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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #5959DA; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#5959DA"><b>We're all Homo here</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution"><font size="5" color="White"><b>Evolution</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E0E0F0;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution" title="Category:Evolution"><img alt="Icon evolution.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_evolution.svg/100px-Icon_evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_evolution.svg/150px-Icon_evolution.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_evolution.svg/200px-Icon_evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#5959DA; text-align:center;"><b>Relevant Hominids</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#E0E0F0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#5959DA; text-align:center;"><b>A Gradual Science</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#E0E0F0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_species" title="Ring species">Ring species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#5959DA; text-align:center;"><b>Plain Monkey Business</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#E0E0F0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_Creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Earth Creationism">Young Earth Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_Creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Earth Creationism">Old Earth Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Design">Intelligent Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution" title="Template:Evolution">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution" title="Template talk:Evolution">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Evolution&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lactose tolerance</b> is the ability to drink <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> past infancy. Most <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> can't do this,<sup id="cite_ref-Swallow_2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swallow_2003-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> but, in a startling example of recent <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, some populations of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> have evolved the <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficial mutation">beneficial mutation</a> of <b>lactase persistence</b>, the continued activity of the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lactase" class="extiw" title="wp:lactase" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: lactase">lactase</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> into adulthood. </p><p>Most humans remain lactase non-persistent and hence suffer varying degrees of lactose intolerance (failure to digest milk accompanied by various undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms).<sup id="cite_ref-Swallow_2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swallow_2003-1">[1]</a></sup> However, in areas where humans herd mammals, there are obvious advantages to being able to drink their copious milk. A mutation that appeared in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> around 10,000 years ago<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> and a mutation that appeared separately in east <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> a mere 3-6,000 years ago each allowed humans to consume milk and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese">products derived from it</a> throughout their lives (<a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-wade1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade1-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tishkoff_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tishkoff-6">[6]</a></sup> Lactase persistence presents stronger selection pressure than any other known human <a href="/wiki/Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Troelsen_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troelsen_2005-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Creationists" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationists">Creationists</a> are not happy at such blatant and striking direct evidence of evolution in humans. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Global_spread"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Global spread</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_creationist_response"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The creationist response</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Alt-right_appropriation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Alt-right appropriation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Global_spread">Global spread</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactase_persistence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Global spread">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactase_persistence_in_the_Old_World.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lactase_persistence_in_the_Old_World.svg/165px-Lactase_persistence_in_the_Old_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="130" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lactase_persistence_in_the_Old_World.svg/248px-Lactase_persistence_in_the_Old_World.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lactase_persistence_in_the_Old_World.svg/330px-Lactase_persistence_in_the_Old_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactase_persistence_in_the_Old_World.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Distribution of lactase persistence in the Old World</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_World.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_World.svg/165px-Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="130" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_World.svg/248px-Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_World.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_World.svg/330px-Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_World.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Distribution of lactose tolerance in the Old World</div></div></div> <p>Adult human populations before the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic revolution">Neolithic revolution</a> were overwhelmingly lactose intolerant.