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túrkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טורקמניסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקמניסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkimenistan%C9%A9" title="Turkimenistanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Turkimenistanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түрікменстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түрікменстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Turkmen" title="Pow Turkmen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukimenisitani" title="Turukimenisitani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikmenistan" title="Tikmenistan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tikmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Tirkménistan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirkménistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkmenistan" title="Tirkmenistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркмөнстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркмөнстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomannia" title="Turcomannia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcomannia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C4%81na" title="Turkmenistāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turkmenistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туьркменистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туьркменистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%97nija" title="Turkmėnija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkmėnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1ni" title="Turkmenistáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkmenistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistuanu" title="Turkmenistuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turkmenistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmeniszt%C3%A1n" title="Türkmenisztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türkmenisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmenist%C3%A0na" title="Torkmenistàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkmenistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukumanat%C4%81nga" title="Tukumanatānga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tukumanatānga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توركمينيستان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركمينيستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تورکمونسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکمونسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэнистан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркмэнистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तर्कमेनिस्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="トルクメニスタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメニスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeenistaan" title="Turkmeenistaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turkmeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terkmenistaan" title="Terkmenistaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Terkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkimeenistaan" title="Tarkimeenistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkimeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmaniston" title="Turkmaniston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkmaniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquemenist%C3%A3o" title="Turquemenistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquemenistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenstan" title="Túrkmenstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkmenstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkminsuyu" title="Turkminsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkminsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркменистаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түркменистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A0n" title="Turkmenistàn – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkmenistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistani" title="Turkmenistani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turkmenistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترڪمانستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪمانستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThumekhi" title="IThumekhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThumekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nsko" title="Turkménsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkménsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmy%C5%84istan" title="Turkmyńistan – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turkmyńistan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمانستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکمانستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төрекмәнстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрекмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%99%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkomenistaun" title="Turkomenistaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkomenistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Туркманистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркманистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABkimenisitani" title="Tūkimenisitani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tūkimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۈركمەنىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركمەنىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C3%A4n" title="Turkmenän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Turkmenän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土庫曼斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土庫曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkumenistaan" title="Turkumenistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Turkumenistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טורקמעניסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טורקמעניסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%ACst%C3%A1n" title="Turkmẹ́nìstán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkmẹ́nìstán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="土庫曼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土庫曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkmen%C4%B1stan" title="Tırkmenıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkmenıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmien%C4%97stans" title="Torkmienėstans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkmienėstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C9%99nistan" title="Turkmənistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Turkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turkomania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turkomania (disambiguation)">Turkomania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Turkmenistan</div><div class="ib-country-names">Türkmenistan (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Turkmenistan"><img alt="Flag of Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/180px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/240px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkmenistan" title="Flag of Turkmenistan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Turkmenistan"><img alt="Emblem of Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="531" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan" title="Emblem of Turkmenistan"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto:  Türkmenistan Bitaraplygyň watanydyr "Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  Garaşsyz Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni "<a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_Turkmenistan" title="State Anthem of Turkmenistan">National Anthem of Independent Neutral Turkmenistan</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="120" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga/National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=tk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tk" label="Türkmençe ‪(tk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Turkmenistan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_(Afro-Eurasia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Turkmenistan (red)"><img alt="Location of Turkmenistan (red)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Afro-Eurasia_centered%29.svg/250px-Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Afro-Eurasia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Afro-Eurasia_centered%29.svg/375px-Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Afro-Eurasia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Afro-Eurasia_centered%29.svg/500px-Turkmenistan_on_the_globe_%28Afro-Eurasia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="795" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Turkmenistan (red)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turkmenistan&params=37_58_N_58_20_E_type:city">37°58′N 58°20′E / 37.967°N 58.333°E / 37.967; 58.333</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a><a href="#cite_note-constitution-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2012)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>85.6% <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li><li>5.8% <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li><li>5.1% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkmenistan" title="Russians in Turkmenistan">Russians</a></li><li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li><li>3.1% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>93% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Islam</a></li><li>6.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Christianity</a></li><li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Turkmenistani<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a> Turkmen<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> under a totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary dictatorship">hereditary dictatorship</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP_People's_Council-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkmenistan" title="Vice President of Turkmenistan">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%9Fit_Meredow" title="Raşit Meredow">Raşit Meredow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="People's Council of Turkmenistan">People's Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" title="List of chairmen of the Assembly of Turkmenistan">Chairperson of the Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCn%C3%BD%C3%A4g%C3%B6zel_Gulmanowa" title="Dünýägözel Gulmanowa">Dünýägözel Gulmanowa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" title="Assembly of Turkmenistan">Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 1925</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 August 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognized </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 May 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkmenistan" title="Geography of Turkmenistan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">491,210 km2 (189,660 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">52nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,069 km2 (9,293 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.9</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Demographics of Turkmenistan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,057,841</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14.4/km2 (37.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">221st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $126.132 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TM-12">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">93rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $19,938<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TM-12">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">80th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $81.822 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TM-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12,934<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TM-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1998)</th><td class="infobox-data">40.8 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.744<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">94th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_manat" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani manat">Manat</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+05 (TMT)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telephone numbers in Turkmenistan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telephone numbers in Turkmenistan">+993</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TM" title="ISO 3166-2:TM">TM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tm" title=".tm">.tm</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Turkmenistan<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> bordered by <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan border">northwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border">north, east and northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_border" title="Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border">southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Turkmenistan_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Turkmenistan border">south and southwest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> is the capital and <a href="/wiki/Largest_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest city">largest city</a>. It is one of the six independent Turkic states. With a population over 7 million,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and has the lowest population of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations on the Asian continent.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and was once among the biggest cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> It was also one of the great cities of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a> and an important stop on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War#Anti-Bolshevik_movement" title="Russian Civil War">anti-Bolshevik movement</a> in Central Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a> The country is widely criticized for its <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan">poor human rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-flee-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kerry-23">[22]</a> including for its treatment of minorities, and its lack of press and religious freedoms. Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of <a href="/wiki/President_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="President for Life">President for Life</a> <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> (also known as Türkmenbaşy or "Head of the Turkmens") until his death in 2006; <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a>, who became president in 2007 after winning a <a href="/wiki/Election_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Election fraud">non-democratic election</a> (he had been vice-president and then acting president previously); and his son <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar</a>, who won a subsequent <a href="/wiki/2022_Turkmenistan_presidential_election" title="2022 Turkmenistan presidential election">2022 presidential election</a> described by international observers as <a href="/wiki/Sham_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham election">neither free nor fair</a>, and now shares power with his father.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP_People's_Council-9">[9]</a> Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">largest reserves of natural gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Most of the country is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a>. From 1993 to 2019, citizens received government-provided electricity, water and natural gas free of charge.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Turkmenistan is an observer state in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Turkic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation of Turkic States">Organisation of Turkic States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Türksoy">Türksoy</a> community and a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name of Turkmenistan (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Türkmenistan) can be divided into two components: the ethnonym <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Türkmen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> suffix <a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stan</a> meaning "place of" or "country". The name "Turkmen" comes from Turk, plus the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> suffix -men, meaning "almost Turk", in reference to their status outside the Turkic dynastic mythological system.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> However, some scholars argue the suffix is an <a href="/wiki/Intensifier" title="Intensifier">intensifier</a>, changing the meaning of Türkmen to "pure Turks" or "the Turkish Turks."<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Muslim chroniclers like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> suggested that the etymology of Turkmenistan came from the words Türk and <a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">iman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إيمان, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'faith/belief'); this is in reference to a massive conversion to Islam of two hundred thousand households in the year 971.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Turkmenistan declared its independence from the Soviet Union after the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Turkmenistan)" title="Independence Day (Turkmenistan)">independence referendum</a> in 1991. As a result, the constitutional law was adopted on 27 October of that year and Article 1 established the new name of the state: Turkmenistan (Türkmenistan / Түркменистан).<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> A common name for the Turkmen SSR was Turkmenia (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Туркмения, <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a>: Turkmeniya), used in some reports of the country's independence.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">History of Turkmenistan</a></div> Historically inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>, Turkmenistan's written history begins with its annexation by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> of Ancient Iran. After centuries of turmoil, over a thousand years later, in the 8th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a> tribes moved from <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> into present-day Central Asia. Part of a powerful confederation of tribes, these Oghuz formed the ethnic basis of the modern Turkmen population.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In the 10th century, the name "Turkmen" was first applied to Oghuz groups that accepted <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and began to occupy present-day Turkmenistan.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> There they were under the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, which was composed of Oghuz groups living in present-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and Turkmenistan.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Oghuz groups in the service of the empire played an important role in the spreading of Turkic culture when they migrated westward into present-day <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg/220px-Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg/330px-Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg/440px-Turban_helmet_Met_04.3.211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="3249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">White Sheep Turkoman</a> helmet (15th century)</figcaption></figure> In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> and other tribes overthrew the Seljuk Empire.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In the next century, the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> took over the more northern lands where the Turkmens had settled, scattering the Turkmens southward and contributing to the formation of new tribal groups.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> The sixteenth and eighteenth centuries saw a series of splits and confederations among the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> Turkmen tribes, who remained staunchly independent and inspired fear in their neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> By the 16th century, most of those tribes were under the nominal control of two sedentary <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Bukhoro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Turkmen soldiers were an important element of the Uzbek militaries of this period.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In the 19th century, raids and rebellions by the <a href="/wiki/Yomud" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomud">Yomud</a> Turkmen group resulted in that group's dispersal by the Uzbek rulers.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In 1855 the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Teke_(Turkmen_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teke (Turkmen tribe)">Teke</a> led by Gowshut-Khan defeated the invading army of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khan of Khiva</a> Muhammad Amin Khan<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> and in 1861 the invading <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> army of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Nasreddin-Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In the second half of the 19th century, northern Turkmens were the main military and political power in the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> According to Paul R. Spickard, "Prior to the Russian conquest, the Turkmen were known and feared for their involvement in the Central Asian <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Asia">slave trade</a>."