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id="toc-China_and_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_and_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>China and Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_and_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_and_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_and_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Japan and Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_and_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Meiji_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Meiji_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Pre-Meiji Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Meiji_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Meiji_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Meiji_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Post Meiji Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Meiji_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Southeast Asia and the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle South Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Middle East and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle East and North Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbasid_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Abbasid Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coptic_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Coptic Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Medieval Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Early modern Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Assyria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pre-Columbian Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sub-Saharan Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lesotho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesotho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lesotho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lesotho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Azande</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Celts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Celts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Ancient Celts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Celts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>The Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>The Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Florentine_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florentine_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Florentine homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florentine_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_of_homosexuality_with_foreignness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_of_homosexuality_with_foreignness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Association of homosexuality with foreignness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_of_homosexuality_with_foreignness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Modern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychology_and_terminology_shifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology_and_terminology_shifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Psychology and terminology shifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology_and_terminology_shifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_science_shifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_science_shifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Historical science shifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_science_shifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homosexuality_in_Modern_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexuality_in_Modern_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Homosexuality in Modern Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexuality_in_Modern_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oscar_Wilde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oscar_Wilde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3.1</span> <span>Oscar Wilde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oscar_Wilde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alan_Turing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alan_Turing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3.2</span> <span>Alan Turing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alan_Turing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.4</span> <span>Decriminalization of homosexuality in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Modern Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emancipation_movement_(1890s–1934)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emancipation_movement_(1890s–1934)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.1</span> <span>Emancipation movement (1890s–1934)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emancipation_movement_(1890s–1934)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.2</span> <span>Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.3</span> <span>Decriminalization of homosexuality in Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>18th and 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_ideal_and_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_ideal_and_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Male ideal and the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_ideal_and_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Late 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Late 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lavender_Scare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lavender_Scare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Lavender Scare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lavender_Scare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonewall_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonewall_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Stonewall riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonewall_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_the_US_(1961–2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_the_US_(1961–2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Decriminalization of homosexuality in the US (1961–2011)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_the_US_(1961–2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>Transgender rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.13</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Same-sex marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Student groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_study_of_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_study_of_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Historical study of homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_study_of_homosexuality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical study of homosexuality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_study_of_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century_and_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_and_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>19th century and early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_and_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_and_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_and_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>1950s and 1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_and_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_curricula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_curricula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>School curricula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_curricula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ history</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تاريخ المثليين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ المثليين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_LGBT" title="Historia LGBT – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia LGBT" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_tarixi" title="LGBT tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="LGBT tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ЛГБТ история – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ЛГБТ история" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_LHDT" title="Hanes LHDT – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes LHDT" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Lesben-_und_Schwulenbewegung" title="Geschichte der Lesben- und Schwulenbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Lesben- und Schwulenbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_ajalugu" title="LGBT ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="LGBT ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_LGBT" title="Historia LGBT – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia LGBT" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تاریخ ال‌جی‌بی‌تی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ ال‌جی‌بی‌تی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_LGBT" title="Histoire LGBT – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire LGBT" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="LGBT의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="LGBT의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D4%B3%D4%B2%D5%8F_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="ԼԳԲՏ պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԼԳԲՏ պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="एलजीबीटी इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलजीबीटी इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_LGBT" title="Sejarah LGBT – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah LGBT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinsegin_saga" title="Hinsegin saga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hinsegin saga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_LGBT" title="Storia LGBT – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia LGBT" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლგბტ ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლგბტ ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEroka_LGBT%C3%AA" title="Dîroka LGBTê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîroka LGBTê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_tarixi" title="LGBT tarixi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="LGBT tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਐਲਜੀਬੀਟੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਜੀਬੀਟੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_LGBT" title="História LGBT – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História LGBT" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ЛГБТ-история – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ЛГБТ-история" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8E%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="مێژووی کۆمەڵگەی پەلکەزێڕینە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی کۆمەڵگەی پەلکەزێڕینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_istorija" title="LGBT istorija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="LGBT istorija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_tarihi" title="LGBT tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="LGBT tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2-%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="ЛГБТ-історія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ЛГБТ-історія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarix%C3%AA_LGBTy" title="Tarixê LGBTy – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tarixê LGBTy" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="LGBT歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="LGBT歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17897#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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href="/wiki/File:Gedenktafel_Rosa_Winkel_Nollendorfplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Triangle of pink stone with dark bronze square of text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gedenktafel_Rosa_Winkel_Nollendorfplatz.jpg/140px-Gedenktafel_Rosa_Winkel_Nollendorfplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gedenktafel_Rosa_Winkel_Nollendorfplatz.jpg/210px-Gedenktafel_Rosa_Winkel_Nollendorfplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gedenktafel_Rosa_Winkel_Nollendorfplatz.jpg/280px-Gedenktafel_Rosa_Winkel_Nollendorfplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">homosexual victims of Nazism</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin, Germany</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Alexander_Wood,_Alexander_Street,_Toronto,_Canada_IMG_5696.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Alexander Wood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_of_Alexander_Wood%2C_Alexander_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada_IMG_5696.jpg/144px-Statue_of_Alexander_Wood%2C_Alexander_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada_IMG_5696.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_of_Alexander_Wood%2C_Alexander_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada_IMG_5696.jpg/216px-Statue_of_Alexander_Wood%2C_Alexander_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada_IMG_5696.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_of_Alexander_Wood%2C_Alexander_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada_IMG_5696.jpg/288px-Statue_of_Alexander_Wood%2C_Alexander_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada_IMG_5696.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wood_(merchant)" title="Alexander Wood (merchant)">Alexander Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Canada">Toronto, Canada</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ncbarneyhistoricalmarker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barney historical marker in Cooper Park, downtown Dayton." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ncbarneyhistoricalmarker.jpg/161px-Ncbarneyhistoricalmarker.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ncbarneyhistoricalmarker.jpg/242px-Ncbarneyhistoricalmarker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ncbarneyhistoricalmarker.jpg/322px-Ncbarneyhistoricalmarker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Barney" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalie Barney">Natalie Barney</a> historical marker, <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Lister_plaque_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Anne Lister plaque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Anne_Lister_plaque_%28cropped%29.jpg/123px-Anne_Lister_plaque_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Anne_Lister_plaque_%28cropped%29.jpg/185px-Anne_Lister_plaque_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Anne_Lister_plaque_%28cropped%29.jpg/246px-Anne_Lister_plaque_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Lister" title="Anne Lister">Anne Lister</a> plaque, <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York, England</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Plaque_at_Stonewall_Inn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span style="background:red; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:orange; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:yellow; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:green; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:blue; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:purple; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceflux" title="Aceflux">Aceflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraysexuality" title="Fraysexuality">Fraysexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBT" title="Intersex and LGBT">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">in New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">QPR and QPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Health</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Youth suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li> <li>Religion and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">homosexuality</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">trans people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Legality of conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li>LGBTQ youth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability" title="LGBTQ youth vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Communism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>LGBTQ history</b> dates back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love, diverse gender identities, and sexualities in ancient civilizations, involving the history of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay (term)">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a>) peoples and cultures around the world. What survives after many centuries of persecution—resulting in shame, suppression, and secrecy—has only in more recent decades been pursued and interwoven into more mainstream historical narratives. </p><p>In 1994, the annual observance of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a> began in the United States, and it has since been picked up in other countries. This observance involves highlighting the history of the people, <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_rights_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT rights by region">LGBTQ rights</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> movements. It is observed during October in the United States, to include <a href="/wiki/National_Coming_Out_Day" title="National Coming Out Day">National Coming Out Day</a> on October 11.<sup id="cite_ref-glsen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glsen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom it has been observed during February since 2005 to coincide with the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a> in 2003, which had prohibited local authorities from "promoting" homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A celebrated achievement in LGBTQ history occurred when <a href="/wiki/Queen_Beatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Beatrix">Queen Beatrix</a> signed a law making Netherlands the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">first country to legalize same-sex marriage</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_and_Taiwan">China and Taiwan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg/220px-Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg/330px-Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg/440px-Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Anal sex between two males being viewed. Painting. <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. 