CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "onlinelibrary.wiley.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e8dc9d3e95540ee',cH: 'OL.WOSo15uemAYgNxyX0aK_1OFcFsfsPpqq6jKPcSmg-1732665106-1.2.1.1-zQsGDMQ7Y9X2jeHdsXJV8Jkuapry9SRKZqvwpcvgjFYkyGkLztVI4DAs4GXrDt8q',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/ijpo.12002?__cf_chl_tk=9r8DyQ.H35rJp6ccINHb9YSiKPIK9pT_TVm6AI_iRQU-1732665106-1.0.1.1-m64TAWYsdtt9H3CF2atq0zJMlmWULX0oeaK1U5xY1HY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1732665106',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/ijpo.12002?__cf_chl_f_tk=9r8DyQ.H35rJp6ccINHb9YSiKPIK9pT_TVm6AI_iRQU-1732665106-1.0.1.1-m64TAWYsdtt9H3CF2atq0zJMlmWULX0oeaK1U5xY1HY",md: "eBQx1IwNtK8B8YfWbufkxm17.kHVaW_d2jl6QAMnDTk-1732665106-1.2.1.1-oy5ByvbVBRxSXIGHCpV_FtrtoDFNmVDLY5wFUrnD8DEJ8cfoBqqBvavDZAJUM7_vxIjUjfzjIO3nk.klycmqbggixyYs8SnNPMPyUmJ9NXBlhAOvlKdzol4ffPIvEIcRcfHTx1QyJIpTexzEyxYL2iHmXvPepqA_0LNO.LiGukMejqYIpBd.V0pDCvG.OJ6POkIZxXj76RKEQjlr_ean5dRF.zRhVMRDmlon2zfqf9AXf6QUyNqhnDgsEGX2plVrHHSE9pvEgyCAaDd_8UbrY6yVLPNqKZslA67v.FJkG3b_q_VuBcApgZuorxSDYXRY7jxLwDl_IgGDSrbqh5W.Nb.1.U0CCk9aWNxYlFjXvhKaNSMi7cMM0i5rkEb2fmnOt1U_sHzWJO0JgaQm4lJOzcTU3L8CCUk0wVqwBrclR.JjpF0ROWabLfqnFtDZh3LfHz7MY5_F7ZhB5ulAHiEoMV4OxbqDQzizAxzOwibngCS2yQxfat07JjKoOHJcPb_tYWYul0uRh6h2OVOzemexIurexqlc932gYVSIJO2EJjoS_lyPv5Wqp90lRiRPCT2vkCcu.pOw1zkRf4ejrP7APVtXUvCqJ33h3IKEzaS7.HoRQE1hm5uipq.QnQsJfEFYvGFuaFTpp9gLkQX6smqMwDvBQh2NaNpPrq90yDvFDG9j2qFiIAqF2B90EIDNdh7rLUlM.vdrDh_x.Wozyd_w8LXMzAO6BApwr96D9_XmB6zMTCiyALVI27lgc0BHjFUg8OvkKvEi116vPisS2K4VixUd9ijArr5iIe_qOfCJm.AgnnuewTcduW_cFgzwrVvKWE4KI1sFPEx7jZzYK1d2rueKtIvwmZ9_IZMRlmRT0WDqp9vkVGCYJmqsIzr_soO0a4wzbXmk.zmkvKeREpXfzCDY5Zo6.qJOHpGLOIri49DMGfYuC8K66js8MeAaBPMVuyxQvXskVW_DT8rcvMYIWbImlxhA43FFoccX2KwlzI1_KPhx2Q1.9lGzMfCC1hgpvYdYPscQmOf0j0NQOTksKz3QFwlKZ_aAPU0Cx08.6VDZwhvf5lALkae4.14RJGjekgFWEequEd1iQYQLdEJtsQUnRYBy6vGlF.iEGbbrdmQt16gZ3RJcYQoVMaG5nJ0xeMMxmeqiHKWY4H5e8aIX_KwrqrJvmzD94DnOJ6NzE6eaJThEBhKKP4ZjtuA51jg2s4j2JHMbL7A2.GZIOYpPM7ePRa_AxEaovaYk1i5EYQsD59fCV.n95vZ3Jmz7mdZO6cioB.NLnfZAEtZiEI6kemaXOjtF5jtq1skrXiqsDujZznPJ9Ngv5XsGn0A50tM8FJTFeeAvTsi2ZQc6YZJG6yOKGb1jOk83z2Mhc7XfM9BEvuhhGSYDoGb1yVv7ky0j1lsA26ce.sGjNUz738nPUp2mP5tQSdvl1IrPZpqYuuRYS907NxbilNOvq47HIuatfJCPf3PIArPAYVUmhvHKH.ZIdhY0rTsZBpF_V8M6gCqKb0BYmWAz0wi.LQiQ.2r3KrU1tl8._bCagjv1l5ELQ5CBOdm9iqis6FClj4Q0As.oKz5L1oxCG1MNLoGwc_oDcOqXLWfqzH78STncQR_4kkfARHclL4UHv_Tp6tHkWXzgl_4gSFhqs_.fn821pi23nQDpwf0CCcVINB_oDXv6bpw7XRd5HjO.zPBbVHB7b1V5dr4kXUllzsNluul9KdfxnC_KT7twLHswrfQy6GP4N7Rk0J3Z8B5hL9chLBAkFhmcw6i2fT5N9jGdO3bQbr7sD.O3cKh7xQiEMorEw9yR74zfv1Imu7Qd5C8RBacTo3Xm8wveanBKoN.8OyttwuFXGcyGVnT4NMf19sSCSC6Ul3VJKeLFvkUtaAh0IChgQUwI6Jwq1S4MBjPtHFT6TcP1WgMct4mbsp4O67YupjE1d0TCeTeBH0S_Q4KHDOcN1mU5pWdQKAkXnwtkAB_VmL8SAqNdgC3ZiF.8UKymtNIxvOLYn2MyWgfChTlqGxgGMekzFbEEWjrQgeyNzblwDY2dWM9MWK8w5tcCpzIC.v3Fpmqwlr3ij_CIjk.eQelNi7T0MLRdNX7gRJKpPgj7ItOZIvv1XcBRRAGDuwofyps.kL7pnyvdH3uk03Y5.qIxQYgLcRNwDoj4UWeCCBSSeRPwrAqM2v18NuYIx5s8.5oERzyaBGoQ3aNkoO1hzstlVdYCgjPaTyvS_LTomBjo7R9gki4f5K_unM0kiXkI4JB26h9dxK.gByAFfLGXiNmXQr4WrqXltzW7a..8u4pE222ILNzWfZHv2uZIrRo9v6FVL12F7I.xy1Nnuy_EWlk74aq96EnrgPf0JlQG_Kkw8By.aKWshLZ5W5BpUVTehKMFvRRW2EIdiEewyMxsGhrNBdYO5BiksSajBTrU7NV_NSauRrZaJJXmlfaQYGSaye1_oyGNIQJ2NnZUqLnnfywsiHjW5Ifq_2t0bCZqccMEHbMkOfnX.iJ5SXnVZeo_DME4rXsmQJ.1h7TQCBb5a23ukqngolpmr6D8k61srB.gtCJnTC1wazCNnX7Fhn9MYnM0G5rKjOULxOWCbx46nJVlIQ7NKPMb14T7yukGTptYxewfKvQlLYeMa955AE0Hi9ofKkhD6tXKMToHhtsSYrhEvipf3zrZlv.nBWhQM6feWS1tUGTwrw8clgSNZfe6ndk4kiMbh2Mny2vroFxYOPFDW9BwIaYppuU7LF91Jw_2xBZmVL3jOKWKi0C31Gm_fEbUUP5YuTuAPqLoTblYNZDgjiyLKLM7tT5ybXfVtPq3Awqh9JM5kNr1Fdbmk3FpW7XwFWIdaXMU7Wg6amMWmUvVfFKGsLka4KmDv2Jx0RjSxuynAF4NK.qg2tcVxR3lkf1YKPCl5Ber.RN9iFvDfIMpGZan.LEifo8Pel6Xiefl55QI2dWkrbxt75jU3Ohx5MUNnYs1lFxPzHddnc24a6b..T8",mdrd: "N8l0JCAHpjh7TxqsTqTnuoFXTqJWs.Itifqh2AoYsk8-1732665106-1.2.1.1-LgsrHsJbbCmSP.1vF2aK.MtBeKWIM.XPLmX3FaAlsUYXz7RRaOTWMEoH0h.XbqGW9YGwe_smOS5yeq_anluzCt0WyzCAa2AisAeHvgelOAdnw6Gy9Xh7oVWzktxERxX15hmxnUpJYXkbyh_nseYIZMHVzyYn29J8jLTy5nZtHNHTduvHU1PdBY47f7MMwQGoTWRUudvIQffiRwZyT5KDZKX0eNUsuv7hiYSkNW4NHwsNjXM.kkPL2XQEbuSoc6WI7aSs2CuzSh349lWrBIVw0rRG01VuY4UM.MeoYe.b4w3yll2REscIYBhDhhOWByx0Z16xB2YK3i_1.KGYm3WFjwX.Ej8A.m2VwNaLdgDxogDhzGb2BLf3cETYGB6.ny8wKsW_RwCzY7ZkttxSp74Y1o6UxoWfYYiOKCTYPIgxFXo62qp.cvDEA659OzSGhFKc6jxOH_TXRDVqvQEVzo5tNgwNCApNxClHlbmvkcVDKnhiKY9WOYbnW9vU73b2QBoED2KF9suwUPZRndBLnVFQhMiFntp3JiV94Tfn8DbLmNMcf1KJJeAVqNiu_9hffTDOnEz9cuJJWqHoYahzZkZXnATwFgf4Hif9nGMt97_OziB9YR3l0ZQNOyJuThIZ86x9G2UO4j2zipWmoJAtoZ7b7O05nrqYTOJllY7ZucM3KmQVhlFU3FiW2ZsX_gPty0R_hZgXP61VFML18bKjIaBE8BVxvThbdcAKltOju9RFf6T5FqWm_MU1zAFCR4T7P0ZokuL5aeq6a2HRub0gIQJaEDiQbmMofgvD3INjA3n4qTUMivbIVu6gtyuvtA.bveVFSRAaatvZKFgum71jmnYUKqw1eXSJYqvBaZIIK6hcsKPgP0XolekB42uePAwKZQESF1M_FIQQcOJSzRejNtJ4m8EbhTnKqsXqIlIlzV7ugEv4tE38IV4cH6tkqCSynOIikqxOlC7feW7qKwGbH4WwxBOZ22_WLsHT1.tkP_AsFMUwg8u1AK7oWqF42nQ31KDHYSO3sWX0DB_CYFwoPc1E.bF5OrYpOpzr0r0HLBmZVfl39rOgcyE2wcd0v3trzZ36O2OJqiRixKXwvDFNKeFyT5_3nFfYwPyBYbVRHqnlT.7_23x.2CVIr0fAd7LKY.O0OJ6bLPFOsyv7GnAnRp7T_Z29RE_sZBx6YD_KXi1KSuPPWsvwXdxjW_W8UTtJBn3_TmnzEgNyNevgUX4wWbFPWy67OVZN0m991WIhSqRjXiwc1gZ.3sCMGBCL2iYF.C8Y1VlcqdbXTWMFzMTSBBoSlhWXar0dRGRPCBVDM9gBthsfhFlIbBQHSPSsVhszRpeWkLw8NdES7ed1zG7X.kZy5xgLKfWSxlCdvUFKpQZ2e4fIx7TxOyRcLZA.WEWS3FTUWC3Nzdb2.Q.boOqJfGTCjsjqFeq67rx1LCaZY8LPtOnVemgM9VsjKxjbj2DC.3gVEDH4lfbe495na08l1LQLX7SF3s57x7SnU6nCnud60zQld9xkDBETp_onDss86Xte1dMGvgy10UVZSfLUHtvn0A9FzyibiJ8_tdDxycTxj7QxqlXZSZZRW8Caw7wRALodATlEAvsjbJp4VuyCcq3b7vOnlnn2jZs6tCEHo1WB2PJ18stfs1bYanQIXRphl4LmveM3Lgo0EWg3pkaEsPgMqHaF.UtdGlOBc7oNVv0hMKx_JIB3e19v6nrqWgMPuXdhFjx2KHUNc.Xnr0OC2ufM5Vn_y0XoYK8o8Deg5uSuSsOrwHslKsNlvvYFoICkRPNf9wI5QK_yf0Sro0RysK.LNi8_cqRoRJjjmg06gweKj3S0byb.LRvLdMghV6wmiRuG1lfDLb.hJ3uTjFfnWcGpo6KEQWIjkS0vCQnMYB8TRo7jojkem2apVieUhXkDfAoVbe7l2kwR91Bj9qlt8Y2KMqvHtlW2Xk8jQDOp2tgKtOvcjDVznjF.D7R2rOkyovaQvSyzv9N4JHYL7NKY7ODMDQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e8dc9d3e95540ee';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/ijpo.12002?__cf_chl_rt_tk=9r8DyQ.H35rJp6ccINHb9YSiKPIK9pT_TVm6AI_iRQU-1732665106-1.0.1.1-m64TAWYsdtt9H3CF2atq0zJMlmWULX0oeaK1U5xY1HY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>