<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)._%D0%A3_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9_%28%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%29._%D0%A3_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82.jpg/220px-1._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9_%28%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%29._%D0%A3_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9_%28%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%29._%D0%A3_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82.jpg/330px-1._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9_%28%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%29._%D0%A3_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9_%28%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%29._%D0%A3_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82.jpg/440px-1._%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9_%28%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%29._%D0%A3_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>City of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Çärjew</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a>, 1890</figcaption></figure> Russian forces began occupying Turkmen territory late in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> From their <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> base at Krasnovodsk (now <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a>), the Russians eventually overcame the Uzbek khanates.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In 1879, the Russian forces were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Teke_(Turkmen_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teke (Turkmen tribe)">Teke Turkmens</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geok_Tepe_(1879)" title="Battle of Geok Tepe (1879)">first attempt to conquer the Ahal area of Turkmenistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> However, in 1881, the last significant resistance in Turkmen territory was crushed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geok_Tepe" title="Battle of Geok Tepe">Battle of Geok Tepe</a>, and shortly thereafter Turkmenistan was annexed, together with adjoining Uzbek territory, into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In 1916, the Russian Empire's participation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> resonated in Turkmenistan, as an anticonscription revolt swept most of Russian Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 had little direct impact, in the 1920s Turkmen forces joined <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, and Uzbeks in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmachi rebellion">Basmachi rebellion</a> against the rule of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In 1921 the tsarist province of <a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Oblast" title="Transcaspian Oblast">Transcaspia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Закаспийская область, 'Transcaspian Oblast') was renamed Turkmen Oblast (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Туркменская область), and in 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic</a> was formed from it.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> By the late 1930s, Soviet reorganization of agriculture had destroyed what remained of the nomadic lifestyle in Turkmenistan, and Moscow controlled political life.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1948_Ashgabat_earthquake" title="1948 Ashgabat earthquake">Ashgabat earthquake</a> of 1948 killed over 110,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> amounting to two-thirds of the city's population. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/220px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/330px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/440px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>A Turkmen man of Central Asia in traditional clothes. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Prokudin-Gorsky</a> between 1905 and 1915.</figcaption></figure> During the next half-century, Turkmenistan played its designated economic role within the Soviet Union and remained outside the course of major world events.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Even the major <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">liberalization movement</a> that shook Russia in the late 1980s had little impact.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> However, in 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Turkmenistan declared sovereignty as a <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> response to perceived exploitation by <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Although Turkmenistan was ill-prepared for independence and then-<a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> preferred to preserve the Soviet Union, in October 1991, the fragmentation of that entity forced him to call a national referendum that approved independence.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> On 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Niyazov continued as Turkmenistan's chief of state, replacing communism with a unique brand of independent nationalism reinforced by a pervasive <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> A 1994 referendum and legislation in 1999 abolished further requirements for the president to stand for re-election (although in 1992 he completely dominated the only <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_presidential_election,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani presidential election, 1992">presidential election</a> in which he ran, as he was the only candidate and no one else was allowed to run for the office), making him effectively <a href="/wiki/President_for_life" title="President for life">president for life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> During his tenure, Niyazov conducted frequent purges of public officials and abolished organizations deemed threatening.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Throughout the post-Soviet era, Turkmenistan has taken a neutral position on almost all international issues.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Niyazov eschewed membership in regional organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>, and in the late 1990s he maintained relations with the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and its chief opponent in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> He offered limited support to the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">military campaign against the Taliban</a> following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September 2001 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In 2002 an alleged assassination attempt against Niyazov led to a new wave of security restrictions, dismissals of government officials, and restrictions placed on the media.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Niyazov accused exiled former foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Shikhmuradov" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Shikhmuradov">Boris Shikhmuradov</a> of having planned the attack.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Between 2002 and 2004, serious tension arose between Turkmenistan and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> because of bilateral disputes and Niyazov's implication that Uzbekistan had a role in the 2002 assassination attempt.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In 2004, a series of bilateral treaties restored friendly relations.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_parliamentary_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani parliamentary election, 2004">parliamentary elections of December 2004 and January 2005</a>, only Niyazov's party was represented, and no <a href="/wiki/Election_monitoring" title="Election monitoring">international monitors</a> participated.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> In 2005, Niyazov exercised his dictatorial power by closing all hospitals outside <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> and all rural libraries.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> The year 2006 saw intensification of the trends of arbitrary policy changes, shuffling of top officials, diminishing economic output outside the oil and gas sector, and isolation from regional and world organizations.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> China was among a very few nations to whom Turkmenistan made significant overtures.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> The sudden death of Niyazov at the end of 2006 left a complete vacuum of power, as <a href="/wiki/List_of_cults_of_personality#Turkmenistan" title="List of cults of personality">his cult of personality</a>, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung's cult of personality">one</a> of eternal president <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, had precluded the naming of a successor.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a>, who was named interim head of government, won a non-democratic <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_presidential_election,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen presidential election, 2007">special presidential election</a> held in early February 2007.<a href="#cite_note-cs-34">[33]</a> His appointment as interim president and subsequent run for president violated the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Berdimuhamedow won two additional non-democratic elections, with approximately 97% of the vote in both <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_presidential_election,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen presidential election, 2012">2012</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkmenistan_presidential_election" title="2017 Turkmenistan presidential election">2017</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> His son <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a> won a non-democratic <a href="/wiki/2022_Turkmenistan_presidential_election" title="2022 Turkmenistan presidential election">snap presidential election</a> in 2022, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Political_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Political dynasty">political dynasty</a> in Turkmenistan.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> On 19 March 2022, Serdar Berdimuhamedov was sworn in as Turkmenistan's new president to succeed his father.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Politics of Turkmenistan</a></div> After over a century of being a part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (including 67 years as a union republic), Turkmenistan declared its independence on 27 October 1991, following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a>, a former official of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Turkmen_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR">Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR</a>, until his death in 2006. He retained absolute control over the country as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">President</a> after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 28 December 1999, Niyazov was declared <a href="/wiki/President_for_life" title="President for life">President for Life</a> of Turkmenistan by the Mejlis (parliament), which itself had taken office a week earlier in elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov. No opposition candidates were allowed. The former Communist Party, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Democratic Party of Turkmenistan">Democratic Party of Turkmenistan</a>, is the dominant party. The second party, the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Industrialists_and_Entrepreneurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs">Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs</a>, was established in August 2012, and an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan">agrarian party</a> appeared two years later. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2013, the first multi-party parliamentary elections <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_parliamentary_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani parliamentary election, 2013">were held</a> in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan was a one-party state from 1991 to 2012; however, the 2013 elections were widely seen as rigged.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In practice, all parties in parliament operate jointly under the direction of the DPT. There are no true opposition parties in the Turkmen parliament.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmenistan_Wedding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turkmenistan_Wedding.jpg/220px-Turkmenistan_Wedding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turkmenistan_Wedding.jpg/330px-Turkmenistan_Wedding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turkmenistan_Wedding.jpg/440px-Turkmenistan_Wedding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Golden statue of <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> in Ashgabat</figcaption></figure> Since the December 2006 death of Niyazov, Turkmenistan's leadership has made tentative moves to open up the country. His successor, President <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a>, repealed some of Niyazov's most idiosyncratic policies, including banning operas and circuses for being "insufficiently Turkmen", though other such rules were later put into place such as the banning of non-white cars.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In education, Berdimuhamedow's government increased basic education to ten years from nine years, and higher education was extended from four years to five. Berdimuhamedow was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar</a> in <a href="/wiki/2022_Turkmenistan_presidential_election" title="2022 Turkmenistan presidential election">2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The politics of Turkmenistan take place in the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">President</a> both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Under Niyazov, Turkmenistan had a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party system</a>; however, in September 2008, the People's Council unanimously passed a resolution adopting a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Constitution</a>. The latter resulted in the abolition of the council and a significant increase in the size of Parliament in December 2008 and also permits the formation of multiple political parties.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature">Legislature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" title="Assembly of Turkmenistan">Assembly of Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="People's Council of Turkmenistan">People's Council of Turkmenistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="National Council of Turkmenistan">National Council of Turkmenistan</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" title="Assembly of Turkmenistan">Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Mejlis) is since January 2023 the unicameral legislature of Turkmenistan.<a href="#cite_note-abolishNT-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-abolishRFE-57">[56]</a> Between March 2021 and 21 January 2023 it was the lower house of the now defunct bicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="National Council of Turkmenistan">National Council of Turkmenistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Milli Geňeş). It has 125 members,<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> elected for five-year terms in single-seat <a href="/wiki/Constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituencies">constituencies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="People's Council of Turkmenistan">People's Council of Turkmenistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Halk Maslahaty, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[xɑlq mɑθlɑxɑt̪ɯ]</a>; "People's Council") is Turkmenistan's independent "representative body" exerting supreme constitutional authority. It includes in its membership, but is not considered part of, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" title="Assembly of Turkmenistan">legislature</a>. Inter alia it is empowered to amend the constitution. Its chairperson is appointed by the president and is designated the "National Leader".<a href="#cite_note-abolishNT-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-abolishRFE-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> State media referred to the People's Council as the "supreme organ of government authority".<a href="#cite_note-abolishNT-56">[55]</a> From 2018 to 2023 it was the upper chamber of the National Council of Turkmenistan. Outside observers consider the Turkmen legislature to be a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber stamp</a> parliament.<a href="#cite_note-mejlis2018-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-rlmejlis-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlant-63">[62]</a> The 2018 <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> election observer mission noted,<blockquote>The 25 March elections lacked important prerequisites of a genuinely democratic electoral process. The political environment is only nominally pluralist and does not offer voters political alternatives. Exercise of fundamental freedoms is severely curtailed, inhibiting free expression of the voters' will. Despite measures to demonstrate transparency, the integrity of elections was not ensured, leaving veracity of results in doubt<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Turkmenistan" title="Supreme Court of Turkmenistan">Supreme Court of Turkmenistan</a></div> The judiciary in Turkmenistan is not independent. Under Articles 71 and 100 of the constitution of Turkmenistan, the president appoints all judges, including the chairperson (chief justice) of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Turkmenistan" title="Supreme Court of Turkmenistan">Supreme Court</a>, and may dismiss them with the consent of the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Outside observers consider the Turkmen legislature to be a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber stamp</a> parliament,<a href="#cite_note-mejlis2018-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-rlmejlis-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlant-63">[62]</a> and thus despite constitutional guarantees of judicial independence under Articles 98 and 99, the judiciary is de facto firmly under presidential control.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The chief justice is considered a member of the executive authority of the government and sits on the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="State Security Council of Turkmenistan">State Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> stated in its 2020-human rights report on Turkmenistan,<blockquote>Although the law provides for an independent judiciary, the executive controls it, and it is subordinate to the executive. There was no legislative review of the president's judicial appointments and dismissals. The president had sole authority to dismiss any judge. The judiciary was widely reputed to be corrupt and inefficient.<a href="#cite_note-hr2020-68">[67]</a></blockquote> Many national laws of Turkmenistan have been published online on the Ministry of Justice website.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkmenistan" title="Foreign relations of Turkmenistan">Foreign relations of Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Serdar_Berdimuhamedow_(2022-06-10)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vladimir_Putin_and_Serdar_Berdimuhamedow_%282022-06-10%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Serdar_Berdimuhamedow_%282022-06-10%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vladimir_Putin_and_Serdar_Berdimuhamedow_%282022-06-10%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Serdar_Berdimuhamedow_%282022-06-10%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vladimir_Putin_and_Serdar_Berdimuhamedow_%282022-06-10%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Serdar_Berdimuhamedow_%282022-06-10%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Turkmenistan's President <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a> and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Moscow on 10 June 2022</figcaption></figure> Turkmenistan's declaration of "permanent neutrality" was formally recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Former President <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> stated that the neutrality would prevent Turkmenistan from participating in multi-national defense organizations, but allows <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> assistance. Its <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> has an important place in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">country's constitution</a>. Turkmenistan has diplomatic relations with 139 countries, some of the most important partners being <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Turkmenistan is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> and observer member of <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Turkic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation of Turkic States">Organisation of Turkic States</a>. Turkmenistan is the 82nd most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Turkmenistan" title="Armed Forces of Turkmenistan">Armed Forces of Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(66).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2866%29.jpg/220px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2866%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2866%29.jpg/330px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2866%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2866%29.jpg/440px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%2866%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a>SA and T-72UMG units</figcaption></figure> The Armed Forces of Turkmenistan (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Türkmenistanyň Ýaragly Güýçleri), known informally as the Turkmen National Army (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Türkmenistanyň Milli goşun) is the national military of Turkmenistan. It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Ground_Forces" title="Turkmen Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Air_Force" title="Turkmen Air Force">Air Force and Air Defense Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Naval_Forces" title="Turkmen Naval Forces">Navy</a>, and other independent formations (etc. <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Border_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Border Troops">Border Troops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Internal_Troops" title="Turkmen Internal Troops">Internal Troops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_National_Guard" title="Turkmen National Guard">National Guard</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkmenistan" title="Law enforcement in Turkmenistan">Law enforcement in Turkmenistan</a></div> The national police force in Turkmenistan is mostly governed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Turkmenistan)">Interior Ministry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">Ministry of National Security</a> (KNB) is the intelligence-gathering asset. The Interior Ministry commands the 25,000 personnel of the national police force directly, while the KNB deals with intelligence and counterintelligence work. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan">Human rights in Turkmenistan</a></div> Turkmenistan has been widely criticised for human rights abuses and has imposed severe restrictions on foreign travel for its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-flee-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kerry-23">[22]</a> Discrimination against the country's ethnic minorities remains in practice. Universities have been encouraged to reject applicants with non-Turkmen surnames, especially ethnic Russians.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> It is forbidden to teach the customs and language of the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, an ethnic minority.<a href="#cite_note-FIDH-74">[73]</a> The same happens to Uzbeks, though the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a> was formerly taught in some national schools.<a href="#cite_note-FIDH-74">[73]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, "Turkmenistan remains one of the world's most repressive countries. The country is virtually closed to independent scrutiny, media and religious freedoms are subject to draconian restrictions, and human rights defenders and other activists face the constant threat of government reprisal."<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>'s 2014 World Press Freedom Index, Turkmenistan had the 3rd worst press freedom conditions in the world (178/180 countries), just before <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> It is considered to be one of the "10 Most Censored Countries". Each broadcast under Niyazov began with a pledge that the broadcaster's tongue will shrivel if he slanders the country, flag, or president.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Religious minorities are discriminated against for <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection">conscientious objection</a> and practising their religion by imprisonment, preventing foreign travel, confiscating copies of Christian literature or defamation.<a href="#cite_note-hr2020-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-state2004-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Many detainees who have been arrested for exercising their freedom of religion or belief were tortured and subsequently sentenced to imprisonment, many of them without a court decision.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkmenistan">Homosexual</a> acts are illegal in Turkmenistan.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The use of the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> in the country was suspended in 1999,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> before being formally abolished in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions_on_free_and_open_communication">Restrictions on free and open communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan#Censorship" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Telecommunications in Turkmenistan § Censorship</a></div> Despite the launch of Turkmenistan's first <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/TurkmenSat_1" class="mw-redirect" title="TurkmenSat 1">TurkmenSat 1</a>, in April 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Turkmenistan">Turkmen government</a> banned all <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dishes</a> in Turkmenistan the same month. The statement issued by the government indicated that all existing satellite dishes would have to be removed or destroyed—despite the communications receiving antennas having been legally installed since 1995—in an effort by the government to fully block access of the population to many "hundreds of independent international media outlets" which are currently accessible in the country only through satellite dishes, including all leading international news channels in different languages. The main target of this campaign is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Azatlyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Azatlyk (page does not exist)">Radio Azatlyk</a>, the Turkmen-language service of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-at20150422-85">[84]</a> Internet access is filtered and websites to which the government objects are blocked. Blocked websites include opposition news media, YouTube, many social media sites (including Facebook), and encrypted communications applications. Use of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual private networks">virtual private networks</a> to circumvent censorship is prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkmenistan" title="Corruption in Turkmenistan">Corruption in Turkmenistan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index placed Turkmenistan in a tie with Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for 169th place globally, between Chad and Equatorial Guinea, with a score of 19 out of 100.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Opposition media and foreign human rights organizations describe Turkmenistan as suffering from rampant corruption. A non-governmental organization, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crude_Accountability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crude Accountability (page does not exist)">Crude Accountability</a>, has openly called the economy of Turkmenistan a <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Opposition and domestic state-controlled media have described widespread bribery in education and law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-ed-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In 2019, the national chief of police, Minister of Internal Affairs <a href="/wiki/Isgender_Mulikov" title="Isgender Mulikov">Isgender Mulikov</a>, was convicted and imprisoned for corruption.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 2020, the deputy prime minister for education and science, Pürli Agamyradow, was dismissed for failure to control bribery in education.<a href="#cite_note-ed-92">[91]</a> The illegal adoption of abandoned babies in Turkmenistan is blamed on rampant corruption in the agencies involved in the legal adoption process which pushes some parents to a "cheaper and faster" option.<a href="#cite_note-rfe08jul21-104">[103]</a> One married couple in the eastern Farap district said that they had to provide documents and letters from 40 different agencies to support their adoption application, yet three years later there was still no decision on their bid. Meanwhile, wealthier applicants in Farap received a child for legal adoption within four months after applying because they paid up to 50,000 manats (about $14,300) in bribes.<a href="#cite_note-rfe08jul21-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkmenistan" title="Geography of Turkmenistan">Geography of Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Turkmenistan">List of mountains of Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmenistan_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkmenistan_Topography.png/290px-Turkmenistan_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkmenistan_Topography.png/435px-Turkmenistan_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkmenistan_Topography.png/580px-Turkmenistan_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Turkmenistan is the tenth most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> At 488,100 km2 (188,500 sq mi), Turkmenistan is the world's 52nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and larger than <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35°</a> and <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/52nd_meridian_east" title="52nd meridian east">52°</a> and <a href="/wiki/67th_meridian_east" title="67th meridian east">67° E</a>. Over 80% of the country is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a>. The center of the country is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Turan_Depression" title="Turan Depression">Turan Depression</a> and the Karakum Desert. Topographically, Turkmenistan is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt Plateau</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Range</a> to the south, the Paropamyz Plateau, the Koytendag Range to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> Valley, and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> Turkmenistan includes three tectonic regions, the Epigersin platform region, the Alpine shrinkage region, and the Epiplatform orogenesis region.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> The Alpine tectonic region is the epicenter of earthquakes in Turkmenistan. Strong earthquakes occurred in the Kopet Dag Range in 1869, 1893, 1895, 1929, 1948, and 1994. The city of Ashgabat and surrounding villages were largely destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/1948_Ashgabat_earthquake" title="1948 Ashgabat earthquake">1948 earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Range</a>, along the southwestern border, reaches 2,912 metres (9,554 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">feet</a>) at Kuh-e Rizeh (Mount Rizeh).<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The Great Balkhan Range in the west of the country (<a href="/wiki/Balkan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Province">Balkan Province</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%BDtendag_Range" title="Köýtendag Range">Köýtendag Range</a> on the southeastern border with Uzbekistan (<a href="/wiki/Lebap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebap Province">Lebap Province</a>) are the only other significant elevations. The Great Balkhan Range rises to 1,880 metres (6,170 ft) at <a href="/wiki/Gora_Arlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gora Arlan">Mount Arlan</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> and the highest summit in Turkmenistan is <a href="/wiki/Ayrybaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayrybaba">Ayrybaba</a> in the Kugitangtau Range – 3,137 metres (10,292 ft).<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> mountain range forms most of the border between Turkmenistan and Iran. Major rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Murghab_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab River">Murghab River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hari_River,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari River, Afghanistan">Tejen River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Atrek" title="Atrek">Atrek (Etrek) River</a>. Tributaries of the Atrek include the <a href="/wiki/Sumbar_River" title="Sumbar River">Sumbar River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandyr_River" title="Chandyr River">Chandyr River</a>. The Turkmen shore along the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> is 1,748 kilometres (1,086 mi) long. The Caspian Sea is entirely landlocked, with no natural access to the ocean, although the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a> allows shipping access to and from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of cities in Turkmenistan">Major cities</a> include <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Aşgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a> (formerly Krasnovodsk), <a href="/wiki/Balkanabat" title="Balkanabat">Balkanabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate,_biodiversity_and_environment">Climate, biodiversity and environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Turkmenistan">Climate of Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkmenistan" title="Environmental issues in Turkmenistan">Environmental issues in Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TKM_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TKM_present.svg/290px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TKM_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TKM_present.svg/435px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TKM_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TKM_present.svg/580px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TKM_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classifications of Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> Turkmenistan is in a temperate desert zone with a dry continental climate. Remote from the open sea, with mountain ranges to the south and southeast, Turkmenistan's climate is characterized by low precipitation, low cloudiness, and high evaporation. Absence of mountains to the north allows cold Arctic air to penetrate southward to the southerly mountain ranges, which in turn block warm, moist air from the Indian Ocean. Limited winter and spring rains are attributable to moist air from the west, originating in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> Winters are mild and dry, with most precipitation falling between January and May. The Kopet Dag Range receives the highest level of precipitation. The <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a> is one of the driest deserts in the world; some places have an average annual precipitation of only 12 mm (0.47 in). The highest temperature recorded in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> is 48.0 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (118.4 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kerki" title="Kerki">Kerki</a>, an extreme inland city located on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> river, recorded 51.7 °C (125.1 °F) in July 1983, although this value is unofficial. 50.1 °C (122 °F) is the highest temperature recorded at <a href="/wiki/Repetek_Biosphere_State_Reserve" title="Repetek Biosphere State Reserve">Repetek Reserve</a>, recognized as the highest temperature ever recorded in the whole former Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Turkmenistan enjoys 235–240 sunny days per year. The average number of <a href="/wiki/Degree_day" title="Degree day">degree days</a> ranges from 4500 to 5000 Celsius, sufficient for production of extra long staple cotton.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> Turkmenistan contains seven terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Alai-Western_Tian_Shan_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe">Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag_woodlands_and_forest_steppe" title="Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe">Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badghyz_and_Karabil_semi-desert" title="Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert">Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspian_lowland_desert" title="Caspian lowland desert">Caspian lowland desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_riparian_woodlands" title="Central Asian riparian woodlands">Central Asian riparian woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_southern_desert" title="Central Asian southern desert">Central Asian southern desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag_semi-desert" title="Kopet Dag semi-desert">Kopet Dag semi-desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Turkmenistan's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> per person (17.5 tCO2e) are considerably higher than the OECD average: due mainly to natural gas seepage from oil and gas exploration.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Turkmenistan" title="Districts of Turkmenistan">Districts of Turkmenistan</a></div> Turkmenistan is divided into five provinces or welayatlar (singular <a href="/wiki/Welayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Welayat">welayat</a>) and one capital city district. The provinces are subdivided into districts (etraplar, sing. etrap), which may be either counties or cities. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Constitution of Turkmenistan</a> (Article 16 in the 2008 Constitution, Article 47 in the 1992 Constitution), some cities may have the status of welaýat (province) or etrap (district).<div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img alt="A clickable map of Turkmenistan exhibiting its provinces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png/240px-TurkmenistanNumbered.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="210" usemap="#ImageMap_799f237a5dd8bbbc" resource="/wiki/File:TurkmenistanNumbered.png" /><map name="ImageMap_799f237a5dd8bbbc"><area href="/wiki/Balkan_Province" shape="rect" coords="26,42,58,77" alt="Balkan Province" title="Balkan Province" /><area href="/wiki/Dasoguz_Province" shape="rect" coords="87,17,118,45" alt="Dasoguz Province" title="Dasoguz Province" /><area href="/wiki/Ahal_Province" shape="rect" coords="94,71,119,101" alt="Ahal Province" title="Ahal Province" /><area href="/wiki/Lebap_Province" shape="rect" coords="168,70,194,100" alt="Lebap Province" title="Lebap Province" /><area href="/wiki/Mary_Province" shape="rect" coords="149,109,177,133" alt="Mary Province" title="Mary Province" /></map><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This box: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkmenistan_Provinces_Image_Map" title="Template:Turkmenistan Provinces Image Map">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkmenistan_Provinces_Image_Map" title="Template talk:Turkmenistan Provinces Image Map">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkmenistan_Provinces_Image_Map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkmenistan Provinces Image Map">edit</a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Division</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a></th> <th>Capital city</th> <th>Area<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></th> <th>Pop (2022 Census)<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></th> <th>Key </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ashgabat City </th> <td>TM-S</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></td> <td>470 km2 (180 sq mi)</td> <td>1,030,063</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ahal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahal Province">Ahal Province</a> </th> <td>TM-A</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkadag" title="Arkadag">Arkadag</a></td> <td>97,160 km2 (37,510 sq mi)</td> <td>886,845</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Province">Balkan Province</a> </th> <td>TM-B</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balkanabat" title="Balkanabat">Balkanabat</a></td> <td>139,270 km2 (53,770 sq mi)</td> <td>529,895</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Daşoguz Province">Daşoguz Province</a> </th> <td>TM-D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a></td> <td>73,430 km2 (28,350 sq mi)</td> <td>1,550,354</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lebap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebap Province">Lebap Province</a> </th> <td>TM-L</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a></td> <td>93,730 km2 (36,190 sq mi)</td> <td>1,447,298</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mary_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Province">Mary Province</a> </th> <td>TM-M</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a></td> <td>87,150 km2 (33,650 sq mi)</td> <td>1,613,386</td> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Economy of Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Turkmenistan" title="Agriculture in Turkmenistan">Agriculture in Turkmenistan</a></div> The country possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and substantial oil resources.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its economy. In 2019, the unemployment rate was estimated to be 4.27%.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a> Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>. At the same time, however, the value of total exports rose sharply due to increases in international oil and gas prices. The subsequent collapse of both hydrocarbon and cotton prices in 2014 cut revenues from export sales severely, causing Turkmenistan to run trade deficits from 2015 through 2017.<a href="#cite_note-stat2020-115">[114]</a> Economic prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and the burden of foreign debt,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> coupled with continued low hydrocarbon prices and reduced Chinese purchases of natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> One reflection of economic stress is the black-market exchange rate for the Turkmen manat, which though officially set at 3.5 manats to the US dollar, reportedly was trading in November 2022 at 18.5 manats to the dollar.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> President Niyazov spent much of the country's revenue on extensively renovating cities, Ashgabat in particular. Corruption watchdogs voiced particular concern over the management of Turkmenistan's currency reserves, most of which are held in off-budget funds such as the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, according to a report released in April 2006 by London-based non-governmental organization <a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a>. According to a decree of the Peoples' Council of 14 August 2003,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> were to have been subsidized for citizens until 2030. Under implementing regulations, every citizen was entitled to 35 kilowatt hours of electricity and 50 cubic meters of natural gas each month. The state also provided 250 liters (66 gallons) of water per day.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> As of 1 January 2019, however, all such subsidies were abolished, and payment for utilities was implemented.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_gas_and_export_routes">Natural gas and export routes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan#Natural_gas" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Economy of Turkmenistan § Natural gas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pipelines_in_Turkmenistan" title="Pipelines in Turkmenistan">Pipelines in Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg/220px-TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg/330px-TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg/440px-TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption>Ceremony on completion of the Turkmen section of the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline</a></figcaption></figure> As of May 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Galkynysh_Gas_Field" title="Galkynysh Gas Field">Galkynysh Gas Field</a> was estimated to possess the second-largest volume of gas in the world, after the <a href="/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field" title="South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field">South Pars</a> field in the Persian Gulf. Reserves at the <a href="/wiki/Galkynysh_Gas_Field" title="Galkynysh Gas Field">Galkynysh Gas Field</a> are estimated at 21.2 trillion cubic metres.