18th Century </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Male_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Male homosexuality">Male homosexuality</a> has been acknowledged in China since ancient times and was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature. <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, being primarily a social and political philosophy, focused little on sexuality, whether homosexual or <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a>. In contrast, the role of women is given little positive emphasis in Chinese history, with records of lesbianism being especially rare. Still, there are also descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbians</a> in some history books.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 174">: 174 </span></sup> </p><p>Chinese literature recorded multiple anecdotes of men engaging in homosexual relationships. In the story of the leftover peach (余桃), set during the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn Era</a>, the historian <a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a> recorded an anecdote in the relationship of <a href="/wiki/Mizi_Xia" title="Mizi Xia">Mizi Xia</a> (彌子瑕) and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ling_of_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Ling of Wei">Duke Ling of Wei</a> (衛靈公) in which Mizi Xia shared an especially delicious peach with his lover.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p><p>The story of the cut sleeve (断袖) recorded the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Emperor Ai of Han</a> sharing a bed with his lover, <a href="/wiki/Dong_Xian" title="Dong Xian">Dong Xian</a> (董賢); when Emperor Ai woke up later, he carefully cut off his sleeve, so as not to awake Dong, who had fallen asleep on top of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 46">: 46 </span></sup> Scholar Pan Guangdan (潘光旦) came to the conclusion that many emperors in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> had one or more male sex partners.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, except in unusual cases, such as Emperor Ai, the men named for their homosexual relationships in the official histories appear to have had active heterosexual lives as well. </p><p>With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, China became increasingly influenced by the sexual morals of foreigners from Western and Central Asia, and female companions began to replace male companions in terms of power and familial standings.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> was the last dynasty to include a chapter on male companions of the emperors in official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these dynasties, the general attitude toward homosexuality was still tolerant, but male lovers were increasingly seen as less legitimate compared to wives and men were usually expected to get married and continue the family line.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, it is said that the <a href="/wiki/Zhengde_Emperor" title="Zhengde Emperor">Zhengde Emperor</a> had a homosexual relationship with a Muslim leader named Sayyid Husain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later Ming dynasty, homosexuality began to be referred to as the "southern custom" due to the fact that Fujian was the site of a unique system of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">male marriages</a>, attested to by the scholar-bureaucrat Shen Defu and the writer <a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Yu (author)">Li Yu</a>, and mythologized by in the folk tale, <a href="/wiki/The_Leveret_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Leveret Spirit">The Leveret Spirit</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> instituted the first law against consensual, non-monetized homosexuality in China. However, the punishment designated, which included a month in prison and 100 heavy blows, was actually the lightest punishment which existed in the Qing legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 144">: 144 </span></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a>,</i> written during the Qing dynasty, instances of same-sex affection and sexual interactions described seem as familiar to observers in the present as do equivalent stories of romances between heterosexual people during the same period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Significant efforts to suppress homosexuality in China began with the <a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> was imported to China along with Western science and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, a shrine for the god of homosexual love, <a href="/wiki/Tu%27er_Shen" title="Tu'er Shen">Tu'er Shen</a>, was established in Taiwan centuries after the original temple was destroyed in Fujian by the Chinese government in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Star_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Star-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of queer pilgrims have flocked the site to pray for good fortune in love.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_HuffPost_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_HuffPost-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> became the first country in the region to legalize <a href="/wiki/Marriage_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage equality">marriage equality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_and_Korea">Japan and Korea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in South Korea">LGBT history in South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Japan" title="Homosexuality in Japan">Homosexuality in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Bewhiskered_Man_Importuning_a_Wakash%C3%BB%27_by_Miyagawa_Issh%C3%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%27Bewhiskered_Man_Importuning_a_Wakash%C3%BB%27_by_Miyagawa_Issh%C3%B4.jpg/220px-%27Bewhiskered_Man_Importuning_a_Wakash%C3%BB%27_by_Miyagawa_Issh%C3%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%27Bewhiskered_Man_Importuning_a_Wakash%C3%BB%27_by_Miyagawa_Issh%C3%B4.jpg/330px-%27Bewhiskered_Man_Importuning_a_Wakash%C3%BB%27_by_Miyagawa_Issh%C3%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%27Bewhiskered_Man_Importuning_a_Wakash%C3%BB%27_by_Miyagawa_Issh%C3%B4.jpg/440px-%27Bewhiskered_Man_Importuning_a_Wakash%C3%BB%27_by_Miyagawa_Issh%C3%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>'Bewhiskered Man Importuning a Wakashû' by <a href="/wiki/Miyagawa_Issh%C5%8D" title="Miyagawa Isshō">Miyagawa Isshô</a>, 1736 to 1744</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Meiji_Japan">Pre-Meiji Japan</h4></div> <p>Records of <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> in Japan date back to ancient times. However, they became most apparent to scholars during the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa period">Edo period</a>. Historical practises of homosexuality is usually referred to in Japan as <i>wakashudō</i> (若衆道, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">way of the wakashū</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and <i>nanshoku</i> (男色, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">male colors</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institution of <i>wakashudō</i> in Japan is in many ways similar to <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederasty in ancient Greece</a>. Older men usually engaged in romantic and sexual relationships with younger men (the <i><a href="/wiki/Wakash%C5%AB" title="Wakashū">wakashū</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ephebophilia" title="Ephebophilia">usually in their teens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the classic Japanese literature <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i>, written in the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian Era</a>, men are frequently moved by the beauty of young boys. In one scene the hero is rejected by a lady and instead sleeps with her young brother: "Genji pulled the boy down beside him ... Genji, for his part, or so one is informed, found the boy more attractive than his chilly sister".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some references also contain references to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperors</a> involved in homosexual relationships and to "handsome boys retained for sexual purposes" by emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other literary works can be found references to what Leupp has called "problems of <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the story of a youth's falling in love with a girl who is actually a <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> male. Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Shunga_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunga (art)">shunga</a></i> are erotic pictures which include same-sex and opposite-sex love. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_Meiji_Japan">Post Meiji Japan</h4></div> <p>As Japan started it process of westernizing during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji era</a>, homophobia was imported from western sources into Japan and animosity towards same-sex practices started growing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)">Ministry of Justice</a> passed the <i>keikan</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鶏姦</span></span>)</span> code, a <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy law</a> criminalizing homosexual practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4></div> <p>Several members of Korea's nobility class and Buddhist monks have been known to declare their attraction to members of the same sex.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Korean emperors from a thousand years ago were also known for having male lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific">Southeast Asia and the Pacific</h2></div> <p>In Thailand, homosexuality has been documented as early as the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> period (1351 to 1767). Temple murals have been found which depict same-sex relations between men and between women.<sup id="cite_ref-Thai_Enquirer_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thai_Enquirer-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concubines from the royal Thai family were known in the ‘Samutthakhot Kham Chan’ (<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" class="extiw" title="th:สมุทรโฆษคำฉันท์">สมุทรโฆษคำฉันท์</a>), Thai literature from Ayuttaya times, to have lesbian relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records of homosexuality are present since at least the 14th century in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, same-sex marriage was documented as normalized as early as the 1500s through the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a>, while various texts have elaborated on the powerful roles gender non-conforming peoples had prior to Spanish colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these gender non-conforming people became shamans known as <a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">babaylan</a>, whose social status were on par with the ruling nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott1994_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serat_Centhini" title="Serat Centhini">Serat Centhini</a> records the prevalence of bisexuality and homosexuality in Javanese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homosexuality has also been recorded as part of numerous indigenous cultures throughout Indonesia, where each culture has specific terminologies for gender non-conforming peoples, many of whom had high roles in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Dede_Oetomo_1991_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dede_Oetomo_1991-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under British colonial rule, the British imposed Section 377 or its equivalent over territories it colonized in Asia, including <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. The law has left an anti-LGBTQ legacy in the countries that Britain colonized.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, homosexuality and same-sex marriages are openly supported by the monarchy, which has called on its government to legalize marriage equality.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, Asia's youngest independent country since 2002, prime ministers and presidents have openly supported the LGBTQ community since 2017 when the nation celebrated its first pride march with religious and political leaders backing the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some societies of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, same-sex relationships were, until the middle of the last century, an integral part of the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-melanesia_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melanesia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third gender concepts are prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, where traditional same-sex marriage have been documented and trans people are widely accepted prior to colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, non-binary concepts have been recorded in the culture of the indigenous Aboriginal peoples since pre-colonial times,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while homosexual terminologies are indigenous to Tiwi Islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, Maori culture has records of homosexuality through their indigenous epics, where queer people are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">takatāpui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, queer people, referred to as <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">māhū</a>, are widely accepted since pre-colonial times. Intimate same-sex relationships, referred as <a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">moe aikāne</a>, are supported by indigenous rulers or chieftains without any form of stigma.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British colonialism and Christian churches have left an anti-LGBTQ legacy in parts of the Pacific due to the aggressive discriminatory impositions of Western conservatism on the region.<sup id="cite_ref-2016-lowy_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016-lowy-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h2></div> <p>The earliest references to homophobia in South Asia are from <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> around 250 BC. During the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, which encompassed the region currently known as Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> text <a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a> was written. It contains provisions that are part of sexual code promoting procreative sexuality that is interpreted to prohibit same-sex intercourse as sinful. Ancient commentary on this passage suggests that those engaging in <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> could be killed without permission from <a href="/wiki/Dastur" title="Dastur">a high priest</a>. These prohobitions had an influence during the implementations of other religions in the region such as during the spread of Buddhism in Central Asia, and eventually supplanted by the domination of Islam and Sharia Law.<sup id="cite_ref-ZoroTenents_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZoroTenents-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frashogard_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frashogard-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HI_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HI-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mercury_Biography_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury_Biography-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sacred_Books_of_the_East_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacred_Books_of_the_East-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homophobia was notably introduced to the region that now encompasses India through Islam, though the totality of homophobic laws was introduced during British colonialsm. Homophobic laws were only introduced to parts of South India and Sri Lanka through colonialism and not Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT history in India</a></div> <p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> texts there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender. There are several instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depictions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories of depicting love between the same sex especially among kings and queens. <a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a>, the ancient Hinduism based Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for the same sex. There are several depictions of same-sex sexual acts in Hindu temples like <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thestrand_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestrand-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently one of the earliest discovered references to homosexuality in South Asia comes from a Hindu medical journal written in the holy city of Varanasi in 600 BCE, which describes the concept of homosexuality and transexuality in a neutral manner.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anal_sex_between_men_(Gouache_18th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anal_sex_between_men_%28Gouache_18th_century%29.jpg/220px-Anal_sex_between_men_%28Gouache_18th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anal_sex_between_men_%28Gouache_18th_century%29.jpg/330px-Anal_sex_between_men_%28Gouache_18th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anal_sex_between_men_%28Gouache_18th_century%29.jpg/440px-Anal_sex_between_men_%28Gouache_18th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Anal sex between men (Gouache 18th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In South Asia the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></i> are a caste of third gender or transgender people who live a feminine role. Hijra may be born male or <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a>, and some may have been born female.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East and North Africa</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbasid_Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</h3></div> <p>In the age of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, some references and anecdotes to same-sex love affairs and social views on gender and sexuality can be found in literary texts such as recorded poems. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Pleasure" title="Encyclopedia of Pleasure">Jawāmiʿ al-ladhdha</a>, a 10th century erotic compendium, individual proponents discuss their sexual preferences in contributed poems. Female poets, describe <a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">tribadism</a> as a form of sexual gratification without the concomitant loss of reputation or risk of pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other poets such as <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-%27Anbas_Saymari" title="Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari">Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari</a>, who is said to have written a book about lesbians and passive sodomites that has not survived to this day, described same-sex intercourse between two women as compatible due to the similarity of both love bodies and the equality of their relationship to other women.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The categorisation of different sex acts in Arabic-Islamic culture, was named according to the act rather than a particular orientation. A possible distinction according to El-Rouayheb is that of the active and passive part during the sexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the act of two women haven intercourse was known as saḥḥāqāt, derived from saḥq for rubbing - in theory regardless of the gender identity of the partner.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of described homosexuality between men are the two poets <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abū Nuwās</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buhturi" title="Buhturi">al-Buturī</a> known for their affection for slave boys (<a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">ghulām</a>) or socially inferior boys. In one story, al-Buturī's is selling Nasīm, a slave boy, to the son of a vizier, only to regret it later and buy him back at great financial sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abū Nuwās explicitly describes his affection for young male lovers in his poems, often referring to socially subordinate boys such as Christian tavern boys, student from mosques, or apprentices in the bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Egypt">LGBT history in Egypt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Homosexuality in ancient Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_homosexual_ostraca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Egyptian_homosexual_ostraca.jpg/220px-Egyptian_homosexual_ostraca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Egyptian_homosexual_ostraca.jpg/330px-Egyptian_homosexual_ostraca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Egyptian_homosexual_ostraca.jpg/440px-Egyptian_homosexual_ostraca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Ramesside period ostraca, depicting a pederastic couple (a boy and man) having sex together</figcaption></figure> <p>The duo <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum" title="Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum">Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum</a>, manicurists in the Palace of King <a href="/wiki/Niuserre" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuserre">Niuserre</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egyptian</a> pharaohs, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2400</span> BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are speculated to have been gay based on a representation of them embracing nose-to-nose in their shared tomb, though critics say that they were likely brothers. <i><a href="/wiki/King_Neferkare_and_General_Sasenet" title="King Neferkare and General Sasenet">King Neferkare and General Sasenet</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> story, has an intriguing plot revolving around a king's clandestine gay affair with one of his generals. It may reference the actual Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi II">Pepi II</a>, but critics say that the story may have been written to tarnish what was considered to be a unloved monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coptic_Egypt">Coptic Egypt</h4></div> <p>The sixth- or seventh-century <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Parchment_AN_1981.940" title="Ashmolean Parchment AN 1981.940">Ashmolean Parchment AN 1981.940</a> provides the only example in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> of a love spell between men. This vellum leaf contains an incantation by a man named Apapolo, the son of Noah, to compel the presence and love of another man Phello, the son of Maure. Phello will be restless until he finds Apapolo and satisfies the latter's desire.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Egypt">Medieval Egypt</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> eventually supplanted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as the dominant religion of Egypt in the centuries following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a>. The native Egyptian population was tolerant of homosexual behaviors, but Islamic religious authority was discouraging of homosexual behaviors and non-traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Islamic law tolerated a smaller subsection of homosexual behaviors of <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederasty</a>, as the attraction to feminine male youth was viewed as natural and compatible with traditional Muslim gender roles.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_modern_Egypt">Early modern Egypt</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a> was of special interest to <a href="/wiki/Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologists">anthropologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologists">sociologists</a> because of its historical acceptance of male homosexuality. Some argue the practice arose because from ancient times unmarried men and <a href="/wiki/Adolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent">adolescent</a> boys were required to live and work together outside the town of Shali, secluded for several years from any access to available women. In 1900, the German <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">egyptologist</a> George Steindorff reported that, "the <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">feast</a> of marrying a <a href="/wiki/Boy" title="Boy">boy</a> was celebrated with great pomp, and the money paid for a boy sometimes amounted to fifteen <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">pound</a>, while the money paid for a woman was a little over one pound."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source may be outdated (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 that "an enthusiasm could not have been approached even in <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a>... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had <a href="/wiki/Harems" class="mw-redirect" title="Harems">harems</a> of boys.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source may be outdated (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Walter Cline noted that, "all normal Siwan men and boys practice <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>...the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their <a href="/wiki/Sheiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheiks">sheiks</a> and their sheiks' sons....Most of the <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">boys used in sodomy</a> are between twelve and eighteen years of age."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Information may be outdated. (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the late 1940s, a Siwan <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> told the visiting British novelist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Maugham" title="Robin Maugham">Robin Maugham</a> that the Siwan men "will kill each other for boy. Never for a woman".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Information may be outdated (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyria">Assyria</h3></div> <p>The Middle <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> Law Codes (1075 BCE) state: If a man has intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the earliest known law condemning the act of male-to-male intercourse in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these laws, <a href="/wiki/Sex_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex crime">sex crimes</a> were punished identically whether they were <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> in the Assyrian society.<sup id="cite_ref-Nissinen_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nissinen-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freely pictured art of <a href="/wiki/Anal_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal intercourse">anal intercourse</a>, practiced as part of a religious ritual, dated from the third millennium BCE and onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Furthermore, the article 'Homosexualität' in <i>Reallexicon der Assyriologie</i> states,</p><blockquote><p>Homosexuality in itself is thus nowhere condemned as licentiousness, as immorality, as social disorder, or as transgressing any human or <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a>. Anyone could practice it freely, just as anyone could visit a <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a>, provided it was done without violence and without compulsion, and preferably as far as taking the passive role was concerned, with specialists. That there was nothing religiously amiss with homosexual love <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">between men</a> is seen by the fact that they prayed for divine blessing on it. It seems clear that the Mesopotamians saw nothing wrong in homosexual acts between consenting adults.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Israel">LGBT history in Israel</a></div> <p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) forbids men from lying with men (i.e., from having intercourse) in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a> and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis 19</a>, in the story of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>, after which the cities were soon destroyed with "brimstone and fire, from the Lord"<sup id="cite_ref-S&G_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&G-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SG2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="These two sources do not cite page numbers. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants and to Lot's wife who was tuned into a pillar of salt because she turned back to watch the cities' destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Both of these sources are over 100 years old and they don’t cite page numbers. (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 22:5, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> is condemned as "abominable".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia">Persia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history in Iran</a></div> <p>In pre-modern <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> there was a "widespread conviction that beardless youths possessed a temptation to adult men as a whole, and not merely to a small minority of deviants."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim—often <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a>—poets in medieval Arab lands and in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> wrote odes to the beautiful wine boys who served them in the taverns. In many areas the practice survived into modern times, as documented by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a>, and others. <a href="/wiki/Homoerotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoerotic">Homoerotic</a> themes were present in poetry and other literature written by some Muslims from the medieval period onward and which celebrated love between men. In fact these were more common than expressions of attraction to women.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div> <p><b>The Ottoman Empire</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in the Ottoman Empire">LGBT in the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>In a world before sexual preferences defined identity, men who desired other men were not thought of as members of a biologically determined, distinctive subculture with a constant nature. Because men and women were not thought of as opposites, same-sex relationships were not considered to go against nature. (In fact, women were thought of as biologically imperfect men.)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Columbian_Americas">Pre-Columbian Americas</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/220px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/330px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/440px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>'s painting/interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a> people, which he titled <i>Dance to the <a href="/wiki/Berdache" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdache">Berdache</a></i> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]. George Catlin (1796–1872); Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC</figcaption></figure> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> prior to European colonization, a number of nations had respected roles for homosexual, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming individuals; in some Indigenous communities, these social and spiritual roles are still observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Indigenous cultures that preserve (or have adopted) these roles have their own names, in their own languages, for these individuals,<sup id="cite_ref-terms_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terms-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a modern, pan-Indian term that some have adopted is "<a href="/wiki/Two-Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Spirit">Two-Spirit</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NativeOut101_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NativeOut101-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a traditional culture that holds these roles as sacred, these individuals are recognized early in life, raised in the appropriate manner, learning from the Elders the customs, spiritual, and social duties fulfilled by these people in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this new term has not been universally accepted—it has been criticized as a term of erasure by traditional communities who already have their own terms for the people being grouped under this new term, and by those who reject what they call the "western" <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">binary</a> implications, such as implying that Natives believe these individuals are "both male and female"<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—it has generally received more acceptance and use than the anthropological term it replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-NativeOut101_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NativeOut101-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pember1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMedicine_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMedicine-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality#Africa" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality § Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa#History_of_male_homosexuality_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights in Africa § History of male homosexuality in Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lesotho">Lesotho</h3></div> <p>Anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_Roscoe" title="Will Roscoe">Will Roscoe</a> reported that women in <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships", named <i><a href="/wiki/Motsoalle" title="Motsoalle">motsoalle</a> (</i><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Special Friend</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><i>).</i><sup id="cite_ref-murrayroscoe_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murrayroscoe-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="There are no page numbers (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Often, a <i>motsoalle</i> relationship was acknowledged publicly with a ritual feast and with the community fully aware of the women's commitment to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeplau20017_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeplau20017-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Motsoalle</i> relationships commonly existed among school girls where it functioned like a type of "<a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">puppy love</a>" or mentorship.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, different from the western notion of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbianism</a>, <i>motsoalle</i> relationships are not seen as an "alternative to heterosexual marriage".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b221_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b221-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in <i>motsoalle</i> relationships are still expected to "marry men and conform, or appear to conform, to gender expectations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b239_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b239-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Motsoalle</i> relationships are usually not seen as proper sexual and romantic relationship due to the <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sesotho</a> notion of sex, where an act is not considered a <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sex act</a> if one partner was not male.