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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghent_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghent_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ghent dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghent_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostfl%C3%A4misch" title="Ostflämisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostflämisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamand_oriental" title="Flamand oriental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Flamand oriental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%8C%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="동플람스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동플람스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_fiammingo_orientale" title="Dialetto fiammingo orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto fiammingo orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos-Vlaoms" title="Oos-Vlaoms – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oos-Vlaoms" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Vlaams" title="Oost-Vlaams – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oost-Vlaams" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Vlaams" title="Oost-Vlaams – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oost-Vlaams" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Fl%C3%A4%C3%A4msch" title="Oost-Fläämsch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oost-Fläämsch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt_wschodnioflamandzki" title="Dialekt wschodnioflamandzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dialekt wschodnioflamandzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Восточнофламандские диалекты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточнофламандские диалекты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ost-Vlams" title="Ôost-Vlams – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ôost-Vlams" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flemish dialects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">East Flemish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Oost-Vlaams</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>Uest-Vloams, Uust-Vloams, Oeëst-Vloams</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Istvaeonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>East Flemish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oost1241">oost1241</a></code>  Oost-Vlaams<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oost1242">oost1242</a></code>  Oostvlaams</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">This article is a part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal"> <i>Low Saxon dialects</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Achterhooks dialect">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal"> <i>West Low Franconian dialects</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Dutch (page does not exist)">Indonesian Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerpian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerpian dialect">Antwerpian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusselian_dialect" title="Brusselian dialect">Brusselian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal"> <i>East Low Franconian dialects</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td 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<tbody><tr> <td style="padding-top:7px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Dutch_dialects_according_to_Heeringa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_Dutch_dialects_according_to_Heeringa.png/350px-Map_of_Dutch_dialects_according_to_Heeringa.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_Dutch_dialects_according_to_Heeringa.png/525px-Map_of_Dutch_dialects_according_to_Heeringa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_Dutch_dialects_according_to_Heeringa.png/700px-Map_of_Dutch_dialects_according_to_Heeringa.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Position of East Flemish (colour: <i>brown</i>) among the other minority languages, regional languages and dialects in Belgium and the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p><b>East Flemish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Oost-Vlaams</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">flamand oriental</i>) is a collective term for the two easternmost subdivisions ("true" East Flemish, also called Core Flemish,<sup id="cite_ref-hoppenb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoppenb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Waaslandic) of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish dialects</a>, native to the southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a> area, which also include <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their position between West Flemish and <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a> has caused East Flemish dialects to be grouped with the latter as well.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are spoken mainly in the province of <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a> and a narrow strip in the southeast of <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Even though the dialects of the Dender area are often discussed together with the East Flemish dialects because of their location, the latter are actually South Brabantian.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the occurrence of written records, the <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> that took shape in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> language area was characterised mainly by differences from east to west, with the east showing more continental Germanic traits and the west having more coastal Germanic features.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a>, it can be noted that not a single typical eastern <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> trait has reached the region, but coastal characteristics are fairly common, albeit less so than more to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 15th century, the dominant position in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> shifted from the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>, which brought an expansian of linguistic traits from Brabant, the so-called 'Brabantic Expansion'. As the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> delta formed a large barrier in the north, those traits were introduced mainly from <a href="/wiki/South_Brabant" class="mw-redirect" title="South Brabant">South Brabant</a>, particularly the city of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dender" title="Dender">Dender</a> area probably already started the process in the 14th century, but Ghent (and probably the rest of the province) resisted those changes for at least another century, as writings from <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> still indicated a phonology that was typically <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> phonology in the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, two processes caused the spread of Brabantian traits in eastern Flanders: </p> <ul><li>The slow infiltration from the east, the Dender area;</li> <li>The spread of a trait in the biggest city (usually <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>) from where it spread to the smaller cities and rural areas. For example, the Brussels pronunciation [yə] for [oə] was first used in Ghent and later spread to most of the province.