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id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Academia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation_and_advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation_and_advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Litigation and advocacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation_and_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Court_of_Appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Court_of_Appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 U.S. Court of Appeals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Court_of_Appeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Supreme Court </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Supreme Court subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_and_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nomination and confirmation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Supreme Court tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Gender discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Abortion rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Religious Freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_and_seizure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_and_seizure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Search and seizure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_and_seizure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 International law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_rights_and_affirmative_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_rights_and_affirmative_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Voting rights and affirmative action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_rights_and_affirmative_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 Native Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_majority_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_majority_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8 Other majority opinions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_majority_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decision_not_to_retire_under_Obama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decision_not_to_retire_under_Obama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Decision not to retire under Obama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decision_not_to_retire_under_Obama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death and succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Ginsburg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruth Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="روث بادر غينسبورغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روث بادر غينسبورغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="روث بیدر قینزبرق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روث بیدر قینزبرق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="রুথ বাদের গিন্সবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুথ বাদের গিন্সবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Baderov%C3%A1_Ginsburgov%C3%A1" title="Ruth Baderová Ginsburgová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruth Baderová Ginsburgová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Ρουθ Μπέιντερ Γκίνσμπεργκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουθ Μπέιντερ Γκίνσμπεργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="روث بیدر گینزبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روث بیدر گینزبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%94_%EA%B8%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8" title="루스 베이더 긴즈버그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루스 베이더 긴즈버그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Ռութ Բեյդեր Գինզբուրգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռութ Բեյդեր Գինզբուրգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="רות ביידר גינסבורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רות ביידר גינסבורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="რუთ ბეიდერ გინზბურგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუთ ბეიდერ გინზბურგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Рут Бејдер Гинзбург – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рут Бејдер Гинзбург" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="രൂത്ത് ബാദർ ജിൻസ്ബർഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രൂത്ത് ബാദർ ജിൻസ്ബർഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="रुथ बेडर गिन्सबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रुथ बेडर गिन्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="روث بادر جينسبورج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روث بادر جينسبورج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="ルース・ベイダー・ギンズバーグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルース・ベイダー・ギンズバーグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="روت بيدر ګينزبرګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روت بيدر ګينزبرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гинзбург, Рут Бейдер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гинзбург, Рут Бейдер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Baderov%C3%A1_Ginsburgov%C3%A1" title="Ruth Baderová Ginsburgová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruth Baderová Ginsburgová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Рут Бејдер Гинсберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рут Бејдер Гинсберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ரூத் பேடர் கின்ஸ்பர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரூத் பேடர் கின்ஸ்பர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%98_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="รูธ เบเดอร์ กินส์เบิร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูธ เบเดอร์ กินส์เบิร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Рут Бейдер Гінзбург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рут Бейдер Гінзбург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="露丝·巴德·金斯伯格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="露丝·巴德·金斯伯格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="金斯伯格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金斯伯格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E7%B5%B2%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="露絲·貝德·金斯堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="露絲·貝德·金斯堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11116#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/RBG_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="RBG (disambiguation)">RBG (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2016_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg seated in her robe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2016_portrait.jpg/220px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2016_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2016_portrait.jpg/330px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2016_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2016_portrait.jpg/440px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2016_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2016</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 10, 1993 – September 18, 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 30, 1980 – August 9, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Leventhal_(judge)" title="Harold Leventhal (judge)">Harold Leventhal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Tatel" title="David S. Tatel">David Tatel</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joan Ruth Bader</div> (1933-03-15)March 15, 1933 New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 18, 2020(2020-09-18) (aged 87) Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_D._Ginsburg" title="Martin D. Ginsburg">Martin D. Ginsburg</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1954; died <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>2010)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_C._Ginsburg" title="Jane C. Ginsburg">Jane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Steven_Ginsburg" title="James Steven Ginsburg">James</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_signature.svg/128px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_signature.svg/192px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_signature.svg/256px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="151" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Iowa_v._Tovar.ogg" title="File:Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivers the opinion of the Court in Iowa v. Tovar.ogg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="335" data-mwtitle="Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Iowa_v._Tovar.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Iowa_v._Tovar.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Iowa_v._Tovar.ogg/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Iowa_v._Tovar.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivers the opinion of the Court in <a href="/wiki/Iowa_v._Tovar" title="Iowa v. Tovar">Iowa v. Tovar</a> Recorded March 8, 2004</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #3333FF; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#3333FF; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern/Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">Unalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Frank (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"> Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank (Barney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Bouie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxane_Gay" title="Roxane Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Huffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meyers" title="Seth Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Polgreen" title="Lydia Polgreen">Polgreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Yglesias" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Yglesias">Yglesias</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. B. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Republicans">Roosevelt Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (factions)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_For_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennan Center For Justice">Brennan Center For Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Works" title="Equal Justice Works">Equal Justice Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL">NARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights">Southern Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Imagination" title="The Liberal Imagination">The Liberal Imagination</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_US" title="Template talk:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Joan Ruth Bader Ginsburg (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbeɪdər ˈɡɪnzbɜːrɡ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BAY-dər GHINZ-burg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Bader; March 15, 1933 – September 18, 2020)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> from 1993 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">her death</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> She was nominated by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> to replace retiring justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>, and at the time was viewed as a moderate consensus-builder.<a href="#cite_note-Richter,_Paul;_Clinton_Picks_Moderate_Judge-4">[4]</a> Ginsburg was the first Jewish woman and the second woman to serve on the Court, after <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>. During her tenure, Ginsburg authored the majority opinions in cases such as <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._L.C." title="Olmstead v. L.C.">Olmstead v. L.C.</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a> (2000), and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a> (2005). Later in her tenure, Ginsburg received attention for passionate dissents that reflected <a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">liberal views of the law</a>. She was popularly dubbed "the Notorious R.B.G.",<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> a moniker she later embraced.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Ginsburg was born and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York. Just over a year later her older sister and only sibling, Marilyn, died of meningitis at the age of six. Her mother died shortly before she graduated from high school.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> She earned her bachelor's degree at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and married <a href="/wiki/Martin_D._Ginsburg" title="Martin D. Ginsburg">Martin D. Ginsburg</a>, becoming a mother before starting law school at Harvard, where she was one of the few women in her class. Ginsburg transferred to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, where she graduated joint first in her class. During the early 1960s she worked with the Columbia Law School Project on International Procedure, learned Swedish, and co-authored a book with Swedish jurist <a href="/wiki/Anders_Bruzelius" title="Anders Bruzelius">Anders Bruzelius</a>; her work in Sweden profoundly influenced her thinking on gender equality. She then became a professor at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Law_School" title="Rutgers Law School">Rutgers Law School</a> and Columbia Law School, teaching civil procedure as one of the few women in her field. Ginsburg spent much of her legal career as an advocate for <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, winning many arguments before the Supreme Court. She advocated as a volunteer attorney for the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> and was a member of its board of directors and one of its general counsel in the 1970s. In 1980, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> appointed her to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>, where she served until her appointment to the Supreme Court in 1993. Between O'Connor's retirement in 2006 and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> in 2009, she was the only female justice on the Supreme Court. During that time, Ginsburg became more forceful with her dissents, such as with <a href="/wiki/Ledbetter_v._Goodyear_Tire_%26_Rubber_Co." title="Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.">Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.</a> (2007). Despite two bouts with cancer and public pleas from liberal law scholars, she decided not to retire in <a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">2013 or 2014</a> when President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and a Democratic-controlled Senate could appoint and confirm her successor.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-rbg-retirement-obama-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Ginsburg died at her home in Washington, D.C., in September 2020, at the age of 87, from complications of <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>. The vacancy created by her death was filled 39 days later by <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>. The result was one of three major <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">rightward</a> shifts in the Court since 1953, following the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> to replace <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> in 1991 and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren Burger</a> to replace <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RBG_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RBG_Columbia.jpg/170px-RBG_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RBG_Columbia.jpg/255px-RBG_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RBG_Columbia.jpg/340px-RBG_Columbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg in 1959, wearing her <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a> academic regalia</figcaption></figure> Joan Ruth Bader was born on March 15, 1933, at <a href="/wiki/Beth_Moses_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Moses Hospital">Beth Moses Hospital</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> borough of New York City, the second daughter of Celia (née Amster) and Nathan Bader, who lived in Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/Flatbush" title="Flatbush">Flatbush</a> neighborhood. Her father was a Jewish emigrant from <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, at that time part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and her mother was born in New York to Jewish parents who came from <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, at that time part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The Baders' elder daughter Marylin died of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> at age six. Joan, who was 14 months old when Marylin died, was known to the family as "Kiki", a nickname Marylin had given her for being "a kicky baby". When Joan started school, Celia discovered that her daughter's class had several other girls named Joan, so Celia suggested the teacher call her daughter by her second name, Ruth, to avoid confusion.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg,_Hartnett-13">[12]</a>: 3–4  Although not devout, the Bader family belonged to <a href="/wiki/East_Midwood_Jewish_Center" title="East Midwood Jewish Center">East Midwood Jewish Center</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> synagogue, where Ruth learned tenets of the Jewish faith and gained familiarity with the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg,_Hartnett-13">[12]</a>: 14–15  Ruth was not allowed to have a <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">bat mitzvah ceremony</a> because of Orthodox restrictions on women reading from the Torah, which upset her.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Starting as a camper from the age of four, she attended Camp Che-Na-Wah, a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Summer_camp" title="Summer camp">summer program</a> at Lake Balfour near <a href="/wiki/Minerva,_New_York" title="Minerva, New York">Minerva, New York</a>, where she was later a camp counselor until the age of eighteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hart202013-15">[14]</a> Celia took an active role in her daughter's education, often taking her to the library.<a href="#cite_note-Oyez_bio-16">[15]</a> Celia had been a good student in her youth, graduating from high school at age 15, yet she could not further her own education because her family instead chose to send her brother to college. Celia wanted her daughter to get more education, which she thought would allow Ruth to become a high school history teacher.<a href="#cite_note-Galanes,_Philip-17">[16]</a> Ruth attended <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_High_School_(Brooklyn)" title="James Madison High School (Brooklyn)">James Madison High School</a>, whose law program later dedicated a courtroom in her honor. Celia struggled with cancer throughout Ruth's high school years and died the day before Ruth's high school graduation.<a href="#cite_note-Oyez_bio-16">[15]</a> Ruth Bader attended <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>, where she was a member of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi" title="Alpha Epsilon Phi">Alpha Epsilon Phi</a> sorority.<a href="#cite_note-Scanlon,_Jennifer-18">[17]</a>: 118  While at Cornell, she met <a href="/wiki/Martin_D._Ginsburg" title="Martin D. Ginsburg">Martin D. Ginsburg</a> at age 17.<a href="#cite_note-Galanes,_Philip-17">[16]</a> She graduated from Cornell with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in government on June 23, 1954. While at Cornell, Bader studied under Russian-American novelist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, and she later identified Nabokov as a major influence on her development as a writer.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> She was a member of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> and the highest-ranking female student in her graduating class.<a href="#cite_note-Scanlon,_Jennifer-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hensley-21">[20]</a> Bader married Ginsburg a month after her graduation from Cornell. The couple moved to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill, Oklahoma</a>, where Martin Ginsburg, a <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> graduate, was stationed as a called-up active duty <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">United States Army Reserve</a> officer during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Galanes,_Philip-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hensley-21">[20]</a> At age 21, Ruth Bader Ginsburg worked for the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> office in Oklahoma, where she was demoted after becoming pregnant with her first child. She gave birth to a daughter in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Margolick,_David;_NYT;_Trial_by_Adversity-23">[22]</a> In the fall of 1956, Ruth Bader Ginsburg enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, where she was one of only 9 women in a class of about 500 men.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Harvard_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean of Harvard Law School">dean of Harvard Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Griswold" title="Erwin Griswold">Erwin Griswold</a>, reportedly invited all the female law students to dinner at his family home and asked the female law students, including Ginsburg, "Why are you at Harvard Law School, taking the place of a man?"<a href="#cite_note-26">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galanes,_Philip-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> When her husband took a job in New York City, that same dean denied Ginsburg's request to complete her third year towards a Harvard law degree at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> so Ginsburg transferred to Columbia and became the first woman to be on two major <a href="/wiki/Law_review" title="Law review">law reviews</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a>. In 1959, she earned her law degree at Columbia and tied for first in her class.<a href="#cite_note-Oyez_bio-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toobin-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> At the start of her legal career, Ginsburg encountered difficulty in finding employment.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper,_Cynthia_L.-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_Law_School;_brief_bio-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liptak,_Adam;_Kagan_Says_Her_Path-33">[31]</a> In 1960, Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a> rejected Ginsburg for a clerkship because of her gender. He did so despite a strong recommendation from <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sacks" title="Albert Sacks">Albert Martin Sacks</a>, who was a professor and later <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> of Harvard Law School.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-note_1-36">[c]</a> Columbia law professor <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gunther" title="Gerald Gunther">Gerald Gunther</a> also pushed for Judge <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Louis_Palmieri" title="Edmund Louis Palmieri">Edmund L. Palmieri</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York</a> to hire Ginsburg as a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a>, threatening to never recommend another Columbia student to Palmieri if he did not give Ginsburg the opportunity and guaranteeing to provide the judge with a replacement clerk should Ginsburg not succeed.<a href="#cite_note-Margolick,_David;_NYT;_Trial_by_Adversity-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oyez_bio-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syckle-2018-37">[34]</a> Later that year, Ginsburg began her clerkship for Judge Palmieri, and she held the position for two years.