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunro2012151_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro2012151-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Lesotho became more <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernized</a>, those communities were exposed to Western culture and thus <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b222_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b222-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist K. Limakatsuo Kendall hypothesizes that as Western ideas spread, the idea that women could be sexual with one another, coupled with homophobia, began to erase the <i>motsoalle</i> relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b222_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b222-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1980s, the ritual feasts that were once celebrated by the community for <i>motsoalles</i> had vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <i>motsoalle</i> relationships have largely disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azande">Azande</h3></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Zande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zande people">Zande people</a> of Congo, there was a social institution similar to <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Pederasty in Ancient Greece">pederasty in Ancient Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a> also recorded that male <a href="/wiki/Azande" class="mw-redirect" title="Azande">Azande</a> warriors routinely took on boy-wives between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in <a href="/wiki/Intercrural_sex" title="Intercrural sex">intercrural sex</a> with their older husbands. The practice had died out by the early 20th century, after Europeans had gained control of African countries, but was recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders with whom he spoke.<sup id="cite_ref-evanspritchard_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evanspritchard-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1930s Evans-Pritchard recorded information about sexual relationships between women, based on reports from male Azande.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> According to male Azande, women would take female lovers in order to seek out pleasure and that partners would penetrate each other using bananas or a food item carved into the shape of a phallus.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> They also reported that the daughter of a ruler may be given a female slave as a sexual partner.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Evans-Pritchard also recorded that the male Azande were fearful of women taking on female lovers, as they might view men as unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Celts">Ancient Celts</h4></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, although most "belligerent nations" were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts were unusual among them because their men openly preferred male lovers (<i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> II 1269b).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H. D. Rankin in <i>Celts and the Classical World</i> notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus</a> (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In book XIII of his <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophists</a></i>, the Roman Greek rhetorician and grammarian <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, repeating assertions made by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> in the first century BCE (<a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a> 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these assertions is likely to be <a href="/wiki/Poseidonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidonius">Poseidonius</a> and speculates that these authors may be recording male "bonding rituals".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cup_-_Terracotta_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cup_-_Terracotta_-_1.jpg/280px-Cup_-_Terracotta_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cup_-_Terracotta_-_1.jpg/420px-Cup_-_Terracotta_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cup_-_Terracotta_-_1.jpg/560px-Cup_-_Terracotta_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>This image has been given the description of a "...courting couple at the symposium."<sup id="cite_ref-2015_Thesis_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015_Thesis-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a "Symposium scene with youths.".<sup id="cite_ref-2015_Thesis_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015_Thesis-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interior of an Attic cup. Artist; Painter from Colmar. Around 500 - 450 BCE. Louvre Museum</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality in ancient Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupe_%E2%80%93_MSR_%E2%80%93_Rituels_Grecs_%E2%80%93_AGER_inv_G_467.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coupe_%E2%80%93_MSR_%E2%80%93_Rituels_Grecs_%E2%80%93_AGER_inv_G_467.jpg/180px-Coupe_%E2%80%93_MSR_%E2%80%93_Rituels_Grecs_%E2%80%93_AGER_inv_G_467.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coupe_%E2%80%93_MSR_%E2%80%93_Rituels_Grecs_%E2%80%93_AGER_inv_G_467.jpg/270px-Coupe_%E2%80%93_MSR_%E2%80%93_Rituels_Grecs_%E2%80%93_AGER_inv_G_467.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coupe_%E2%80%93_MSR_%E2%80%93_Rituels_Grecs_%E2%80%93_AGER_inv_G_467.jpg/360px-Coupe_%E2%80%93_MSR_%E2%80%93_Rituels_Grecs_%E2%80%93_AGER_inv_G_467.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Symposium scene. Attic kylix. Around 460-450 BCE. Louvre Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_-_Getty_Museum_(82.AE.53)_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vase_-_Getty_Museum_%2882.AE.53%29_-_3.jpg/180px-Vase_-_Getty_Museum_%2882.AE.53%29_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vase_-_Getty_Museum_%2882.AE.53%29_-_3.jpg/270px-Vase_-_Getty_Museum_%2882.AE.53%29_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vase_-_Getty_Museum_%2882.AE.53%29_-_3.jpg/360px-Vase_-_Getty_Museum_%2882.AE.53%29_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4182" data-file-height="6242" /></a><figcaption>Pederastic scene between two males. Attic Psykter. Terracotta. Attributed to Smikros. Around 510 BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_-_earthenware_-_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Relief_-_earthenware_-_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_1.jpg/200px-Relief_-_earthenware_-_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Relief_-_earthenware_-_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_1.jpg/300px-Relief_-_earthenware_-_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Relief_-_earthenware_-_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_1.jpg/400px-Relief_-_earthenware_-_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Anal sex between two males. Drinking cup. Greek; archaic period. 550-500 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Same-sex relationships did not replace marriage between man and woman, but occurred before and beside it.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mature man would not usually have a mature male mate (with exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and the same-aged <a href="/wiki/Hephaestion" title="Hephaestion">Hephaestion</a>) but the older man would usually be the <i><a href="/wiki/Eromenos" title="Eromenos">erastes</a></i> (lover) to a young <i><a href="/wiki/Eromenos" title="Eromenos">eromenos</a></i> (loved one). <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth J. Dover">Kenneth J. Dover</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halperin" title="Halperin">Halperin</a>, assumed that it was considered improper for the eromenos to feel desire, as that would not be masculine. However, Dover's claim has been questioned in light of evidence of <a href="/wiki/Love_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Love poetry">love poetry</a> which suggests a more emotional connection than earlier researchers liked to acknowledge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ideal held that both partners would be inspired by love symbolized by <a href="/wiki/Eros_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (mythology)">Eros</a>, the erastes unselfishly providing education, guidance, and appropriate gifts to his eromenos, who became his devoted pupil and assistant, while the sexuality theoretically remained short of penetrative acts and supposedly would consist primarily of the act of <a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">frottage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intercrural_sex" title="Intercrural sex">intercrural sex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this was the ideal, realistically speaking, it is probable that in many such relationships <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">fellatio</a> and penetrative <a href="/wiki/Anal_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal intercourse">anal intercourse</a> did occur.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (July 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> The hoped-for result was the mutual improvement of both erastes and eromenos, each doing his best to excel in order to be worthy of the other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Pederasty in Ancient Greece">Men could also seek adolescent boys</a> as partners as shown by some of the earliest documents concerning same-sex pederastic relationships, which come from ancient Greece. Often they were favored over women.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though slave boys could be bought, free boys had to be courted, and ancient materials suggest that the father also had to consent to the relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a> were a social institution variously constructed over time and from one city to another. The formal practice, an erotic yet often restrained relationship between a free adult male and a free adolescent was valued for its <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogic</a> benefits and as a means of population control, though occasionally was blamed for causing disorder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> praised its benefits in his early writings [e.g., Phaedrus in the <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i> (385–370 BCE)] but in his late works proposed its prohibition [e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Laws_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws (Plato)">Laws</a> (636D & 835E)]).<sup id="cite_ref-plato2_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plato2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Symposium</i> (182B-D), Plato equates acceptance of homosexuality with <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and its suppression with <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>, and wrote that homosexuality "is shameful to barbarians because of their despotic governments, just as philosophy and athletics are, since it is apparently not in best interests of such rulers to have great ideas engendered in their subjects, or powerful friendships or physical unions, all of which love is particularly apt to produce".<sup id="cite_ref-boswell1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boswell1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, dismissed Plato's ideas about abolishing homosexuality; he explains that barbarians like the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> accorded it a special honor, while the <a href="/wiki/Cretans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretans">Cretans</a> used it to regulate the population.<sup id="cite_ref-boswell1_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boswell1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/220px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/330px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/440px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Sappho reading to her companions on an Attic vase of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 435 BCE</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg/220px-Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg/330px-Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg/440px-Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Female youths are depicted surrounding Sappho in this painting of <a href="/wiki/Lafond" title="Lafond">Lafond</a> "Sappho sings for Homer", 1824.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, born on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, was included by later Greeks in the canonical list of <a href="/wiki/Nine_lyric_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine lyric poets">nine lyric poets</a>. The adjectives deriving from her name and place of birth (<a href="/wiki/Sapphic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapphic love">Sapphic</a> and Lesbian) came to be applied to female homosexuality beginning in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-lesbian_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesbian-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sapphic_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapphic-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sappho's poetry centers on passion and love for various personages and both genders. The narrators of many of her poems speak of <a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">infatuations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a> (sometimes requited, sometimes not) for various females, but descriptions of physical acts <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">between women</a> are few and subject to debate.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Homosexuality in ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_-_3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Relief_-_3a.jpg/180px-Relief_-_3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Relief_-_3a.jpg/270px-Relief_-_3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Relief_-_3a.jpg/360px-Relief_-_3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2859" /></a><figcaption><small>Sex between two females and two males.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke1998_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke1998-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the right are two females and the figure furthest to the right has raised their legs around the person next to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke1998_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke1998-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the left is anal sex between two males.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke1998_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke1998-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragment of a terracotta vessel. Stamped with the name Vitalis. 65 - 80 CE. Vorarlberg museum, Austria</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:024MAD_Antinous.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/024MAD_Antinous.jpg/220px-024MAD_Antinous.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/024MAD_Antinous.jpg/330px-024MAD_Antinous.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/024MAD_Antinous.jpg/440px-024MAD_Antinous.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Antinous_(Delphi)" title="Statue of Antinous (Delphi)">Statue of Antinous (Delphi)</a>, polychrome <a href="/wiki/Parian_marble" title="Parian marble">Parian marble</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a>, made during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (r. 117–138 CE), his lover</figcaption></figure> <p>In Ancient Greece and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> was worshiped by a cult of people who <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a> themselves, and thereafter took female dress and referred to themselves as female.<sup id="cite_ref-Califia_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Califia-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banjamin_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banjamin-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early transgender figures have also been referred by several authors as early role models.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conner_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conner-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> the young male body remained a focus of male sexual attention, but relationships were between older free men and slaves or freed youths who took the receptive role in sex. The Hellenophile emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> is renowned for his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a>. </p><p>In Roman patriarchal society, it was socially acceptable for an <a href="/wiki/Male_sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Male sexuality in ancient Rome">adult male citizen</a> to take the penetrative role in same-sex relations. <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Sexuality_and_children" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Freeborn male minors</a> were strictly protected from sexual predators (see <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Scantinia" title="Lex Scantinia">Lex Scantinia</a></i>), and men who willingly played the "passive" role in homosexual relations were disparaged. No law or moral censure was directed against homosexual behaviors as such, as long as the citizen took the dominant role with a partner <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">of lower status</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome" title="Prostitution in ancient Rome">prostitute</a>, or someone considered <i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Pleasure_and_infamy" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">infamis</a></i>, of no social standing. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> is depicted as <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> by some modern writers. Elagabalus was said to be "delighted to be called the mistress, the wife, the queen of <a href="/wiki/Hierocles_(charioteer)" title="Hierocles (charioteer)">Hierocles</a>." Supposedly, great wealth was offered to any surgeon who was able to give Elagabalus female genitalia. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, wealthy cities in northern Italy—<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in particular—were renowned for their widespread practice of same-sex love, engaged in by a considerable part of the male population and constructed along the classical pattern of Greece and Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attitudes toward homosexual behavior changed when the Empire fell under Christian rule; see for instance <a href="/wiki/Sodomy#Justinian_I_and_Byzantine_power_politics_of_late_antiquity" title="Sodomy">legislation of Justinian I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Homosexuality in medieval Europe</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Boswell_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Boswell (historian)">John Boswell</a>, author of <i>Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were same-sex Christian monastic communities and other <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a> in which homosexuality thrived. According to Chauncey et al. (1989), the book "offered a revolutionary interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western tradition</a>, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> had not condemned <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gay people</a> throughout its history, but rather, at least until the twelfth century, had alternately evinced no special concern about homosexuality or actually celebrated love between men." Boswell was also the author of <i>Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe</i> (New York: Villard, 1994) in which he argues that the <i>adelphopoiia</i> liturgy was evidence that attitude of the Christian church towards homosexuality has changed over time, and that <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> did on occasion accept same-sex relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work attracted great controversy, as it was seen by many as merely an attempt for Boswell to justify his homosexuality and Roman Catholic faith. For instance, R. W. Southern points out that homosexuality had been condemned extensively by religious leaders and medieval scholars well before the 12th century; he also points to the <a href="/wiki/Penitential" title="Penitential">penitentials</a> which were common in early medieval society, and many of which include homosexuality as among the serious sins.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bennett and Froide, in <i>Singlewomen in the European Past</i>, note: "Other single women found emotional comfort and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual pleasure</a> with women. The history of same-sex relations between women in medieval and early modern Europe is exceedingly difficult to study, but there can be no doubt of its existence. Church leaders worried about lesbian sex; women expressed, practiced, and were sometimes imprisoned or even executed for same-sex love; and some women cross-dressed in order to live with other women as married couples." They go on to note that even the seemingly modern word "lesbian" has been traced back as far as 1732, and discuss lesbian subcultures, but add, "Nevertheless, we certainly should not equate the single state with lesbian practices." While same-sex relationships among men were highly documented and condemned, "Moral theologians did not pay much attention to the question of what we would today call lesbian sex, perhaps because anything that did not involve a phallus did not fall within the bounds of their understanding of the sexual. Some legislation against lesbian relations can be adduced for the period, mainly involving the use of "instruments," in other words, <a href="/wiki/Dildo" title="Dildo">dildoes</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the majority of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christian history</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a> have considered homosexual behavior as <a href="/wiki/Immoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Immoral">immoral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Christianity">sinful</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gnuse_2015_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnuse_2015-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persecutions against homosexuality rose during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, reaching their height during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisitions</a>, when the sects of <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> were accused of fornication and sodomy, alongside accusations of satanism. In 1307, accusations of sodomy and homosexuality were major charges leveled during the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Knights_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of the Knights Templar">Trial of the Knights Templar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theologian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> was influential in linking condemnations of homosexuality with the idea of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, arguing that "special sins are against nature, as, for instance, those that run counter to the intercourse of male and female natural to animals, and so are peculiarly qualified as unnatural vices."<sup id="cite_ref-civ2_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civ2-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Renaissance">The Renaissance</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> saw intense oppression of homosexual relationships by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Homosexual activity radically passes from being completely legal in most of Europe to incurring the death penalty in most European states.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>, first-offending sodomites lost their testicles, second offenders lost their penis, and third offenders were burned. Women caught in same-sex acts would be mutilated and executed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Fone_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fone-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> argued that sodomy was second only to murder in the ranking of sins.<sup id="cite_ref-Fone_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fone-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church used every means at its disposal to fight what it considered to be the "corruption of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>". Men were fined or jailed; boys were flogged. The harshest punishments, such as <a href="/wiki/Burning_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning at the stake">burning at the stake</a>, were usually reserved for crimes committed against the very young, or by violence. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> begins in 1480, sodomites were stoned, castrated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than 1,600 people were prosecuted for sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Fone_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fone-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1532 the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> made sodomy punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-Fone_134-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fone-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Buggery_Act_1533" title="Buggery Act 1533">Buggery Act 1533</a> making all male-male sexual activity punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Florentine_homosexuality">Florentine homosexuality</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> had a homosexual subculture, which included age-structured relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1432 the city established <i>Gli Ufficiali di Notte</i> (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered more than 17,000, of whom 3,000 were convicted. This number also included heterosexual sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-rocke_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocke-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Association_of_homosexuality_with_foreignness">Association of homosexuality with foreignness</h4></div> <p>The reputation of Florence is reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Florenzer</i></span> to refer to a "sodomite".<sup id="cite_ref-rocke_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocke-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Both sources don’t add page numbers. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The association of foreignness with homosexuality gradually became a cornerstone of homophobic rhetoric throughout Europe, and it was used in a calumnious perspective. For example, the French would call "homosexuality" the "Italian vice" in the 16th and 17th centuries, the "English vice" in the 18th century, the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mœurs orientales</i></span></i> (oriental mores) in the 19th century, and the "German vice" starting from 1870 and into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Europe">Modern Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitahomosexualis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vitahomosexualis.JPG/220px-Vitahomosexualis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vitahomosexualis.JPG/330px-Vitahomosexualis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vitahomosexualis.JPG/440px-Vitahomosexualis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><i>Vita homosexualis</i>, a 1902 collection of August Fleischmann's popular pamphlets on the <a href="/wiki/Third_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Third sex">third sex</a> and against <a href="/wiki/%C2%A7175" class="mw-redirect" title="§175">§175</a> – a copy from the library of the <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaftlich-humanit%C3%A4res_Komitee" class="mw-redirect" title="Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee">Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee</a>, confiscated on 6 May 1933, annotated on the endpaper: <i>"Destined <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">for destruction</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Reichspr%C3%A4sident" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichspräsident">Reichspresident</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">decree of 28 February 1933</a>!"</i> and hidden from the public (label "Secr.") as <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian State Library">Prussian State Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychology_and_terminology_shifts">Psychology and terminology shifts</h4></div> <p>The developing field of psychology was the first way homosexuality could be directly addressed aside from Biblical condemnation. In Europe, homosexuality had been part of case studies since the 1790s with Johann Valentin Müller's work.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studies of this era tended to be rigorous examination of "criminals", looking to confirm guilt and establish patterns for future prosecutions. Ambroise Tardieu in France believed he could identify "pederasts" affirming that the sex organs are altered by homosexuality in his 1857 publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> François Charles's exposé, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Deux Prostitutions: études de pathologie sociale</i></span></i> ("The Two Prostitutions: Study of the Social Pathology"), developed methods for police to persecute through meticulous documentation of homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include Johann Caspar and Otto Westphal, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs" title="Karl Heinrich Ulrichs">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a>'s 1886 publication, <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, was the most widely translated work of this kind.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Ulrichs believed that homosexuality was congenitally based, but Krafft-Ebing differed; in that, he asserted that homosexuality was a symptom of other psychopathic behavior that he viewed to be an inherited disposition to degeneracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Degeneracy became a widely acknowledged theory for homosexuality during the 1870s and 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spoke to the eugenic and Social Darwinist theories of the late 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Augustin_Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict Augustin Morel">Benedict Augustin Morel</a> is considered the father of degeneracy theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theories posit that physical, intellectual, and moral abnormalities come from disease, urban over-population, malnutrition, alcohol, and other failures of his contemporary society.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important shift in the terminology of homosexuality was brought about by the development of psychology's inquisition into homosexuality. "Contrary sexual feeling",<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Westphal's phrased it, and the word "homosexual" itself made their way into the Western lexicons. Homosexuality had a name aside from the ambiguous term "sodomy" and the elusive "abomination". As Michel Foucault phrases it, "the sodomite had been a temporary aberration; the homosexual was now a species."<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_science_shifts">Historical science shifts</h4></div> <p>To this day, historians are still arguing about the question of the <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Frederick_the_Great" title="Sexuality of Frederick the Great">Sexuality of Frederick the Great</a> (1712–1786), which essentially revolves around the taboo of whether the myth of one of the greatest war heroes in world history is allowed to be psychologically deconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homosexuality_in_Modern_Great_Britain">Homosexuality in Modern Great Britain</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Britain">Timeline of LGBT history in Britain</a></div> <p>Following the codification of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">anti-sodomy laws</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Buggery_Act_1533" title="Buggery Act 1533">Buggery Act 1533</a>, homosexual sex and relationships were greatly looked down upon and civilly prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson325_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson325-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although section 61 of the <a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a> removed the death penalty for homosexuality, male homosexual acts remained illegal and were punishable by imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson325_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson325-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, lesbian relationships were frequently overlooked and legal codes that targeted homosexuality often did not cover <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">sapphic</a> love.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="No page numbers. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In one Scottish court case, a judge deemed sexual relationships between two women imaginary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in cases where women broke gender roles and crossed into masculinity were they punished with public whippings and banishment, much less severe than their gay male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ballads celebrating <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> female soldiers circulated during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, frequently depicting women donning male garb flirting with men and occasionally even "female husbands" would appear.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various authors wrote on the topic of homosexuality. In 1735, Conyers Place wrote "Reason Insufficient Guide to Conduct Mankind in Religion".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1749, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cannon_(author)" title="Thomas Cannon (author)">Thomas Cannon</a> wrote "Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, 1772, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle" title="The Morning Chronicle">The Morning Chronicle</a></i> publishes a series of letters to the editor about the trial of Captain Robert Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1773, Charles Crawford wrote "A Dissertation on the Phaedon of Plato".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Lister_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anne_Lister_Restoration.jpg/220px-Anne_Lister_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anne_Lister_Restoration.jpg/330px-Anne_Lister_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anne_Lister_Restoration.jpg/440px-Anne_Lister_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>Watercolour portrait of Lister, probably by a Mrs Turner of Halifax, 1822</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly houses</a> appeared in 18th century London and other large cities. A <i>Molly house</i> is an archaic 18th century English term for a tavern or private room where homosexual and cross-dressing men could meet each other and possible sexual partners. Patrons of the Molly house would sometimes enact mock weddings, sometimes with the bride giving birth. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clap" title="Margaret Clap">Margaret Clap</a> (?–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1726</span>), better known as <i>Mother Clap</i>, ran such a Molly house from 1724 to 1726 in <a href="/wiki/Holborn" title="Holborn">Holborn</a>, London. She was also heavily involved in the ensuing legal battles after her premises were raided by the police and shut down. Molly houses were perhaps the first precursors to the modern <a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">gay bar</a>. </p><p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, male commentary on lesbian relationships became more common and increasingly eroticized.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Lister" title="Anne Lister">Anne Lister</a>'s diaries revealed that as early as 1820, educated women had covert sexual and romantic relationships with other women, often while married to men and presenting as close female friendships.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intensely emotional friendships between women were normal in England, making it difficult for scholars to definitively identify same-sex relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern scholars suspect that lesbian subscripts exist within much of the literature published by women, as female characters yearn romantically after other female characters, but that passion is silenced.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reflected by a large body of same-sex love poetry was written by women.