</li></ul> <p>While the second process has caused a fairly wide extension of some traits, the traits spread by the first process have reached only the eastern quarter of the province: the Dender and <a href="/wiki/Waasland" title="Waasland">Waasland</a> areas.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been dominated by the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>, their languages have been other influences on the vocabulary of East Flemish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_dialects">Principal dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principal dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Core Flemish <ul><li>"True" East Flemish (often called "Boers", Dutch for peasant language, by speakers of city dialects) <ul><li>Northeast Flemish<sup id="cite_ref-dialectcd_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialectcd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Southeast Flemish<sup id="cite_ref-dialectcd_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialectcd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> dialect (insular city dialect)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ronse" title="Ronse">Ronse</a> dialect (insular city dialect)</li> <li>Central Flemish<sup id="cite_ref-hoppenb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoppenb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (transitional with <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> with which it is also commonly classified)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waasland" title="Waasland">Waaslandic</a> (transitional with <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a>) <ul><li>Waas</li> <li>Eastern Zeelandic Flemish or the Land-van-Hulst dialect</li> <li>The Hulst dialect (insular city dialect)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_and_mixed_dialects">Transitional and mixed dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transitional and mixed dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Maldegem" title="Maldegem">Maldegem</a> dialect (transitional with coastal West Flemish though it also shows several innovative and intermediary traits) <sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine,_Netherlands" title="Philippine, Netherlands">Philippine</a> dialect (mixing East Flemish and <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a> Flemish traits)<sup id="cite_ref-tiselzeeuws_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselzeeuws-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zvl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zvl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sas_van_Gent" title="Sas van Gent">Sas van Gent</a> dialect, a mixture of several dialects, as Sas van Gent was a colonial town with many people from different regions.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselzeeuws_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselzeeuws-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A special mention should go to continental West Flemish, which, despite being a <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> dialect, has some East Flemish colouring, as <a href="/wiki/Kortrijk" title="Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a> was historically governed under <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kortrijk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kortrijk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_characteristics">Notable characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though the East Flemish dialect area is one of the most diverse linguistic landscapes in Belgium,<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the dialects share some traits that set them apart from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a> as well as the neighbouring dialects: </p> <ul><li>The vowels in <i>ziek</i> ("ill") and <i>voet</i> ("foot") are pronounced as a short [i] and [u], respectively, like in Standard Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brabantian, they are long [i:] and [u:],<sup id="cite_ref-tiselbrab_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselbrab-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in West Flemish the ancient diphthongs [iə] and [uə] have been retained though the sound [u] occurs before <a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">velars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselwvl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable exception is the dialects of Ghent and Ronse, which, apart from having a general tendency to stretch vowels, have diphthongised them in certain positions to [ɪ.i] and [o.u], respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter sound can also be heard in Central Flemish before velars and labials.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselwvl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The so-called sharp 'oo' in <i>boom</i> ("tree") is pronounced [yə], monophthongised to [y(:)] in the city dialects of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronse" title="Ronse">Ronse</a>, but surrounding dialects have [uə], [wo] or [ɔə].<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That trait originally came from the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and was spread through <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>. Therefore, that pronunciation also occurs in the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian dialects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, [y(ə)] has not spread across the entire East Flemish dialect area: the <a href="/wiki/Maldegem" title="Maldegem">Maldegem</a> dialect, the easternmost dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Waasland" title="Waasland">Waasland</a> and most dialects in <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a> use [uə] instead, and the Central Flemish dialects use [yə] or [uə], depending on the following consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zvl_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zvl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> long vowels in <i>ijs</i> ("ice") and <i>huis</i> ("house") are pronounced as the diphthongs [ɛi] and [œi], respectively. Depending on their dialect and position, they have often been monophthongised to [ɛ] and [œ], respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal West Flemish has retained the old monophthongs [i] and [y].<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Maldegem and continental West Flemish, intermediary monophthongs also occur: [e] and [ø] and [ɪ] and [ʏ], respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kortrijk_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kortrijk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions are the city dialects of Ghent and Ronse as well as the Central Flemish dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Plural pronouns usually end in "ulder", like <i>wulder</i> ("we"), <i>gulder</i> ("you") and <i>zulder</i> ("they").