<a href="#cite_note-Margolick,_David;_NYT;_Trial_by_Adversity-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oyez_bio-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia">Academia</h3></div> From 1961 to 1963, Ginsburg was a research associate and then an associate director of the Columbia Law School Project on International Procedure, working alongside director <a href="/wiki/Hans_Smit_(professor)" title="Hans Smit (professor)">Hans Smit</a>;<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> she learned <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> to co-author a book with <a href="/wiki/Anders_Bruzelius" title="Anders Bruzelius">Anders Bruzelius</a> on civil procedure in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Ginsburg conducted extensive research for her book at <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a> in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Ginsburg's time in Sweden and her association with the Swedish Bruzelius family of jurists also influenced her thinking on gender equality. She was inspired when she observed the changes in Sweden, where women were 20 to 25 percent of all law students; one of the judges whom Ginsburg observed for her research was eight months pregnant and still working.<a href="#cite_note-Galanes,_Philip-17">[16]</a> Bruzelius' daughter, Norwegian supreme court justice and president of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Association_for_Women%27s_Rights" title="Norwegian Association for Women's Rights">Norwegian Association for Women's Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_M._Bruzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Karin M. Bruzelius">Karin M. Bruzelius</a>, herself a law student when Ginsburg worked with her father, said that "by getting close to my family, Ruth realized that one could live in a completely different way, that women could have a different lifestyle and legal position than what they had in the United States."<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Ginsburg's first position as a professor was at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Law_School" title="Rutgers Law School">Rutgers Law School</a> in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_Kay,_Herma-45">[42]</a> She was paid less than her male colleagues because, she was told, "your husband has a very good job."<a href="#cite_note-Liptak,_Adam;_Kagan_Says_Her_Path-33">[31]</a> At the time Ginsburg entered academia, she was one of fewer than twenty female law professors in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_Kay,_Herma-45">[42]</a> She was a professor of law at Rutgers from 1963 to 1972, teaching mainly <a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">civil procedure</a> and receiving tenure in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Judicial_Center-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a> In 1970, she co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Law_Reporter" title="Women's Rights Law Reporter">Women's Rights Law Reporter</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Law_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law journal">law journal</a> in the U.S. to focus exclusively on women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> From 1972 to 1980, she taught at Columbia Law School, where she became the first <a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">tenured</a> woman and co-authored the first law school <a href="/wiki/Casebook" title="Casebook">casebook</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sex discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a> She also spent a year as a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> from 1977 to 1978.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litigation_and_advocacy">Litigation and advocacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RB_Ginsburg_1977_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg standing by a window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RB_Ginsburg_1977_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg/220px-RB_Ginsburg_1977_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RB_Ginsburg_1977_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg/330px-RB_Ginsburg_1977_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RB_Ginsburg_1977_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg/440px-RB_Ginsburg_1977_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg in 1977, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Gilbert" title="Lynn Gilbert">Lynn Gilbert</a></figcaption></figure> In 1972, Ginsburg co-founded the Women's Rights Project at the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU), and in 1973, she became the Project's general counsel.<a href="#cite_note-Hensley-21">[20]</a> The Women's Rights Project and related ACLU projects participated in more than 300 gender discrimination cases by 1974. As the director of the ACLU's Women's Rights Project, she argued six gender discrimination cases before the Supreme Court between 1973 and 1976, winning five.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a> Rather than asking the Court to end all gender discrimination at once, Ginsburg charted a strategic course, taking aim at specific discriminatory statutes and building on each successive victory. She chose plaintiffs carefully, at times picking male plaintiffs to demonstrate that gender discrimination was harmful to both men and women.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a> The laws Ginsburg targeted included those that on the surface appeared beneficial to women, but in fact reinforced the notion that women needed to be dependent on men.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a> Her strategic advocacy extended to word choice, favoring the use of "gender" instead of "sex", after her secretary suggested the word "sex" would serve as a distraction to judges.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a> She attained a reputation as a skilled oral advocate, and her work led directly to the end of gender discrimination in many areas of the law.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Ginsburg volunteered to write the brief for <a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Reed" title="Reed v. Reed">Reed v. Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_404" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 404">404</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 71 (1971), in which the Supreme Court extended the protections of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> to women.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_Historical;_Reed_v._Reed2-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-note_3-53">[d]</a> In 1972, she argued before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th Circuit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moritz_v._Commissioner" title="Moritz v. Commissioner">Moritz v. Commissioner</a> on behalf of a man who had been denied a caregiver deduction because of his gender. As amicus she argued in <a href="/wiki/Frontiero_v._Richardson" title="Frontiero v. Richardson">Frontiero v. Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_411" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 411">411</a> U.S. 677 (1973), which challenged a statute making it more difficult for a female service member (Frontiero) to claim an increased housing allowance for her husband than for a male service member seeking the same allowance for his wife. Ginsburg argued that the statute treated women as inferior, and the Supreme Court ruled 8–1 in Frontiero's favor.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a> The court again ruled in Ginsburg's favor in <a href="/wiki/Weinberger_v._Wiesenfeld" title="Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld">Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_420" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 420">420</a> U.S. 636 (1975), where Ginsburg represented a widower denied survivor benefits under Social Security, which permitted widows but not widowers to collect special benefits while caring for minor children. She argued that the statute discriminated against male survivors of workers by denying them the same protection as their female counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wendy_W.,_Columbia_Journal2-54">[50]</a> In 1973, the same year <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> was decided, Ginsburg filed a federal case to challenge <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Involuntary sterilization">involuntary sterilization</a>, suing members of the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">Eugenics Board of North Carolina</a> on behalf of Nial Ruth Cox, a mother who had been coercively sterilized under North Carolina's Sterilization of Persons Mentally Defective program on penalty of her family losing welfare benefits.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> During a 2009 interview with <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bazelon" title="Emily Bazelon">Emily Bazelon</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Ginsburg stated: "I had thought that at the time Roe was decided, there was concern about population growth and particularly growth in populations that we don't want to have too many of."<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Bazelon conducted a follow-up interview with Ginsburg in 2012 at a joint appearance at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where Ginsburg claimed her 2009 quote was vastly misinterpreted and clarified her stance.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> Ginsburg filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus brief</a> and sat with counsel at oral argument for <a href="/wiki/Craig_v._Boren" title="Craig v. Boren">Craig v. Boren</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_429" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 429">429</a> U.S. 190 (1976), which challenged an Oklahoma statute that set different minimum drinking ages for men and women.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wendy_W.,_Columbia_Journal2-54">[50]</a> For the first time, the court imposed what is known as <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_scrutiny" title="Intermediate scrutiny">intermediate scrutiny</a> on laws discriminating based on gender, a heightened standard of Constitutional review.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wendy_W.,_Columbia_Journal2-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Her last case as an attorney before the Supreme Court was <a href="/wiki/Duren_v._Missouri" title="Duren v. Missouri">Duren v. Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_439" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 439">439</a> U.S. 357 (1979), which challenged the validity of voluntary <a href="/wiki/Jury_duty" title="Jury duty">jury duty</a> for women, on the ground that participation in jury duty was a citizen's vital governmental service and therefore should not be optional for women. At the end of Ginsburg's oral argument, then-Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> asked Ginsburg, "You won't settle for putting <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">on the new dollar</a>, then?"<a href="#cite_note-WaPo199307192-62">[58]</a> Ginsburg said she considered responding, "We won't settle for tokens," but instead opted not to answer the question.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo199307192-62">[58]</a> Legal scholars and advocates credit Ginsburg's body of work with making significant legal advances for women under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a> Taken together, Ginsburg's legal victories discouraged legislatures from treating women and men differently under the law.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wendy_W.,_Columbia_Journal2-54">[50]</a> She continued to work on the ACLU's Women's Rights Project until her appointment to the Federal Bench in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a> Later, colleague <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> praised Ginsburg's skills as an advocate. "She became the leading (and very successful) litigator on behalf of women's rights—the <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> of that cause, so to speak." This was a comparison that had first been made by former solicitor general Erwin Griswold who was also her former professor and dean at Harvard Law School, in a speech given in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Court_of_Appeals">U.S. Court of Appeals</h2></div> In light of the mounting backlog in the federal judiciary, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Judgeship_Act_of_1978" title="Omnibus Judgeship Act of 1978">Omnibus Judgeship Act of 1978</a> increasing the number of federal judges by 117 in district courts and another 35 to be added to the circuit courts. The law placed an emphasis on ensuring that the judges included women and minority groups, a matter that was important to President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> who had been elected two years before. The bill also required that the nomination process consider the character and experience of the candidates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hart2020277-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Ginsburg was considering a change in career as soon as Carter was elected. She was interviewed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General</a>, the position she most desired, but knew that she and the African-American candidate who was interviewed the same day had little chance of being appointed by Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hart2020278-69">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_-_Sibley_Lecture_1981(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_-_Sibley_Lecture_1981%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_-_Sibley_Lecture_1981%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_-_Sibley_Lecture_1981%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_-_Sibley_Lecture_1981%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_-_Sibley_Lecture_1981%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_-_Sibley_Lecture_1981%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3077" data-file-height="3838" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg in 1981</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg shaking hands with Carter as the two smile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg/220px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg/330px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg/440px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg with President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in 1980</figcaption></figure> At the time, Ginsburg was a fellow at Stanford University where she was working on a written account of her work in litigation and advocacy for equal rights. Her husband was a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a> and was ready to leave his firm, <a href="/wiki/Weil,_Gotshal_%26_Manges" title="Weil, Gotshal & Manges">Weil, Gotshal & Manges</a>, for a tenured position. He was at the same time working hard to promote a possible judgeship for his wife. In January 1979, she filled out the questionnaire for possible nominees to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">U.S. Court of Appeals</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Circuit">Second Circuit</a>, and another for the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia Circuit">District of Columbia Circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hart2020278-69">[64]</a> Ginsburg was nominated by President Carter on April 14, 1980, to a seat on the DC Circuit vacated by Judge <a href="/wiki/Harold_Leventhal_(judge)" title="Harold Leventhal (judge)">Harold Leventhal</a> upon his death. She was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on June 18, 1980, and received her commission later that day.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Judicial_Center-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hart2020286–291-70">[65]</a> During her time as a judge on the DC Circuit, Ginsburg often found consensus with her colleagues including conservatives <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert H. Bork</a> and Antonin Scalia.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> Her time on the court earned her a reputation as a "cautious jurist" and a moderate.<a href="#cite_note-Richter,_Paul;_Clinton_Picks_Moderate_Judge-4">[4]</a> Her service ended on August 9, 1993, due to her elevation to the United States Supreme Court,<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Judicial_Center-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-istorical_Society_of_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit;_Bio-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> and she was replaced by Judge <a href="/wiki/David_S._Tatel" title="David S. Tatel">David S. Tatel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_confirmation">Nomination and confirmation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Announcement_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Nominee_for_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg speaking at a lectern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Announcement_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Nominee_for_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493870.jpg/220px-Announcement_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Nominee_for_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Announcement_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Nominee_for_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493870.jpg/330px-Announcement_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Nominee_for_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Announcement_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Nominee_for_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493870.jpg/440px-Announcement_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Nominee_for_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg officially accepting the nomination from President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on June 14, 1993</figcaption></figure> President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> nominated Ginsburg as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court">associate justice of the Supreme Court</a> on June 22, 1993, to fill the seat vacated by retiring justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> She was recommended to Clinton by then–U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">attorney general</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Toobin-30">[28]</a> after a suggestion by Utah Republican senator <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> At the time of her nomination, Ginsburg was viewed as having been a moderate and a consensus-builder in her time on the appeals court.<a href="#cite_note-Richter,_Paul;_Clinton_Picks_Moderate_Judge-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berke1995-78">[73]</a> Clinton was reportedly looking to increase the Court's diversity, which Ginsburg did as the first Jewish justice since the 1969 resignation of Justice <a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a>. She was the second female and the first Jewish female justice of the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-Richter,_Paul;_Clinton_Picks_Moderate_Judge-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudin,_Ken;_The_'Jewish_Seat'-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-IISchraufnagel2018-80">[75]</a> She eventually became the longest-serving Jewish justice.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_the_Federal_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary">Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary</a> rated Ginsburg as "well qualified", its highest rating for a prospective justice.<a href="#cite_note-Comiskey1994-82">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_at_her_confirmation_hearing_(a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg speaking into microphone at Senate confirmation hearing on her for her Supreme Court appointment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_at_her_confirmation_hearing_%28a%29.jpg/220px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_at_her_confirmation_hearing_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_at_her_confirmation_hearing_%28a%29.jpg/330px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_at_her_confirmation_hearing_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_at_her_confirmation_hearing_%28a%29.jpg/440px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_at_her_confirmation_hearing_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg giving testimony before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> during the hearings on her nomination to be an associate justice</figcaption></figure> During her testimony before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_confirmation" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate confirmation">confirmation hearings</a>, Ginsburg refused to answer questions about her view on the constitutionality of some issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a> as it was an issue she might have to vote on if it came before the Court.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil_A;_Ginsburg_resists_pressure-83">[78]</a> At the same time, Ginsburg did answer questions about some potentially controversial issues. For instance, she affirmed her belief in a constitutional right to privacy and explained at some length her personal judicial philosophy and thoughts regarding gender equality.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a>: 15–16  Ginsburg was more forthright in discussing her views on topics about which she had previously written.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil_A;_Ginsburg_resists_pressure-83">[78]</a> The United States Senate confirmed her by a 96–3 vote on August 3, 1993.<a href="#cite_note-note_2-86">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Judicial_Center-46">[43]</a> She received her commission on August 5, 1993<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Judicial_Center-46">[43]</a> and took her judicial oath on August 10, 1993.<a href="#cite_note-USSCTimeline-87">[81]</a> Ginsburg's name was later invoked during the confirmation process of <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a>. Ginsburg was not the first nominee to avoid answering certain specific questions before Congress,<a href="#cite_note-89">[g]</a> and as a young attorney in 1981 Roberts had advised against Supreme Court nominees' giving specific responses.<a href="#cite_note-Stolberg,_Sheryl_Gay-88">[82]</a> Nevertheless, some conservative commentators and senators invoked the phrase "Ginsburg precedent" to defend his <a href="/wiki/Demurrer" title="Demurrer">demurrers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Comiskey1994-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stolberg,_Sheryl_Gay-88">[82]</a> In a September 28, 2005, speech at <a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_University" title="Wake Forest University">Wake Forest University</a>, Ginsburg said Roberts's refusal to answer questions during his Senate confirmation hearings on some cases was "unquestionably right".<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_tenure">Supreme Court tenure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Justice_William_Rehnquist_Administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_Judge_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg being sworn in and smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chief_Justice_William_Rehnquist_Administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_Judge_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493872.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chief_Justice_William_Rehnquist_Administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_Judge_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493872.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chief_Justice_William_Rehnquist_Administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_Judge_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_as_Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_at_the_White_House_-_NARA_-_131493872.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> William Rehnquist swearing in Ginsburg as an associate justice of the Supreme Court, as her husband Martin Ginsburg and President Clinton watch</figcaption></figure> Ginsburg characterized her performance on the Court as a cautious approach to adjudication.