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Oscar_Wilde">Oscar Wilde</h5></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, the Irish author and playwright, played an important role in bringing homosexuality into the public eye. The scandal in British society and subsequent court case from 1895 to 1896 was highly discussed not only in Europe, but also in America, although newspapers like the <i>New York Times</i> concentrated on the question of blackmail, only alluding to the homosexual aspects as having "a curious meaning", in the first publication on April 4, 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Wilde's arrest, the April 6 <i>New York Times</i> discussed Wilde's case as a question of "immorality" and did not specifically address homosexuality, discussing the men "some as young as 18" that were brought up as witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by Wilde's renown and homosexuality, gay activist <a href="/wiki/Craig_Rodwell" title="Craig Rodwell">Craig Rodwell</a> founded the first United States LGBTQ bookstore on November 24, 1967, and called it the <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_Bookshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop">Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alan_Turing">Alan Turing</h5></div> <p>In Britain, the view of homosexuality as the mark of a deviant mind was not limited to the psychiatric wards of hospitals but also the courts. An extremely famous case was that of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, a British mathematician and theoretician. During WWII, Turing worked at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> and was one of the major architects of the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a>, designed to break the Enigma codes of the Nazi war machine. For the success of this, he was made an <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">Officer of the Order of the British Empire</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of all his brilliance and the services rendered to his country, Turing was also openly homosexual and in the early 1950s this fact came to the attention of the British government when he was arrested under section 11 of an <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885">1885 statute</a> on "gross indecency".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time there was great fear that Turing's sexuality could be exploited by Soviet spies, and so he was sentenced to choosing between jail and injections of synthetic estrogen. The choice of the latter led him to massive depression and dying at the age of 41 after biting into an allegedly poisoned apple.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is popularly believed that Turing committed suicide, his death was also consistent with accidental poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that an additional 50–75,000 men were persecuted under this law, with only partial repeal taking place in 1967 and the final measure of it in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_France">Decriminalization of homosexuality in France</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in France">LGBT history in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT rights in France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Paris">LGBT culture in Paris</a></div> <p>Written on July 21, 1776, the Letter LXIII became infamous for its frank talk of human sexuality. <a href="/wiki/Mathieu-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pidansat_de_Mairobert" title="Mathieu-François Pidansat de Mairobert">Mathieu-François Pidansat de Mairobert</a> published the letter in his 1779 book, "L'Espion Anglois, Ou Correspondance Secrete Entre Milord All'eye et Milord Alle'ar" (aka "L'Observateur Anglais or L'Espion Anglais") ("The English Spy, or Secret Correspondence Between my Lord All'eye and my Lord Alle'ar [aka The English Observer or The English Spy]").<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1791, <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary France</a> (and Andorra) adopted the <a href="/wiki/French_Penal_Code_of_1791" title="French Penal Code of 1791">French Penal Code of 1791</a> which no longer criminalized sodomy. France thus became the first West European country to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, various countries such as <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> have never criminalized homosexual activity.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3></div> <p>The Soviet government of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a> (RSFSR) decriminalised homosexuality in December 1917, following the October Revolution and the discarding of the Legal Code of Tsarist Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legalisation of homosexuality was confirmed in the RSFSR Penal Code of 1922, and following its redrafting in 1926. According to Dan Healey, archival material that became widely available following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 "demonstrates a principled intent to decriminalize the act between consenting adults, expressed from the earliest efforts to write a socialist criminal code in 1918 to the eventual adoption of legislation in 1922."<sup id="cite_ref-Healey,_Dan_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healey,_Dan-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bolsheviks also rescinded Tsarist legal bans on homosexual civil and political rights, especially in the area of state employment. In 1918, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a>, a homosexual man who kept his homosexuality hidden, was appointed as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR. In 1923, Chicherin was also appointed People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, a position he held until 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_1971-04_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_1971-04-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1920s, the Soviet government and scientific community took a great deal of interest in sexual research, sexual emancipation and homosexual emancipation. In January 1923, the Soviet Union sent delegates from the Commissariat of Health led by Commissar of Health Semashko<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the German <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Sexual_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Sexual Research">Institute for Sexual Research</a> as well as to some international conferences on human sexuality between 1921 and 1930, where they expressed support for the legalisation of adult, private and consensual homosexual relations and the improvement of homosexual rights in all nations.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both 1923 and 1925, Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigorii_Batkis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigorii Batkis (page does not exist)">Grigorii Batkis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Баткис, Григорий Абрамович">ru</a>]</span>, director of the Institute for Social Hygiene in Moscow, published a report, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sexual_Revolution_in_Russia_(1923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sexual Revolution in Russia (1923) (page does not exist)">The Sexual Revolution in Russia</a></i>, which stated that homosexuality was "perfectly natural" and should be legally and socially respected.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_1925_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_1925-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Soviet Union itself, the 1920s saw developments in serious Soviet research on sexuality in general, sometimes in support of the progressive idea of homosexuality as a natural part of human sexuality, such as the work of Dr. Batkis prior to 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt,_Alix_1977_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt,_Alix_1977-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such delegations and research were sent and authorised and supported by the People's Commissariat for Health under Commissar Semashko.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Germany">Modern Germany</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emancipation_movement_(1890s–1934)"><span id="Emancipation_movement_.281890s.E2.80.931934.29"></span>Emancipation movement (1890s–1934)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Radszuweit" title="Friedrich Radszuweit">Friedrich Radszuweit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Adolf Brand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selli_Engler" title="Selli Engler">Selli Engler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Hahm" title="Lotte Hahm">Lotte Hahm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_R%C3%BCling" title="Anna Rüling">Anna Rüling</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4dchen_in_Uniform_(1931_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mädchen in Uniform (1931 film)">Mädchen in Uniform (1931 film)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Freundin" title="Die Freundin">Die Freundin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Freundschaft" title="Die Freundschaft">Die Freundschaft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500,_Berlin,_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Gay club <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(Berlin)" title="Eldorado (Berlin)">Eldorado</a> (1932) in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesbiche_-_1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lesbiche_-_1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg/220px-Lesbiche_-_1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lesbiche_-_1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg/330px-Lesbiche_-_1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lesbiche_-_1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg/440px-Lesbiche_-_1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Lesbian periodical <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Freundin" title="Die Freundin">Die Freundin</a></i>, 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>, Berlin was a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> city, with many gay bars, nightclubs and cabarets. There were even many <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag</a> bars where tourists <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">straight</a> and gay would enjoy <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">female impersonation</a> acts. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> decried cultural degeneration, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>, blaming at least some of the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Germany">phenomena on Jews</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> also had the most active <a href="/wiki/LGBT_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a> in the world at the time. Jewish doctor <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a> had co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee" title="Scientific-Humanitarian Committee">Scientific-Humanitarian Committee</a> (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK) in Berlin in 1897 to campaign against the notorious "<a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a>" of the Penal Code that made <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">sex between men</a> illegal. It also sought social recognition of homosexual and transgender men and women. It was the first public gay rights organization. The Committee had branches in several other countries, thereby being the first international LGBTQ organization, although on a small scale. </p><p>In 1919, Hirschfeld had also co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a> (Institute for Sex Research), a private <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institute</a>. It had a <a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">research library</a> and a large archive, and included a marriage and sex counseling office. In addition, the institute was a pioneer worldwide in the call for <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and social acceptance for homosexual and transgender people. As a leading city for homosexuals during the 1920s, Berlin had clubs and even newspapers for both lesbians and <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a>. The lesbian magazine <a href="/wiki/Die_Freundin" title="Die Freundin">Die Freundin</a> was started by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Radszuweit" title="Friedrich Radszuweit">Friedrich Radszuweit</a> and the gay men's magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Eigene" title="Der Eigene">Der Eigene</a></i> had already started in 1896 as the world's first gay magazine. The first gay demonstration ever took place in <a href="/wiki/Nollendorfplatz" title="Nollendorfplatz">Nollendorfplatz</a> in 1922 in Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gathering 400 homosexuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></div> <p>Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, about 50,000 men were sentenced because of their homosexuality and thousands of them died in concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gay men were viewed as "inferior" and "animalistic".<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions for gay men in the camps were especially rough; they faced not only persecution from German soldiers, but also other prisoners, and many gay men were reported to die of beatings.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female homosexuality was not, technically, a crime and thus gay women were generally not treated as harshly as gay men.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are some scattered reports that gay women were sometimes imprisoned for their sexuality, most would have been imprisoned for other reasons, i.e. "anti-social". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_Germany">Decriminalization of homosexuality in Germany</h4></div> <p>West Germany inherited <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a> after World War II, which remained on the books until 1969. The first kiss between two men on German television was shown in Rosa von Praunheim's film <i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Not_the_Homosexual_Who_Is_Perverse,_But_the_Society_in_Which_He_Lives" title="It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives">It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives</a></i> (1971). This film marks the beginning of the German modern gay liberation movement. In 1993, the last parts of Paragraph 175 were deleted and Germany enacted an equal <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_history&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the United States">LGBT history in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuals_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of bisexuals in the United States">History of bisexuals in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">History of lesbianism in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">History of transgender people in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_century">18th and 19th century</h3></div> <p>Before the American Civil War and the massive population growth of the Post-Civil War America, the majority of the American population was rural. Homosexuality remained an unseen and taboo concept in society, and the word "homosexuality" was not coined until 1868 In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs" title="Karl Heinrich Ulrichs">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs</a><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by German-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Karoly_Maria_Kertbeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoly Maria Kertbeny">Karoly Maria Kertbeny</a> (who advocated decriminalization).<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, homosexuality fell under the umbrella term "sodomy" that comprised all forms of nonproductive sexuality (masturbation and oral sex were sometimes excluded). Without urban sub-cultures or a name for self-definition, group identification and self-consciousness was unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mainstream <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">interpretation</a> of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#20:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Leviticus">Leviticus 20:13</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Romans#1:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Romans">Romans 1:26–7</a> and the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> were the justification for the severe penalties facing those accused of "sodomy".<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the laws around homosexuality in the colonies were derived from the English laws of "buggery", and the punishment in all American colonies was death. The penalty for attempted sodomy (both homosexuality and bestiality) was prison, whipping, banishment, or fines. Thomas Jefferson suggested castration as the punishment for sodomy, rape, and polygamy in a proposed revision of the Virginia criminal code near the end of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania was the first state to repeal the death penalty for "sodomy" in 1786 and within a generation all the other colonies followed suit (except North and South Carolina that repealed after the Civil War).<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the removal of the death penalty during this generation, legal language shifted away from that of damnation to more dispassionate terms like "unmentionable" or "abominable" acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from sodomy and "attempted sodomy" court cases and a few public scandals, homosexuality was seen as peripheral in mainstream society. Lesbianism had no legal definition largely given Victorian notions of female sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey of sodomy law enforcement during the nineteenth century suggests that a significant minority of cases did not specify the gender of the "victim" or accused. Most cases were argued as non-consensual or rape.<sup id="cite_ref-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first prosecution for consensual sex between people of the same gender was not until 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to increasing visibility of alternative genders, gender bending, and homosexuality, a host of laws against vagrancy, public indecency, disorderly conduct, and indecent exposure was introduced across the United States. "Sodomy" laws also shifted in many states over the beginning of the twentieth century to address homosexuality specifically (many states during the twentieth century made heterosexual anal intercourse legal).<sup id="cite_ref-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128_183-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some states, these laws would last until they were repealed by the Supreme Court in 2003 with the Lawrence decision.