<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MAND2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAND2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RND_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those pronouns are also used in continental West Flemish, but <a href="/wiki/Maldegem" title="Maldegem">Maldegem</a> appears to use the coastal pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselwvl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The past tense of <a href="/wiki/Weak_inflection" title="Weak inflection">weak verbs</a> is formed with "-tege" or "-dege", as opposed to "-te" and "-de" of Standard Dutch and the surrounding dialects. While present in most East Flemish dialects as well as continental West Flemish and some <a href="/wiki/Dender" title="Dender">Dender</a> Brabantian dialects, that phenomenon seems to be diminishing in all but the Core Flemish area.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>-n</i> of plurals and infinitives is usually retained, like in West Flemish, but it has been lost in Brabantian and in the dialects of Ghent and some Waaslaandic towns on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Subordinating conjunctions are conjugated. The Dutch combination <i>...dat ze...</i> would be in East Flemish <i>...da(t) ze...</i>, pronounced /dɑ sə/, in the singular, and <i>...dan ze ...</i>, pronounced /dɑn zə/, in the plural. That occurs also in West Flemish and <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-synt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As in West Flemish and Brabantian, the subject is doubled or even tripled.<sup id="cite_ref-synt_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard Dutch "ik ga" becomes East Flemish "'k goa-kik". In the dialects of Ghent and its surroundings, that duplication can occur even after nouns and names.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As in West Flemish, Zeelandic and Brabantian, infinitive clusters are always ordered V1-V2-V3, with the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> first.<sup id="cite_ref-synt_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As in most Belgian dialects, except those from the coast and <a href="/wiki/Westhoek_(region)" title="Westhoek (region)">Westhoek</a> and Brabantian dialects, double negations like <i>niemand niet</i> are commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-synt_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>As the realisation of phonemes can be quite divergent in different East Flemish dialects, the phonemes represented here are based on the most common Core East Flemish realisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span>   <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span>   <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span>   <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(ɡ)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span>   <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span>   <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(ʃ)</span>   <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(ʒ)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β̞</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span> occurs only in the consonant cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gz/</span> or as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> when it undergoes the <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">voicing</a> or, for Core Flemish, intervocalic <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The most common realization of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> phoneme is an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>, but <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> realisations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span> are used in the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Ronse" title="Ronse">Ronse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and are spreading from the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is velarised postvocalically.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the dialects around <a href="/wiki/Maldegem" title="Maldegem">Maldegem</a>, syllable-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is omitted altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the western dialects, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> is usually realised as an approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɣ˕</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> are not native to many East Flemish dialects and usually occur from the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalisation</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, respectively. That is especially common close to the Dender area.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> may merge into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> in some dialects like Platgents that lack postalveolar fricatives.<sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As in Standard Dutch, all plosives and fricatives are devoiced word-finally, but Core Flemish tends to voice plosives between a coloured vowel and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some dialects, /k/ also has the allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> in that position.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table gives an overview of some common phonemes in stressed syllables. Many East Flemish dialects have lost the phonemic vowel length distinction, but the distincition is made in the following table for the dialects that have kept it. Also, the central vowel /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables and is often heavily reduced or even omitted in many dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Front<br />unrounded </th> <th>Front<br />rounded </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span> <span class="wrap"> </span>e(ː)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʏ<span class="wrap"> </span> <span class="wrap"> </span>ø(ː)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o<span class="wrap"> </span> <span class="wrap"> </span>(oː)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>In the true East Flemish dialects, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʏ/</span> are usually diphthongised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪə<span class="wrap"> </span>øə]</span>. In the dialects of Ghent and Ronse, on the other hand, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e<span class="wrap"> </span>ø/</span> are diphthongised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>œʏ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʏ/</span> is merged into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> in several dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That included a now-extinct lower-class Ghent dialect,<sup id="cite_ref-winkler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winkler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had the indirect effect of current Platgents rounding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʏ/</span> in multiple words as a counterreaction.<sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>œ/</span> are diphthongised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛi<span class="wrap"> </span>œi]</span> before /z/ and /v/. In some northwestern dialects, that is the common pronunciation in most positions. The same goes for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æi/</span>, which has merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> in most dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After /d/ or word-finally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> is pronounced [æ] in most dialects. In the dialect of Ghent, it is pronounced [æ] or even [a] in most positions except before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>æ/</span> are merged into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ(i)]</span> when they are followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When followed by alveolars, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> is diphthongised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oə]</span> in most dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ronse" title="Ronse">Ronse</a>, it is always pronounced [u].