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> She argued in a speech shortly before her nomination to the Court that "[m]easured motions seem to me right, in the main, for constitutional as well as common law adjudication. Doctrinal limbs too swiftly shaped, experience teaches, may prove unstable."<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> Legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a> characterized Ginsburg as a "rational minimalist", a jurist who seeks to build cautiously on precedent rather than pushing the Constitution towards her own vision.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a>: 10–11  The retirement of Justice <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> in 2006 left Ginsburg as the only woman on the Court.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[h]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse" title="Linda Greenhouse">Linda Greenhouse</a> of The New York Times referred to the subsequent <a href="/wiki/2006_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2006 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2006–2007 term</a> of the Court as "the time when Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg found her voice, and used it".<a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse,_Linda,_In_dissent,_Ginsburg_finds_her_voice-97">[89]</a> The term also marked the first time in Ginsburg's history with the Court where she read multiple dissents from the bench, a tactic employed to signal more intense disagreement with the majority.<a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse,_Linda,_In_dissent,_Ginsburg_finds_her_voice-97">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Connor,_Sotomayor,_Ginsburg,_and_Kagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The justices standing side-by-side, smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg/220px-O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg/330px-O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg/440px-O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, Ginsburg, and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, 2010. O'Connor is not wearing a robe because she was retired from the court when the picture was taken.</figcaption></figure> With the retirement of Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, Ginsburg became the senior member of what was sometimes referred to as the Court's "liberal wing".<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bravin,_Jess;_For_Now,_Justice_Ginsburg's-98">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bisupic,_Joan;_Exclusive-99">[91]</a> When the Court split 5–4 along ideological lines and the liberal justices were in the minority, Ginsburg often had the authority to assign authorship of the <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a> because of her seniority.<a href="#cite_note-Bravin,_Jess;_For_Now,_Justice_Ginsburg's-98">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[i]</a> Ginsburg was a proponent of the liberal dissenters speaking "with one voice" and, where practicable, presenting a unified approach to which all the dissenting justices can agree.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey;_Heavyweight-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bravin,_Jess;_For_Now,_Justice_Ginsburg's-98">[90]</a> During Ginsburg's entire Supreme Court tenure from 1993 to 2020, she only hired one African-American clerk (<a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Watford" title="Paul J. Watford">Paul J. Watford</a>).<a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> During her 13 years on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>, she never hired an African-American clerk, intern, or secretary. The lack of diversity was briefly an issue during her 1993 confirmation hearing.<a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a> When this issue was raised by the Senate Judiciary Committee, Ginsburg stated that "If you confirm me for this job, my attractiveness to black candidates is going to improve."<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> This issue received renewed attention after more than a hundred of her former legal clerks served as <a href="/wiki/Pallbearer" title="Pallbearer">pallbearers</a> during <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="State funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">her funeral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_discrimination">Gender discrimination</h4></div> Ginsburg authored the Court's opinion in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_518" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 518">518</a> U.S. 515 (1996), which struck down the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a>'s (VMI) male-only admissions policy as violating the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause_of_the_Fourteenth_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment">Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>. For Ginsburg, a state actor could not use gender to deny women equal protection; therefore VMI must allow women the opportunity to attend VMI with its unique educational methods.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_Merritt,_Deborah-108">[99]</a> Ginsburg emphasized that the government must show an "exceedingly persuasive justification" to use a classification based on sex.<a href="#cite_note-Biskupic,_Joan;_Supreme_Court_Invalidates_Exclusion-109">[100]</a> VMI proposed a separate institute for women, but Ginsburg found this solution reminiscent of the effort by Texas decades earlier to preserve the University of Texas Law School for Whites by establishing a separate school for Blacks.<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> Ginsburg dissented in the Court's decision on <a href="/wiki/Ledbetter_v._Goodyear_Tire_%26_Rubber_Co." title="Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.">Ledbetter v. Goodyear</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_550" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 550">550</a> U.S. 618 (2007), in which plaintiff <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a> sued her employer, claiming pay discrimination based on her gender, in violation of Title VII of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. In a 5–4 decision, the majority interpreted the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> as starting to run at the time of every pay period, even if a woman did not know she was being paid less than her male colleague until later. Ginsburg found the result absurd, pointing out that women often do not know they are being paid less, and therefore it was unfair to expect them to act at the time of each paycheck. She also called attention to the reluctance women may have in male-dominated fields to making waves by filing lawsuits over small amounts, choosing instead to wait until the disparity accumulates.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes,_Robert,_Over_Ginsburg's_Dissent-111">[102]</a> As part of her dissent, Ginsburg called on Congress to amend Title VII to undo the Court's decision with legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey,_Will_Ginsburg's_Leddbetter_Play-112">[103]</a> Following the election of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act</a>, making it easier for employees to win pay discrimination claims, became law.<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolf,_Richard,_Ginsburg's_dedication_undimmed-114">[105]</a> Ginsburg was credited with helping to inspire the law.<a href="#cite_note-Toobin,_Jeffrey,_Will_Ginsburg's_Leddbetter_Play-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolf,_Richard,_Ginsburg's_dedication_undimmed-114">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion_rights">Abortion rights</h4></div> Ginsburg discussed her views on abortion and gender equality in a 2009 New York Times interview, in which she said, "[t]he basic thing is that the government has no business making that choice for a woman."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes070709-115">[106]</a> Although Ginsburg consistently supported <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">abortion rights</a> and joined in the Court's opinion striking down Nebraska's <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">partial-birth abortion</a> law in <a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_530" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 530">530</a> U.S. 914 (2000), on the 40th anniversary of the Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_410" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 410">410</a> U.S. 113 (1973), she criticized the decision in Roe as terminating a nascent democratic movement to liberalize abortion laws which might have built a more durable consensus in support of abortion rights.<a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a> Ginsburg was in the minority for <a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a>, 550 U.S. 124 (2007), a 5–4 decision upholding restrictions on partial birth abortion. In her dissent, Ginsburg opposed the majority's decision to defer to legislative findings that the procedure was not safe for women. Ginsburg focused her ire on the way Congress reached its findings and with their veracity.<a href="#cite_note-Hirshman,_Linda,_How_Ginsburg_just_won-117">[108]</a> Joining the majority for <a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_579" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 579">579</a> U.S. 582 (2016), a case which struck down parts of a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Texas_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas law">Texas law</a> regulating abortion providers, Ginsburg also authored a short concurring opinion which was even more critical of the legislation at issue.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Emma,_Ginsburg_came_Out_Against-118">[109]</a> She asserted the legislation was not aimed at protecting women's health, as Texas had said, but rather to impede women's access to abortions.<a href="#cite_note-Hirshman,_Linda,_How_Ginsburg_just_won-117">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Emma,_Ginsburg_came_Out_Against-118">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_Freedom">Religious Freedom</h4></div> On May 31, 2005, Ginsburg wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Cutter_v._Wilkinson" title="Cutter v. Wilkinson">Cutter v. Wilkinson</a> that facilities utilizing federal funds cannot deny prisoners accommodations necessary for the practice of their religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> In doing so, Ginsburg held that <a href="/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act" title="Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act">RLUIPA</a> was a valid accommodation permitted by the First Amendment's <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> In addition, Ginsburg acknowledged that the free exercise of religion encompasses both belief and action but noted that accommodation of a religious belief did not predispose equal accommodation for a non-secular preference.<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> On June 28, 2010, Ginsburg wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Legal_Society_v._Martinez" title="Christian Legal Society v. Martinez">Christian Legal Society v. Martinez</a> relating to a campus policy of acceptance of all students, regardless of status or belief, in becoming an officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Student_society" title="Student society">student group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a> Ginsburg ruled that a religious-based group stood at odds with an "all-comers" campus policy by singling out a religious group for exclusion in a manner at odds with the "limited public forum" of the campus.<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> Such a public forum was thus legally obligated to provide equal access via open membership and was determined to not be required to officially recognize a student group at odds with it.<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Search_and_seizure">Search and seizure</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of Ginsburg in her robe, smiling and leaning in a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg/170px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg/255px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg/340px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2219" data-file-height="2602" /></a><figcaption>Commissioned portrait by <a href="/wiki/Simmie_Knox" title="Simmie Knox">Simmie Knox</a>, 2000</figcaption></figure> On June 27, 2002, Ginsburg dissented in <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_v._Earls" title="Board of Education v. Earls">Board of Education v. Earls</a> which permitted schools to enact mandatory <a href="/wiki/Drug_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug testing">drug testing</a> on students partaking in <a href="/wiki/Extracurricular_activity" title="Extracurricular activity">extracurricular activities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a> In her dissent, Ginsburg criticized the application of such a policy when the district had failed to identify either a significant drug risk among the students or in the school.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> In doing so, Ginsburg contrasted the case with <a href="/wiki/Vernonia_School_District_47J_v._Acton" title="Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton">Vernonia School District v. Acton</a> which had permitted drug testing due to 'special needs' of <a href="/wiki/Student_athlete" title="Student athlete">athlete participation</a>, acknowledging her prior agreement with the verdict but stating that such an opinion "cannot be read to endorse invasive and suspicionless drug testing of all students".<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> Although Ginsburg did not author the majority opinion, she was credited with influencing her colleagues on <a href="/wiki/Safford_Unified_School_District_v._Redding" title="Safford Unified School District v. Redding">Safford Unified School District v. Redding</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_557" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 557">557</a> U.S. 364 (2009),<a href="#cite_note-Liptak,_Adam;_Supreme_Court_Says_Child's_Rights-131">[122]</a> which held that a school went too far in ordering a 13-year-old female student to strip to her bra and underpants so female officials could search for drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Liptak,_Adam;_Supreme_Court_Says_Child's_Rights-131">[122]</a> In an interview published prior to the Court's decision, Ginsburg shared her view that some of her colleagues did not fully appreciate the effect of a strip search on a 13-year-old girl. As she said, "They have never been a 13-year-old girl."<a href="#cite_note-Biskupic,_Joan;_Court_needs_another_woman-132">[123]</a> In an 8–1 decision, the Court agreed that the school's search violated the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> and allowed the student's lawsuit against the school to go forward. Only Ginsburg and Stevens would have allowed the student to sue individual school officials as well.<a href="#cite_note-Liptak,_Adam;_Supreme_Court_Says_Child's_Rights-131">[122]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Herring_v._United_States" title="Herring v. United States">Herring v. United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_555" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 555">555</a> U.S. 135 (2009), Ginsburg dissented from the Court's decision not to suppress evidence due to a police officer's failure to update a computer system. In contrast to Roberts's emphasis on suppression as a means to deter police misconduct, Ginsburg took a more robust view on the use of suppression as a remedy for a violation of a defendant's <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> rights. Ginsburg viewed suppression as a way to prevent the government from profiting from mistakes, and therefore as a remedy to preserve judicial integrity and respect civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-Tribe,_Laurence;_Uncertain_Justice-133">[124]</a>: 308  She also rejected Roberts's assertion that suppression would not deter mistakes, contending making police pay a high price for mistakes would encourage them to take greater care.<a href="#cite_note-Tribe,_Laurence;_Uncertain_Justice-133">[124]</a>: 309  On January 26, 2009, Ginsburg wrote for a unanimous court in <a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Johnson" title="Arizona v. Johnson">Arizona v. Johnson</a> that a police officer may <a href="/wiki/Frisking" title="Frisking">pat down</a> an individual at a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_stop" title="Traffic stop">traffic stop</a> provided reasonable suspicion by the officer the individual was armed and dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> In her opinion, Ginsburg concluded that the "combined thrust" of past opinions such as <a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_v._Mimms" title="Pennsylvania v. Mimms">Pennsylvania v. Mimms</a> provided officers the authority to conduct such a search provided reasonable suspicion of danger by the individual.<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> Additionally, Ginsburg noted that comments made by the officer unrelated to the traffic stop "do not convert the encounter into something other than a lawful seizure, so long as those inquiries do not measurably extend the duration of the stop".<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> On April 21, 2015, Ginsburg authored the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Rodriguez_v._United_States" title="Rodriguez v. United States">Rodriguez v. United States</a> stating that an officer may not extend the length of a standard traffic stop to conduct a search with a <a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">detection dog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> In her opinion, Ginsburg stated that the use of a detection dog or any action not related to the initial traffic stop could not be used in suspicion of a separate crime.<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a> Ginsburg additionally contended that such an action would only be permissible by the officer provided the officer had "independently supported reasonable suspicion" that a separate crime had occurred at the time of the initial traffic violation and that the action taken would not add additional time to the traffic stop.<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_law">International law</h4></div> Ginsburg advocated the use of foreign law and norms to shape U.S. law in judicial opinions, a view rejected by some of her conservative colleagues. Ginsburg supported using foreign interpretations of law for persuasive value and possible wisdom, not as binding precedent.<a href="#cite_note-Liptak,_Adam;_Ginsburg_shares_views_on_Influence_of_Foreign_Law-142">[133]</a> Ginsburg expressed the view that consulting international law is a well-ingrained tradition in American law, counting <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Wigmore" title="John Henry Wigmore">John Henry Wigmore</a> and President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> as internationalists.<a href="#cite_note-Anker,_Deborah_E.2-143">[134]</a> Ginsburg's own reliance on international law dated back to her time as an attorney; in her first argument before the Court, Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971), she cited two German cases.<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> In her concurring opinion in <a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">539 U.S. 306</a> (2003), a decision upholding <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Law School">Michigan Law School</a>'s affirmative action admissions policy, Ginsburg noted there was accord between the notion that <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> admissions policies would have an end point and agrees with international treaties designed to combat racial and gender-based discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Anker,_Deborah_E.2-143">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voting_rights_and_affirmative_action">Voting rights and affirmative action</h4></div> In 2013, Ginsburg dissented in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a>, in which the Court held unconstitutional the part of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> requiring federal preclearance before changing voting practices. Ginsburg wrote, "Throwing out preclearance when it has worked and is continuing to work to stop discriminatory changes is like throwing away your umbrella in a rainstorm because you are not getting wet."<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> Besides Grutter, Ginsburg wrote in favor of affirmative action in her dissent in <a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a> (2003), in which the Court ruled an affirmative action policy unconstitutional because it was not <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">narrowly tailored</a> to the state's interest in diversity. She argued that "government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion...Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated."<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h4></div> In 1997, Ginsburg wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Strate_v._A-1_Contractors" title="Strate v. A-1 Contractors">Strate v. A-1 Contractors</a> against tribal jurisdiction over tribal-owned land in a reservation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a> The case involved a nonmember who caused a car crash in the <a href="/wiki/Mandan,_Hidatsa,_and_Arikara_Nation" title="Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation">Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation</a>. Ginsburg reasoned that the state right-of-way on which the crash occurred rendered the tribal-owned land equivalent to non-Indian land. She then considered the rule set in <a href="/wiki/Montana_v._United_States" title="Montana v. United States">Montana v. United States</a>, which allows tribes to regulate the activities of nonmembers who have a relationship with the tribe. Ginsburg noted that the driver's employer did have a relationship with the tribe, but she reasoned that the tribe could not regulate their activities because the victim had no relationship to the tribe. Ginsburg concluded that although "those who drive carelessly on a public highway running through a reservation endanger all in the vicinity, and surely jeopardize the safety of tribal members", having a nonmember go before an "unfamiliar court" was "not crucial to the political integrity, the economic security, or the health or welfare of the Three Affiliated Tribes" (internal quotations and brackets omitted). The decision, by a unanimous Court, was generally criticized by scholars of Indian law, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Getches" title="David Getches">David Getches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pommersheim" title="Frank Pommersheim">Frank Pommersheim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-148">[139]</a>: 1024–5  Later in 2005, Ginsburg cited the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">doctrine of discovery</a> in the majority opinion of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a> and concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation" title="Oneida Indian Nation">Oneida Indian Nation</a> could not revive its ancient sovereignty over its historic land.<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[141]</a> The discovery doctrine has been used to grant ownership of Native American lands to colonial governments. The Oneida had lived in towns, grew extensive crops, and maintained trade routes to the Gulf of Mexico. In her opinion for the Court, Ginsburg reasoned that the historic Oneida land had been "converted from wilderness" ever since it was dislodged from the Oneidas' possession.