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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hot swapping</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swapping" title="Hot swapping – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hot swapping" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-swap" title="Hot-swap – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hot-swap" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Swapping" title="Hot Swapping – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hot Swapping" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4igultvahetus" title="Käigultvahetus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käigultvahetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambio_en_caliente" title="Cambio en caliente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cambio en caliente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85" title="اتصال گرم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتصال گرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-swap" title="Hot-swap – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hot-swap" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AB_%EC%8A%A4%EC%99%80%ED%95%91" title="핫 스와핑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핫 스와핑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swap" title="Hot swap – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hot swap" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="החלפה חמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החלפה חמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-Plugging" title="Hot-Plugging – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hot-Plugging" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swapping" title="Hot swapping – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hot swapping" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%83%E3%83%97" title="ホットスワップ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホットスワップ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_plugging" title="Hot plugging – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hot plugging" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swapping" title="Hot swapping – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hot swapping" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Горячая замена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горячая замена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swap" title="Hot swap – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hot swap" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гаряча заміна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаряча заміна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%8E%B9%E6%8F%92" title="熱掹插 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱掹插" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%8F%92%E6%8B%94" title="熱插拔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熱插拔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q630802#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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For battery hot swapping, see <a href="/wiki/Battery_swapping" title="Battery swapping">Battery swapping</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hot_swapping" title="Special:EditPage/Hot swapping">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hot+swapping%22">"Hot swapping"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hot+swapping%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hot+swapping%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hot+swapping%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hot+swapping%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hot+swapping%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg/250px-IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg/500px-IBM_TotalStorage_Exp400.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Hot-swapping a <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drive</a> in a storage server</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hot swapping</b> is the replacement or addition of components to a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer system</a> without stopping, <a href="/wiki/Shutdown_(computing)" title="Shutdown (computing)">shutting down</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reboot" title="Reboot">rebooting</a> the system;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>hot plugging</b> describes the addition of components only.<sup id="cite_ref-Hot_swap_vs._Hot_plug_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hot_swap_vs._Hot_plug-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Components which have such functionality are said to be <i>hot-swappable</i> or <i>hot-pluggable</i>; likewise, components which do not are <i>cold-swappable</i> or <i>cold-pluggable</i>. </p><p>Most desktop <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a>, such as CPUs and memory, are only cold-pluggable. However, it is common for mid to high-end <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframes</a> to feature hot-swappable capability for hardware components, such as <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>, memory, <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCIe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">SATA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a> drives. </p><p>An example of hot swapping is the express ability to pull a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB) <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> device, such as a thumb drive, external <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> (HDD), mouse, keyboard, or printer out of a computer's USB slot or peripheral hub without ejecting it first. </p><p>Most smartphones and tablets with tray-loading holders can interchange SIM cards without powering down the system. </p><p>Dedicated <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a> usually have readily accessible <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory card</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a> compartments for quick changing with only minimal interruption of operation. Batteries can be cycled through by recharging reserve batteries externally while unused. Many cameras and camcorders feature an internal memory to allow capturing when no memory card is inserted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot swapping is used whenever it is desirable to change the configuration or repair a working system without interrupting its operation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may simply be for convenience of avoiding the delay and nuisance of shutting down and then restarting