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The Turkmenistan Natural Gas Company (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmengaz" title="Türkmengaz">Türkmengaz</a>) controls gas extraction in the country. Gas production is the most dynamic and promising sector of the national economy.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In 2009 the government of Turkmenistan began a policy of diversifying export routes for its raw materials.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Prior to 1958, gas production was limited to <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas#Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">associated gas</a> from oil wells in western Turkmenistan. In 1958, the first gas wells were drilled at <a href="/wiki/Serhetabat" title="Serhetabat">Serhetabat</a> (then Kushky) and at Derweze.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> Oil and gas fields were discovered in the Central <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a> between 1959 and 1965. In addition to Derweze, these include Takyr, Shyh, Chaljulba, Topjulba, Chemmerli, Atabay, Sakarchage, Atasary, Mydar, Goyun, and Zakli. These fields are located in Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> The Turkmen gas industry got underway with the opening of the Ojak gas field in 1966. To put this in perspective, associated gas production in Turkmenistan was only 1.157 billion cubic meters in 1965, but by 1970 natural gas production reached 13 billion cubic meters, and by 1989, 90 billion cubic meters. The USSR exported much of this gas to western Europe. Following independence, natural gas extraction fell as Turkmenistan sought export markets but was limited to existing delivery infrastructure under Russian control: Turkmenistan-Russia in two lines (3087 km, originating at Ojak, and another of 2259 km, also originating at Ojak); the <a href="/wiki/Gumdag" title="Gumdag">Gumdag</a> line (2530 km); and the <a href="/wiki/Shatlyk_gas_field" title="Shatlyk gas field">Shatlyk</a> line (2644 km) to Russia, Ukraine, and the Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> On 1 January 2016, Russia halted natural gas purchases from Turkmenistan after reducing them step by step for the previous years.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Russia's <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> announced resumption of purchases in April 2019, but reported volumes remained low compared to previous delivery levels.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Korpeje%E2%80%93Kordkuy_pipeline" title="Korpeje–Kordkuy pipeline">Korpeje-Gurtguy</a> natural gas pipeline was built to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. It is 140 kilometers in length and was the first gas pipeline to a foreign customer constructed after independence.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> Turkmenistan's exports of natural gas to Iran, estimated at 12 bcma, ended on 1 January 2017, when <a href="/wiki/Turkmengaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmengaz">Turkmengaz</a> unilaterally cut off deliveries, citing payment arrears.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In December 2009, the first line, Line A, of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia%E2%80%93China_gas_pipeline" title="Central Asia–China gas pipeline">Trans-Asia</a> pipeline to China opened, creating a second major market for Turkmen natural gas. By 2015 Turkmenistan was delivering up to 35 billion cubic meters per annum (bcma) to China.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> China is the largest buyer of gas from Turkmenistan, via three pipelines linking the two countries through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. In 2019, China bought over 30bcm of gas from Turkmenistan,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> making China Turkmenistan's main external source of revenue.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In 2023, the Turkmenistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Turkmenistan's quota on this pipeline system was 40 bcma.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_pipeline" title="East–West pipeline">East–West pipeline</a> was completed in December 2015, with the intent of delivering up to 30 bcm of natural gas to the Caspian shore for eventual export through a yet-to-be-built <a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_Gas_Pipeline" title="Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline">Trans-Caspian natural gas pipeline</a> connecting the Belek-1 compressor station in Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan. The Turkmenistan government continues to pursue construction of the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline</a>, or TAPI.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The anticipated cost of the TAPI pipeline is currently estimated at $25 billion. Turkmenistan's section of the pipeline was started in 2015 and was completed in 2019, though the Afghanistan and Pakistan sections remain under construction. 6 billion dollars worth of <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas</a> which causes <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, was estimated to leak in 2019/20.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil">Oil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan#Oil" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Economy of Turkmenistan § Oil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pipelines_in_Turkmenistan" title="Pipelines in Turkmenistan">Pipelines in Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/220px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/330px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/440px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">Oil platform</a> of Turkmenistan in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.</figcaption></figure> Oil was known to exist in western Turkmenistan as early as the 18th century. General <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kuropatkin" title="Aleksey Kuropatkin">Aleksey Kuropatkin</a> reported in 1879 that the <a href="/wiki/Cheleken_Peninsula" title="Cheleken Peninsula">Cheleken Peninsula</a> had as many as three thousand oil sources.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Turkmen settlers in the 19th century extracted oil near the surface and shipped it to <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> by ship and to Iran by camel caravan. Commercial oil drilling began in the 1890s. The oil extraction industry grew with the exploitation of the fields in Cheleken in 1909 (by <a href="/wiki/Branobel" title="Branobel">Branobel</a>) and in Balkanabat in the 1930s. Production leaped ahead with the discovery of the Gumdag field in 1948 and the Goturdepe field in 1959. By 1940 production had reached two million tons per year, by 1960 over four million tons, and by 1970 over 14 million tons. Oil production in 2019 was 9.8 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-stat2020-115">[114]</a> Oil wells are mainly found in the western lowlands. This area also produces associated natural gas. The main oil fields are Cheleken, Gonurdepe, Nebitdag, Gumdag, Barsagelmez, Guyujyk, Gyzylgum, Ordekli, Gogerendag, Gamyshlyja, Ekerem, Chekishler, Keymir, Ekizek, and Bugdayly. Oil is also produced from offshore wells in the Caspian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> Most oil is extracted by the Turkmenistan State Company (Concern) <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmennebit" title="Türkmennebit">Türkmennebit</a> from fields at Goturdepe, <a href="/wiki/Balkanabat" title="Balkanabat">Balkanabat</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Hazar,_Turkmenistan" title="Hazar, Turkmenistan">Cheleken</a> Peninsula near the Caspian Sea, which have a combined estimated reserve of 700 million tons. Much of the oil produced in Turkmenistan is refined in the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%BDdi" title="Seýdi">Seydi</a> refineries. Some oil is exported by tanker vessel across the Caspian Sea en route to Europe via <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Foreign firms involved in offshore oil extraction include <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni S.p.A.</a> of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Oil" title="Dragon Oil">Dragon Oil</a> of the United Arab Emirates, and <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> of Malaysia. On 21 January 2021, the governments of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and Turkmenistan signed a memorandum of understanding to jointly develop an oil field in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> that straddles the nations' border. Known previously as Kyapaz in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a> and Serdar in Turkmen, the oil field, now called Dostluk ("friendship" in both languages), potentially has reserves of up to 60 million tons of oil as well as associated natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan#Power_generation" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Economy of Turkmenistan § Power generation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_04414u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gorskii_04414u.jpg/220px-Gorskii_04414u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gorskii_04414u.jpg/330px-Gorskii_04414u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gorskii_04414u.jpg/440px-Gorskii_04414u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="3010" /></a><figcaption>The generators of the Hindukush hydro power plant</figcaption></figure> Turkmenistan's first electrical power plant was built in 1909 and went into full operation in 1913. As of 2019 it was still in operation. The original triple-turbine Hindukush hydroelectric plant, built by the Austro-Hungarian company <a href="/wiki/Ganz_Works" title="Ganz Works">Ganz Works</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> on the Murghab River, was designed to produce 1.2 megawatts at 16.5 kilovolts.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-minenergo-149">[148]</a> Until 1957, however, most electrical power in Turkmenistan was produced locally by small diesel generators and diesel-electric locomotives.<a href="#cite_note-minenergo-149">[148]</a> In 1957, Soviet authorities created a republic-level directorate for power generation, and in 1966 Turkmenistan entered the first phase of connecting its remote regions to the regional Central Asian electrical grid. By 1979 all rural areas of Turkmenistan were brought on line. Construction of the Mary thermal power plant began in 1969, and by 1987 the eighth and final generator block was completed, bringing the plant to its design capacity of 1.686 gigawatts. In 1998 Turkmenenergo commissioned its first gas-turbine power plant, using <a href="/wiki/GE" class="mw-redirect" title="GE">GE</a> turbines.<a href="#cite_note-minenergo-149">[148]</a> As of 2010, Turkmenistan featured eight major power plants operating on natural gas, in <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkanabat" title="Balkanabat">Balkanabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCzme%C3%BDin,_Turkmenistan" title="Büzmeýin, Turkmenistan">Buzmeyin</a> (suburb of Ashgabat), <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Dashoguz</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Turkmenabat</a>, and Seydi.<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> As of 2013, Turkmenistan had 10 electrical power plants equipped with 32 turbines, including 14 steam-driven, 15 gas powered, and 3 hydroelectric.<a href="#cite_note-plan-150">[149]</a> Power output in 2011 was 18.27 billion kWh, of which 2.5 billion kWh was exported.<a href="#cite_note-plan-150">[149]</a> Major power generating installations include the Hindukush Hydroelectric Station,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> which has a rated capacity of 350 megawatts, and the Mary Thermoelectric Power Station,<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> which has a rated capacity of 1,370 megawatts. In 2018, electrical power production totaled more than 21 billion kilowatt-hours.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Since 2013, additional power plants have been constructed in <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahal_Region" title="Ahal Region">Ahal province</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C3%A4rjew_District" title="Çärjew District">Çärjew District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lebap_Region" title="Lebap Region">Lebap province</a>. The Mary-3 combined cycle power plant, built by <a href="/wiki/%C3%87al%C4%B1k_Holding" title="Çalık Holding">Çalık Holding</a> with <a href="/wiki/GE" class="mw-redirect" title="GE">GE</a> turbines, commissioned in 2018, produces 1.574 gigawatts of electrical power and is specifically intended to support expanded exports of electricity to Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Zerger power plant built by <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo">Sumitomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6nesans_Holding" title="Rönesans Holding">Rönesans Holding</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C3%A4rjew_District" title="Çärjew District">Çärjew District</a> has a design capacity of 432 megawatts from three 144-megawatt gas turbines and was commissioned in September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> It is also primarily intended for export of electricity. The Ahal power plant, with capacity of 650 megawatts, was constructed to power the city of Ashgabat and in particular the Olympic Village.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Turkmenistan is a net exporter of electrical power to Central Asian republics and southern neighbors. In 2019, total electrical energy generation in Turkmenistan reportedly totaled 22,521.6 million kilowatt-hours (22.52 terawatt-hours).<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Turkmenistan" title="Agriculture in Turkmenistan">Agriculture in Turkmenistan</a></div> Following independence in 1991, Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">collective-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">state farms</a> were converted to "farmers associations" (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: daýhan birleşigi).<a href="#cite_note-geotext-105">[104]</a> Virtually all field crops are irrigated due to the aridity of the climate. The top crop in terms of area planted is wheat (761 thousand hectares in 2019), followed by cotton (551 thousand hectares in 2019).<a href="#cite_note-stat2020-115">[114]</a> Turkmenistan is the world's tenth-largest cotton producer.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Turkmenistan started producing cotton in the Murghab Valley following conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Merv</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> According to human rights organizations, public sector workers, such as teachers and doctors, are required by the government to pick cotton under the threat of losing their jobs if they refuse.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> During the 2020 season, Turkmenistan reportedly produced roughly 1.5 million tons of raw cotton. In 2012, around 7,000 tractors, 5,000 cotton cultivators, 2,200 sewing machines and other machinery, mainly procured from Belarus and the United States, were used. Prior to imposition of a ban on export of raw cotton in October 2018, Turkmenistan exported raw cotton to Russia, Iran, South Korea, United Kingdom, China, Indonesia, Turkey, Ukraine, Singapore and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. Beginning in 2019, the Turkmenistan government shifted focus to export of cotton yarn and finished textiles and garments.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darvasa_gas_crater_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Darvasa_gas_crater_panorama.jpg/220px-Darvasa_gas_crater_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Darvasa_gas_crater_panorama.jpg/330px-Darvasa_gas_crater_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Darvasa_gas_crater_panorama.jpg/440px-Darvasa_gas_crater_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6042" data-file-height="2567" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of the site of the <a href="/wiki/Darvaza_gas_crater" title="Darvaza gas crater">Darvaza gas crater</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkmenistan" title="Tourism in Turkmenistan">Tourism in Turkmenistan</a></div> Turkmenistan reported arrival of 14,438 foreign tourists in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-stat2020-115">[114]</a> Turkmenistan's international tourism has not grown significantly despite creation of the <a href="/wiki/Awaza" title="Awaza">Awaza</a> tourist zone on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Every traveler must obtain a visa before entering Turkmenistan (see <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Turkmenistan" title="Visa policy of Turkmenistan">Visa policy of Turkmenistan</a>). To obtain a tourist visa, citizens of most countries need visa support from a local travel agency. For tourists visiting Turkmenistan, organized tours exist providing visits to historical sites in and near <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a>, Ancient <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a>, as well as beach tours to Avaza and medical tours and holidays in the sanatoria in Mollagara, Bayramaly, Ýylysuw and <a href="/wiki/Archman" title="Archman">Archman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> In January 2022 President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow ordered that the fire at the <a href="/wiki/Darvaza_gas_crater" title="Darvaza gas crater">Darvaza gas crater</a>, known informally as the country's "Gateway to Hell", and one of Turkmenistan's most popular tourist attractions, should be extinguished for environmental and health reasons, as well as part of efforts to increase gas exports. A possible explanation for the fire is that a Soviet drilling operation in 1971 caused it; however, in 2013 Canadian explorer George Kourounis examined the crater and believed that no one actually knew how it started.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Turkmenistan">Transportation in Turkmenistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobile_transport">Automobile transport</h3></div> Prior to the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, only three automobiles existed in Turkmenistan, all of them foreign models in Ashgabat. No automobile roads existed between settlements. After the revolution, Soviet authorities graded dirt roads to connect Mary and Kushky (Serhetabat), Tejen and Sarahs, Kyzyl-Arvat (Serdar) with Garrygala (Magtymguly) and Chekishler, i.e., with important border crossings. In 1887–1888 the Gaudan Highway (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Гауданское шоссе) was built between Ashgabat and the Persian border at Gaudan Pass, and Persian authorities extended it to <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, allowing for easier commercial relations. Municipal bus service began in Ashgabat in 1925 with five routes, and taxicab service began in 1938 with five vehicles. The road network was extended in the 1970s with construction of republic-level highways connecting Ashgabat and Kazanjyk (Bereket), Ashgabat and Bayramaly, Nebit Dag (Balkanabat) and Krasnovodsk (Türkmenbaşy), Çärjew (Turkmenabat) and Kerki, and Mary and Kushka (Serhetabat).<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The primary west–east motor route is the <a href="/wiki/M37_highway_(Turkmenistan)" title="M37 highway (Turkmenistan)">M37</a> highway linking the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenbashi_International_Seaport" title="Turkmenbashi International Seaport">Turkmenbashy International Seaport</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Farap" title="Farap">Farap</a> border crossing via Ashgabat, Mary, and Turkmenabat. The primary north–south route is the Ashgabat-Dashoguz Automobile Road (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Aşgabat-Daşoguz awtomobil ýoly), built in the 2000s. Major international routes include <a href="/wiki/European_route_E003" title="European route E003">European route E003</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_route_E60" title="European route E60">European route E60</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_route_E121" title="European route E121">European route E121</a>, and Asian Highway (AH) routes AH5, AH70, AH75, AH77, and AH78.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> A new toll motorway is under construction between Ashgabat and Turkmenabat by the Turkmen Awtoban company, which will construct the 600-km highway in three phases: Ashgabat-Tejen by December 2020, Tejen-Mary by December 2022 and Mary-Turkmenabat by December 2023. A sister project to link Türkmenbaşy and Ashgabat was suspended when the Turkish contractor <a href="/wiki/Polimeks" title="Polimeks">Polimeks</a> walked away from the project, reportedly because of non-payment.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> As of 29 January 2019, the Turkmen Automobile Roads state concern (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Türkmenawtoýollary) was subordinated by presidential decree to the Ministry of Construction and Architecture, and responsibility for road construction and maintenance was shifted to provincial and municipal governments.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Operation of motor coaches (buses) and taxicabs is the responsibility of the Automobile Services Agency (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Türkmenawtoulaglary Agentligi) of the Ministry of Industry and Communication.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of airports in Turkmenistan">List of airports in Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkmenistan_Airlines_destinations" title="List of Turkmenistan Airlines destinations">List of Turkmenistan Airlines destinations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_777-22KLR_EZ-A778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Boeing_777-22KLR_EZ-A778.jpg/220px-Boeing_777-22KLR_EZ-A778.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Boeing_777-22KLR_EZ-A778.jpg/330px-Boeing_777-22KLR_EZ-A778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Boeing_777-22KLR_EZ-A778.jpg/440px-Boeing_777-22KLR_EZ-A778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3778" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_Airlines" title="Turkmenistan Airlines">Turkmenistan Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>-200LR</figcaption></figure> Air service began in 1927 with a route between Çärjew (Turkmenabat) and Tashauz (Dashoguz), flying German Junkers 13 and Soviet K-4 aircraft, each capable of carrying four passengers. In 1932 an aerodrome was built in Ashgabat on the site of the current Howdan neighborhoods, for both passenger and freight service, the latter mainly to deliver supplies to sulfur mines near Derweze in the Karakum Desert.