<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> She also reasoned that "the longstanding, distinctly non-Indian character of the area and its inhabitants" and "the regulatory authority constantly exercised by New York State and its counties and towns" justified the ruling. Ginsburg also invoked, <a href="/wiki/Sua_sponte" title="Sua sponte">sua sponte</a>, the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Laches_(equity)" title="Laches (equity)">laches</a>, reasoning that the Oneidas took a "long delay in seeking judicial relief". She also reasoned that the dispossession of the Oneidas' land was "ancient". Lower courts later relied on Sherrill as precedent to extinguish Native American land claims, including in <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._Pataki" title="Cayuga Indian Nation of New York v. Pataki">Cayuga Indian Nation of New York v. Pataki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-148">[139]</a>: 1030–1  Less than a year after Sherrill, Ginsburg offered a starkly contrasting approach to Native American law. In December 2005, Ginsburg dissented in <a href="/wiki/Wagnon_v._Prairie_Band_Potawatomi_Indians" title="Wagnon v. Prairie Band Potawatomi Indians">Wagnon v. Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation</a>, arguing that a state tax on fuel sold to <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> retailers would impermissibly nullify the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Band_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation">Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation</a>'s own tax authority.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-148">[139]</a>: 1032  In 2008, when Ginsburg's precedent in Strate was used in <a href="/wiki/Plains_Commerce_Bank_v._Long_Family_Land_%26_Cattle_Co." title="Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co.">Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co.</a>, she dissented in part and argued that the tribal court of the Cheyenne River Lakota Nation had jurisdiction over the case.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-148">[139]</a>: 1034–5  In 2020, Ginsburg joined the ruling of <a href="/wiki/McGirt_v._Oklahoma" title="McGirt v. Oklahoma">McGirt v. Oklahoma</a>, which affirmed Native American jurisdictions over reservations in much of Oklahoma.<a href="#cite_note-152">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_majority_opinions">Other majority opinions</h4></div> In 1999, Ginsburg wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._L.C." title="Olmstead v. L.C.">Olmstead v. L.C.</a>, in which the Court ruled that mental illness is a form of disability covered under the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> In 2000, Ginsburg wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a>, in which the Court held that residents have standing to seek fines for an industrial polluter that affected their interests and that is able to continue doing so.<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decision_not_to_retire_under_Obama">Decision not to retire under Obama</h3></div> When John Paul Stevens retired in 2010, Ginsburg became the oldest justice on the court at age 77.<a href="#cite_note-boston-156">[147]</a> Despite rumors that she would retire because of advancing age, poor health, and the death of her husband,<a href="#cite_note-2nominees-157">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-rush-158">[149]</a> she denied she was planning to step down. In an interview in August 2010, Ginsburg said her work on the Court was helping her cope with the death of her husband.<a href="#cite_note-boston-156">[147]</a> She also expressed a wish to emulate Justice <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a>'s service of nearly 23 years, which she achieved in April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-boston-156">[147]</a> Several times during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">presidency of Barack Obama</a>, progressive attorneys and activists called for Ginsburg to retire so that Obama could appoint a like-minded successor,<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein,_Jonathan,_Yes_Stephen_Breyer-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen,_Michael;_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_should_do-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chemerinksy,_Erwin;_Much_depends_on_Ginsburg-161">[152]</a> particularly while the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> held control of the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-AP_Ginsburg_not_leaving_court_anytime_soon-162">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen,_Michael;_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_should_do-160">[151]</a> Ginsburg reaffirmed her wish to remain a justice as long as she was mentally sharp enough to perform her duties.<a href="#cite_note-Bravin,_Jess;_For_Now,_Justice_Ginsburg's-98">[90]</a> In 2013, Obama met with her in the White House to point out that Democrats might soon lose control of the Senate and nudge her toward stepping down, but she again refused.<a href="#cite_note-rbg-retirement-obama-9">[8]</a> She opined that Republicans would use the judicial filibuster to prevent Obama from appointing a jurist like herself.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson,_Amy;_Retirement_Dissent-163">[154]</a> She stated that she had a new model to emulate in her former colleague, Justice John Paul Stevens, who retired at the age of 90 after nearly 35 years on the bench.<a href="#cite_note-BiskupicReuters07042013-164">[155]</a> Lawyer and author <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hirshman" title="Linda Hirshman">Linda Hirshman</a> believed that, in the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a>, Ginsburg was waiting for candidate <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> to beat candidate <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> before retiring, because Clinton would nominate a more liberal successor for her than Obama would, or so that her successor could be nominated by the first female president.<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> After Trump's victory in 2016 and the election of a Republican Senate, she would have had to wait until at least 2021 for a Democrat to be president, but died in office in September 2020 at age 87.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_death-166">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg,_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg standing in front of a bookshelf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/170px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/255px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/340px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2006</figcaption></figure> At his request, Ginsburg administered the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> to Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> for a second term during the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">second inauguration of Bill Clinton</a> on January 20, 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Swearing-In_Ceremony_for_President_William_J._Clinton-167">[158]</a> She was the third woman to administer an inaugural oath of office.<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> Ginsburg is believed to have been the first Supreme Court justice to officiate at a same-sex wedding, performing the August 31, 2013, ceremony of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center</a> president <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kaiser" title="Michael Kaiser">Michael Kaiser</a> and John Roberts, a government economist.<a href="#cite_note-Fox_20130901-169">[160]</a> Earlier that summer, the Court had bolstered same-sex marriage rights in two separate cases.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes,_Robert,_Ginsburg_to_Officiate-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_Greg,_Ginsburg_Officiates-171">[162]</a> Ginsburg believed the issue being settled led same-sex couples to ask her to officiate as there was no longer the fear of compromising rulings on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes,_Robert,_Ginsburg_to_Officiate-170">[161]</a> The Supreme Court bar formerly inscribed its certificates "<a href="/wiki/In_the_year_of_our_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="In the year of our Lord">in the year of our Lord</a>", which some <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a> opposed, and asked Ginsburg to object to. She did so, and due to her objection, Supreme Court bar members have since been given other choices of how to inscribe the year on their certificates.<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a> Despite their ideological differences, Ginsburg considered Antonin Scalia her closest colleague on the Court.<a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a> The two justices often dined together and attended the opera.<a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a> In addition to befriending modern composers, including <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Picker" title="Tobias Picker">Tobias Picker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[167]</a> in her spare time, Ginsburg appeared in several operas in non-speaking <a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_actor" title="Supernumerary actor">supernumerary</a> roles such as <a href="/wiki/Die_Fledermaus" title="Die Fledermaus">Die Fledermaus</a> (2003) and <a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos" title="Ariadne auf Naxos">Ariadne auf Naxos</a> (1994 and 2009 with Scalia),<a href="#cite_note-OPERA_America-177">[168]</a> and spoke lines penned by herself in <a href="/wiki/La_fille_du_r%C3%A9giment" title="La fille du régiment">The Daughter of the Regiment</a> (2016).<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a> In January 2012, Ginsburg went to Egypt for four days of discussions with judges, law school faculty, law school students, and legal experts.<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Al_Hayat_TV" title="Al Hayat TV">Al Hayat TV</a>, she said the first requirement of a new constitution should be that it would "safeguard basic fundamental human rights like our <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>". Asked if Egypt should model its new constitution on those of other nations, she said Egypt should be "aided by all Constitution-writing that has gone on since the end of World War II", and cited the United States Constitution and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a> as documents she might look to if drafting a new constitution. She said the U.S. was fortunate to have a constitution authored by "very wise" men but said that in the 1780s, no women were able to participate directly in the process, and slavery still existed in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginsburg_speaks_at_naturalization_ceremony_2018_(44580901170).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg speaking at a podium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ginsburg_speaks_at_naturalization_ceremony_2018_%2844580901170%29.jpg/220px-Ginsburg_speaks_at_naturalization_ceremony_2018_%2844580901170%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ginsburg_speaks_at_naturalization_ceremony_2018_%2844580901170%29.jpg/330px-Ginsburg_speaks_at_naturalization_ceremony_2018_%2844580901170%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ginsburg_speaks_at_naturalization_ceremony_2018_%2844580901170%29.jpg/440px-Ginsburg_speaks_at_naturalization_ceremony_2018_%2844580901170%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg speaking at a naturalization ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> During three interviews in July 2016, Ginsburg criticized <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#May_2016:_Trump_as_presumptive_nominee" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">presumptive Republican presidential nominee</a> Donald Trump, telling The New York Times and the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> that she did not want to think about the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump presidency</a>. She joked that she might consider moving to New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a> She later apologized for commenting on the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">presumptive Republican nominee</a>, calling her remarks "ill advised".<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> Ginsburg's first book, <a href="/wiki/My_Own_Words" title="My Own Words">My Own Words</a>, was published by <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> on October 4, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg,_Hartnett-13">[12]</a> The book debuted on <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list">The New York Times Best Seller List</a> for hardcover nonfiction at No. 12.<a href="#cite_note-Cowles,_Gregory;_Story_Behind_This_Week-185">[176]</a> While promoting her book in October 2016 during an interview with <a href="/wiki/Katie_Couric" title="Katie Couric">Katie Couric</a>, Ginsburg responded to a question about <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick" title="Colin Kaepernick">Colin Kaepernick</a> choosing not to stand for the <a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">national anthem</a> at sporting events by calling <a href="/wiki/U.S._national_anthem_kneeling_protests" title="U.S. national anthem kneeling protests">the protest</a> "really dumb". She later apologized for her criticism calling her earlier comments "inappropriately dismissive and harsh" and noting she had not been familiar with the incident and should have declined to respond to the question.<a href="#cite_note-Liptak-186">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESPN-187">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_Vogue-188">[179]</a> In 2021, Couric revealed that she had edited out some statements by Ginsburg in their interview; Ginsburg said that athletes who protested by not standing were showing "contempt for a government that has made it possible for their parents and grandparents to live a decent life ... which they probably could not have lived in the places they came from."<a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> In 2017, Ginsburg gave the keynote address to a Georgetown University symposium on governmental reform. She spoke on the need for improving the confirmation process, "recall[ing] the 'collegiality' and 'civility' of her own nomination and confirmation..."<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> In 2018, Ginsburg expressed her support for the <a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">MeToo movement</a>, which encourages women to speak up about their experiences with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-192">[183]</a> She told an audience, "It's about time. For so long women were silent, thinking there was nothing you could do about it, but now the law is on the side of women, or men, who encounter harassment and that's a good thing."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-192">[183]</a> She also reflected on her own experiences with gender discrimination and sexual harassment, including a time when a chemistry professor at Cornell unsuccessfully attempted to trade her exam answers for sex.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-192">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_and_her_husband_Martin_D._Ginsburg_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Ginsburgs smiling at the front of a crowd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_and_her_husband_Martin_D._Ginsburg_in_2009.jpg/220px-Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_and_her_husband_Martin_D._Ginsburg_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_and_her_husband_Martin_D._Ginsburg_in_2009.jpg/330px-Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_and_her_husband_Martin_D._Ginsburg_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_and_her_husband_Martin_D._Ginsburg_in_2009.jpg/440px-Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_and_her_husband_Martin_D._Ginsburg_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Martin and Ruth Bader Ginsburg at a White House event, 2009</figcaption></figure> A few days after Ruth Bader graduated from Cornell, she married Martin D. Ginsburg, who later became an internationally prominent tax attorney practicing at Weil, Gotshal & Manges. Upon Ruth Bader Ginsburg's accession to the D.C. Circuit, the couple moved from New York City to Washington, D.C., where Martin became a professor of law at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center" title="Georgetown University Law Center">Georgetown University Law Center</a>. The couple's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Jane_C._Ginsburg" title="Jane C. Ginsburg">Jane C. Ginsburg</a> (born 1955), is a professor at Columbia Law School. Their son, <a href="/wiki/James_Steven_Ginsburg" title="James Steven Ginsburg">James Steven Ginsburg</a> (born 1965), is the founder and president of <a href="/wiki/Cedille_Records" title="Cedille Records">Cedille Records</a>, a classical music recording company based in Chicago, Illinois. Martin and Ruth had four grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-Collins,_Gail;_Unsinkable_RBG-193">[184]</a> After the birth of their daughter, Martin was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>. During this period, Ruth attended class and took notes for both of them, typing her husband's dictated papers and caring for their daughter and her sick husband. During this period, she also was selected to be a <a href="/wiki/Law_review#Overview" title="Law review">member</a> of the Harvard Law Review. Martin died of complications from metastatic cancer on June 27, 2010, four days after their 56th wedding anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> They spoke publicly of being in a <a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">shared earning/shared parenting marriage</a> including in a speech Martin wrote and had intended to give before his death that Ruth delivered posthumously.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a non-observant Jew, attributing this to gender inequality in <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Jewish prayer ritual</a> and relating it to her mother's death. However, she said she might have felt differently if she were younger, and she was pleased that <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and Conservative Judaism were becoming more <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a> In March 2015, Ginsburg and Rabbi Lauren Holtzblatt released "The Heroic and Visionary Women of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>", an essay highlighting the roles of five key women in the saga. The text states, "These women had a vision leading out of the darkness shrouding their world. They were women of action, prepared to defy authority to make their vision a reality bathed in the light of the day ..."<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> In addition, she decorated her chambers with an artist's rendering of the Hebrew phrase from <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, "Zedek, zedek, tirdof," ("Justice, justice shall you pursue") as a reminder of her heritage and professional responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-199">[190]</a> Ginsburg had a collection of lace <a href="/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)" title="Jabot (neckwear)">jabots</a> from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo1-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-makers1-201">[192]</a> She said in 2014 she had a particular jabot she wore when issuing her dissents (black with gold embroidery and faceted stones) as well as another she wore when issuing majority opinions (crocheted yellow and cream with crystals), which was a gift from her law clerks.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo1-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-makers1-201">[192]</a> Her favorite jabot (woven with white beads) was from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo1-200">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> In 1999, Ginsburg was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colon cancer</a>, the first of her five<a href="#cite_note-auto-202">[193]</a> bouts with cancer. She underwent surgery followed by <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>. During the process, she did not miss a day on the bench.<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> Ginsburg was physically weakened by the cancer treatment, and she began working with a personal trainer. Bryant Johnson, a former Army reservist attached to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Special Forces">U.S. Army Special Forces</a>, trained Ginsburg twice weekly in the justices-only gym at the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-Marimow,_Ann_E._Personal_trainer_Johnson-204">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a> Ginsburg saw her physical fitness improve after her first bout with cancer; she was able to complete twenty <a href="/wiki/Push-up" title="Push-up">push-ups</a> in a session before her 80th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-Marimow,_Ann_E._Personal_trainer_Johnson-204">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> Nearly a decade after her first bout with cancer, Ginsburg again underwent surgery on February 5, 2009, this time for <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ap-207">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> She had a tumor that was discovered at an early stage.<a href="#cite_note-ap-207">[198]</a> She was released from a New York City hospital on February 13, 2009, and returned to the bench when the Supreme Court went back into session on February 23, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> After experiencing discomfort while exercising in the Supreme Court gym in November 2014, she had a <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stent</a> placed in her right coronary artery.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> Ginsburg's next hospitalization helped her detect another round of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-npr20181221-214">[205]</a> On November 8, 2018, Ginsburg fell in her office at the Supreme Court, <a href="/wiki/Rib_fracture" title="Rib fracture">fracturing three ribs</a>, for which she was hospitalized.<a href="#cite_note-npr20181108-215">[206]</a> An outpouring of public support followed.<a href="#cite_note-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[208]</a> Although the day after her fall, Ginsburg's nephew revealed she had already returned to official judicial work after a day of observation,<a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a> a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> of her ribs following her fall showed cancerous <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodules</a> in her lungs.<a href="#cite_note-npr20181221-214">[205]</a> On December 21, Ginsburg underwent a left-lung <a href="/wiki/Lobectomy_(lung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobectomy (lung)">lobectomy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering_Cancer_Center" title="Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center">Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center</a> to remove the nodules.<a href="#cite_note-npr20181221-214">[205]</a> For the first time since joining the Court more than 25 years earlier, Ginsburg missed oral argument on January 7, 2019, while she recuperated.<a href="#cite_note-219">[210]</a> She returned to the Supreme Court on February 15, 2019, to participate in a private conference with other justices in her first appearance at the Court since her cancer surgery in December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a> Months later in August 2019, the Supreme Court announced that Ginsburg had recently completed three weeks of focused radiation treatment to <a href="/wiki/Ablation#Medicine" title="Ablation">ablate</a> a tumor found in her <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> over the summer.<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> By January 2020, Ginsburg was cancer-free. By February 2020, the cancer had returned but this news was not released to the public.<a href="#cite_note-auto-202">[193]</a> However, by May 2020, Ginsburg was once again receiving treatment for a recurrence of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> She reiterated her position that she "would remain a member of the Court as long as I can do the job full steam", adding that she remained fully able to do so.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination#Death_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination § Death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Memorial_(50401877182).