complex equipment or because it is essential for equipment, such as a <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a>, to be continuously active. </p><p>Hot swapping may be used to add or remove <a href="/wiki/Computer_peripheral" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer peripheral">peripherals</a> or components, to allow a device to synchronize data with a computer, and to replace faulty modules without interrupting equipment operation. A machine may have dual <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supplies</a>, each adequate to power the machine; a faulty one may be hot-swapped. Important cards such as <a href="/wiki/Disk_controller" title="Disk controller">disk controllers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Host_adapter" title="Host adapter">host adapters</a> may be designed with redundant paths in order for these to be replaceable in case of failure without necessitating interruption of associated computer system operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_considerations">System considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: System considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Machines that support hot swapping need to be able to modify their operation for the changed <a href="/wiki/Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration">configuration</a>, either automatically on detecting the change, or by user intervention. All electrical and mechanical connections associated with hot-swapping must be designed so that neither the equipment nor the user can be harmed while hot-swapping. Other components in the system must be designed so that the removal of a hot-swappable component does not interrupt operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_design">Mechanical design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanical design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protective covering plates, shields, or bezels may be used on either the removable components or the main device itself to prevent operator contact with live powered circuitry, to provide antistatic protection for components being added or removed, or to prevent the removable components from accidentally touching and shorting out the powered components in the operating device. </p><p>Additional guide slots, pins, notches, or holes may be used to aid in proper insertion of a component between other live components, while mechanical engagement latches, handles, or levers may be used to assist in proper insertion and removal of devices that either require large amounts of force to connect or disconnect, or to assist in the proper mating and holding together of power and communications connectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two slightly differing meanings of the term <i>hot swapping</i>. It may refer only to the ability to add or remove hardware without powering down the system, while the system software may have to be notified by the user of the event in order to cope with it. Examples include <a href="/wiki/PCMCIA" title="PCMCIA">PCMCIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> and lower-end <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> devices. </p><p>Some implementations require a component shutdown procedure prior to removal. This simplifies the design, but such devices are not robust in the case of component failure. If a component is removed while it is being used, the operations to that device fail and the user is responsible for retrying if necessary, although this is not usually considered to be a problem. </p><p>More complex implementations may recommend but do not require that the component be shut down, with sufficient <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundancy</a> in the system to allow operation to continue if a component is removed without being shut down. In these systems hot swap is normally used for regular maintenance to the computer, or to replace a broken component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connectors">Connectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Connectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPARCstation20_scsi_cradle_with_drive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SPARCstation20_scsi_cradle_with_drive.jpg/220px-SPARCstation20_scsi_cradle_with_drive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SPARCstation20_scsi_cradle_with_drive.jpg/330px-SPARCstation20_scsi_cradle_with_drive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SPARCstation20_scsi_cradle_with_drive.jpg/440px-SPARCstation20_scsi_cradle_with_drive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Sun SPARCstation hot swappable <a href="/wiki/Single_Connector_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Connector Attachment">Single Connector Attachment</a> (SCA) drive cradle<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern hot-swap methods use a specialized connector with staggered pins, so that certain pins are certain to be connected before others. Most staggered-pin designs have ground pins longer than the others, ensuring that no sensitive circuitry is connected before there is a reliable system ground. The other pins may all be the same length, but in some cases three pin lengths are used so that the incoming device is grounded first, data lines connected second, and power applied third, in rapid succession as the device is inserted. Pins of the same nominal length do not necessarily make contact at exactly the same time due to mechanical tolerances, and angling of the connector when inserted. </p><p>At one time staggered pins were thought to be an expensive solution,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but many contemporary connector families now come with staggered pins as standard; for example, they are used on all modern serial SCSI disk-drives. Specialized hot-plug power connector pins are now commercially available with repeatable DC current interruption ratings of up to 16 A. <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit boards</a> are made with staggered edge-fingers for direct hot-plugging into a backplane connector. </p><p>Although the speed of plugging cannot be controlled precisely, practical considerations will provide limits that can be used to determine worst-case conditions. For a typical staggered pin design where the length difference is 0.5 mm, the elapsed time between long and short pin contact is between 25 ms and 250 ms. It is quite practical to design hot-swap circuits that can operate at that speed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connector_corners.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Connector_corners.svg/350px-Connector_corners.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Connector_corners.svg/525px-Connector_corners.