<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In many dialects, /o/ and /o:/ have merged.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the dialect of Ghent, the phoneme has later split, based on its position: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔu]</span> before velars and labials and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> before alveolars.<sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One exception is the short /o/ in front of nasal consonants nasals, which has consistently become [u] in Ghent.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> have become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]<span class="wrap"> </span>or<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɪə]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>, respectively, when followed by an /r/, but that is no longer productive on more recent borrowings or when the /r/ is followed by an alveolar. When they are followed by /rm/, they become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oə]</span> in many dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the Ghent dialect, /i/ has diphthongised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪi]</span>, /y/ has diphthongised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yə]</span> when followed by an /r/ or /l/, and /u/ has inconsistently diphthongised to [ou].<sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same diphthongisations of /i/ and /u/ occur consistently in the dialect of Ronse.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Word-finally or before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β̞/</span>, /y/ can be pronounced [œ], [ɔ], [ʏ] etc., depending on the dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Platgents, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> has an allophone [o] when it is followed by /l/.<sup id="cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the common diphthong phonemes in East Flemish, but it also includes some allophones or alternative realisations of the vowels mentioned above.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Starting point </th> <th colspan="4">Ending point </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">front unrounded</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iə̯</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iu̯</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">front rounded</span> </th> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yə̯<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>uə̯</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">back</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ui̯</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">front unrounded</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪə̯</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">front rounded</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">øi̯</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">øə̯</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">back</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oə̯</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ou̯</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">front unrounded</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛi̯</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛə̯</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">front rounded</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œi̯</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">back</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔi̯</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔu̯</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">front</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æi̯</span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æu̯<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑu̯</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">back</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑi̯</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>In most dialects, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yə̯/</span> is realised <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yə̯]</span>, but some peripheral dialects have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uə̯]</span>. Central Flemish has both sounds, depending on its position, but in the southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Waasland" title="Waasland">Waasland</a>, it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uə̯]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iə̯]</span>, depending on its position.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the city dialects of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronse" title="Ronse">Ronse</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yə̯/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə̯/</span> are monophthongised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Ghent dialect, diphthongs, however, are still realised before /r/ and /l/.<sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪə̯]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[øə̯]</span> are the "true" East Flemish realisations of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʏ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oə̯]</span> is an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛi̯]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œi̯]</span> are northwestern realisations of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span>, respectively, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æi̯/</span> is a separate phoneme from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> only in the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RND_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many other dialects, diphthongs occur only before /v/ or /z/.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Central Flemish and the city dialects, those phonemes are generally realised as dark diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselwvl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛə̯/</span> used to be an allophone of /e/ before /r/. Because of <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> the elision of /r/, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛə̯/</span> can now also be found before other consonants, and the elision of /d/ and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> loanwords have reintroduced [e] before /r/.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the dialect of Ghent, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛə̯/</span> is either similar or identical to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the dialect of Ghent, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> has inconsistently split into two phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou̯/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the dialect of Ronse, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ou̯]</span> is the common realisation for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in Central Flemish, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔu̯]</span> is an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> after velars or labials.