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ginsburg was honored in a ceremony in Statuary Hall, and she became the first woman to lie in state at the Capitol on September 25, 2020, in the United States Capitol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Memorial_%2850401877182%29.jpg/220px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Memorial_%2850401877182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Memorial_%2850401877182%29.jpg/330px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Memorial_%2850401877182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Memorial_%2850401877182%29.jpg/440px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Memorial_%2850401877182%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="5452" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg was honored in a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Statuary_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a>, and she became the first woman to lie in state at the Capitol, September 25, 2020.</figcaption></figure> Ginsburg died from complications of pancreatic cancer on September 18, 2020, at age 87.<a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> She died on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, and according to Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jacobs_(rabbi)" title="Richard Jacobs (rabbi)">Richard Jacobs</a>, "One of the themes of Rosh Hashanah suggest that very righteous people would die at the very end of the year because they were needed until the very end".<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> After the announcement of her death, thousands of people gathered in front of the Supreme Court building to lay flowers, light candles, and leave messages.<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> Five days after her death, the eight Supreme Court justices, Ginsburg's children, and other family members held a private ceremony for Ginsburg in the Court's great hall. Following the private ceremony, due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> conditions prohibiting the usual lying in repose in the great hall, Ginsburg's casket was moved outdoors to the Court's west portico so the public could pay respects. Thousands of mourners lined up to walk past the casket over the course of two days.<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> After the two days in repose at the Court, Ginsburg <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state#United_States" title="Lying in state">lay in state</a> at the Capitol. She was the first woman and first Jew to lie in state therein.<a href="#cite_note-231">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[224]</a> On September 29, Ginsburg was buried beside her husband in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[225]</a> Ginsburg's death opened a vacancy on the Supreme Court about six weeks before the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, initiating controversies regarding the <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">nomination and confirmation of her successor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp_091920-238">[228]</a> Days before her death, Ginsburg dictated a statement to her granddaughter Clara Spera, as heard by Ginsburg's doctor and others in the room at the time: "My most fervent wish is that I will not be replaced until a new president is installed."<a href="#cite_note-239">[229]</a> President Trump's pick to replace her, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>, was confirmed by the Senate on October 27. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Supreme_Court_Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three women gripping a bust and smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/U.S._Supreme_Court_Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2020.jpg/220px-U.S._Supreme_Court_Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/U.S._Supreme_Court_Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2020.jpg/330px-U.S._Supreme_Court_Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/U.S._Supreme_Court_Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2020.jpg/440px-U.S._Supreme_Court_Justice_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Ginsburg receiving the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">LBJ Liberty & Justice for All Award</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Johnson_Robb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynda Johnson Robb">Lynda Johnson Robb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci Baines Johnson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in January 2020</figcaption></figure> In 2002, Ginsburg was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a> Ginsburg was named one of <a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_World%27s_100_Most_Powerful_Women" title="Forbes list of the World's 100 Most Powerful Women">100 Most Powerful Women</a> (2009),<a href="#cite_note-241">[231]</a> one of <a href="/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)" title="Glamour (magazine)">Glamour</a> magazine's Women of the Year 2012,<a href="#cite_note-Weiss,_Debra_Cassens-242">[232]</a> and one of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 most influential people</a> (2015).<a href="#cite_note-243">[233]</a> She was awarded honorary degrees by Lund University (1969),<a href="#cite_note-244">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="American University Law School">American University Law School</a> (1981),<a href="#cite_note-Gugliotta-1993-245">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Law School">Vermont Law School</a> (1984),<a href="#cite_note-246">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> (1985),<a href="#cite_note-Gugliotta-1993-245">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/DePaul_University" title="DePaul University">DePaul University</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Law_School" title="Brooklyn Law School">Brooklyn Law School</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Union College">Hebrew Union College</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> (1990), <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> (1990),<a href="#cite_note-Gugliotta-1993-245">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_College" title="Lewis & Clark College">Lewis & Clark College</a> (1992),<a href="#cite_note-247">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (1994),<a href="#cite_note-248">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_University" title="Long Island University">Long Island University</a> (1994),<a href="#cite_note-249">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/NYU" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU">NYU</a> (1994),<a href="#cite_note-World_Justice_Project-250">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> (1994),<a href="#cite_note-251">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Illinois">The University of Illinois</a> (1994),<a href="#cite_note-252">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> (1996),<a href="#cite_note-253">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> (1997),<a href="#cite_note-254">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a> (1997),<a href="#cite_note-World_Justice_Project-250">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Massachusetts)" title="Wheaton College (Massachusetts)">Wheaton College (Massachusetts)</a> (1997),<a href="#cite_note-255">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> (1998),<a href="#cite_note-256">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (2001),<a href="#cite_note-257">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> (2002),<a href="#cite_note-258">[248]</a> Yale University (2003),<a href="#cite_note-259">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice" title="John Jay College of Criminal Justice">John Jay College of Criminal Justice</a> (2004),<a href="#cite_note-World_Justice_Project-250">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> (2004),<a href="#cite_note-260">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (2007),<a href="#cite_note-261">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Willamette_University" title="Willamette University">Willamette University</a> (2009),<a href="#cite_note-262">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (2010),<a href="#cite_note-Princeton_awards_five_honorary_degrees-263">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (2011),<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_awards_9_honorary_degrees-264">[254]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-265">[255]</a> In 2009, Ginsburg received a Lifetime Achievement Award from <a href="/wiki/Scribes%E2%80%94The_American_Society_of_Legal_Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes—The American Society of Legal Writers">Scribes—The American Society of Legal Writers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[256]</a> In 2013, a painting featuring the four female justices to have served as justices on the Supreme Court (Ginsburg, Sandra Day O'Connor, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>) was unveiled at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-267">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost1-268">[258]</a> Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a> gave a species of <a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">praying mantis</a> the name <a href="/wiki/Ilomantis_ginsburgae" title="Ilomantis ginsburgae">Ilomantis ginsburgae</a> after Ginsburg. The name was given because the neck plate of the Ilomantis ginsburgae bears a resemblance to a jabot, which Ginsburg was known for wearing. Moreover, the new species was identified based upon the female insect's genitalia instead of based upon the male of the species. The researchers noted that the name was a nod to Ginsburg's fight for gender equality.<a href="#cite_note-Domonoske,_Insect_Named-269">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[260]</a> In 2018 Ginsburg was the inaugural recipient of the Genesis Lifetime Achievement achievement award.<a href="#cite_note-271">[261]</a> Ginsburg was the recipient of the 2019 $1 million <a href="/wiki/Berggruen_Prize" title="Berggruen Prize">Berggruen Prize</a> for Philosophy and Culture.<a href="#cite_note-272">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[263]</a> Awarded annually, the Berggruen Institute stated it recognizes "thinkers whose ideas have profoundly shaped human self-understanding and advancement in a rapidly changing world",<a href="#cite_note-274">[264]</a> noting Ginsburg as "a lifelong trailblazer for human rights and gender equality".<a href="#cite_note-275">[265]</a> Ginsburg donated the entirety of the prize money to charitable and non-profit organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Malala_Fund" title="Malala Fund">Malala Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_in_Hand:_Center_for_Jewish-Arab_Education_in_Israel" title="Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish-Arab Education in Israel">Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish-Arab Education in Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Foundation" title="American Bar Foundation">American Bar Foundation</a>, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Concert_Opera" title="Washington Concert Opera">Washington Concert Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[266]</a> Ginsburg received numerous additional awards, including the LBJ Foundation's Liberty & Justice for All Award, the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_%26_Liberty_Award" title="World Peace & Liberty Award">World Peace & Liberty Award</a> from international legal groups, a lifetime achievement award from <a href="/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Diane von Fürstenberg">Diane von Furstenberg</a>'s foundation, and the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Medal" title="Liberty Medal">Liberty Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a> all in 2020 alone.<a href="#cite_note-277">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[268]</a> In February 2020, she received the World Peace & Liberty Award from the World Jurist Association and the World Law Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-279">[269]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Skirball_Cultural_Center" title="Skirball Cultural Center">Skirball Cultural Center</a> in Los Angeles created Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg,<a href="#cite_note-280">[270]</a> a large-scale exhibition focusing on Ginsburg's life and career.<a href="#cite_note-281">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[272]</a> In 2019 Ginsburg and the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Opperman" title="Dwight D. Opperman">Dwight D. Opperman</a> Foundation established the Ruth Bader Ginsburg Woman of Leadership Award.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes3.15.24-283">[273]</a> Ginsburg presented the first award in February 2020 to arts patron and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Gund" title="Agnes Gund">Agnes Gund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[274]</a> In March 2024, the organization had changed its award guidelines, with four of the five awards going to men. Notably, the list included <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>, whose views are seen as incompatible with the liberal justice's; her family distanced itself from the award and asked for her name to be removed from it.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes3.15.24-283">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[276]</a> On March 18, 2024, chairperson Julie Opperman announced that the year's awards would not be given out and that the foundation would "reconsider its mission and make a judgment about how or whether to proceed in the future."<a href="#cite_note-287">[277]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Hall,_Cornell_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg/220px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg/330px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg/440px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>Ruth Bader Ginsburg Hall at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></figcaption></figure> The U.S. Navy announced on March 31, 2022, that it will name one of its <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis-class_replenishment_oiler" title="John Lewis-class replenishment oiler">John Lewis-class replenishment oilers</a> the USNS Ruth Bader Ginsburg.<a href="#cite_note-288">[278]</a> In August 2022, Ruth Bader Ginsburg Hall, a residence hall at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, opened its doors to the Class of 2026.<a href="#cite_note-289">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a> An elementary school in Chicago was named to honor her in 2024. <a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a> In March 2023, a special memorial session of the Supreme Court honored Ginburg<a href="#cite_note-292">[282]</a> Also in 2023, Ginsburg was featured on a <a href="/wiki/USPS_Forever_stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="USPS Forever stamp">USPS Forever stamp</a>. The stamp was designed by art director Ethel Kessler, using an oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Deas" title="Michael J. Deas">Michael J. Deas</a> based on a photograph by Philip Bermingham.<a href="#cite_note-293">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Women%27s_March_in_Missoula,_Montana_69.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A poster with "hang in there we need you" written around Ginsburg's face and a crown on her head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2018_Women%27s_March_in_Missoula%2C_Montana_69.jpg/220px-2018_Women%27s_March_in_Missoula%2C_Montana_69.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2018_Women%27s_March_in_Missoula%2C_Montana_69.jpg/330px-2018_Women%27s_March_in_Missoula%2C_Montana_69.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2018_Women%27s_March_in_Missoula%2C_Montana_69.jpg/440px-2018_Women%27s_March_in_Missoula%2C_Montana_69.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A poster depicting Ginsburg as "the Notorious R.B.G." in the likeness of American rapper <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a>, 2018</figcaption></figure> Ginsburg has been referred to as a "pop culture icon"<a href="#cite_note-Waldman,_Paul;_Washington_Post-294">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alman,_Ashley-295">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[286]</a> and also an "American cultural icon".<a href="#cite_note-Skirball_Exhibit:_About_the_Exhibition-297">[287]</a> Ginsburg's profile began to rise after O'Connor's retirement in 2006 left Ginsburg as the only serving female justice. Her increasingly fiery dissents, particularly in Shelby County v. Holder, led to the creation of a sobriquet, "the Notorious R.B.G." (a takeoff on the name of a rap star, <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a>), which became an <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet meme</a>. The name beginning on <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lithwick,_Dahlia,_Justice_LOLZ-298">[288]</a> The Tumblr blogger who coined the meme, law student <a href="/wiki/Shana_Knizhnik" title="Shana Knizhnik">Shana Knizhnik</a>, teamed up with MSNBC reporter <a href="/wiki/Irin_Carmon" title="Irin Carmon">Irin Carmon</a> to turn the contents of the blog into a book titled Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg.<a href="#cite_note-Bazelon-2015-299">[289]</a> Published in October 2015, the book became a New York Times bestseller.<a href="#cite_note-300">[290]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a> criticized Ginsburg's status as an icon of progressivism, noting that her voting record was significantly more moderate than deceased justices Thurgood Marshall, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, and that she often sided with law enforcement in <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> cases.<a href="#cite_note-301">[291]</a> In 2015, Ginsburg and Scalia, known for their shared love of opera, were fictionalized in <a href="/wiki/Scalia/Ginsburg" title="Scalia/Ginsburg">Scalia/Ginsburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-302">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[293]</a> an opera by Derrick Wang broadcast on national radio on November 7, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-304">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[295]</a> The opera was introduced before Ginsburg and Scalia at the Supreme Court in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-306">[296]</a> and Ginsburg attended the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Castleton_Festival" title="Castleton Festival">Castleton Festival</a> world premiere<a href="#cite_note-307">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[298]</a> as well as a revised version<a href="#cite_note-309">[299]</a> at the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Glimmerglass_Festival" title="Glimmerglass Festival">Glimmerglass Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[300]</a> Ginsburg, who with Scalia wrote forewords to Wang's libretto,<a href="#cite_note-311">[301]</a> included excerpts from the opera as a chapter in her book My Own Words,<a href="#cite_note-312">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[303]</a> quoted it in her official statement on Scalia's death,<a href="#cite_note-314">[304]</a> and spoke about it frequently.<a href="#cite_note-315">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[307]</a> Additionally, Ginsburg's pop culture appeal has inspired nail art, Halloween costumes, a bobblehead doll, tattoos, t-shirts, coffee mugs, and a children's coloring book among other things.<a href="#cite_note-Bazelon-2015-299">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-pressherald_2018-06-03-319">[309]</a> She appears in both a comic opera and a workout book.<a href="#cite_note-pressherald_2018-06-03-319">[309]</a> Musician <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mann_(musician)" title="Jonathan Mann (musician)">Jonathan Mann</a> also made a song using part of her <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.</a> dissent.<a href="#cite_note-320">[310]</a> Ginsburg admitted to having a "large supply" of Notorious R.B.G. t-shirts, which she distributed as gifts.<a href="#cite_note-321">[311]</a> Since 2015, <a href="/wiki/Kate_McKinnon" title="Kate McKinnon">Kate McKinnon</a> has portrayed Ginsburg on <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[312]</a> McKinnon has repeatedly reprised the role, including during a <a href="/wiki/Weekend_Update" title="Weekend Update">Weekend Update</a> sketch that aired from the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-323">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[314]</a> The segments typically feature McKinnon (as Ginsburg) lobbing insults she calls "Ginsburns" and doing a celebratory dance.<a href="#cite_note-325">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[316]</a> Filmmakers <a href="/wiki/Betsy_West" title="Betsy West">Betsy West</a> and Julie Cohen created a documentary about Ginsburg, titled <a href="/wiki/RBG_(film)" title="RBG (film)">RBG</a>, for <a href="/wiki/CNN_Films" title="CNN Films">CNN Films</a>, which premiered at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Sundance_Film_Festival" title="2018 Sundance Film Festival">2018 Sundance Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syckle-2018-37">[34]</a> In the film <a href="/wiki/Deadpool_2" title="Deadpool 2">Deadpool 2</a> (2018), a photo of her is shown as <a href="/wiki/Deadpool" title="Deadpool">Deadpool</a> considers her for his <a href="/wiki/X-Force" title="X-Force">X-Force</a>, a team of superheroes.<a href="#cite_note-328">[318]</a> Another film, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Basis_of_Sex" title="On the Basis of Sex">On the Basis of Sex</a>, focusing on Ginsburg's career struggles fighting for equal rights, was released later in 2018; its screenplay was named to the Black List of best unproduced screenplays of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-329">[319]</a> English actress <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Jones" title="Felicity Jones">Felicity Jones</a> portrays Ginsburg in the film, with <a href="/wiki/Armie_Hammer" title="Armie Hammer">Armie Hammer</a> as her husband Marty.<a href="#cite_note-330">[320]</a> Ginsburg herself has a cameo in the film.<a href="#cite_note-331">[321]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Girl_(season_7)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Girl (season 7)">seventh season</a> of the sitcom <a href="/wiki/New_Girl" title="New Girl">New Girl</a> features a three-year-old character named Ruth Bader Schmidt, named after Ginsburg.<a href="#cite_note-332">[322]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Lego" title="Lego">Lego</a> mini-figurine of Ginsburg is shown within a brief segment of <a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Movie_2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lego Movie 2">The Lego Movie 2</a>. Ginsburg gave her blessing for the cameo, as well as to have the mini-figurine produced as part of the Lego toy sets following the film's release in February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-333">[323]</a> Also in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_(beer)" title="Samuel Adams (beer)">Samuel Adams</a> released a limited-edition beer called When There Are Nine, referring to Ginsburg's well-known reply to the question about when there would be enough women on the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-334">[324]</a> In the sitcom <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Place" title="The Good Place">The Good Place</a>, the "craziest secret celebrity hookup" was Ginsburg and Canadian rapper <a href="/wiki/Drake_(musician)" title="Drake (musician)">Drake</a>, whom protagonist Tahani reveals she set up as a "perfect couple".<a href="#cite_note-335">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sisters_in_Law_(book)" title="Sisters in Law (book)">Sisters in Law</a> (2015), a book by <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hirshman" title="Linda Hirshman">Linda Hirshman</a>, follows the careers and judicial records of Sandra Day O'Connor and Ginsburg.