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Connector_corners.svg/700px-Connector_corners.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Hot-swap connector corner pins</figcaption></figure> <p>As long as the hot-swap connector is sufficiently rigid, one of the four corner pins will always be the first to engage. For a typical two-row connector arrangement this provides four first-to-make corner pins that are usually used for grounds. Other pins near the corners can be used for functions that would also benefit from this effect, for example sensing when the connector is fully seated. This diagram illustrates good practice where the grounds are in the corners and the power pins are near the center. Two sense pins are located in opposite corners so that fully seated detection is confirmed only when both of them are in contact with the slot. The remaining pins are used for all the other data signals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_electronics">Power electronics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Power electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DC power supplies to a hot-swap component are usually <a href="/wiki/Pre-charge" title="Pre-charge">pre-charged</a> by dedicated long pins that make contact before the main power pins. These pre-charge pins are protected by a circuit that limits the inrush current to an acceptable value that cannot damage the pins nor disturb the supply voltage to adjacent slots. The pre-charge circuit might be a simple series <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Negative_temperature_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative temperature coefficient">negative temperature coefficient</a> (NTC) resistor, or a <a href="/wiki/Current-limiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Current-limiter">current-limiter</a> circuit. Further protection can be provided by a "soft-start" circuit that provides a managed ramp-up of the internal DC supply voltages within the component. </p><p>A typical sequence for a hot-swap component being plugged into a slot could be as follows: </p> <ol><li>Long ground pins make contact; basic electrical safety and ESD protection becomes available.</li> <li>Long (or medium) pre-charge pins make contact; decoupling capacitors start to charge up.</li> <li>Real time delay of tens of milliseconds.</li> <li>Short power/signal pins make contact.</li> <li>Connector becomes fully seated; power-on reset signal asserted within component</li> <li>Soft-start circuit starts to apply power to the component.</li> <li>Real time delay of tens of milliseconds.</li> <li>Soft-start circuit completes sequence; power-on reset circuit deasserted</li> <li>Component begins normal operation.</li></ol> <p>Hot-swap power circuits can now be purchased commercially in specially designed <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASICs</a> called hot-swap power managers (HSPMs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signal_electronics">Signal electronics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Signal electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circuitry attached to signal pins in a hot-swap component should include some protection against <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">electrostatic discharge</a> (ESD). This usually takes the form of clamp diodes to ground and to the DC power supply voltage. ESD effects can be reduced by careful design of the mechanical package around the hot-swap component, perhaps by coating it with a thin film of conductive material. </p><p>Particular care must be taken when designing systems with bussed signals which are wired to more than one hot-swap component. When a hot-swap component is inserted its input and output signal pins will represent a temporary short-circuit to ground. This can cause unwanted ground-level pulses on the signals which can disturb the operation of other hot-swap components in the system. This was a problem for early <a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">parallel SCSI</a> disk-drives. One common design solution is to protect bussed signal pins with series diodes or resistors. CMOS buffer devices are now available with specialized inputs and outputs that minimize disturbance of bussed signals during the hot-swap operation. If all else fails, another solution is to <a href="/wiki/Quiesce" title="Quiesce">quiesce</a> the operation of all components during the hot-swap operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Major uses including server components and USB peripherals (currently mentioned in lead but not discussed in body). Other uses (not currently mentioned but shouldn't be hard to find reliable sources) include <a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supply</a> batteries, electric car batteries.. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_transmitters">Radio transmitters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radio transmitters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern day <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmitter">radio transmitters</a> (and some <a href="/wiki/TV_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="TV transmitter">TV transmitters</a> as well) use high power RF transistor power modules instead of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>. Hot swapping power modules is not a new technology, as many of the radio transmitters manufactured in the 1930s were capable of having power tubes swapped out while the transmitter was running—but this feature was not universally adopted due to the introduction of more reliable high power tubes. </p><p>In the mid-1990s, several radio transmitter manufactures in the US started offering swappable high power RF transistor modules. </p> <ul><li>There was no industry standard for the design of the swappable power modules at the time.</li> <li>Early module designs had only limited patent restrictions.</li> <li>By the early 2000s, many transmitter models were available that used many different kinds of power modules.</li></ul> <p>The reintroduction of power modules has been good for the radio transmitter industry, as it has fostered innovation. Modular transmitters have proven to be more reliable than tube transmitters, when the transmitter is properly chosen for the conditions at the transmitting site. </p><p>Power limitations: </p> <ul><li>Lowest power modular transmitter: generally 1.0 kW, using 600 W modules.</li> <li>Highest power modular transmitter: 1.0 MW (for <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">LW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">MW</a>).</li> <li>Highest power modular transmitter: 45 kW (FM, TV).