<sup id="cite_ref-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128_183-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_ideal_and_the_19th_century">Male ideal and the 19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:LGBTQ_history##" title="Talk:LGBTQ history">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_history&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Male homosexuality found its first social foothold in the 19th century not in sexuality or homoerotica, but in idealized conception of the wholesome and loving male friendship during the 19th century. Or as contemporary author <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Winthrop" title="Theodore Winthrop">Theodore Winthrop</a> in Cecil Dreeme writes, "a friendship I deemed more precious than the love of women."<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ideal came from and was enforced by the male-centric institutions of boy's boarding schools, all-male colleges, the military, the frontier, etc.—fictional and non-fiction accounts of passionate male friendships became a theme present in American Literature and social conceptions of masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York, as America's largest city exponentially growing during the 19th century (doubling from 1800 to 1820 and again by 1840 to a population of 300,000), saw the beginnings of a homosexual subculture concomitantly growing with the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing the theme of loving male friendship, the American poet, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> arrived in New York in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was immediately drawn to young working-class men found in certain parks, public baths, the docks, and some bars and dance halls.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He kept records of the men and boys, usually noting their ages, physical characteristics, jobs, and origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dispersed in his praise of the city are moments of male admiration, such as in <i>Calamus</i>—"frequent and swift flash of eyes offering me robust, athletic love" or in poem Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, where he writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Was call'd by my nighest name by clear loud voices of young men as they saw me / approaching or passing, / Felt their arms on my neck as I stood, or the negligent leaning of their flesh against me as / I sat, / Saw many I loved in the street or ferry-boat or public assembly, yet never told them a / word, / Lived the same life with the rest, the same old laughing, gnawing, sleeping, / Play'd the part that still looks back on the actor or actress, / The same old role, the role that is what we make it, as great as we like, / Or as small as we like, or both great and small."<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sometimes Whitman's writing verged on explicit, such as in his poem, Native Moments—"I share the midnight orgies of young men / I pick out some low person for my dearest friend. He shall be lawless, rude, illiterate."<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poems like these and Calamus (inspired by Whitman's treasured friends and possible lover, Fred Vaughan who lived with the Whitman family in the 1850s) and the general theme of manly love, functioned as a pseudonym for homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The developing sub-community had a coded voice to draw more homosexuals to New York and other growing American urban centers. Whitman did, however, in 1890 denounce any sexuality in the comradeship of his works, and historians debate whether he was homosexual, bisexual, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this denouncement shows that homosexuality had become a public question by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty years after Whitman came to New York, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger" title="Horatio Alger">Horatio Alger</a> continued the theme of manly love in his stories of the young Victorian <a href="/wiki/Self-made_man" title="Self-made man">self-made man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came to New York fleeing from a public scandal with a young man in Cape Cod that forced him to leave the ministry, in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_century">Late 19th century</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/We%27wha" title="We'wha">We'wha</a> (1849–1896) was a notable <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> weaver, potter and <i><a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">lhamana</a></i>. Raised as a boy, they would later spend part of their life dressing and living in the roles usually filled by women in Zuni culture, later living and working in roles filled by men, changing depending on the situation. Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Coxe_Stevenson" title="Matilda Coxe Stevenson">Matilda Coxe Stevenson</a>, a friend of We'wha's who wrote extensively about the Zuni, hosted We'wha and the Zuni delegation when We'wha was chosen as an official emissary to Washington, D.C., in 1886. During this time <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">they</a> met President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>. We'wha had at least one husband, was trained in the customs and rites for the ceremonies for both men and women, and was a respected member of their community. Friends who documented their life used both pronouns for We'wha.<sup id="cite_ref-Bost139_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bost139-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson37_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson37-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3></div> <p>In 1908, the first American defense of homosexuality was published.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as a Problem in Social Life</i>, was written by Edward Stevenson under the pseudonym Xavier Mayne.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 600-page defense detailed Classical examples, but also modern literature and the homosexual subcultures of urban life.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dedicated the novel to Krafft-Ebing because he argued homosexuality was inherited and, in Stevenson's view and not necessarily Krafft-Ebing's, should not face prejudice. He also wrote one of the first homosexual novels—<i>Imre: A Memorandum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in this era, the earliest known open homosexual in the United States, Claude Hartland, wrote an account of his sexual history.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He affirmed that he wrote it to affront the naivety surrounding sexuality. It was in response to the ignorance he saw while being treated by doctors and psychologists that failed to "cure" him.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hartland wished his attraction to men could be solely "spiritual", but could not escape the "animal".<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91_186-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, society was slowly becoming aware of the homosexual subculture. In an 1898 lecture in Massachusetts, a doctor gave a lecture on this development in modern cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a population around three million at the turn of the 20th century, New York's queer subculture had a strong sense of self-definition and began redefining itself on its own terms. "Middle class queer", "fairies", were among the terminology of the underground world of the Lower East Side.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But with this growing public presence, backlash occurred. The YMCA, who ironically promoted a similar image to that of the Whitman's praise of male brotherhood and athletic prowess, took a chief place in the purity campaigns of the epoch. Anthony Comstock, a salesman and leader of YMCA in Connecticut and later head of his own New York Society for the Suppression of Vice successfully pressed Congress and many state legislatures to pass strict censorship laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, the YMCA became a site of homosexual conduct. In 1912, a scandal hit Oregon where more than 50 men, many prominent in the community, were arrested for homosexual activity. In reaction to this scandal conflicting with public campaigns, YMCA leadership began to look the other way on this conduct.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg/220px-WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg/330px-WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg/440px-WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music poking fun at the masculine traits many women adopted during the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1920s ushered in a new era of social acceptance of minorities and homosexuals, at least in heavily urbanized areas. This was reflected in many of the films (see <a href="/wiki/Pre-Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Code">Pre-Code</a>) of the decade that openly made references to homosexuality. Even popular songs poked fun at the new social acceptance of homosexuality. One of these songs had the title "Masculine Women, Feminine Men".<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was released in 1926 and recorded by numerous artists of the day and included the following lyrics:<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Masculine women, Feminine men<br /> </p><p>Which is the rooster, which is the hen?<br /> It's hard to tell 'em apart today! And, say!<br /> Sister is busy learning to shave,<br /> Brother just loves his <a href="/wiki/Permanent_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent wave">permanent wave</a>,<br /> It's hard to tell 'em apart today! Hey, hey!<br /> Girls were girls and boys were boys when I was a tot,<br /> Now we don't know who is who, or even what's what!<br /> Knickers and trousers, baggy and wide,<br /> Nobody knows who's walking inside,<br /> </p><p> Those masculine women and feminine men!<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Homosexuals received a level of acceptance that was not seen again until the 1970s. Until the early 1930s, gay clubs were openly operated, commonly known as "pansy clubs". The relative liberalism of the decade is demonstrated by the fact that the actor <a href="/wiki/William_Haines" title="William Haines">William Haines</a>, regularly named in newspapers and magazines as the number-one male box-office draw, openly lived in a gay relationship with his lover, <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Shields" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Shields">Jimmie Shields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular gay actors/actresses of the decade included <a href="/wiki/Alla_Nazimova" title="Alla Nazimova">Alla Nazimova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Novarro" title="Ramon Novarro">Ramon Novarro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Mae_West" title="Mae West">Mae West</a> wrote a play about homosexuality called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Drag_(play)" title="The Drag (play)">The Drag</a></i>, and alluded to the work of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs" title="Karl Heinrich Ulrichs">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs</a>. It was a box-office success. West regarded talking about sex as a basic <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> issue, and was also an early advocate of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">gay rights</a>. With the return of conservatism in the 1930s, the public grew intolerant of homosexuality, and gay actors were forced to choose between retiring or agreeing to hide their sexuality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1930s">Late 1930s</h3></div> <p>By 1935, the United States had become conservative once again. <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian values</a> and morals, which had been widely ridiculed during the 1920s, became fashionable once again. During this period, life was harsh for homosexuals as they were forced to hide their behavior and identity in order to escape ridicule and even imprisonment. Many laws were passed against homosexuals during this period, and it was declared to be a mental illness. Many police forces conducted operations to arrest homosexuals by using young undercover cops to get them to make propositions to them.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1930s both <i>fruit</i> and <i>fruitcake</i> as well as numerous other words were seen as not only negative but also to mean male homosexual,<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Epithets_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Epithets-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although probably not universally. LGBTQ people were widely diagnosed as diseased with the potential for being cured, thus were regularly "treated" with <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kronemeyer_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kronemeyer-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kronemeyer_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kronemeyer-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">pudic nerve</a> surgery,<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and electroshock treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So transferring the meaning of <i>fruitcake</i>, nutty, to someone who is deemed insane, or crazy, may have seemed rational at the time and many apparently believed that <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> people were mentally unsound. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric institution">psychiatric institutions</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Mental_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental hospital">mental hospitals</a>") where many of these procedures were carried out were called <i>fruitcake factories</i> while in 1960s Australia they were called <i>fruit factories</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WAC_Air_Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WAC_Air_Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg/220px-WAC_Air_Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WAC_Air_Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg/330px-WAC_Air_Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WAC_Air_Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg/440px-WAC_Air_Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>1943 Painting of a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">WAC</a> Air Controller artist: Dan V. Smith</figcaption></figure> <p>As the US entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1941, women were provided opportunities to volunteer for their country and almost 250,000 women served in the armed forces, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a> (WAC), two-thirds of whom were single and under the age of twenty-five.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were recruited with posters showing muscular, short-haired women wearing tight-fitting tailored uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many lesbians joined the WAC to meet other women and to do <i>men's work.</i><sup id="cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coming_Out_Under_Fire_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming_Out_Under_Fire-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few were rejected for lesbianism, and found that being strong or having <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculine</a> appearance – characteristics associated with homosexual women – aided in the work as mechanics and motor vehicle operators.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular <a href="/wiki/The_Fleischmann%27s_Yeast_Hour" title="The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour">Fleischmann's Yeast</a> <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertisement</a> showed a WAC riding a motorcycle with the heading <i>This is no time to be frail.</i><sup id="cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coming_Out_Under_Fire,_photo_inserts,_4._204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming_Out_Under_Fire,_photo_inserts,_4.-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some recruits appeared at their inductions wearing men's clothing and their hair slicked back in the classic butch style of <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">out</a> lesbians of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-war many women including lesbians declined opportunities to return to traditional gender roles and helped redefine societal expectations that fed the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">women's movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movement. The war effort greatly shifted American culture and by extension representations in entertainment of both the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> and LGBTQ people. In mostly same sex quarters service members were more easily able to express their interests and find willing partners of all sexualities. </p><p>From 1942 to 1947, WWII <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objectors">conscientious objectors</a> in the US assigned to psychiatric hospitals under <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a> exposed abuses throughout the psychiatric care system and were instrumental in <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reforms</a> of the 1940s and 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lavender_Scare">Lavender Scare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lavender_Scare" title="Lavender Scare">Lavender Scare</a></div> <p>The Lavender Scare was an early example of institutionalized homophobia, resulting from a moral panic over the employment of homosexuals in the government, particularly the State Department. A key aspect of the moral panic was the idea that homosexuals were particularly vulnerable to communist blackmail and so constituted a security risk.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, issues of morality were also present, with homosexuals being accused of lacking moral fiber and emotional stability.