<a href="#cite_note-336">[326]</a> In 2018, Ginsburg appeared on <a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert" title="The Late Show with Stephen Colbert">The Late Show with Stephen Colbert</a>, which featured her following her regular workout routine accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> joking with her and attempting to perform the same routine. She also answered a few questions and weighed in on the famous internet question and <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog#Sandwich_debate" title="Hot dog">ongoing debate</a> "Is a <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dog</a> a sandwich?" She ultimately ruled that, based on Colbert's definition of a sandwich, a hot dog is a sandwich.<a href="#cite_note-337">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates#Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_nomination" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates § Ruth Bader Ginsburg nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_6)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Supreme_Court_cases_during_the_Rehnquist_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court">List of U.S. Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Supreme_Court_cases_during_the_Roberts_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court">List of U.S. Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish United States Supreme Court justices">List of Jewish United States Supreme Court justices</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> A play on the stage name of rapper <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The dean later claimed he was trying to learn students' stories. </li> <li id="cite_note-note_1-36"><a href="#cite_ref-note_1_36-0">^</a> According to Ginsburg, Justice William O. Douglas hired the first female Supreme Court clerk in 1944, and the second female law clerk was not hired until 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper,_Cynthia_L.-31">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_3-53"><a href="#cite_ref-note_3_53-0">^</a> Ginsburg listed <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Kenyon" title="Dorothy Kenyon">Dorothy Kenyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Pauli Murray</a> as co-authors on the brief in recognition of their contributions to feminist legal argument.<a href="#cite_note-Kerber,_Linda_K._Judge_Ginsburg's_Gift-52">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Benshoof" title="Janet Benshoof">Janet Benshoof</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Reproductive_Rights" title="Center for Reproductive Rights">Center for Reproductive Law and Policy</a>, made a similar comparison between Ginsburg and Marshall in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil;_Supreme_Court_Woman_rejected-34">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_2-86"><a href="#cite_ref-note_2_86-0">^</a> The three negative votes came from <a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Don Nickles</a> (R-Oklahoma), <a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician)">Bob Smith</a> (R-New Hampshire) and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a> (R-North Carolina), while <a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">Donald W. Riegle Jr.</a> (D-Michigan) did not vote.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Felix Frankfurter was the first nominee to answer questions before Congress in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Stolberg,_Sheryl_Gay-88">[82]</a> The issue of how much nominees are expected to answer arose during hearings for O'Connor and Scalia.<a href="#cite_note-Stolberg,_Sheryl_Gay-88">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Ginsburg remained the only female justice on the Court until Sotomayor was sworn in on August 7, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> The 2018 case of <a href="/wiki/Sessions_v._Dimaya" title="Sessions v. Dimaya">Sessions v. Dimaya</a> marked the first time Ginsburg was able to assign a majority opinion, when Justice <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> voted with the liberal wing. Ginsburg assigned the opinion to Justice <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stern,_Mark_Joseph,_A_Milestone-100">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> was the first woman to lie in honor at the U.S. Capitol in 2005. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoth2020" class="citation news cs1">Roth, Gabe (February 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/insight-why-are-supreme-court-justices-registered-as-democrats-and-republicans">"Why Are Supreme Court Justices Registered as Democrats and Republicans?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Law" title="Bloomberg Law">Bloomberg Law</a>. 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Retrieved December 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Why+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+Had+an+Intimate%2C+Yet+Ambivalent%2C+Relationship+With+Judaism+and+Israel&rft.date=2020-09-19&rft.aulast=Kaplan+Sommer&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fus-news%2F.premium-bader-ginsburg-had-an-intimate-yet-ambivalent-relationship-with-judaism-and-israel-1.9169497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hart202013-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hart202013_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hart2020">De Hart 2020</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oyez_bio-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_bio_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_bio_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_bio_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_bio_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_bio_16-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319002445/http://www.oyez.org/justices/ruth_bader_ginsburg/">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez Project</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Kent_College_of_Law" title="Chicago-Kent College of Law">Chicago-Kent College of Law</a>. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007. 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Retrieved November 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+and+Gloria+Steinem+on+the+Unending+Fight+for+Women%27s+Rights&rft.date=2015-11-14&rft.aulast=Galanes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F15%2Ffashion%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-and-gloria-steinem-on-the-unending-fight-for-womens-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scanlon,_Jennifer-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scanlon,_Jennifer_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scanlon,_Jennifer_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlon1999" class="citation book cs1">Scanlon, Jennifer (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/significantconte00scan/page/118">Significant contemporary American feminists: a biographical sourcebook</a>. 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Retrieved April 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Vladimir+Nabokov+Taught+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg%2C+His+Most+Famous+Student%2C+To+Care+Deeply+About+Writing+%7C+Open+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2016%2F11%2Fwhen-vladimir-nabokov-taught-to-care-deeply-about-writing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/634168/what-vladimir-nabokov-taught-ruth-bader-ginsburg">"How Lolita Author Vladimir Nabokov Helped Ruth Bader Ginsburg Find Her Voice"</a>. mentalfloss.com. 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New York: A Lisa Drew Book/Scribner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pinstripespearls00hope/page/104">104</a>–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416575252" title="Special:BookSources/9781416575252"><bdi>9781416575252</bdi></a>. 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Fall 2013 (89). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915213555/https://law.stanford.edu/stanford-lawyer/articles/legal-matters/">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2017. 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New York: Vintage Books. pp. 73–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781984897831" title="Special:BookSources/9781984897831"><bdi>9781984897831</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213745/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg/u5DyDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA73&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2022. 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Retrieved September 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Marshall+Project&rft.atitle=RBG%27s+Mixed+Record+on+Race+and+Criminal+Justice&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarshallproject.org%2F2020%2F09%2F23%2Frbg-s-mixed-record-on-race-and-criminal-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_148-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Goldberg, Carole (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sct.narf.org/articles/finding_the_way_to_indian_country-justice_ruth_bader_ginsburgs_decisions_in_indian_law_cases_goldberg_2010.pdf">"Finding the Way to Indian Country: Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Decisions in Indian Law Cases"</a> (PDF). Ohio State Law Journal. 70 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923114451/https://sct.narf.org/articles/finding_the_way_to_indian_country-justice_ruth_bader_ginsburgs_decisions_in_indian_law_cases_goldberg_2010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Finding+the+Way+to+Indian+Country%3A+Justice+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg%27s+Decisions+in+Indian+Law+Cases&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsct.narf.org%2Farticles%2Ffinding_the_way_to_indian_country-justice_ruth_bader_ginsburgs_decisions_in_indian_law_cases_goldberg_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas2017" class="citation book cs1">Pappas, George D. 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(September 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/nuns-to-pope-revoke-15th-century-doctrine-that-allows-christians-to-seize-native-land/2014/09/09/fe7453ee-3831-11e4-a023-1d61f7f31a05_story.html">"Nuns to pope: Revoke 15th-century doctrine that allows Christians to seize native land"</a>. The Washington Post. Religion News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004133022/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/nuns-to-pope-revoke-15th-century-doctrine-that-allows-christians-to-seize-native-land/2014/09/09/fe7453ee-3831-11e4-a023-1d61f7f31a05_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020. <q>In 2005, Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg cited the Doctrine of Discovery in a land-claim ruling against the Oneidas, one of the six nations of the Haudenosaunee.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nuns+to+pope%3A+Revoke+15th-century+doctrine+that+allows+Christians+to+seize+native+land&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Gadoua&rft.aufirst=Renee+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Freligion%2Fnuns-to-pope-revoke-15th-century-doctrine-that-allows-christians-to-seize-native-land%2F2014%2F09%2F09%2Ffe7453ee-3831-11e4-a023-1d61f7f31a05_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansenPritzker2008" class="citation book cs1">Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. 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NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923104208/https://www.npr.org/2020/07/09/889562040/supreme-court-rules-that-about-half-of-oklahoma-is-indian-land">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Rules+That+About+Half+Of+Oklahoma+Is+Native+American+Land&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Wamsley&rft.aufirst=Laurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F07%2F09%2F889562040%2Fsupreme-court-rules-that-about-half-of-oklahoma-is-indian-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellHobday2020" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Geoff; Hobday, Ruth (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVPODwAAQBAJ&dq=ginsburg+Olmstead+v.+L.C.&pg=PA64">Ruth Bader Ginsburg: I Know This to Be True</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Books" title="Chronicle Books">Chronicle Books</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7972-0016-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7972-0016-3"><bdi>978-1-7972-0016-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108153020/https://www.google.com/books/edition/I_Know_This_to_Be_True_Ruth_Bader_Ginsbu/lVPODwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ginsburg+Olmstead+v.+L.C.&pg=PA64&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg%3A+I+Know+This+to+Be+True&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7972-0016-3&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Hobday%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVPODwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dginsburg%2BOlmstead%2Bv.%2BL.C.%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongfellow2000" class="citation journal cs1">Longfellow, Emily (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/volumes/24/1/articles/longfellow.pdf">"Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services: A New Look At Environmental Standing"</a> (PDF). Environs. 24 (1): 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022182651/https://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/volumes/24/1/articles/longfellow.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environs&rft.atitle=Friends+of+the+Earth+v.+Laidlaw+Environmental+Services%3A+A+New+Look+At+Environmental+Standing&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Longfellow&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvirons.law.ucdavis.edu%2Fvolumes%2F24%2F1%2Farticles%2Flongfellow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandoni2020" class="citation news cs1">Grandoni, Dino (September 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/09/28/energy-202-how-amy-coney-barrett-may-make-it-harder-environmentalists-win-court/">"The Energy 202: How Amy Coney Barrett may make it harder for environmentalists to win in court"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013230825/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/09/28/energy-202-how-amy-coney-barrett-may-make-it-harder-environmentalists-win-court/">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Energy+202%3A+How+Amy+Coney+Barrett+may+make+it+harder+for+environmentalists+to+win+in+court&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.aulast=Grandoni&rft.aufirst=Dino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F09%2F28%2Fenergy-202-how-amy-coney-barrett-may-make-it-harder-environmentalists-win-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boston-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boston_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boston_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boston_156-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman,_Mark2010" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Mark (August 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/08/03/ginsburg_says_no_plans_to_leave_supreme_court/">"Ginsburg says no plans to leave Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628230923/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/08/03/ginsburg_says_no_plans_to_leave_supreme_court/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Ginsburg+says+no+plans+to+leave+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fwashington%2Farticles%2F2010%2F08%2F03%2Fginsburg_says_no_plans_to_leave_supreme_court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2nominees-157"><a href="#cite_ref-2nominees_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vogue2010" class="citation web cs1">de Vogue, Ariana (February 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Supreme_Court/white-house-prepares-possibility-supreme-court-vacancies/story?id=9740077&page=1">"White House Prepares for Possibility of 2 Supreme Court Vacancies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127204819/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Supreme_Court/white-house-prepares-possibility-supreme-court-vacancies/story?id=9740077&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=White+House+Prepares+for+Possibility+of+2+Supreme+Court+Vacancies&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.aulast=de+Vogue&rft.aufirst=Ariana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2FSupreme_Court%2Fwhite-house-prepares-possibility-supreme-court-vacancies%2Fstory%3Fid%3D9740077%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rush-158"><a href="#cite_ref-rush_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-07-13-scotus-election_N.htm">"At Supreme Court, no one rushes into retirement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. July 13, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927094747/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-07-13-scotus-election_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=At+Supreme+Court%2C+no+one+rushes+into+retirement&rft.date=2008-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-07-13-scotus-election_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein,_Jonathan,_Yes_Stephen_Breyer-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein,_Jonathan,_Yes_Stephen_Breyer_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2013" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Jonathan (November 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/11/29/yes-stephen-breyer-and-ruth-bader-ginsburg-should-still-retire/">"Yes, Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg should still retire"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002825/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/11/29/yes-stephen-breyer-and-ruth-bader-ginsburg-should-still-retire/">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Stephen+Breyer+and+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+should+still+retire&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fplum-line%2Fwp%2F2013%2F11%2F29%2Fyes-stephen-breyer-and-ruth-bader-ginsburg-should-still-retire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen,_Michael;_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_should_do-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen,_Michael;_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_should_do_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen,_Michael;_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_should_do_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Michael (February 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/14/ruth-bader-ginsburg-retire-liberal-judge">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg should do all liberals a favor and retire now"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618232820/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/14/ruth-bader-ginsburg-retire-liberal-judge">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+should+do+all+liberals+a+favor+and+retire+now&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F14%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-retire-liberal-judge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chemerinksy,_Erwin;_Much_depends_on_Ginsburg-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Chemerinksy,_Erwin;_Much_depends_on_Ginsburg_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemerinsky2014" class="citation news cs1">Chemerinsky, Erwin (March 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-chemerinsky-ginsburg-should-resign-20140316-story.html">"Much depends on Ginsburg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815095043/http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/15/opinion/la-oe-chemerinsky-ginsburg-should-resign-20140316">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Much+depends+on+Ginsburg&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft.aulast=Chemerinsky&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fla-oe-chemerinsky-ginsburg-should-resign-20140316-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_Ginsburg_not_leaving_court_anytime_soon-162"><a href="#cite_ref-AP_Ginsburg_not_leaving_court_anytime_soon_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2011-07-02-Supreme-Court-Ginsburg_n.htm">"Justice Ginsburg not leaving court 'anytime soon'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Associated Press. July 2, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021080159/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2011-07-02-Supreme-Court-Ginsburg_n.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Justice+Ginsburg+not+leaving+court+%27anytime+soon%27&rft.date=2011-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2Fjudicial%2F2011-07-02-Supreme-Court-Ginsburg_n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson,_Amy;_Retirement_Dissent-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson,_Amy;_Retirement_Dissent_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Davidson, Amy (September 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/ruth-bader-ginsburgs-retirement-dissent">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Retirement Dissent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609195637/http://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/ruth-bader-ginsburgs-retirement-dissent">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg%27s+Retirement+Dissent&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Famy-davidson%2Fruth-bader-ginsburgs-retirement-dissent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiskupicReuters07042013-164"><a href="#cite_ref-BiskupicReuters07042013_164-0">^</a> Biskupic, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-ginsburg-idUSBRE9630C820130704">Exclusive: Supreme Court's Ginsburg vows to resist pressure to retire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017030020/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/04/us-usa-court-ginsburg-idUSBRE9630C820130704">Archived</a> October 17, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, July 4, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirshman2020" class="citation news cs1">Hirshman, Linda (September 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/09/18/rbg-thwarted-vision-failed/">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg had a vision for America. Her colleagues thwarted it"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920104217/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/09/18/rbg-thwarted-vision-failed/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2020. 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Retrieved September 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Justice+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg%2C+Champion+Of+Gender+Equality%2C+Dies+At+87&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft.aulast=Totenberg&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F09%2F18%2F100306972%2Fjustice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-champion-of-gender-equality-dies-at-87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swearing-In_Ceremony_for_President_William_J._Clinton-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Swearing-In_Ceremony_for_President_William_J._Clinton_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225193622/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/swearing-in/event/bill-clinton-1997">"Swearing-In Ceremony for President William J. Clinton"</a>. 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Retrieved July 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ruth+Ginsburg+Apologizes+for+Criticizing+Trump&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-donald-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowles,_Gregory;_Story_Behind_This_Week-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Cowles,_Gregory;_Story_Behind_This_Week_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowles2016" class="citation news cs1">Cowles, Gregory (October 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/books/review/the-story-behind-this-weeks-best-sellers.html">"The Story Behind This Week's Best Sellers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019232547/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/books/review/the-story-behind-this-weeks-best-sellers.