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Airports serving the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dashoguz" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashoguz">Dashoguz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenabat" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenabat">Turkmenabat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a>, which are operated by Turkmenistan's civil aviation authority's airline, Türkmenhowaýollary, feature scheduled domestic commercial air service.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Under normal circumstances international scheduled commercial air service is limited to Ashgabat. During the COVID-19 pandemic, however, international flights take off from and land at Turkmenabat, where quarantine facilities have been established.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> State-owned <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_Airlines" title="Turkmenistan Airlines">Turkmenistan Airlines</a> is the only Turkmen air carrier. Turkmenistan Airlines' passenger fleet is composed of <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier Aerospace</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Air transport carries more than two thousand passengers daily in the country.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Under normal conditions, international flights annually transport over half a million people into and out of Turkmenistan, and Turkmenistan Air operates regular flights to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. Small airfields serve industrial sites near other cities, but do not feature scheduled commercial passenger service. Airfields slated for modernization and expansion include those serving <a href="/wiki/Garabogaz" title="Garabogaz">Garabogaz</a>, Jebel, and <a href="/wiki/Gala%C3%BDmor" title="Galaýmor">Galaýmor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/Turkmenabat_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenabat International Airport">Turkmenabat International Airport</a> was commissioned in February 2018.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> In June 2021, an international airport was opened in <a href="/wiki/Kerki_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerki Airport">Kerki</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_transport">Maritime transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(314).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg/220px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg/330px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg/440px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28314%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>Workers in the service of Maritime and River Transport of Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> Since 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenbashi_International_Seaport" title="Turkmenbashi International Seaport">Turkmenbashy International Seaport</a> has operated a passenger ferry to the port of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> as well as rail ferries to other ports on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> (Baku, <a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a>). In recent years tanker transport of oil to the ports of Baku and Makhachkala has increased. In May 2018, construction was completed of a major expansion of the Turkmenbashy seaport.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Cost of the project was $1.5 billion. The general contractor for the project was Gap Inşaat, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87al%C4%B1k_Holding" title="Çalık Holding">Çalık Holding</a> of Turkey. The expansion added 17 million tons of annual capacity, making total throughput including previously existing facilities of over 25 million tons per year. The international ferry and passenger terminals will be able to serve 300,000 passengers and 75,000 vehicles per year, and the container terminal is designed to handle 400,000 TEU (20-foot container equivalent) per year.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_transport">Railway transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg/220px-Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg/330px-Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg/440px-Turkmen_Diesel_locomotive2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Turkmen diesel locomotive</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkmenistan" title="Rail transport in Turkmenistan">Rail transport in Turkmenistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmendemir%C3%BDollary" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkmendemirýollary">Türkmendemirýollary</a></div> The first rail line in Turkmenistan was built in 1880, from the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Mollagara. By October 1881 the line was extended to <a href="/wiki/Serdar_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdar (city)">Kyzyl-Arvat</a>, by 1886 had reached <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Çärjew</a>. In 1887 a wooden rail bridge was built over the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, and the line was continued to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> (1888) and <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> (1898).<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Rail service in Turkmenistan began as part of Imperial Russia's <a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_railway" title="Trans-Caspian railway">Trans-Caspian Railway</a>, then of the Central Asian Railway. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the railway network in Turkmenistan was transferred to and operated by the state-owned <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmendemir%C3%BDollary" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkmendemirýollary">Türkmendemirýollary</a>. The rail gauge is the same as the Russian (and former Soviet) one-1520 millimeters. The total length of railways is 3181 km. Only domestic passenger service is available, except for special trains operated by tour operators.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The railway carries approximately 5.5 million passengers and moves nearly 24 million tons of freight per year.<a href="#cite_note-stat2020-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Turkmen Railways is currently constructing a rail line in Afghanistan to connect <a href="/wiki/Serhetabat" title="Serhetabat">Serhetabat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Upon completion, it may connect to the proposed rail line to connect Herat to <a href="/wiki/Khaf,_Iran" title="Khaf, Iran">Khaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Demographics of Turkmenistan">Demographics of Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(215).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/220px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/330px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/440px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>Turkmens in <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">folk costume</a> at the 20th <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Turkmenistan)" title="Independence Day (Turkmenistan)">Independence Day</a> parade, 2011.</figcaption></figure> The last census to be published in full was held in 1995. Detailed results of every census since then have been kept secret, although a total figure for the 2022 census was released. Available figures indicate that most of Turkmenistan's citizens are <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">ethnic Turkmens</a> with sizeable minorities of <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. Smaller minorities include <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> (native to the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopet Dagh">Kopet Dagh</a> mountains), <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_of_Turkmenistan" title="Baloch of Turkmenistan">Balochs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtuns</a>. The percentage of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkmenistan" title="Russians in Turkmenistan">Russians in Turkmenistan</a> dropped from 18.6% in 1939 to 9.5% in 1989. The CIA World Factbook estimated the ethnic composition of Turkmenistan in 2003 as 85% Turkmen, 5% Uzbek, 4% Russian and 6% other.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a> According to official data announced in Ashgabat in February 2001<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit">[update]</a>, 91% of the population were Turkmen, 3% were Uzbeks and 2% were Russians. Between 1989 and 2001 the number of Turkmen in Turkmenistan doubled (from 2.5 to 4.9 million), while the number of Russians dropped by two-thirds (from 334,000 to slightly over 100,000).<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> As of 2021, the number of Russians in Turkmenistan was estimated at 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Opposition media reported that some results of the 2012 census had been surreptitiously released, including a total population number of 4,751,120. According to this source, as of 2012 85.6% of the population was ethnically Turkmen, followed by 5.8% ethnic Uzbek and 5.1% ethnic Russian. In contrast, an official Turkmen delegation reported to the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> in January 2015 some different figures on national minorities, including slightly under 9% ethnic Uzbek, 2.2% ethnic Russian, and 0.4% ethnic Kazakh. The 2012 census reportedly counted 58 different nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Official population estimates are likely too high, given known emigration trends.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Population growth has been offset by emigration in search of permanent employment.<a href="#cite_note-meteo2-208">[207]</a> In July 2021 opposition media reported, based on three independent anonymous sources, that the population of Turkmenistan was between 2.7 and 2.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> A once-in-a-decade national census was conducted December 17–27, 2022. Opposition media reported that many people claimed not to have been interviewed by census workers, or that census workers merely telephoned respondents, and did not visit them to count residents.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> According to the official results of the 2022 census published in July 2023, the population of Turkmenistan was 7,057,841.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> However, offshore media disputed that figure, with one source claiming it came out of "thin air".<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Turkmenistan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkmenistan#Municipalities_designated_as_cities" title="List of cities in Turkmenistan">List of cities in Turkmenistan</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of cities in Turkmenistan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Turkmenistan">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashgabat"><img alt="Ashgabat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/120px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/180px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/240px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5106" data-file-height="3754" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Türkmenabat"><img alt="Türkmenabat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg/120px-Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg/180px-Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg/240px-Lebap_wela%C3%BDatyny%C5%88_Ruhy%C3%BDet_k%C3%B6%C5%9Fgi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="515" /></a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Capital</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">947,221 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar,_Dashoguz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daşoguz"><img alt="Daşoguz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg/120px-Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg/180px-Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg/240px-Baking_Bread_in_Bai_Bazaar%2C_Dashoguz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lebap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebap Province">Lebap</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,765 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Daşoguz Province">Daşoguz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,872 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Province">Mary</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">126,141 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Serdar_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdar (city)">Serdar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Province">Balkan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,692 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%BDramaly" title="Baýramaly">Baýramaly</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Province">Mary</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,713 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balkanabat" title="Balkanabat">Balkanabat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Province">Balkan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,149 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tejen" title="Tejen">Tejen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ahal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahal Province">Ahal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">79,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Türkmenbaşy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Province">Balkan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,803 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magdanly" title="Magdanly">Magdanly</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lebap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebap Province">Lebap</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,133 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkmenistan#Demographic_trends" title="Demographics of Turkmenistan">Demographics of Turkmenistan § Demographic trends</a></div> Based on data from receiving countries, MeteoZhurnal estimated that at least 102,346 Turkmenistani citizens emigrated abroad in 2019, 78% of them to Turkey, and 24,206 apparently returned home, for net migration of 77,014.<a href="#cite_note-meteo2-208">[207]</a> According to leaked results of a 2018 survey, between 2008 and 2018 1,879,413 Turkmenistani citizens emigrated permanently out of an estimated base population of 5.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Vepa_Hajiyev" title="Vepa Hajiyev">Vepa Hajiyev</a> stated publicly in August 2023 that in 2022 267,330 Turkmenistan citizens had traveled abroad, but without indicating either how many of these had emigrated or how many had returned.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmen_tribes">Turkmen tribes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_tribes" title="Turkmen tribes">Turkmen tribes</a></div> The tribal nature of Turkmen society is well documented. The major modern Turkmen tribes are <a href="/wiki/Teke_(Turkmen_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teke (Turkmen tribe)">Teke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yomut" title="Yomut">Yomut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ersari" title="Ersari">Ersari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chowdur" title="Chowdur">Chowdur</a>, Gokleng and <a href="/wiki/Saryk" title="Saryk">Saryk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The most numerous are the Teke.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenization</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Turkmenistan (per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">1992 Constitution</a>), a language that shares to some degree <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutual intelligibility</a> with <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Since the late 20th century, the government of Turkmenistan has taken steps to distance itself from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> (which has been seen as a soft power tool for Russian interests). The first step in this campaign was the shift to the Latin alphabet in 1993,<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> and Russian lost its status as the language of inter-ethnic communication in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> As of 1999, Turkmen was spoken by 72% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> by 12% (349,000), <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> by 9%<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a> (317,000), and other languages by 7% (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> (88,000), <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> (40,400), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (37,118), <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> (33,000), <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (32,000), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kurdish">Northern Kurdish</a> (20,000), <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> (10,400), <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (8,000), <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> (5,290), <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> (3,490), <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> (3,490), <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a> (2,610), <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a> (2,540), <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a> (1,890), <a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a> (1,600), <a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a> (1,590), <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> (1,280), <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> (1,050), <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> (224), <a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a> (180), and <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Religion in Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Islam in Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashgabat_mosque_IMG_5756_(26111145635).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Ashgabat_mosque_IMG_5756_%2826111145635%29.jpg/220px-Ashgabat_mosque_IMG_5756_%2826111145635%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Ashgabat_mosque_IMG_5756_%2826111145635%29.jpg/330px-Ashgabat_mosque_IMG_5756_%2826111145635%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/Ashgabat_mosque_IMG_5756_%2826111145635%29.jpg/440px-Ashgabat_mosque_IMG_5756_%2826111145635%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ashgabat Mosque, 2013</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> constitute 93% of the population while 6% of the population are followers of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and the remaining 1% religion is reported as non-religious.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a> According to a 2009 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> report, 93.1% of Turkmenistan's population is Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> The first migrants were sent as <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">missionaries</a> and often were adopted as patriarchs of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> era, all religious beliefs were attacked by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past." Most religious schooling and religious observance were banned, and the vast majority of mosques were closed. However, since 1990, efforts have been made to regain some of the cultural heritage lost under Soviet rule.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Former president <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> ordered that basic Islamic principles be taught in public schools. More religious institutions, including religious schools and mosques, have appeared, many with the support of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Under Niyazov, religious classes were held in both schools and mosques, with instruction in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, and history of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> At present, the only educational institution teaching religion is the theological faculty of <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_State_University" title="Turkmen State University">Turkmen State University</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pokrovkaya_Church,_Mary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pokrovkaya_Church%2C_Mary.jpg/220px-Pokrovkaya_Church%2C_Mary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pokrovkaya_Church%2C_Mary.jpg/330px-Pokrovkaya_Church%2C_Mary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pokrovkaya_Church%2C_Mary.jpg/440px-Pokrovkaya_Church%2C_Mary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Turkmenistan" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Turkmenistan">Russian Orthodox</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a></figcaption></figure> President Niyazov wrote his own religious text, published in separate volumes in 2001 and 2004, entitled the <a href="/wiki/Ruhnama" title="Ruhnama">Ruhnama</a> ("Book of the Soul"). The Turkmenbashy regime required that the book, which formed the basis of the educational system in Turkmenistan, be given equal status with the Quran (mosques were required to display the two books side by side). The book was heavily promoted as part of the former president's personality cult, and knowledge of the Ruhnama was required even for obtaining a driver's license.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Quotations from the Ruhnama are inscribed on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy_Ruhy_Mosque" title="Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque">Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque</a>, which many Muslims consider sacrilegious.