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselwvl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔu̯]</span> is an allophone of /o/ in the dialect of Ghent, and its most common realisation in the dialect of Ronse.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑu̯/</span> is a highly-divergent phoneme in <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a>. In most dialects, it has two different realisations:<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when followed by /d/ or /w/, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑu̯]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æu̯]</span> are common realisations, bur before /t/ and /s/, it is usually pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑi̯]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l-c_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RND_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other realisations may, however, occur in both positions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in many other southern <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch dialects</a>, verbal constructions can take several forms, depending on stress, the position of the subject and the next word.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>, however, there is no <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselwvl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table gives the general rules of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> in the present tense and the regular example of <i>zwieren</i> ("to toss"). The spelling is based on <a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch orthography</a> with the addition of  ̊  to show devoicing and  ̆  to show vowel shortening. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th rowspan="2">Ending </th> <th colspan="3">Regular order (SVO) </th> <th colspan="2">Inversed order (VSO or OVS) </th> <th colspan="2">Subordinate clauses (SOV) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Person and number </th> <th>Unstressed </th> <th>Duplicated </th> <th>Stressed </th> <th>Unstressed </th> <th>Stressed </th> <th>Unstressed </th> <th>Stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st sing. </th> <td>-e / -∅ / (-n) </td> <td>'k zwiere </td> <td>'k zwiere-kik </td> <td>ik zwiere </td> <td>zwiere-k </td> <td>zwiere-kik </td> <td>da-k ... zwiere </td> <td>da-kik ... zwiere </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd sing. </th> <td>-t </td> <td>ge zwiert </td> <td>ge zwier-g̊ij </td> <td>gij zwiert </td> <td>zwier-de </td> <td>zwier-de gij </td> <td>da-de ... zwiert </td> <td>da-de gij ... zwiert </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd sing. masc. </th> <td rowspan="3">-t / ̆-t </td> <td>ij zwiert </td> <td>ij zwiert-jij </td> <td>jij zwiert </td> <td>zwiert-ij </td> <td>zwiert-jij </td> <td>dat-ij ... zwiert </td> <td>dat-jij ... zwiert </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd sing. fem. </th> <td>ze zwiert </td> <td>ze zwier-z̊ij </td> <td>zij zwiert </td> <td>zwier-z̊e </td> <td>zwier-z̊e zij </td> <td>da-z̊e ... zwiert </td> <td>da-z̊e zij ... zwiert </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd sing. ntr. </th> <td>'t zwiert </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>zwier-et </td> <td>- </td> <td>da-t ... zwiert </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st plural </th> <td>-en </td> <td>me zwieren(-me(n)) </td> <td>me zwiere-me wij/wulder </td> <td>wij/wulder zwieren(-me(n)) </td> <td>zwiere-me(n) </td> <td>zwiere-me wij/wulder </td> <td>da-me(n) ... zwieren </td> <td>da-me wij/wulder ... zwieren </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd plural </th> <td>-t </td> <td>ge zwiert </td> <td>ge zwier-g̊ulder </td> <td>gulder zwiert </td> <td>zwier-de </td> <td>zwier-de gulder </td> <td>da-de ... zwiert </td> <td>da-de gulder ... zwiert </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd plural </th> <td>-en </td> <td>ze zwieren </td> <td>ze zwieren zulder </td> <td>zulder zwieren </td> <td>zwieren ze </td> <td>zwieren zulder </td> <td>dan ze ... zwieren </td> <td>dan zulder ... zwieren </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>The first-person singular varies depending on the dialect: western dialects tend to add <i>-e</i>, but Waaslandic simply uses the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For verbs with a vocal stem, like <i>doen</i> ("to do") Waaslandic and the dialects around Maldegem add <i>-n</i>, but Core Flemish simply uses the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselwvl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ending <i>-t</i> in the second-person and the third-person singular has several realisations. When it is followed by a consonant or the neuter pronoun <i>et</i>, it is not pronounced even if it devoices the following consonant. Before a pause, it is pronounced [t]. In front of vowels, it is usually prononounced [d] except when it follows a voiceless consonant, when it becomes [t].<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In dialects that differentiate between long and short vowels, the stem vowel tends to be shortened in the third-person singular.<sup id="cite_ref-wvdinl_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compare Waaslandic "<i>gij sloapt</i>" with "<i>ij slopt</i>".</li> <li>Inversed forms tend to contract with the subject: verb + <i>ge</i>"l becomes <i>-de</i> (<i>-te</i> after a voiceless consonant), verb + singular <i>ze</i> becomes <i>-se</i> (written as <i>-̊ze</i> in the table above) and verb + <i>we</i> becomes <i>-me</i>. When it is stressed, the pronoun is simply added to contracted form. In the first-person plural the contracted form also commonly occurs in the regular indicatives in main clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preterite">Preterite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Preterite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, East Flemish differentiates between <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">strong verbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">weak verbs</a>. Even though there are a few strong verbs in East Flemish that are weak in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a>, the overall tendency is that East Flemish has more weak verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other Germanic languages, the rules for the conjugation of the strong preterite are exactly the same as in the present tense.<sup id="cite_ref-MAND2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAND2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weak preterite is formed by adding the suffix "-<i>dege</i>" ("-<i>tege</i>" when the stem ends in a voiceless consonant) to the verbal stem.