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2016. 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Retrieved October 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+Regrets+Speaking+on+Colin+Kaepernick&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F15%2Fus%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-colin-kaepernick-national-anthem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESPN-187"><a href="#cite_ref-ESPN_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/17795159/ruth-bader-ginsburg-apologizes-criticizing-colin-kaepernick-anthem-protest">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg apologizes for criticizing anthem protests"</a>. ESPN. 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Retrieved October 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+apologizes+for+criticizing+anthem+protests&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnfl%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F17795159%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-apologizes-criticizing-colin-kaepernick-anthem-protest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Vogue-188"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Vogue_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vogue2016" class="citation news cs1">de Vogue, Ariane (October 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/14/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-apologizes-colin-kaepernick/">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg apologizes to Colin Kaepernick after criticizing anthem protest"</a>. 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Retrieved November 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Hips%2C+ribs+and+bubble+wrap%3A+Fans+are+offering+everything+to+help+injured+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2FRuth-Bader-Ginsburg-memes-broken-ribs-social-media-13375672.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichwine2018" class="citation news cs1">Richwine, Lisa (November 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-ruth-bader-ginsburg/justice-ginsburg-up-and-working-after-breaking-ribs-nephew-says-idUSKCN1NE0XO">"Justice Ginsburg 'up and working' after breaking ribs, nephew says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109105831/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-ruth-bader-ginsburg/justice-ginsburg-up-and-working-after-breaking-ribs-nephew-says-idUSKCN1NE0XO">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Justice+Ginsburg+%27up+and+working%27+after+breaking+ribs%2C+nephew+says&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.aulast=Richwine&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-film-ruth-bader-ginsburg%2Fjustice-ginsburg-up-and-working-after-breaking-ribs-nephew-says-idUSKCN1NE0XO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2019" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Mark (January 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/b1d7eb8384ef44099d63fde057c4172c">"Ginsburg misses Supreme Court arguments for the 1st time"</a>. AP NEWS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107151806/https://www.apnews.com/b1d7eb8384ef44099d63fde057c4172c">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Ginsburg+misses+Supreme+Court+arguments+for+the+1st+time&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fb1d7eb8384ef44099d63fde057c4172c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2019" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (February 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/us/politics/ruth-ginsburg-supreme-court.html">"Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Returns to Work at Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215212250/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/us/politics/ruth-ginsburg-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+Returns+to+Work+at+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F02%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fruth-ginsburg-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotenberg2019" class="citation web cs1">Totenberg, Nina (August 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753699013/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-underwent-another-round-of-cancer-treatment-this-sum">"Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Treated Again For Cancer"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113233134/https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753699013/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-underwent-another-round-of-cancer-treatment-this-sum">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+Treated+Again+For+Cancer&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Totenberg&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F08%2F23%2F753699013%2Fjustice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-underwent-another-round-of-cancer-treatment-this-sum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItkowitz2020" class="citation news cs1">Itkowitz, Colby (January 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-declares-shes-cancer-free/2020/01/08/bc6db488-3257-11ea-91fd-82d4e04a3fac_story.html">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg declares she's 'cancer free'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114151257/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-declares-shes-cancer-free/2020/01/08/bc6db488-3257-11ea-91fd-82d4e04a3fac_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+declares+she%27s+%27cancer+free%27&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.aulast=Itkowitz&rft.aufirst=Colby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-declares-shes-cancer-free%2F2020%2F01%2F08%2Fbc6db488-3257-11ea-91fd-82d4e04a3fac_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2020" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-cancer.html">"Ginsburg Says Her Cancer Has Returned, but She's 'Fully Able' to Remain on Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200910121927/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-cancer.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ginsburg+Says+Her+Cancer+Has+Returned%2C+but+She%27s+%27Fully+Able%27+to+Remain+on+Court&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F17%2Fus%2Fjustice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-cancer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2020" class="citation web cs1">Berman, Dan (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/17/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-cancer-chemotherapy/index.html">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg announces cancer recurrence"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911205633/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/17/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-cancer-chemotherapy/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2020. 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Retrieved September 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Justice+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+dies+of+metastatic+pancreatic+cancer&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2020%2F09%2F18%2Fnation%2Fsupreme-court-says-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-has-died-metastatic-pancreatic-cancer-age-87%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/ginsburgs-death-on-rosh-hashanah-significant-for-some-jewish-americans-642899">"Ginsburg's death on Rosh Hashanah significant for some Jewish Americans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. September 20, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920084743/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/ginsburgs-death-on-rosh-hashanah-significant-for-some-jewish-americans-642899">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Ginsburg%27s+death+on+Rosh+Hashanah+significant+for+some+Jewish+Americans&rft.date=2020-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fginsburgs-death-on-rosh-hashanah-significant-for-some-jewish-americans-642899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMillerWilliamsNirappil2020" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Emily; Miller, Michael E.; Williams, Clarence; Nirappil, Fenit (September 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crowds-gather-at-supreme-court-to-remember-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg/2020/09/18/895ee13c-fa18-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html">"Honoring a 'superhero' outside the Supreme Court"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920083545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crowds-gather-at-supreme-court-to-remember-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg/2020/09/18/895ee13c-fa18-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Honoring+a+%27superhero%27+outside+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2020-09-19&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Miller%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Clarence&rft.au=Nirappil%2C+Fenit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fcrowds-gather-at-supreme-court-to-remember-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg%2F2020%2F09%2F18%2F895ee13c-fa18-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarni2020" class="citation news cs1">Karni, Annie (September 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/19/us/politics/ginsburg-funeral-services.html">"Ginsburg Expected to Lie in Repose at the Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920192306/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/19/us/politics/ginsburg-funeral-services.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2020. 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AP NEWS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925213358/https://apnews.com/article/1b5420d9b3582e7ab8419989cea43a6f">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Long+lines+of+mourners+pay+respects+to+Ginsburg+at+court&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Barakat%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F1b5420d9b3582e7ab8419989cea43a6f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aoc.gov/what-we-do/programs-ceremonies/lying-in-state-honor#:~:text=No%20resolution.,in%20the%20U.S.%20Capitol%20Rotunda.&text=Parks%20is%20best%20known%20as%20a%20civil%20rights%20pioneer.&text=in%20Detroit%2C%20Michigan.-,Authority%20for%20use%20of%20the%20Rotunda%20granted%20by%20Senate%20Concurrent,agreed%20to%20October%2029%2C%202005">"Those Who Have Lain in State or in Honor in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda"</a>. Architect of the Capitol. September 24, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116045651/https://www.aoc.gov/what-we-do/programs-ceremonies/lying-in-state-honor#:~:text=No%20resolution.,in%20the%20U.S.%20Capitol%20Rotunda.&text=Parks%20is%20best%20known%20as%20a%20civil%20rights%20pioneer.&text=in%20Detroit%2C%20Michigan.-,Authority%20for%20use%20of%20the%20Rotunda%20granted%20by%20Senate%20Concurrent,agreed%20to%20October%2029%2C%202005">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architect+of+the+Capitol&rft.atitle=Those+Who+Have+Lain+in+State+or+in+Honor+in+the+U.S.+Capitol+Rotunda&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoc.gov%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fprograms-ceremonies%2Flying-in-state-honor%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNo%2520resolution.%2Cin%2520the%2520U.S.%2520Capitol%2520Rotunda.%26text%3DParks%2520is%2520best%2520known%2520as%2520a%2520civil%2520rights%2520pioneer.%26text%3Din%2520Detroit%252C%2520Michigan.-%2CAuthority%2520for%2520use%2520of%2520the%2520Rotunda%2520granted%2520by%2520Senate%2520Concurrent%2Cagreed%2520to%2520October%252029%252C%25202005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/verify/what-is-the-difference-between-lying-in-state-and-lying-in-repose-confused/65-d274e7a6-593c-4163-8705-e2fd9f15d72d">"What's the difference between "lying in state" and "lying in repose""</a>. 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Retrieved September 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Lying+in+State%27+Vs.+%27Lying+in+Repose%27+%26+%27Lying+in+Honor%27&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.au=Memmot%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fmemmos%2F2018%2F08%2F27%2F642199041%2Flying-in-state-vs-lying-in-repose-lying-in-honor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeese2020" class="citation news cs1">Deese, Kaelan (September 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/news/518778-ginsburg-buried-in-arlington-national-cemetery#:~:text=The%20late%20U.S.%20Supreme%20Court,a%20Fox%20affiliate%20WTTG%20reported.">"Ginsburg buried in Arlington National Cemetery"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929185234/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/518778-ginsburg-buried-in-arlington-national-cemetery">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2020. 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National Women's Hall of Fame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072636/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/ruth-bader-ginsburg/">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2018. 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Retrieved September 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+100+Most+Powerful+Women&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2009%2F11%2Fpower-women-09_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss,_Debra_Cassens-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss,_Debra_Cassens_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Weiss, Debra Cassens (November 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/ginsburg_named_one_of_glamour_magazines_women_of_the_year_2012">"Ginsburg Named One of Glamour Magazine's 'Women of the Year 2012'"</a>. 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Retrieved February 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABA+Journal&rft.atitle=Ginsburg+Named+One+of+Glamour+Magazine%27s+%27Women+of+the+Year+2012%27&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Debra+Cassens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fginsburg_named_one_of_glamour_magazines_women_of_the_year_2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs,_Nancy2015" class="citation web cs1">Gibbs, Nancy (April 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711113924/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/how-we-pick-the-time-100/ar-AAb5qjA">"How We Pick the TIME 100"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a>. 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He has also faced claims from civil rights groups that his leadership has allowed hate speech to spread on the platform since he purchased it… Murdoch has been accused of spreading lies and "dangerous medical misinformation" about climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic on his various media outlets… the Justice's family has no affiliation with and does not endorse this award… the foundation "has strayed far from the original mission of the award and from what Justice Ginsburg stood for" with its recipients this year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg%27s+Family+Denounces+RBG+Awards+Going+To+Elon+Musk%2C+Rupert+Murdoch&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Frbg-family-calls-out-foundation-award-recipients-elon-musk-rupert-murdoch_n_65f4b08ee4b0651fa4a2c0e5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudkis2024" class="citation news cs1">Judkis, Maura (March 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/power/2024/03/18/rbg-award-opperman-musk-murdoch-canceled/">"RBG Award gala canceled after Ginsburg family criticizes honorees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+the+Supreme+Court+should+be+the+biggest+issue+of+the+2016+campaign&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fplum-line%2Fwp%2F2014%2F11%2F28%2Fwhy-the-supreme-court-should-be-the-biggest-issue-of-the-2016-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alman,_Ashley-295"><a href="#cite_ref-Alman,_Ashley_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlman2015" class="citation news cs1">Alman, Ashley (January 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/16/ruth-bader-ginsburg-tattoo_n_6486594.html">"This Badass Tattoo Takes Ruth Bader Ginsburg Fandom To New Levels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221204921/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/16/ruth-bader-ginsburg-tattoo_n_6486594.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=This+Badass+Tattoo+Takes+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+Fandom+To+New+Levels&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.aulast=Alman&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-tattoo_n_6486594.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2018" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Patrick (November 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/05/01/rbg-documentary-shows-how-ruth-bader-ginsburg-became-pop-icon/562930002/">"'RBG': How Ruth Bader Ginsburg became a legit pop-culture icon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109112419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/05/01/rbg-documentary-shows-how-ruth-bader-ginsburg-became-pop-icon/562930002/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27RBG%27%3A+How+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+became+a+legit+pop-culture+icon&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fmovies%2F2018%2F05%2F01%2Frbg-documentary-shows-how-ruth-bader-ginsburg-became-pop-icon%2F562930002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skirball_Exhibit:_About_the_Exhibition-297"><a href="#cite_ref-Skirball_Exhibit:_About_the_Exhibition_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skirball.org/exhibitions/notorious-rbg-life-and-times-ruth-bader-ginsburg">"Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg"</a>. Museum Exhibition Description. Skirball Cultural Center. October 19, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302111039/https://www.skirball.org/exhibitions/notorious-rbg-life-and-times-ruth-bader-ginsburg">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+Exhibition+Description&rft.atitle=Notorious+RBG%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skirball.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fnotorious-rbg-life-and-times-ruth-bader-ginsburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lithwick,_Dahlia,_Justice_LOLZ-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Lithwick,_Dahlia,_Justice_LOLZ_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLithwick2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Lithwick, Dahlia (March 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2015/03/notorious_r_b_g_history_the_origins_and_meaning_of_ruth_bader_ginsburg_s.html">"Justice LOLZ Grumpycat Notorious R.B.G."</a> Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225155111/http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2015/03/notorious_r_b_g_history_the_origins_and_meaning_of_ruth_bader_ginsburg_s.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Justice+LOLZ+Grumpycat+Notorious+R.B.G.&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.aulast=Lithwick&rft.aufirst=Dahlia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fdouble_x%2Fdoublex%2F2015%2F03%2Fnotorious_r_b_g_history_the_origins_and_meaning_of_ruth_bader_ginsburg_s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bazelon-2015-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bazelon-2015_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bazelon-2015_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazelon2015" class="citation news cs1">Bazelon, Emily (December 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/books/review/notorious-rbg-the-life-and-times-of-ruth-bader-ginsburg.html">"Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207220602/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/books/review/notorious-rbg-the-life-and-times-of-ruth-bader-ginsburg.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Notorious+RBG%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg%27&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bazelon&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F06%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fnotorious-rbg-the-life-and-times-of-ruth-bader-ginsburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmonKnizhnik2015" class="citation book cs1">Carmon, Irin; Knizhnik, Shana (October 27, 2015). Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Dey Street Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062415837" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062415837"><bdi>978-0062415837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notorious+RBG%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg&rft.pub=Dey+Street+Books&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0062415837&rft.aulast=Carmon&rft.aufirst=Irin&rft.au=Knizhnik%2C+Shana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinder2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kinder, David (March 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentaffairs.org/2016/03/the-rise-of-the-ruth-bader-ginsburg-cult">"The Rise of the Ruth Bader Ginsburg Cult"</a>. Current Affairs (Mar/Apr 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203033216/https://www.currentaffairs.org/2016/03/the-rise-of-the-ruth-bader-ginsburg-cult">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2021. 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The Arts Fuse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104141036/https://artsfuse.org/174230/opera-preview-ginsburg-scalia-mining-and-minding-the-political-gap/">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2020. 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OperaDelaware. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105150245/https://www.operade.org/radio">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OperaDelaware&rft.atitle=OD+Radio+broadcasts+%7C+Trial+by+Jury+%26+Scalia%2FGinsburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.operade.org%2Fradio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrin2020" class="citation web cs1">Dobrin, Peter (September 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/arts/ruth-bader-ginsburg-supreme-court-opera-denyce-graves-20200922.html">"Philadelphia's opera community pours its love for Ruth Bader Ginsburg"</a>. The Philadelphia Inquirer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017060853/https://www.inquirer.com/arts/ruth-bader-ginsburg-supreme-court-opera-denyce-graves-20200922.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2020. 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NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108193612/https://www.npr.org/2013/07/10/200137481/scalia-v-ginsburg-supreme-court-sparring-put-to-music">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2020. 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The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102190614/https://www.economist.com/obituary/2020/09/23/ruth-bader-ginsburg-died-on-september-18th">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+died+on+September+18th&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fobituary%2F2020%2F09%2F23%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-died-on-september-18th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/intellectual_property_law/publications/landslide/2019-20/january-february/composing-law-interview-derrick-wang-creator-the-scaliaginsburg-opera/">"Composing the Law: An Interview with Derrick Wang, Creator of the Scalia/Ginsburg Opera"</a>. americanbar.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029055829/https://www.americanbar.org/groups/intellectual_property_law/publications/landslide/2019-20/january-february/composing-law-interview-derrick-wang-creator-the-scaliaginsburg-opera/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanbar.org&rft.atitle=Composing+the+Law%3A+An+Interview+with+Derrick+Wang%2C+Creator+of+the+Scalia%2FGinsburg+Opera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fgroups%2Fintellectual_property_law%2Fpublications%2Flandslide%2F2019-20%2Fjanuary-february%2Fcomposing-law-interview-derrick-wang-creator-the-scaliaginsburg-opera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operatoday.com/content/2017/08/glimmerglass_be.php">"Opera Today : Glimmerglass Being Judgmental"</a>. operatoday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031044030/http://www.operatoday.com/content/2017/08/glimmerglass_be.