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaming">Gaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most contemporary <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> systems can interchange games and multimedia (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-rays</a>) without powering down the system, older generations of systems varied in their support of hot-swapping capabilities. For example, whereas the Sony PlayStation and PlayStation 2 could eject a game disc with the system powered on, the Nintendo Game Boy Advance and the Nintendo 64 would freeze up and could potentially become corrupt if the game cartridge was removed with the power on. Manufacturers specifically warned against such practices in the owner's manual or on the game cartridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Health_&_Safety_Precautions_for_Cartridge-Based_Consoles_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_&_Safety_Precautions_for_Cartridge-Based_Consoles-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was supposedly for this reason that <a href="/wiki/Stop_%27N%27_Swop" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop 'N' Swop">Stop 'N' Swop</a> was taken out of the <a href="/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie" title="Banjo-Kazooie">Banjo-Kazooie series</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis/Mega Drive</a> system, it was sometimes possible to apply <a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_video_games" title="Cheating in video games">cheats</a> (such as a player having infinite lives) and other temporary software alterations to games by hot swapping cartridges, even though the cartridges were not designed to be hot swappable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboards">Keyboards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Keyboards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_technology" title="Keyboard technology">Keyboard technology</a></div><p>Hot-swappable keyboards enable changing the <a href="/wiki/List_of_keyboard_switches" title="List of keyboard switches">switches</a> without having to disassemble the keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On standard mechanical-switch keyboards, the switch is directly <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">soldered</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a>. Hot-swappable keyboards instead have a socket in its place that allows the switch to be freely replaced without re-soldering.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to hot-swappable keyboards being less common, they often require being custom built or bought from custom keyboard manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be found in a variety of sizes and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">layouts</a>, including more specialized <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic_keyboard" title="Ergonomic keyboard">ergonomic</a> layouts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_software_updating" title="Dynamic software updating">Dynamic software updating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive programming</a></div> <p>Hot swapping can also refer to the ability to alter the running code of a program without needing to interrupt its execution. <a href="/wiki/Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive programming</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigm</a> that makes extensive use of hot swapping, so the programming activity becomes part of the program flow itself. </p><p>Only a few <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> support hot swapping natively, including <a href="/wiki/Pike_(programming_language)" title="Pike (programming language)">Pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, Visual Basic 6 (not <a href="/wiki/VB.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="VB.NET">VB.NET</a>), <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and most recently <a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a> supports a kind of hot swapping called Edit and Continue, which is supported by <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, VB.NET and <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> when running under a debugger.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hot swapping is the central method in <a href="/wiki/Live_coding" title="Live coding">live coding</a>, where programming is an integral part of the runtime process. In general, all programming languages used in live coding, such as <a href="/wiki/SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a>, <a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Extempore_(software)" title="Extempore (software)">Extempore</a> support hot swapping. </p><p>Some web-based frameworks, such as <a href="/wiki/Django_(Web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Django (Web framework)">Django</a>, support detecting module changes and reloading them on the fly. However, although the same as hotswapping for most intents and purposes, this is technically just a <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">cache</a> purge, triggered by a new file. This does not apply to markup and programming languages such as <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> respectively, in the general case, as these files are normally reinterpreted on each use by default. There are a few <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">CMSes</a> and other PHP-based frameworks (such as <a href="/wiki/Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a>) that employ caching, however. In these cases, similar abilities and exceptions apply. </p><p>Hot swapping also facilitates developing systems where large amounts of data are being processed, as in entire genomes in bioinformatics algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademarks">Trademarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Trademarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "HOT PLUG" was registered as a trademark in the United States in November 1992 to <a href="/wiki/Core_International" title="Core International">Core International, Inc.</a>, and cancelled in May 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udev" title="Udev">udev</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_swapping&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHennessyPatterson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hennessy, John L.; Patterson, David A. (2002). <i>Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach</i>. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Architecture and Design. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 707. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080502526" title="Special:BookSources/9780080502526"><bdi>9780080502526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Architecture%3A+A+Quantitative+Approach&rft.series=The+Morgan+Kaufmann+Series+in+Computer+Architecture+and+Design&rft.pages=707&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780080502526&rft.aulast=Hennessy&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hot_swap_vs._Hot_plug-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hot_swap_vs._Hot_plug_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/expert/KnowledgebaseAnswer/0,289625,sid5_cid403082,00.html">"Hot Swap and Hot Plug"</a>. <i>Searchstorage.techtarget.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/TechTarget" class="mw-redirect" title="TechTarget">TechTarget</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Searchstorage.techtarget.com&rft.atitle=Hot+Swap+and+Hot+Plug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchstorage.techtarget.com%2Fexpert%2FKnowledgebaseAnswer%2F0%2C289625%2Csid5_cid403082%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabiszJovanovicLee1992" class="citation conference cs1">Tabisz, W.A.; Jovanovic, M.M.; Lee, F.C. (23–27 February 1992). <i>Present and future of distributed power systems</i>. Seventh Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1992. APEC '92. Conference Proceedings 1992. IEEE. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FAPEC.1992.228437">10.1109/APEC.1992.228437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-0485-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-0485-3"><bdi>0-7803-0485-3</bdi></a>. <q>A properly designed parallel configuration allows the on-line replacement (hot-swapping) of defective modules. This provides means for non-interrupting maintenance and repair, a very desirable feature in high-reliability systems operating in a continuous fashion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Present+and+future+of+distributed+power+systems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=1992-02-23%2F1992-02-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FAPEC.1992.228437&rft.isbn=0-7803-0485-3&rft.aulast=Tabisz&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rft.au=Jovanovic%2C+M.M.&rft.au=Lee%2C+F.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Health_&_Safety_Precautions_for_Cartridge-Based_Consoles-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Health_&_Safety_Precautions_for_Cartridge-Based_Consoles_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/manuals/precautions_console_pak_english.jsp">"Health & Safety Precautions for Cartridge-Based Consoles"</a>. <i>nintendo.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nintendo.com&rft.atitle=Health+%26+Safety+Precautions+for+Cartridge-Based+Consoles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.com%2Fconsumer%2Fmanuals%2Fprecautions_console_pak_english.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_editors_of_GamePro_magazine1994" class="citation book cs1">The editors of <a href="/wiki/GamePro" title="GamePro">GamePro magazine</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjmZAmgTRWIC"><i>Sega Genesis Games Secrets Greatest Tips</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Prima_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima Publishing">Prima Publishing</a>. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559584012" title="Special:BookSources/9781559584012"><bdi>9781559584012</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sega+Genesis+Games+Secrets+Greatest+Tips&rft.pages=217&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prima+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781559584012&rft.au=The+editors+of+GamePro+magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjmZAmgTRWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/what-are-hot-swappable-switches/">"What are hot-swappable keyboard switches?"</a>. <i>Digital Trends</i>. 2022-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Trends&rft.atitle=What+are+hot-swappable+keyboard+switches%3F&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fcomputing%2Fwhat-are-hot-swappable-switches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reviewgeek.com/34512/the-4-best-hot-swappable-mechanical-keyboards/">"The 8 Best Hot Swappable Mechanical Keyboards – Review Geek"</a>. <i>www.reviewgeek.com</i>. 9 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elm-lang.org/blog/Interactive-Programming.elm">the original</a> on 2013-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+programming+%E2%80%93+Hot-swapping+in+Elm&rft.pub=elm-lang.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felm-lang.org%2Fblog%2FInteractive-Programming.elm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731042922/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bcew296c(VS.80).aspx">"MSDN Article for Edit and Continue"</a>. Msdn.microsoft.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bcew296c(VS.80).aspx">the original</a> on 2010-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSDN+Article+for+Edit+and+Continue&rft.pub=Msdn.microsoft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fbcew296c%28VS.80%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilleRobinson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gille, Christoph; Robinson, Peter N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1386713">"HotSwap for bioinformatics: A STRAP tutorial"</a>. <i>BMC Bioinformatics</i>. <b>7</b>. Biomedcentral.com: 64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2105-7-64">10.1186/1471-2105-7-64</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1386713">1386713</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469097">16469097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18283272">18283272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=HotSwap+for+bioinformatics%3A+A+STRAP+tutorial&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1386713%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18283272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16469097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2105-7-64&rft.aulast=Gille&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Peter+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1386713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+swapping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=74140414&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch">"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval (TSDR); Mark: HOT PLUG; US Serial Number: 74140414; Application Filing Date: Feb. 19, 1991; US Registration Number: 1732038; Registration Date: Nov. 10, 1992"</a>. USPTO<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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