<sup id="cite_ref-tiselovl_4-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While an <i>-n</i> is usually added in the first-person and the third-person plural, the t-ending is not added except in a few southwestern dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-MAND2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAND2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghent_dialect">Ghent dialect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ghent dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dialect of the province's capital, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, is also different from the language of the surrounding region. The Brabantic expansion is believed to have started in Ghent, which has separated its speech from the other Flemish dialects. Some Brabantic traits were exported to other East Flemish dialects, but many were not. The most notable differences include <i>n</i>-dropping and the more extreme diphthongisation of <i>ii</i> and <i>uu</i>. At the same time, Ghent resisted many innovations characteristic for rural East Flanders. In the 19th and the early 20th centuries, the French uvular <i>r</i> was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hoppenb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoppenb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoppenb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoppenbrouwers, Cor; Hoppenbrouwers, Geer (2001): De Indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90%2B232%2B3731%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/90+232+3731+5">90 232 3731 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wvdinl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wvdinl_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taeldeman, Johan (1979): Het klankpatroon van de Vlaamse dialecten. Een inventariserend overzicht. In <i>Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten</i>. Inleiding.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelgium2005" class="citation book cs1">Belgium (2005). <a href="/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)" title="Keith Brown (linguist)">Keith Brown</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics" title="Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics">Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</a></i> (2 ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4"><bdi>0-08-044299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-08-044299-4&rft.au=Belgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Flemish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiselovl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselovl_4-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taeldeman, Johan (2005): Taal in Stad en Land: Oost-Vlaams.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dialectcd-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dialectcd_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialectcd_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taeldeman, Johan (2004): Variatie binnen de Oost-Vlaamse dialecten. In: <i>Azuuë Gezeid, Azuuë Gezoeng'n</i>, Vol. II: Oost-Vlaanderen. Wild Boar Music WBM 21902.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiselzeeuws-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tiselzeeuws_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselzeeuws_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Driel, Lo (2004): Taal in Stad en Land: Zeeuws.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zvl-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zvl_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zvl_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taeldeman, Johan (1979): Op fonologische verkenning in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. <i>Taal en Tongval. Tijdschrift voor de studie van de Nederlandse volks- en streektalen</i>, 31, 143-193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kortrijk-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kortrijk_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kortrijk_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Debrabandere, Frans (1999), "Kortijk", in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbnl.org/arch/sijs002hond01_01/pag/sijs002hond01_01.pdf">Honderd Jaar Stadstaal</a>, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 289–299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiselbrab-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tiselbrab_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ooms, Miet; Van Keymeulen, Jacques (2005): Taal in Stad en Land: Vlaams-Brabants en Antwerps.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiselwvl-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiselwvl_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Devos, Magda; Vandekerckhove, Reinhild (2005): Taal in Stad en Land: West-Vlaams.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l-c-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l-c_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lievevrouw-Coopman, Lodewijk (1950-1954): <i>Gents Woordenboek</i>. Gent, Erasmus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stadstaalgent-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadstaalgent_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taeldeman, Johan (1999), "Gent", in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbnl.org/arch/sijs002hond01_01/pag/sijs002hond01_01.pdf">Honderd Jaar Stadstaal</a>, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 273–288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAND2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAND2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAND2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAND2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goeman, Ton; Van Oostendorp, Marc; Van Reenen, Pieter; Koornwinder, Oele; Van den Berg, Boudewijn; Van Reenen, Anke (2008) Morfologische Atlas van de Nederlandse Dialecten, deel II. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053567746" title="Special:BookSources/9789053567746">9789053567746</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RND-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RND_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RND_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RND_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blancqaert, Edgar; Pée, Willem (1925 - 1982) Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-synt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-synt_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-synt_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-synt_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-synt_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Vogelaer, Gunther; Neuckermans, Annemie; Van den Heede, Vicky; Devos, Magda; van der Auwera, Johan (2004): De indeling van de Nederlandse dialecten: een syntactisch perspectief.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winkler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winkler_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winkler, Johan (1974): <i>Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialecticon</i>. 's-Gravenhage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Taeldeman (1985): <i>De klankstructuren van het Gentse dialect. Een synchrone beschrijving en een historische en geografische situering</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaeldeman1999" class="citation cs2">Taeldeman, Johan (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbnl.org/arch/sijs002hond01_01/pag/sijs002hond01_01.pdf">"Gent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.), <i>Honderd Jaar Stadstaal</i>, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 273–299</cite><span 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dialects">Central Dutch</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Flemish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhoeks</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages of Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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