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020. 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The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts. 38 (2): 237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2Fjla.v38i2.2118">10.7916/jla.v38i2.2118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-9271">2161-9271</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105011521/https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/lawandarts/article/view/2118">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2020. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115035331/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/fashion/ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-gloria-steinem-on-the-unending-fight-for-womens-rights.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+and+Gloria+Steinem+on+the+Unending+Fight+for+Women%27s+Rights+%28Published+2015%29&rft.date=2015-11-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Galanes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F15%2Ffashion%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-and-gloria-steinem-on-the-unending-fight-for-womens-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4815053/user-clip-justice-ginsburg-opera-scaliaginsburg">"User Clip: Justice Ginsburg on the opera Scalia/Ginsburg | C-SPAN.org"</a>. www.c-span.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215061259/https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4815053%2Fuser-clip-justice-ginsburg-opera-scaliaginsburg">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2019. 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The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133902/https://www.theatlantic.com/amp/article/373703/">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Read+Justice+Ginsburg%27s+Passionate+35-Page+Dissent+of+Hobby+Lobby+Decision&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.au=Abby+Ohlheiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Famp%2Farticle%2F373703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Zeke J. 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Retrieved January 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Supreme+reveal%3A+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+makes+star+appearance+in+%27Lego+Movie+2%27&rft.date=2019-01-19&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fmovies%2F2019%2F01%2F19%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-minifig-a-lego-movie-2%2F2624798002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2019" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Zlati (March 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/03/29/ruth-bader-ginsburg-new-beer-brewed-by-sam-adams/3282460002/">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg beer? 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Retrieved October 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sisters+in+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsistersinlawbook.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert2018" class="citation web cs1">The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (March 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=153&v=0oBodJHX1Vg">"Stephen Works Out With Ruth Bader Ginsburg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816232642/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=153&v=0oBodJHX1Vg">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Works+Out+With+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.au=The+Late+Show+with+Stephen+Colbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Ft%3D153%26v%3D0oBodJHX1Vg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2018" class="citation web cs1">Kenny, Sophie Tatum, Caroline (March 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/22/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-stephen-colbert-workout/index.html">"Ruth Bader Ginsburg settles it for Stephen Colbert: Hot dogs are sandwiches | CNN Politics"</a>. CNN. Retrieved September 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+settles+it+for+Stephen+Colbert%3A+Hot+dogs+are+sandwiches+%7C+CNN+Politics&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Sophie+Tatum%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F03%2F22%2Fpolitics%2Fruth-bader-ginsburg-stephen-colbert-workout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Campbell, Amy Leigh, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Raising the Bar: Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the ACLU Women's Rights Project. Princeton, NJ: Xlibris Corporation, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1413427417" title="Special:BookSources/978-1413427417">978-1413427417</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56980906">56980906</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irin_Carmon" title="Irin Carmon">Carmon, Irin</a>, and Knizhnik, Shana. Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. New York, <a href="/wiki/Dey_Street_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Dey Street Books">Dey Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow Publishers</a>, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062415837" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062415837">978-0062415837</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913957624">913957624</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton, Bill</a>. <a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>, 2005. pp. 524–25, 941. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400043934" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400043934">978-1400043934</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233703142">233703142</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate (July 20–23, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-GINSBURG/pdf/GPO-CHRG-GINSBURG.pdf">Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> (PDF) (Report). United States Government Publishing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Associate+Justice+Nomination+Hearings+on+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1993-07-20%2F1993-07-23&rft.au=Committee+on+the+Judiciary+United+States+Senate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CHRG-GINSBURG%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CHRG-GINSBURG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dodson, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897881843">The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107062467" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107062467">978-1107062467</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897881843">897881843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/310224965">Garner on Language and Writing</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>, 2009. Foreword by Ruth Bader Ginsburg. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590315880" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590315880">978-1590315880</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/310224965">310224965</a>.</li> <li>Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, et al. Essays in Honor of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839314921">839314921</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hirshman" title="Linda Hirshman">Hirshman, Linda R.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907678612">Sisters in Law: How Sandra Day O'Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg Went to the Supreme Court and Changed the World</a>. New York: HarperCollins, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062238481" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062238481">978-0062238481</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907678612">907678612</a>.</li> <li>Moritz College of Law (2009). "The Jurisprudence of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg: A Discussion of Fifteen Years on the U.S. Supreme Court: Symposium". Ohio State Law Journal. 70, no. 4: 797–1126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-1572">0048-1572</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/676694369">676694369</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotenberg2022" class="citation book cs1">Totenberg, Nina (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RgBfEAAAQBAJ">Dinners with Ruth: A Memoir on the Power of Friendships</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982188085" title="Special:BookSources/9781982188085"><bdi>9781982188085</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1299301214">1299301214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dinners+with+Ruth%3A+A+Memoir+on+the+Power+of+Friendships&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1299301214&rft.isbn=9781982188085&rft.aulast=Totenberg&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgBfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Bader+Ginsburg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ruth Bader Ginsburg at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" class="extiw" title="c:Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Ruth Bader Ginsburg">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" class="extiw" title="q:Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/author:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" class="extiw" title="s:author:Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11116" class="extiw" title="d:Q11116">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?ruthginsburg">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11116#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/mm98084318">Ruth Bader Ginsburg papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70984211">70984211</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.OnTheIssues.org/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.htm">Issue positions and quotes</a> at <a href="/wiki/On_the_Issues" title="On the Issues">OnTheIssues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015600/https://www.makers.com/ruth-bader-ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, video produced by <a href="/wiki/Makers:_Women_Who_Make_America" title="Makers: Women Who Make America">Makers: Women Who Make America</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Leventhal_(judge)" title="Harold Leventhal (judge)">Harold Leventhal</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> 1980–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Tatel" title="David S. Tatel">David Tatel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> 1993–2020 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> September 25, 2020 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Brian Sicknick</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">*Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judicial_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_opinions" title="Template:Ruth Bader Ginsburg opinions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_opinions" title="Template talk:Ruth Bader Ginsburg opinions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_opinions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruth Bader Ginsburg opinions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judicial_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judicial opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_D.C._Circuit_(1980–1993);_by_calendar_year"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit</a> (1980–1993); by calendar year</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(August_10,_1993_–_September_18,_2020);_by_term"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (August 10, 1993 – September 18, 2020); by term</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2000 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2001 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2002 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2003 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2004 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2005 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2006 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2007 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2008 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2009 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2010 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2011 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2012 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2013 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2014 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2015 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2016 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2017 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2018 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="2019 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">H. Hoover (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Bold: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11116#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11116#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11116#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081580991">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262011391">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9942/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4VRV9XyxV7MgkBYRBT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137177283">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50029918">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17885773h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17885773h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001361483">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V086972">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2017965662&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070575657">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1459181431528">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000313216&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020J0096">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/kxr6q0nqhc2hfzpf">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538668105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007588731005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13983528">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02008455?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/s83FnNuBb">Deutsche Synchronkartei</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/137177283">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/104526513">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582948">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6db86dw">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&oldid=1257946816">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&oldid=1257946816</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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200.768 5 Template:Sfn"," 2.93% 107.878 46 Template:Main_other"," 2.92% 107.531 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.77% 102.095 1 Template:Liberalism_US"," 2.76% 101.819 18 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.351","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16555566,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Bloom,_David,_Catherine_the_Great_leads\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbby_Ohlheiser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmatulli2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvila2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBader_Ginsburg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBader_Ginsburg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBader_GinsburgBruzelius1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBader_GinsburgHarnettWilliams2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBazelon2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBazelon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBazelon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaupre_Gillespie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerke1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupic1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupic2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupic2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupic2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBisupic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackwellHobday2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrannochSvenson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBravin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuono2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamila2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmonKnizhnik2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCarmonKnizhnik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChemerinsky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChemerinsky2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComiskey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowles2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesMillerWilliamsNirappil2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Hart2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vogue2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeese2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenniston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenniston2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDienst2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobrin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDohony\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominuSavage2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomonske2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrehle1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarb2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedlander2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulwood_III1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadoua2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalanes2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGetlen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs,_Nancy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraff2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandoni2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGugliottaRandolph1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHensleyHaleSnook2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeriot2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermannHopsterKalfKlenk2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeun,_Helga2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHevesi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill_Kay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirshman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirshman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHope2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrelandKochPowellWalsh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItkowitz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansenPritzker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones_MerrittLieberman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Stern2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudkis2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulia_M._Chan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan_Sommer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarni2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerber1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinder2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavender,_Paige2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebrecht2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLederman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepore\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1993\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLithwick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLithwick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongfellow2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagill2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMalkin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallenbaum,_Carly2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcusSchmidt1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargolick1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarimow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauro2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCue2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNary2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMears2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMemmot,_Mark2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerchant2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillhiser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallante2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomanteSchraufnagel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProkop2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReilly,_Mollie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResnik2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichwine2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiesenfeld1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusso2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyzik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaliaGinsburg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScanlon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz,_John2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman,_Mark2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermanBarakat2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneed2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperling2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunstein2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSupreme_Court_Press_Release2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyckle2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabacco_Mar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson-DeVeauxBronnerWiederkehr2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToobin2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTotenberg2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTotenberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotenberg2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTotenberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTribeMatz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVile2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWamsley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsMerodFrumin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYenSherman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vogue2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vogue2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vogue2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFde_VogueSimon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"Page_A22\"] = 1,\n [\"Scalia,_Antonin;_Time\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 11,\n [\"Age in days nts\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ballotpedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 121,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 143,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Delink\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lain in State (USA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"LoC-MSS\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"National Women's Hall of Fame\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Née\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 9,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Replace\"] = 11,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 11,\n [\"Ruth Bader Ginsburg opinions\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-legal\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"SCOTUS Justices\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 14,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ussc\"] = 13,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","15.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","9.3"],["recursiveClone 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