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Christians in Turkmenistan</a> belong to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (about 5% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> There are 12 Russian Orthodox churches in Turkmenistan, four of which are in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> An archpriest resident in Ashgabat leads the Orthodox Church within the country. Until 2007 Turkmenistan fell under the religious jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox archbishop in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, but since then has been subordinate to the Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Pyatigorsk" title="Pyatigorsk">Pyatigorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherkessia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkessia">Cherkessia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> There are no Russian Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a> in Turkmenistan. There are also small communities of the following denominations: the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Christians">Pentecostal Christians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kale_Heywet_Word_of_Life_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale Heywet Word of Life Church">Protestant Word of Life Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Grace_World_Outreach" title="Greater Grace World Outreach">Greater Grace World Outreach</a> Church, the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>, and several unaffiliated, nondenominational evangelical Christian groups. In addition, there are small communities of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishnas">Hare Krishnas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state2004-78">[77]</a> The history of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Turkmenistan" title="Baháʼí Faith in Turkmenistan">Baháʼí Faith in Turkmenistan</a> is as old as the religion itself, and Baháʼí communities still exist today.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Baháʼí House of Worship</a> was built in Ashgabat at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was seized by the Soviets in the 1920s and converted to an art gallery. It was heavily damaged in the earthquake of 1948 and later demolished. The site was converted to a public park.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> The Russian Academy of Sciences has identified many instances of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism#Religious_syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> influence of pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> belief systems on practice of Islam among Turkmen.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Culture of Turkmenistan</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen people</a> have traditionally been <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrians</a>; even today after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, attempts to urbanize the Turkmens have not been very successful.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> They never really formed a coherent nation or ethnic group until they were forged into one by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in the 1930s. Turkmen are divided into clans, and each clan has its own dialect and style of dress.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Turkmens are famous for making <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_rug" title="Turkmen rug">knotted Turkmen carpets</a>, often mistakenly called <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhara rug">Bukhara rugs</a> in the West. These are elaborate and colorful hand-knotted carpets, which help indicate the distinctions among the various <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen clans</a>. Ethnic groups throughout the region build <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurts</a>, circular houses with dome roofs, made of a wooden frame covered in felt from the hides of sheep or other livestock. Horses play a vital role in various recreational pursuits across the region, from the exhilarating realm of horse racing to the dynamic sport of horseback fighting, where skilled riders engage in spirited battles to unseat their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Turkmen men wear traditional telpek or "mekan telpek" hats, which are large black or white <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepskin (material)">sheepskin</a> hats. Traditional dress for men consists of these high, shaggy sheepskin hats and red robes over white shirts. Women wear long sack-dresses over narrow trousers (the pants are trimmed with a band of embroidery at the ankle). Female headdresses usually consist of silver jewelry. Bracelets and brooches are set with semi-precious stones. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_media">Mass media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkmenistan" title="Mass media in Turkmenistan">Mass media in Turkmenistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Telecommunications in Turkmenistan</a></div> Newspapers and monthly magazines are published by state-controlled media outlets, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>. The daily official newspaper is published in both Turkmen (Türkmenistan)<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> and Russian <a href="/wiki/Neytralny_Turkmenistan" title="Neytralny Turkmenistan">(Нейтральный Туркменистан)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Two online news portals repeat official content, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenportal" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenportal">Turkmenportal</a> and Parahat.info,<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> in addition to the official "Golden Age" (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Altyn Asyr, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Золотой век) news website,<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> which is available in Turkmen, Russian, and English. Two Ashgabat-based private news organizations, Infoabad<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> and Arzuw,<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> offer online content. Articles published by the state-controlled newspapers are heavily censored and written to glorify the state and its leader. Uncensored press coverage specific to Turkmenistan is provided only by news organizations located outside Turkmenistan: Azatlyk Radiosy,<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> the Turkmen service of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>; Chronicles of Turkmenistan,<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> the Vienna-based outlet of the Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights; Turkmen.news,<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> previously known as Alternative News of Turkmenistan, based in the Netherlands; and Gündogar.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> In addition, Mediazona Central Asia,<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> Eurasianet<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> and Central Asia News<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> provide some reporting on events in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan currently broadcasts eight national TV channels<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> via satellite. They are <a href="/wiki/Altyn_Asyr_(TV_channel)" title="Altyn Asyr (TV channel)">Altyn Asyr</a>, Ýaşlyk, <a href="/wiki/Miras_(TV_channel)" title="Miras (TV channel)">Miras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_(TV_channel)" title="Turkmenistan (TV channel)">Turkmenistan</a> (in seven languages), <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmen_Owazy" title="Türkmen Owazy">Türkmen Owazy</a> (music), Aşgabat, <a href="/wiki/Sport_(Turkmen_TV_channel)" title="Sport (Turkmen TV channel)">Turkmenistan Sport</a> and Arkadag. There are no commercial or private TV stations. The nightly official news broadcast, Watan (Homeland), is available on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> Example of Turkmenistan TV News<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> Turkmen President celebrates Independence Day<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Although officially banned,<a href="#cite_note-at20150422-85">[84]</a> widespread use of satellite dish receivers allows access to foreign programming, particularly outside Ashgabat.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Due to the high mutual intelligibility of the Turkmen and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish languages</a>, Turkish-language programs have grown in popularity despite official efforts to discourage viewership.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> Internet services are the least developed in Central Asia. Access to Internet services is provided by the government's <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISP</a> company, Turkmentelekom. As of 27 January 2021, Turkmenistan reported an estimated 1,265,794 internet users, or roughly 21% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkmenistan" title="Public holidays in Turkmenistan">Public holidays in Turkmenistan</a></div> Holidays in Turkmenistan are laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Constitution of Turkmenistan</a>. Holidays in Turkmenistan practiced internationally include <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>. Turkmenistan exclusive holidays include <a href="/wiki/Melon_Day" title="Melon Day">Melon Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Turkmen Woman's Day</a>, and the Day of Remembrance for Saparmurat Niyazov. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Education in Turkmenistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(251).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28251%29.jpg/220px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28251%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28251%29.jpg/330px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28251%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28251%29.jpg/440px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28251%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Turkmeni students in university uniform</figcaption></figure> Education is universal and mandatory through the secondary level. Under former President Niyazov, the total duration of primary and secondary education was reduced from 10 to 9 years. President Berdimuhamedov restored 10-year education as of the 2007–2008 school year. Effective 2013, general education in Turkmenistan was expanded to three-stages lasting 12 years: elementary school (grades 1–3), high school – the first cycle of secondary education with duration of 5 years (grades 4–8), and secondary school (grades 9–12).<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> At the end of the 2019–20 academic year, nearly 80,000 Turkmen pupils graduated from high school.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> As of the 2019–20 academic year, 12,242 of these students were admitted to institutions of higher education in Turkmenistan. An additional 9,063 were admitted to the country's 42 vocational colleges.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> An estimated 95,000 Turkmen students were enrolled in institutions of higher education abroad as of Autumn 2019.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat#Architecture" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat § Architecture</a></div> The tasks for modern Turkmen architecture are diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style, and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. Most major new buildings, especially those in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, are faced with white <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>. Major projects such as <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_Tower" title="Turkmenistan Tower">Turkmenistan Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedding_Palace_(Ashgabat)" title="Wedding Palace (Ashgabat)">Bagt köşgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alem_Cultural_and_Entertainment_Center" title="Alem Cultural and Entertainment Center">Alem Cultural and Entertainment Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat_Flagpole" title="Ashgabat Flagpole">Ashgabat Flagpole</a> have transformed the country's skyline and promote its identity as a modern, contemporary city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Turkmenistan">Sports in Turkmenistan</a></div> The most popular sport in Turkmenistan is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_national_football_team" title="Turkmenistan national football team">national team</a> has never qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>. However, the team has appeared twice at the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a>, in 2004 and 2019; they failed to advance past the group stage in both editions. Another popular sport is <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>; Turkmenistan holds league and local competitions for archery. International sports events hosted in Turkmenistan include; the <a href="/wiki/2017_Asian_Indoor_and_Martial_Arts_Games" title="2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games">2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2018_World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="2018 World Weightlifting Championships">2018 World Weightlifting Championships</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkmenistan" title="Portal:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkmenistan" title="Outline of Turkmenistan">Outline of Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Turkmenistan-related_articles" title="Index of Turkmenistan-related articles">Index of Turkmenistan-related articles</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɜːrkˈmɛnɪstæn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/En-us-Turkmenistan.ogg\/En-us-Turkmenistan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Turkmenistan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/En-us-Turkmenistan.ogg/En-us-Turkmenistan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Turkmenistan.ogg" title="File:En-us-Turkmenistan.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">turk-MEN-ih-stan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌtɜːrkmɛnɪˈstɑːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/En-us-Turkmenistan-2.ogg\/En-us-Turkmenistan-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Turkmenistan-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/En-us-Turkmenistan-2.ogg/En-us-Turkmenistan-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Turkmenistan-2.ogg" title="File:En-us-Turkmenistan-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TURK-men-ih-STAHN</a>; <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Türkmenistan, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">[tʏɾkmønʏˈθːɑːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/transcoded\/a\/a9\/Turkmenistan_pronounced_in_turkmen_audio.ogg\/Turkmenistan_pronounced_in_turkmen_audio.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Turkmenistan pronounced in turkmen audio.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/a/a9/Turkmenistan_pronounced_in_turkmen_audio.ogg/Turkmenistan_pronounced_in_turkmen_audio.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmenistan_pronounced_in_turkmen_audio.ogg" title="File:Turkmenistan pronounced in turkmen audio.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.hronikatm.com/2019/12/turkmenistan-is-the-motherland-of-neutrality-is-the-motto-of-2020/">""Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality" is the motto of 2020 | Chronicles of Turkmenistan"</a>. En.hronikatm.com. 28 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608104205/https://en.hronikatm.com/2019/12/turkmenistan-is-the-motherland-of-neutrality-is-the-motto-of-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Turkmenistan+is+the+motherland+of+Neutrality%22+is+the+motto+of+2020+%26%23124%3B+Chronicles+of+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=En.hronikatm.com&rft.date=2019-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.hronikatm.com%2F2019%2F12%2Fturkmenistan-is-the-motherland-of-neutrality-is-the-motto-of-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608104205/https://turkmenpetroleum.com/en/2019/12/29/turkmen-parliament-places-year-2020-under-national-motto-turkmenistan-homeland-of-neutrality/">"Turkmen parliament places Year 2020 under national motto "Turkmenistan – Homeland of Neutrality" – tpetroleum"</a>. Turkmenpetroleum.com. 29 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmenpetroleum.com/en/2019/12/29/turkmen-parliament-places-year-2020-under-national-motto-turkmenistan-homeland-of-neutrality/">the original</a> on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkmen+parliament+places+Year+2020+under+national+motto+%22Turkmenistan+%E2%80%93+Homeland+of+Neutrality%22+%E2%80%93+tpetroleum&rft.pub=Turkmenpetroleum.com&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenpetroleum.com%2Fen%2F2019%2F12%2F29%2Fturkmen-parliament-places-year-2020-under-national-motto-turkmenistan-homeland-of-neutrality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Turkmenistan_2008.pdf?lang=en">"Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515155819/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Turkmenistan_2008.pdf?lang=en">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2019. 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Human Rights & Human Welfare (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics). <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>: <a href="/wiki/Josef_Korbel_School_of_International_Studies" title="Josef Korbel School of International Studies">Josef Korbel School of International Studies</a>: 107–116. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/russia/totalitarianism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 February 2020. 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Retrieved 4 May 2022. <q>Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=The+internet+is+crucial&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F03%2F24%2Finternet-crucial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorákŠír2009" class="citation book cs1">Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/106328/js09turkmenistanunder.pdf">Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul H. 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Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan%27s+president+expands+his+father%27s+power&rft.date=2023-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics-gurbanguly-berdimuhamedow-turkmenistan-a8e746a5bb9935323f3f52e193b54468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107073046/http://www.stat.gov.tm/ru/content/info/turkmenistan/">"Государственный комитет Туркменистана по статистике"</a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved from the Database of Legislation of Turkmenistan, OSCE Centre in Ashgabat. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/28/world/independence-of-turkmenia-declared-after-a-referendum.html">"Independence of Turkmenia Declared After a Referendum"</a>. The New York Times. Reuters. 28 October 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Independence+of+Turkmenia+Declared+After+a+Referendum&rft.date=1991-10-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F28%2Fworld%2Findependence-of-turkmenia-declared-after-a-referendum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cs-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs_34-36">ak</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Turkmenistan.pdf">"Country Profile: Turkmenistan"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress Federal Research Division. February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050226190629/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Turkmenistan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FTurkmenistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАннанепесов_(Annanepesov)2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Аннанепесов (Annanepesov), М. (M.) (2000). Gundogdyyev, Ovez (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmeniya.narod.ru/sarahs-battle.html">"Серахское сражение 1855 года (Историко-культурное наследие Туркменистана)"</a> [Serakhs Battle of 1855 (Historical and Cultural Heritage of Turkmenistan)] (in Russian). Istanbul: UNDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727093915/http://www.turkmeniya.narod.ru/sarahs-battle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+1855+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%28%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=UNDP&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Annanepesov%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C.+%28M.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmeniya.narod.ru%2Fsarahs-battle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКазем-Заде_(Kazem-Zade)2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Казем-Заде (Kazem-Zade), Фируз (Firuz) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxE9B14dr84C&q=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2+1861&pg=PT138">Борьба за влияние в Персии. Дипломатическое противостояние России и Англии</a> [Struggle for Influence in Persia. Diplomatic Confrontation between Russia and England] (in Russian). Центрполиграф (Centrpoligraph). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5457028937" title="Special:BookSources/978-5457028937"><bdi>978-5457028937</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203123154/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxE9B14dr84C&q=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2+1861&pg=PT138">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. 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New York: Harper & Brothers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027035352/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/campaigning-on-the-oxus-and-the-fall-of-khiva-by-ja-macgahan-correspondent#/?tab=about">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campaigning+on+the+Oxus%2C+and+the+fall+of+Khiva&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=MacGahan&rft.aufirst=Januarius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fcollections%2Fcampaigning-on-the-oxus-and-the-fall-of-khiva-by-ja-macgahan-correspondent%23%2F%3Ftab%3Dabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГлуховской_(Glukhovskoy)1873" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Глуховской (Glukhovskoy), А. (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/M.Asien/XIX/1860-1880/Russ_turkmenII/Razdel_III/39.htm">"О положении дел в Аму Дарьинском бассейне"</a> [On the State of Affairs in the Amu Darya Basin] (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127200544/http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/M.Asien/XIX/1860-1880/Russ_turkmenII/Razdel_III/39.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%28Glukhovskoy%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vostlit.info%2FTexts%2FDokumenty%2FM.Asien%2FXIX%2F1860-1880%2FRuss_turkmenII%2FRazdel_III%2F39.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Spickard2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. 