<sup id="cite_ref-Swaminathan2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaminathan2007-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MalmstromEtal2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalmstromEtal2010-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>The lactase persistence haplotype experienced very strong positive selection<sup id="cite_ref-Balter_2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balter_2005-10">[10]</a></sup> during the rise of dairy farming, around 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Itan_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itan_2009-11">[11]</a></sup> It can be found in 80 percent of European-descended humans. Lactase persistence also sprang up <i>separately</i> in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> around 3,000-6,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Tishkoff_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tishkoff-6">[6]</a></sup> It appears the mutation sprung up fairly often, but only benefited from <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> where it was advantageous, whereas it was eliminated by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> or even actively selected against elsewhere. </p><p>Correspondingly, in places with a lack of dairy farming, lactase persistence is much rarer. It is very low in southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, and is absent in the Bantu of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and most <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> populations<sup id="cite_ref-Balter_2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balter_2005-10">[10]</a></sup> ...except amongst the nomads on the borders of China, who drank <a href="/wiki/Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse">horse</a> milk regularly (and horse milk is even higher in lactose than cow's milk). The nomads also make an <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">alcoholic</a> beverage, kumis, from mare milk. </p><p>The most important factor for lactose persistence is that cow or <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> herders in the middle of a steppe have only a few possible sources of food: namely, their animals and whatever sparse vegetation may be fit for human consumption. Being able to consume milk and milk products is hugely beneficial and eliminates the need to slaughter an animal for every meal which could allow for a consistent food source during the entire time the animal produces milk. However, some herding nomads have also taken to drinking blood (in addition to milk) from their animals which they gather (mostly) in non-lethal ways. </p><p>Being able to drink milk throughout life turned out to be useful. In Northern Europe milk was a good source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a>, a shortage of which leads to the particularly nasty and painful disease <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickets" class="extiw" title="wp:Rickets" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Rickets">rickets</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The 2009 British Women's Heart and Health Study reported more hip and wrist fractures, more osteoporosis and more cataracts in the lactase non-persistent group.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2009-13">[13]</a></sup> They also were on average very slightly shorter (4–6mm) than the other women, as well as weighing slightly less. These were after correcting for metabolic traits, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and fertility. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_creationist_response">The creationist response</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactase_persistence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The creationist response">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Unsurprisingly, creationists had difficulty dealing with this incredibly blatant and powerful evidence of evolution, particularly when it hit the popular press.<sup id="cite_ref-wade1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade1-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wade2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade2-14">[14]</a></sup> The standard response was to claim that this evidence for evolution is evidence <i>against</i> evolution, on the basis that the failure to switch off lactase is a loss of information (in the <a href="/wiki/Information_theory#Creationist_information_theory" title="Information theory">special creationist sense of "information"</a>, which is biologically meaningless).<sup id="cite_ref-aigsaharan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aigsaharan-15">[15]</a></sup> </p><p>The other response was to claim nothing is happening and <i>hey, look over there</i>: </p> <ul><li>"Lactase persistence has <i>nothing</i> to do with molecules-to-man evolution or ape-to-human evolution or even information-adding evolution. It is just a switched-on variation within the human <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></li> <li>"If anything, the prevalence of lactase persistence is a testimony to the fact an <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">all-knowing</a> <a href="/wiki/Creator" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator">Creator</a> designed the human genome with the ability to change."<sup id="cite_ref-aigsaharan_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aigsaharan-15">[15]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>Creationists also accused scientists of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> for having dared to previously think that lactose tolerance was the normal thing and lactose intolerance the oddity,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">as if that has anything to do with the question</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> research also indicates that "Rather than being an example of 'evolution in action,' <a href="/wiki/Adaptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive">adaptive</a> mutation is an awesome witness to <a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">God’s design</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Apparently. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Alt-right_appropriation">Alt-right appropriation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactase_persistence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alt-right appropriation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The ability to consume milk and products derived from it has eventually become a part of the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right_glossary" title="Alt-right glossary">alt-right glossary</a>, since by omitting any mention of the East African mutation one can portray lactase persistence as an exclusive trait among the almighty White Race. A notable occurrence of this was captured on the "He Will Not Divide Us" stream in early 2017, with alt-righters downing gallons of milk (and possibly some poor soul who secretly had lactose intolerance getting diarrhoea in the process).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> </p><p>The alt-right are less tolerant of lactose when it's in a <a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">milkshake</a>, though. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactase_persistence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>The false <a href="/wiki/Microevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Microevolution">microevolution vs. macroevolution</a> divide that creationists love so much</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactase_persistence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Swallow_2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swallow_2003_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Swallow_2003_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Swallow, D. M. (2003). "Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance". Annual Review of Genetics 37: 197–219. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820. PMID 14616060</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cats like small amounts, but it's basically candy for them, and too much induces diarrhoea. Commercial "cat milk" has added lactase.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coelho, M., Luiselli, D., Bertorelle, G., Lopes, A. I., Seixas, S., Destro-Bisol, G. and Rocha, J. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioquest.org/scope/projectfiles/PCR_lactase.pdf">Microsatellite variation and evolution of human lactase persistence.</a> Human Genetics 117(4): 329–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bersaglieri T., Sabeti P. C., Patterson N., Vanderploeg T., Schaffner S. F., Drake J. A., Rhodes M., Reich D. E. and Hirschhorn J. N. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genepath.med.harvard.edu/~reich/Bersaglieri.2004.pdf">Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene.</a> American Journal of Human Genetics 74(6): 1111–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wade1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wade1_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wade1_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/science/10cnd-evolve.html">Study Detects Recent Instance of Human Evolution</a> (Nicholas Wade, <i>New York Times</i>, 2006-12-10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tishkoff-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tishkoff_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tishkoff_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Tishkoff <i>et al.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n1/full/ng1946.html">"Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe."</a> <i>Nature Genetics</i> <b>39</b>, 31-40 (2007). doi:10.1038/ng1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troelsen_2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Troelsen_2005_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTroelsen_JT2005" class="citation journal cs1">Troelsen JT (May 2005). "Adult-type hypolactasia and regulation of lactase expression". <i>Biochim. Biophys. Acta</i>. <b>1723</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15777735">15777735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochim.+Biophys.+Acta&rft.atitle=Adult-type+hypolactasia+and+regulation+of+lactase+expression&rft.volume=1723&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15777735&rft.au=Troelsen+JT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ALactase+persistence" class="Z3988"></span> doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.02.003 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swaminathan2007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Swaminathan2007_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swaminathan, N. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=neolithic-europeans-lactose-tolerance">Not Milk? Neolithic Europeans Couldn't Stomach the Stuff</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MalmstromEtal2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MalmstromEtal2010_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFMalmstrom_H..2C_Linderholm_A..2C_Liden_K..2C_Stora_J..2C_Molnar_P..2C_Holmlund_G..2C_Jakkobson_M..2C_Gotherstrom_A.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Malmstrom H., Linderholm A., Liden K., Stora J., Molnar P., Holmlund G., Jakkobson M., Gotherstrom A. (2010). "High frequency of lactose intolerance in a prehistoric hunter-gatherer population in northern Europe". <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>10</b>: 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=High+frequency+of+lactose+intolerance+in+a+prehistoric+hunter-gatherer+population+in+northern+Europe&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Malmstrom+H.%2C+Linderholm+A.%2C+Liden+K.%2C+Stora+J.%2C+Molnar+P.%2C+Holmlund+G.%2C+Jakkobson+M.%2C+Gotherstrom+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ALactase+persistence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balter_2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Balter_2005_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Balter_2005_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFBersaglieri_TSabetiPattersonVanderploeg2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bersaglieri T; Sabeti, Pardis C.; Patterson, Nick; Vanderploeg, Trisha; Schaffner, Steve F.; Drake, Jared A.; Rhodes, Matthew; Reich, David E.; Hirschhorn, Joel N.; et al. (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182075">"Genetic Signatures of Strong Recent Positive Selection at the Lactase Gene"</a>. <i>Am J Hum Genet</i>. <b>74</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1111–</span>20. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (page does not exist)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182075">1182075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15114531">15114531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Hum+Genet&rft.atitle=Genetic+Signatures+of+Strong+Recent+Positive+Selection+at+the+Lactase+Gene&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1111-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182075%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15114531&rft.au=Bersaglieri+T&rft.au=Sabeti%2C+Pardis+C.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Vanderploeg%2C+Trisha&rft.au=Schaffner%2C+Steve+F.&rft.au=Drake%2C+Jared+A.&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Reich%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Hirschhorn%2C+Joel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ALactase+persistence" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> doi:10.1086/421051</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itan_2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Itan_2009_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFItan_Y.2C_Powell_A.2C_Beaumont_MA.2C_Burger_J.2C_Thomas_MG2009" class="citation journal cs1">Itan Y, Powell A, Beaumont MA, Burger J, Thomas MG (August 2009). Tanaka, Mark M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722739">"The origins of lactase persistence in Europe"</a>. <i>PLoS Comput. Biol</i>. <b>5</b> (8): e1000491. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (page does not exist)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722739">2722739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19714206">19714206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Comput.+Biol.&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+lactase+persistence+in+Europe&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1000491&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2722739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19714206&rft.au=Itan+Y%2C+Powell+A%2C+Beaumont+MA%2C+Burger+J%2C+Thomas+MG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2722739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ALactase+persistence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFBersaglieri_T_et_al..3B_Sabeti.2C_Pardis_C..3B_Patterson.2C_Nick.3B_Vanderploeg.2C_Trisha.3B_Schaffner.2C_Steve_F..3B_Drake.2C_Jared_A..3B_Rhodes.2C_Matthew.3B_Reich.2C_David_E..3B_Hirschhorn.2C_Joel_N.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bersaglieri T et al.; Sabeti, Pardis C.; Patterson, Nick; Vanderploeg, Trisha; Schaffner, Steve F.; Drake, Jared A.; Rhodes, Matthew; Reich, David E.; Hirschhorn, Joel N. (June 2004). "Genetic Signatures of Strong Recent Positive Selection at the Lactase Gene". <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>6</b> (74): 1114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+Signatures+of+Strong+Recent+Positive+Selection+at+the+Lactase+Gene&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=1114&rft.date=2004-06&rft.au=Bersaglieri+T+et+al.%3B+Sabeti%2C+Pardis+C.%3B+Patterson%2C+Nick%3B+Vanderploeg%2C+Trisha%3B+Schaffner%2C+Steve+F.%3B+Drake%2C+Jared+A.%3B+Rhodes%2C+Matthew%3B+Reich%2C+David+E.%3B+Hirschhorn%2C+Joel+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ALactase+persistence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2009_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFSmith_GD.2C_Lawlor_DA.2C_Timpson_NJ.2C_Baban_J.2C_Kiessling_M.2C_Day_IN.2C_Ebrahim_S2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Timpson NJ, Baban J, Kiessling M, Day IN, Ebrahim S (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2986166">"Lactase persistence-related genetic variant: population substructure and health outcomes"</a>. <i>Eur. J. Hum. Genet</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>67. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (page does not exist)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2986166">2986166</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797476">18797476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Lactase+persistence-related+genetic+variant%3A+population+substructure+and+health+outcomes&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2986166%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18797476&rft.au=Smith+GD%2C+Lawlor+DA%2C+Timpson+NJ%2C+Baban+J%2C+Kiessling+M%2C+Day+IN%2C+Ebrahim+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2986166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ALactase+persistence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wade2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wade2_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/11/science/11evolve.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/11/science/11evolve.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aigsaharan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aigsaharan_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aigsaharan_15-1">15.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://answersingenesis.org/genetics/dairy-products-early-saharan-inhabitants/">https://answersingenesis.org/genetics/dairy-products-early-saharan-inhabitants/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://answersingenesis.org/human-evolution/cavemen/does-paleo-diet-hold-evolutionary-key-good-nutrition/">https://answersingenesis.org/human-evolution/cavemen/does-paleo-diet-hold-evolutionary-key-good-nutrition/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://creation.com/lactose-intolerance">http://creation.com/lactose-intolerance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Georgia Purdom and Kevin Anderson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://answersingenesis.org/genetics/mutations/analysis-of-barry-halls-research-of-e-coli-ebg-operon/">"Analysis of Barry Hall’s Research of the E. coli ebg Operon: Understanding the Implications for Bacterial Adaptation to Adverse Environments."</a> Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Creationism, pp. 149–163 (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/us/white-supremacists-science-dna.html">Why White Supremacists Are Chugging Milk (and Why Geneticists Are Alarmed)</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 17 October 2018 (paywall)</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Lactase_persistence&oldid=2364071">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Lactase_persistence&oldid=2364071</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution" title="Category:Evolution">Evolution</a></li></ul></div><div 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