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Routledge. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95003-9"><bdi>978-0-415-95003-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Nation%3A+Ethnic+Systems+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95003-9&rft.au=Paul+R.+Spickard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC1G8xHAY5SUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Cameron_Levi2002" class="citation book cs1">Scott Cameron Levi (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qVkNBge8mIC&pg=PA68">The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade: 1550–1900</a>. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmeniya.narod.ru/akhalteke-expeditions.html">"Ахалтекинские экспедиции (Историко-культурное наследие Туркменистана)"</a> [Akhal-Teke Expeditions (Historical and Cultural Heritage of Turkmenistan)] (in Russian). UNDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727100307/http://www.turkmeniya.narod.ru/akhalteke-expeditions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. 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Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%90%D1%88%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft.aulast=Muradov&rft.aufirst=Ruslan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenistan.gov.tm%2Fru%2Fpost%2F54304%2Fistoriya-ashhabada-vremya-bolshih-peremen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geophysical_Data_Center_/_World_Data_Service_(NGDC/WDS):_NCEI/WDS_Global_Significant_Earthquake_Database._NOAA_National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information1972" class="citation web cs1">National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. 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За год власти Туркменистана не изжили коррупцию в сфере эпидзащиты"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen.News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen.News (page does not exist)">Turkmen.News</a>. 29 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729155146/https://turkmen.news/news/corruption-coronavirus/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2021. 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Муликов, М. Нобатов и Ч. Кулов"</a> (in Russian). turkmen.news. 28 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020010936/https://turkmen.news/news/mulikov-nobatov-kulov/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020. 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Fergana. 4 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729155149/https://fergana.news/news/113015/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffergana.news%2Fnews%2F113015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80-%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85">"Туркменистан: министр внутренних дел появился в наручниках"</a> (in Russian). Eurasianet. 5 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014122451/https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80-%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%3A+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussian.eurasianet.org%2F%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD-%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2580-%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585-%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB-%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%258F%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D1%258F-%25D0%25B2-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rus.ozodi.org/a/turkmenistan/30307359.html">"В Туркменистане осужден экс-глава МВД. По ТВ его показали кающимся и остриженным наголо"</a> (in Russian). RFE/RL, Inc. 4 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926015630/https://rus.ozodi.org/a/turkmenistan/30307359.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94.+%D0%9F%D0%BE+%D0%A2%D0%92+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frus.ozodi.org%2Fa%2Fturkmenistan%2F30307359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmenportal.com/blog/23558/prezident-turkmenistana-provel-vyezdnoe-zasedanie-gossoveta-bezopasnosti">"Президент Туркменистана провёл выездное заседание Госсовета безопасности"</a> (in Russian). Turkmenportal.com. 4 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806183018/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/23558/prezident-turkmenistana-provel-vyezdnoe-zasedanie-gossoveta-bezopasnosti">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenportal.com%2Fblog%2F23558%2Fprezident-turkmenistana-provel-vyezdnoe-zasedanie-gossoveta-bezopasnosti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdh.gov.tm/news/tm/articles.aspx&article20703&cat11">"Итоги работы силовых ведомств за 11 месяцев года рассмотрены на заседании Госсовета безопасности"</a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved 30 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Arlan&rft.pub=Peakbagger.com&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D13160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10488">"Ayrybaba"</a>. Peakbagger.com. 1 November 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025158/http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10488">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. 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Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ato.ru%2Fcontent%2Fv-turkmenabade-postroili-mezhdunarodnyy-aeroport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/turkmenistan-transportation">"Turkmenistan – Country Commercial Guide"</a>. International Trade Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116155956/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/turkmenistan-transportation">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Trade+Administration&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+%E2%80%93+Country+Commercial+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fturkmenistan-transportation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portnews.ru/news/65119/">"Порт Туркменбаши будет полностью реконструирован"</a>. Portnews.ru. 16 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002408/http://portnews.ru/news/65119/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.pub=Portnews.ru&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportnews.ru%2Fnews%2F65119%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman2018" class="citation news cs1">Tuchman, Janice L. (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enr.com/articles/45265-global-best-project-airportport-turkmenbashi-international-seaport-project">"Global Best Project, Airport/Port & Project of the Year Finalist: Turkmenbashi International Seaport Project"</a>. Enineering News-Record, BNP Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033608/https://www.enr.com/articles/45265-global-best-project-airportport-turkmenbashi-international-seaport-project">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+Best+Project%2C+Airport%2FPort+%26+Project+of+the+Year+Finalist%3A+Turkmenbashi+International+Seaport+Project&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Janice+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enr.com%2Farticles%2F45265-global-best-project-airportport-turkmenbashi-international-seaport-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calik.com/en/press-room/press-releases/most-important-pit-stop-on-the-silk-road-turkmenbashi-international-seaport">"Most important pit-stop on the Silk Road: Turkmenbashi International Seaport"</a>. Çalık Holding. 28 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035801/https://www.calik.com/en/press-room/press-releases/most-important-pit-stop-on-the-silk-road-turkmenbashi-international-seaport">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+important+pit-stop+on+the+Silk+Road%3A+Turkmenbashi+International+Seaport&rft.pub=%C3%87al%C4%B1k+Holding&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calik.com%2Fen%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-releases%2Fmost-important-pit-stop-on-the-silk-road-turkmenbashi-international-seaport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasanov2018" class="citation news cs1">Hasanov, Huseyn (2 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.trend.az/casia/turkmenistan/2896894.html">"Turkish company completes seaport project in Turkmenbashi city"</a>. Trend. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033336/https://en.trend.az/casia/turkmenistan/2896894.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+company+completes+seaport+project+in+Turkmenbashi+city&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Hasanov&rft.aufirst=Huseyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fcasia%2Fturkmenistan%2F2896894.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Транспорт / Железнодорожный транспорт" [Transport / Rail transport]. Туркменская ССР (in Russian). 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Turkmenportal. 22 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035755/https://turkmenportal.com/en/blog/30606/turkmenistan-and-afghanistan-discussed-construction-of-akinaandhoy-and-turgundiherat-railway-lines">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+and+Afghanistan+discussed+construction+of+Akina-Andhoy+and+Turgundi-Herat+railway+lines&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenportal.com%2Fen%2Fblog%2F30606%2Fturkmenistan-and-afghanistan-discussed-construction-of-akinaandhoy-and-turgundiherat-railway-lines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/khaf-herat-railway-project/">"Khaf-Herat Railway Project"</a>. Railway Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429054702/https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/khaf-herat-railway-project/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khaf-Herat+Railway+Project&rft.pub=Railway+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fkhaf-herat-railway-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/037/evro010.php">"Ethnic composition of Turkmenistan in 2001"</a>. Demoscope Weekly (37–38). 14 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208143733/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/037/evro010.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demoscope+Weekly&rft.atitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Turkmenistan+in+2001&rft.issue=37%E2%80%9338&rft.date=2001-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F037%2Fevro010.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226132826/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php">"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php">the original</a> on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1989+%D0%B3.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C+%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng89_reg2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmen.news/lenta/turkmenistan-russkie-chislennost/">"Численность русских в Туркменистане снизилась до уровня 1930–х годов"</a> (in Russian). Turkmen.News. 23 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423222606/https://turkmen.news/lenta/turkmenistan-russkie-chislennost/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F+1930%E2%80%93%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmen.news%2Flenta%2Fturkmenistan-russkie-chislennost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hronikatm.com/2015/02/rezultatyi-perepisi-naseleniya-v-turkmenistane/">"Результаты переписи населения в Туркменистане"</a> (in Russian). Chronicles of Turkmenistan. 3 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603140011/https://www.hronikatm.com/2015/02/rezultatyi-perepisi-naseleniya-v-turkmenistane/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hronikatm.com%2F2015%2F02%2Frezultatyi-perepisi-naseleniya-v-turkmenistane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoble2015" class="citation web cs1">Goble, Paul (10 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/unpublished-census-provides-rare-and-unvarnished-look-at-turkmenistan/">"Unpublished Census Provides Rare and Unvarnished Look at Turkmenistan"</a>. Jamestown Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604143637/https://jamestown.org/program/unpublished-census-provides-rare-and-unvarnished-look-at-turkmenistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unpublished+Census+Provides+Rare+and+Unvarnished+Look+at+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft.aulast=Goble&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Funpublished-census-provides-rare-and-unvarnished-look-at-turkmenistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmen.news/lenta/uzbekistan-turkmeny/">"Госкомстат Узбекистана раскрыл численность этнических туркменов в стране"</a> (in Russian). Turkmen News. 19 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819172754/https://turkmen.news/lenta/uzbekistan-turkmeny/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmen.news%2Flenta%2Fuzbekistan-turkmeny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoya_Flynn2004" class="citation book cs1">Moya Flynn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15">Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands'</a>. Anthem Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-117-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-117-1"><bdi>978-1-84331-117-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203123138/https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrant+Resettlement+in+the+Russian+Federation%3A+Reconstructing+%27homes%27+and+%27homelands%27&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-117-1&rft.au=Moya+Flynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYLeAxHLmgR8C%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteo2-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meteo2_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meteo2_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteojurnal.ru/stati/v-2019-godu-iz-turkmenistana-emigrirovalo-poryadka-110-tysyach-chelovek-ili-22-naseleniya-strany/">"В 2019 году из Туркменистана эмигрировало порядка 110 тысяч человек или 2,2% населения страны"</a> (in Russian). МетеоЖурнал. 1 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504063838/http://meteojurnal.ru/stati/v-2019-godu-iz-turkmenistana-emigrirovalo-poryadka-110-tysyach-chelovek-ili-22-naseleniya-strany/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92+2019+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0+110+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+2%2C2%25+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteojurnal.ru%2Fstati%2Fv-2019-godu-iz-turkmenistana-emigrirovalo-poryadka-110-tysyach-chelovek-ili-22-naseleniya-strany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rus.azathabar.com/a/turkmenistan-in-state-of-depopulation-with-under-three-million-people/31338392.html">"Источники: Туркменистан в состоянии депопуляции. В стране осталось 2,7 миллиона населения"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>. 2 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703091207/https://rus.azathabar.com/a/turkmenistan-in-state-of-depopulation-with-under-three-million-people/31338392.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%3A+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%92+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C+2%2C7+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frus.azathabar.com%2Fa%2Fturkmenistan-in-state-of-depopulation-with-under-three-million-people%2F31338392.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmen.news/tajnaya-perepis-kak-v-turkmenistane-proshlo-vazhnejshee-statisticheskoe-issledovanie/">"Тайная перепись. Как в Туркменистане прошло важнейшее статистическое исследование"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen.News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen.News (page does not exist)">Turkmen.News</a>. 10 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114014723/https://turkmen.news/tajnaya-perepis-kak-v-turkmenistane-proshlo-vazhnejshee-statisticheskoe-issledovanie/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmen.news%2Ftajnaya-perepis-kak-v-turkmenistane-proshlo-vazhnejshee-statisticheskoe-issledovanie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-deaths-of-despair">"Turkmenistan: Deaths of despair | Eurasianet"</a>. eurasianet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185726/https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-deaths-of-despair">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurasianet.org&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan%3A+Deaths+of+despair+%7C+Eurasianet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fturkmenistan-deaths-of-despair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/36778/rasshirennoe-zasedanie-kabineta-ministrov-turkmenistana-17">Расширенное заседание Кабинета Министров Туркменистана</a> (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 14 July 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftdh.gov.tm%2Fru%2Fpost%2F36778%2Frasshirennoe-zasedanie-kabineta-ministrov-turkmenistana-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmenportal.com/tm/blog/64479/ilat-yazuwy--2022-turkmenistanyn-ilaty-7-million-57-mun-841-adama-den-boldy">"Ilat ýazuwy — 2022": Türkmenistanyň ilaty 7 million 57 müň 841 adama deň boldy</a> (in Turkmen), Turkmenportal, 14 July 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Ilat+%C3%BDazuwy+%E2%80%94+2022%22%3A+T%C3%BCrkmenistany%C5%88+ilaty+7+million+57+m%C3%BC%C5%88+841+adama+de%C5%88+boldy&rft.pub=Turkmenportal&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenportal.com%2Ftm%2Fblog%2F64479%2Filat-yazuwy--2022-turkmenistanyn-ilaty-7-million-57-mun-841-adama-den-boldy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmenistan-census-fake-numbers-population-decline/32516559.html">'Out Of Thin Air': Turkmen Unconvinced By New Census Results Amid Severe Population Decline</a>, <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>, 24 July 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Out+Of+Thin+Air%27%3A+Turkmen+Unconvinced+By+New+Census+Results+Amid+Severe+Population+Decline&rft.pub=RFE%2FRL&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fturkmenistan-census-fake-numbers-population-decline%2F32516559.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmen.news/turkmenistan-oficialno-raskryl-chislennost-naseleniya/">Туркменистан официально раскрыл численность населения</a> (in Russian), Turkmen.News, 15 July 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Turkmen.News&rft.date=2023-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmen.news%2Fturkmenistan-oficialno-raskryl-chislennost-naseleniya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajibullah2019" class="citation news cs1">Najibullah, Farangis (8 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/escape-from-turkmenistan-almost-2-million-have-fled-but-the-president-won-t-hear-of-it/29987972.html">"Escape From Turkmenistan: Almost 2 Million Have Fled, But The President Looks The Other Way"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024233/https://www.rferl.org/a/escape-from-turkmenistan-almost-2-million-have-fled-but-the-president-won-t-hear-of-it/29987972.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Escape+From+Turkmenistan%3A+Almost+2+Million+Have+Fled%2C+But+The+President+Looks+The+Other+Way&rft.date=2019-06-08&rft.aulast=Najibullah&rft.aufirst=Farangis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fescape-from-turkmenistan-almost-2-million-have-fled-but-the-president-won-t-hear-of-it%2F29987972.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/07/05/turkmenistan-finds-a-novel-solution-to-mass-emigration">"Turkmenezuela: Turkmenistan finds a novel solution to mass emigration"</a>. The Economist. 7 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024116/https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/07/05/turkmenistan-finds-a-novel-solution-to-mass-emigration">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkmenezuela%3A+Turkmenistan+finds+a+novel+solution+to+mass+emigration&rft.date=2018-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2F2018%2F07%2F05%2Fturkmenistan-finds-a-novel-solution-to-mass-emigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmen.news/vepa-hadzhiev-zayavil-o-roste-chisla-vezzhayushchih-v-stranu/">Вепа Хаджиев заявил о росте числа въезжающих в страну</a> [Vepa Hajiyev announced growth of arrivals in the country] (in Russian), Turkmen.News, 24 August 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83&rft.pub=Turkmen.News&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmen.news%2Fvepa-hadzhiev-zayavil-o-roste-chisla-vezzhayushchih-v-stranu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrouse2015" class="citation book cs1">Peyrouse, Sebastien (12 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGKmBgAAQBAJ&q=turkmen+tribes+teke&pg=PA52">Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development</a>. Routledge. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317453260" title="Special:BookSources/9781317453260"><bdi>9781317453260</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203123159/https://books.google.com/books?id=uGKmBgAAQBAJ&q=turkmen+tribes+teke&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan%3A+Strategies+of+Power%2C+Dilemmas+of+Development&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.isbn=9781317453260&rft.aulast=Peyrouse&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGKmBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dturkmen%2Btribes%2Bteke%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2006" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (5 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q11AQAAQBAJ&q=turkmen+tribes+teke&pg=PA21">Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400844296" title="Special:BookSources/9781400844296"><bdi>9781400844296</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203123202/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q11AQAAQBAJ&q=turkmen+tribes+teke&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Nation%3A+The+Making+of+Soviet+Turkmenistan&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft.isbn=9781400844296&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Q11AQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dturkmen%2Btribes%2Bteke%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdle2005" class="citation book cs1">Adle, Chahryar (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC&q=turkmen+tribes+teke&pg=PA47">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century</a>. UNESCO. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231039850" title="Special:BookSources/9789231039850"><bdi>9789231039850</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203123202/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC&q=turkmen+tribes+teke&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. 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Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Language+Status+in+Central+Asian+Countries&rft.pub=Central+Asian+Bureau+for+Analytical+Reporting&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft.aulast=Bekmurzaev&rft.aufirst=Nurbek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabar.asia%2Fen%2Frussian-language-status-in-central-asian-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122143/http://www.fundeh.org/files/publications/90/vedenie_obshchee_sostoyanie_russkogo_yazyka.pdf">"Введение"</a> [Introduction] (PDF) (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundeh.org/files/publications/90/vedenie_obshchee_sostoyanie_russkogo_yazyka.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundeh.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2F90%2Fvedenie_obshchee_sostoyanie_russkogo_yazyka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/TM">"Ethnologue"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Central+Asia%27s+Rulers+View+Turkish+%22Soap+Power%22+with+Suspicion&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.aulast=Tursunbaeva&rft.aufirst=Kanykei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoices.org%2F2014%2F08%2F07%2Fcentral-asias-rulers-view-turkish-soap-power-with-suspicion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rus.azathabar.com/a/31151243.html">"Рубрика "Туркмены Мира": Ограничение турецких мультфильмов в туркменских детских садах и турецких сериалов на узбекском телевидении"</a> (in Russian). RFE/RL. 15 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411033523/https://rus.azathabar.com/a/31151243.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%22%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%22%3A+%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frus.azathabar.com%2Fa%2F31151243.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-a-ban-on-all-news-ye-who-enter-here">"Turkmenistan: A ban on all news, ye who enter here"</a>. Eurasianet. 9 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407111013/https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-a-ban-on-all-news-ye-who-enter-here">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan%3A+A+ban+on+all+news%2C+ye+who+enter+here&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fturkmenistan-a-ban-on-all-news-ye-who-enter-here&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rus.azathabar.com/a/31075710.html">"Запрет на TikTok и иностранное ТВ. В школах Туркменистана "нравственное воспитание" девушек снова на повестке дня"</a> (in Russian). RFE/RL. 29 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033743/https://rus.azathabar.com/a/31075710.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. 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World bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025356/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=TM">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+bank&rft.atitle=Individuals+using+the+Internet+%28%25+of+population%29+%E2%80%93+Turkmenistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIT.NET.USER.ZS%3Flocations%3DTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504041327/http://en.trend.az/regions/casia/turkmenistan/2125523.html">"Turkmenistan adopts 12-year secondary education"</a>. Trend. 2 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/regions/casia/turkmenistan/2125523.html">the original</a> on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trend&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+adopts+12-year+secondary+education&rft.date=2013-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fregions%2Fcasia%2Fturkmenistan%2F2125523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809053308/http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/_eng/?id=1950">"Turkmenistan: golden age"</a>. turkmenistan.gov.tm. 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Retrieved 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8E+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%28TDH%29+%E2%80%93+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftdh.gov.tm%2Fnews%2Farticles.aspx%26article22752%26cat15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.tm/ru/articles/8">"ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033554/https://www.mfa.gov.tm/ru/articles/8">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tm%2Fru%2Farticles%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centralasia.news/5665-jekspert-nazval-kolichestvo-turkmenskih-studentov-za-rubezhom.html">"Эксперт назвал количество туркменских студентов за рубежом"</a> (in Russian). CentralAsia.news. 6 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033254/https://centralasia.news/5665-jekspert-nazval-kolichestvo-turkmenskih-studentov-za-rubezhom.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentralasia.news%2F5665-jekspert-nazval-kolichestvo-turkmenskih-studentov-za-rubezhom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Central_Asia" title="Bibliography of the history of Central Asia">Bibliography of the history of Central Asia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbazov2005" class="citation book cs1">Abazov, Rafis (2005). Historical Dictionary of Turkmenistan. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5362-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5362-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5362-1&rft.aulast=Abazov&rft.aufirst=Rafis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Carole (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Tradition-and-Society-in-Turkmenistan-Gender-Oral-Culture-and-Song/Blackwell/p/book/9781138862487">Tradition and Society in Turkmenistan: Gender, Oral Culture and Song</a>. Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1354-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1354-9"><bdi>0-7007-1354-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429102944/https://www.routledge.com/Tradition-and-Society-in-Turkmenistan-Gender-Oral-Culture-and-Song/Blackwell/p/book/9781138862487">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Society+in+Turkmenistan%3A+Gender%2C+Oral+Culture+and+Song&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7007-1354-9&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FTradition-and-Society-in-Turkmenistan-Gender-Oral-Culture-and-Song%2FBlackwell%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138862487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrummel2006" class="citation book cs1">Brummel, Paul (2006). Bradt Travel Guide: Turkmenistan. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-144-9"><bdi>978-1-84162-144-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bradt+Travel+Guide%3A+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-144-9&rft.aulast=Brummel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClammerKohnMayhew2014" class="citation book cs1">Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael; Mayhew, Bradley (2014). Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-953-8"><bdi>978-1-74179-953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Guide%3A+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-953-8&rft.aulast=Clammer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mayhew%2C+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement2018" class="citation book cs1">Clement, Victoria (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/book/learning-to-become-turkmen-literacy-language-and-power-1914-2014">Learning to Become Turkmen</a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822964636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822964636"><bdi>978-0822964636</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421080226/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/book/learning-to-become-turkmen-literacy-language-and-power-1914-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+to+Become+Turkmen&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0822964636&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fbook%2Flearning-to-become-turkmen-literacy-language-and-power-1914-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2004" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691127996/tribal-nation">Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12799-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12799-6"><bdi>978-0-691-12799-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421080226/https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691127996/tribal-nation">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Nation%3A+The+Making+of+Soviet+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12799-6&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fpaperback%2F9780691127996%2Ftribal-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkirk1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game:_The_Struggle_for_Empire_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia">The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia</a>. Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-022-5"><bdi>978-1-56836-022-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game%3A+The+Struggle+for+Empire+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56836-022-5&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Robert (2001). Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3757-0576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3757-0576-2"><bdi>978-0-3757-0576-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastward+to+Tartary%3A+Travels+in+the+Balkans%2C+the+Middle+East%2C+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-3757-0576-2&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropf2006" class="citation book cs1">Kropf, John (2006). Unknown Sands: Journeys Around the World's Most Isolated Country. Dusty Spark Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9763-5651-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9763-5651-6"><bdi>978-0-9763-5651-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unknown+Sands%3A+Journeys+Around+the+World%27s+Most+Isolated+Country&rft.pub=Dusty+Spark+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9763-5651-6&rft.aulast=Kropf&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobanov-Rostovsky1965" class="citation book cs1">Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei (1965). Russia and Asia. Ann Arbor, Michigan: George Wahr Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1259-8932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1259-8932-6"><bdi>978-1-1259-8932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Asia&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=George+Wahr+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-1-1259-8932-6&rft.aulast=Lobanov-Rostovsky&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahayloSwoboda1990" class="citation book cs1">Nahaylo, Bohdan; Swoboda, Victor (1990). Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0029224012" title="Special:BookSources/0029224012"><bdi>0029224012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Disunion%3A+A+History+of+the+Nationalities+problem+in+the+USSR&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0029224012&rft.aulast=Nahaylo&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rft.au=Swoboda%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRall2006" class="citation book cs1">Rall, Ted (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroadtoruinis0000rall">Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?</a>. NBM Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56163-454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56163-454-5"><bdi>978-1-56163-454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+Road+to+Ruin%3A+Is+Central+Asia+the+New+Middle+East%3F&rft.pub=NBM+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56163-454-5&rft.aulast=Rall&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilkroadtoruinis0000rall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid2017" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (2017). The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurgence+of+Central+Asia%3A+Islam+or+Nationalism%3F&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasizade2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rasizade, Alec (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106030453/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110266765.html">"Turkmenbashi and his Turkmenistan"</a>. Contemporary Review. 283 (1653). Oxford: 197–206. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110266765.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Turkmenbashi+and+his+Turkmenistan&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=1653&rft.pages=197-206&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Rasizade&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-110266765.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1995" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham, ed. (1995). The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nationalities+Question+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheroux2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Theroux, Paul (28 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/28/the-golden-man">"The Golden Man: Saparmurat Niyazov's reign of insanity"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522115155/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/28/the-golden-man">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Man%3A+Saparmurat+Niyazov%27s+reign+of+insanity&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft.aulast=Theroux&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2007%2F05%2F28%2Fthe-golden-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilmer2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste (2009). Turkménistan (in French). Editions Non Lieu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2352700685" title="Special:BookSources/978-2352700685"><bdi>978-2352700685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkm%C3%A9nistan&rft.pub=Editions+Non+Lieu&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2352700685&rft.aulast=Vilmer&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Turkmenistan at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" class="extiw" title="c:Türkmenistan">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Turkmenistan">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="q:Turkmenistan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Turkmenistan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="voy:Turkmenistan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkmenistan/">"Turkmenistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vk.com/moderntm">Modern Turkmenistan photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085919/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/turkmenistan.htm">Turkmenistan</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16094646">Turkmenistan profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Turkmenistan">Wikimedia Atlas of Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=7/39.419/58.447">OpenStreetMap online atlas of Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Turkmenistan">OpenStreetMap wiki article on Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turkmenistan#Q874" class="extiw" title="voy:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TM">Key Development Forecasts for Turkmenistan</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/">Turkmenistan government information portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114091910/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/turkmenistan.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722015659/http://tourism.gov.tm/en/">Tourism Committee of Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.hronikatm.com/">"Chronicles of Turkmenistan". Publication of Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashgabat.us/">Official photo gallery from Turkmenistan and Ashgabat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiye-turkmenistan.com/">daily news and analysis in Turkish English and Turkmen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103092439/http://www.turkiye-turkmenistan.com/">Archived</a> 3 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkmenistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkmenistan_topics" title="Template:Turkmenistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkmenistan_topics" title="Template talk:Turkmenistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkmenistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkmenistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkmenistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Turkmenistan-related_articles" title="Index of Turkmenistan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty (1077–1231)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magtymguly_Pyragy" title="Magtymguly Pyragy">Magtymguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Türkmenbaşy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Monument" title="Neutrality Monument">Neutrality Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkmenistan" title="Geography of Turkmenistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template:Borders of Turkmenistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of cities in Turkmenistan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Turkmenistan" title="Districts of Turkmenistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkmenistan" title="Environmental issues in Turkmenistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Turkmenistan" title="Extreme points of Turkmenistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkmenistan" title="List of lakes of Turkmenistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Turkmenistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Turkmenistan" title="Protected areas of Turkmenistan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Turkmenistan" title="Regions of Turkmenistan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkmenistan" title="List of rivers of Turkmenistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Turkmenistan" title="Category:Fauna of Turkmenistan">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Asia#Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of World Heritage Sites in Asia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Union" title="Central Asian Union">Central Asian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Democratic Party of Turkmenistan">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkmenistan" title="Elections in Turkmenistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkmenistan" title="Foreign relations of Turkmenistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkmenistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkmenistan" title="Law enforcement in Turkmenistan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Turkmenistan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" title="Assembly of Turkmenistan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhnama" title="Ruhnama">Ruhnama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Turkmenistan" title="Agriculture in Turkmenistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_manat" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani manat">Manat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkmenistan" title="Transport in Turkmenistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Turkmenistan" title="Category:Society of Turkmenistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Demographics of Turkmenistan">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Turkmenistan" title="Health in Turkmenistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkmenistan" title="Public holidays in Turkmenistan">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Turkmenistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Turkmenistan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Turkmenistan" title="National symbols of Turkmenistan">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Turkmenistan">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan" title="Emblem of Turkmenistan">emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkmenistan" title="Flag of Turkmenistan">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkmenistan" title="Outline of Turkmenistan">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Turkmenistan-related_articles" title="Index of Turkmenistan-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkmenistan" title="Category:Turkmenistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkmenistan" title="Portal:Turkmenistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as Turkish Cypriot State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture_(TÜRKSOY)" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TURKSOY" title="Template:TURKSOY"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TURKSOY" title="Template talk:TURKSOY"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture_(TÜRKSOY)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> (TÜRKSOY)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/100px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/150px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/200px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Găgăuzia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korkut_Ata_Film_Festival_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World">Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Arts_Capital_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World">Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144179578">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260658/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWVMYPrff7xyxwFjxv73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061255-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129790">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359153f">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424697">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359153f">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424697">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577553">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131145&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453272">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000505329&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl0228661f7cn67">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/34294">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567638905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/98e38a45-b90e-3575-943e-23e26ce3a69f">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13009904?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/34db0cf1-5a31-43ad-99e3-e923523aa8e7">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/iyZkIcke">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027367681">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044995">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045272">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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