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonewall_riots">Stonewall riots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_LGBTQ_Wall_of_Honor" title="National LGBTQ Wall of Honor">National LGBTQ Wall of Honor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">LGBT culture in New York City</a></div> <p>Although the June 28, 1969, Stonewall riots are generally considered the starting point of the modern gay liberation movement, a number of demonstrations and actions took place before that date. These actions, often organized by local homophile organizations but sometimes spontaneous, addressed concerns ranging from anti-gay discrimination in employment and public accommodations to the exclusion of homosexuals from the United States military to police harassment to the treatment of homosexuals in revolutionary Cuba. The early actions have been credited with preparing the LGBTQ community for Stonewall and contributing to the riots' symbolic power. <i>See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots</a></i> </p><p>In the autumn of 1959, the police force of New York City's Wagner administration began closing down the city's gay bars, which had numbered almost two dozen in Manhattan at the beginning of the year. This crackdown was largely the result of a sustained campaign by the right-wing <i>NY Mirror</i> newspaper columnist <a href="/wiki/Lee_Mortimer" title="Lee Mortimer">Lee Mortimer</a>. Existing gay bars were quickly closed and new ones lasted only a short time. The election of <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> in 1965 signaled a major shift in city politics, and a new attitude toward sexual mores began changing the social atmosphere of New York. On April 21, 1966, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Leitsch" title="Dick Leitsch">Dick Leitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Rodwell" title="Craig Rodwell">Craig Rodwell</a> president and vice president respectively of the New York <a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society" title="Mattachine Society">Mattachine Society</a> and Mattachine activist John Timmons staged the Sip-In at <a href="/wiki/Julius_(restaurant)" title="Julius (restaurant)">Julius' Bar</a> on West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights opposition">anti-gay</a> accommodation rules of the NY State Liquor Authority being overturned in subsequent court actions. These SLA provisions declared that it was illegal for homosexuals to congregate and be served alcoholic beverages in bars. An example of when these laws had been upheld is in 1940 when Gloria's, a bar that had been closed for such violations, fought the case in court and lost. Prior to this change in the law, the business of running a gay bar had to involve paying bribes to the police and Mafia. As soon as the law was altered, the SLA ceased closing legally licensed gay bars and such bars could no longer be prosecuted for serving gays and lesbians. Mattachine pressed this advantage very quickly and Mayor Lindsay was confronted with the issue of police entrapment in gay bars, resulting in this practice being stopped. On the heels of this victory, the mayor cooperated in getting questions about homosexuality removed from NYC hiring practices. The police and fire departments resisted the new policy, however, and refused to cooperate.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalLGBTQWallofHonorInauguratedNYC_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalLGBTQWallofHonorInauguratedNYC-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result of these changes in the law, combined with the open social- and sexual-attitudes of the late Sixties, led to the increased visibility of gay life in New York. Several licensed gay bars were in operation in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a>, as well as illegal, unlicensed places serving alcohol, such as the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a> and the Snakepit, both in Greenwich Village. The <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a> were a series of violent conflicts between gay men, drag queens, transsexuals, and lesbians against a police officer raid in New York City. The first night of rioting began on Friday, June 27, 1969, at about 1:20 am, when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar operating without a state license in Greenwich Village. <i>Stonewall</i> is considered a turning point for the modern <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> movement worldwide. Newspaper coverage of the events was minor in the city, since, in the Sixties, huge marches and mass rioting had become commonplace and the Stonewall disturbances were relatively small. It was the commemorative march one year later, organized by the impetus of <a href="/wiki/Craig_Rodwell" title="Craig Rodwell">Craig Rodwell</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_Bookshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop">Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop</a>, which drew 5,000 marchers up New York City's <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)">Sixth Avenue</a>, that drew nationwide publicity and put the Stonewall events on the historical map and led to the modern-day pride marches. A new period of liberalism in the late 1960s began a new era of more social acceptance for homosexuality which lasted until the late 1970s. In the 1970s, the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> music and its culture in many ways made society more accepting of gays and lesbians. On June 27, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/National_LGBTQ_Wall_of_Honor" title="National LGBTQ Wall of Honor">National LGBTQ Wall of Honor</a> was inaugurated at the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall National Monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalLGBTQWallofHonorInauguratedNYC_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalLGBTQWallofHonorInauguratedNYC-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:LGBTQ_history#Disputed" title="Talk:LGBTQ history">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 1980s in LGBTQ history are marked with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>. During the early period of the outbreak of HIV, the <a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">epidemic of HIV was commonly linked to gay men.</a> </p><p>In the 1980s a renewed conservative movement spawned a new anti-gay movement in the United States, particularly with the help of the Religious Right (<a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a> in particular), however, by the later part of the decade the general public started to show more sympathy and even tolerance for gays as the toll for AIDS related deaths continued to rise to include heterosexuals as well as cultural icons such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberace" title="Liberace">Liberace</a>, who also died from the condition. Also, despite the more conservative period, life in general for gays and lesbians was considerably better in contrast to the pre-Stonewall era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Testifying to improved conditions, a 1991 <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> survey found that homosexuals, in comparison with average Americans, were three times more likely to be college graduates, three times more likely to hold professional or managerial positions, with average salaries $30,000 higher than the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_the_US_(1961–2011)"><span id="Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_the_US_.281961.E2.80.932011.29"></span>Decriminalization of homosexuality in the US (1961–2011)</h3></div> <p>The first US state to decriminalize sodomy was Illinois in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1969 that another state would follow (Connecticut), but the 1970s and 80s saw the decriminalization throughout the majority of the United States. The 14 states that did not repeal these laws until 2003 were forced to by the landmark United States Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>States, territories, and federal district</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> </td> <td>1889 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td>1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td>1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td>1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td>1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td>1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td>1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> </td> <td>1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td>1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (Wayne County only) </td> <td>1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td>1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td>1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> (Western District counties only) </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> (applied to New York National Guard) </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> </td> <td>2011 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgender_rights">Transgender rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">Transgender rights in the United States</a></div> <p>Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">transgender-rights</a> demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza" title="Grand Army Plaza">Grand Army Plaza</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene,_Brooklyn" title="Fort Greene, Brooklyn">Fort Greene, Brooklyn</a>, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3></div> <p>Several public schools have opened with a specific mission to create a "safe" place for LGBTQ students and allies, including <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_High_School" title="Harvey Milk High School">Harvey Milk High School</a> in New York City, and <a href="/wiki/The_Alliance_School_(Milwaukee)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alliance School (Milwaukee)">The Alliance School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>. The Social Justice High School-Pride Campus is proposed for Chicago,<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of private schools have also identified as "gay friendly", such as the <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Irwin_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Irwin High School">Elisabeth Irwin High School</a> in New York City. </p><p>In 2012, for the first time, two American school districts celebrated <a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a>; the Broward County school district in Florida signed a resolution in September in support of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Americans, and later that year the Los Angeles school district, America's second-largest, also signed on.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/350px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/525px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/700px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;font-size:100%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Template:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Template talk:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-size:100%;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"><b>Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression</b></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Same-sex intercourse illegal.</b> Penalties: </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8c210f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty for homosexuality">Death</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc6633; color:black;"> </span> Prison; death not enforced</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ec8028;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-right: 1.25em solid #8c210f;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #ec8028;"> </span></span> Death under militias</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ec8028; color:black;"> </span> Prison, with arrests or detention</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f9dc36; color:black;"> </span> Prison, not enforced<sup>1</sup></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Same-sex intercourse legal.</b> Recognition of unions: </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#025; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#90C; color:white;"> </span> Extraterritorial marriage<sup>2</sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#06f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9cf; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Unregistered_cohabitation" title="Unregistered cohabitation">Limited domestic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CAF; color:black;"> </span> Limited foreign</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ccc;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-right: 1.25em solid #9cf;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #ccc;"> </span></span> Optional certification</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccc; color:black;"> </span> None</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#decd87; color:black;"> </span> Restrictions of expression, not enforced</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3B367; color:black;"> </span> Restrictions of association with arrests or detention</div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.3em;"><br /> <sup>1</sup><small>No imprisonment in the past three years or <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on law.</small><br /><sup>2</sup><small>Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.</small></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been a growing movement in a number of countries to regard marriage as a right which should be extended to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex couples</a>. Legal recognition of a marital union opens up a wide range of entitlements, including <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>, taxation, inheritance and other benefits unavailable to couples not married, in the eyes of the law. Restricting legal recognition to opposite-sex couples prevents same-sex couples from gaining access to the legal benefits of marriage. Though certain rights can be replicated by legal means other than marriage (for example, by drawing-up contracts), many cannot, such as inheritance, hospital visitation and immigration. Lack of legal recognition also makes it more difficult for same-sex couples to adopt children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first country to legalize same-sex marriages was the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (2001) under <a href="/wiki/Queen_Beatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Beatrix">Queen Beatrix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first marriages were performed in the Amsterdam city hall on April 1, 2001. As of July 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_history&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, same-sex marriages are legal nationally in thirty-one countries: the Netherlands (2001), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Belgium" title="Same-sex marriage in Belgium">Belgium</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Spain" title="Same-sex marriage in Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada" title="Same-sex marriage in Canada">Canada</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_South_Africa" title="Same-sex marriage in South Africa">South Africa</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Norway" title="Same-sex marriage in Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Sweden" title="Same-sex marriage in Sweden">Sweden</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Portugal" title="Same-sex marriage in Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Iceland" title="Same-sex marriage in Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Argentina" title="Same-sex marriage in Argentina">Argentina</a> (2010), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Denmark" title="Same-sex marriage in Denmark">Denmark</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex marriage in Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_France" title="Same-sex marriage in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Uruguay" title="Same-sex marriage in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_Zealand" title="Same-sex marriage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> 2015) and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Luxembourg" title="Same-sex marriage in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage in Ireland">Ireland</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Colombia" title="Same-sex marriage in Colombia">Colombia</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Finland" title="Same-sex marriage in Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Germany" title="Same-sex marriage in Germany">Germany</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Malta" title="Same-sex marriage in Malta">Malta</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Australia" title="Same-sex marriage in Australia">Australia</a> (2018), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Taiwan" title="Same-sex marriage in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Ecuador" title="Same-sex marriage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Austria" title="Same-sex marriage in Austria">Austria</a> (2019), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Costa_Rica" title="Same-sex marriage in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> (2020), <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Chile" title="Same-sex marriage in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Switzerland" title="Same-sex marriage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Slovenia" title="Same-sex marriage in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (2022). In <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Mexico">Mexico</a>, same-sex marriage is recognized in all states, but performed only in <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico_City" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where it became effective on March 4, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gay_marriage_effective_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gay_marriage_effective-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Same-sex marriage was effectively legalized in the United States on June 26, 2015, following the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>'s decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to <i>Obergefell</i>, lower court decisions, state legislation, and popular referendums had already legalized same-sex marriage to some degree in 38 out of 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">U.S. states</a>, comprising about 70% of the U.S. population. Federal benefits were previously extended to lawfully married same-sex couples following the Supreme Court's June 2013 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_groups">Student groups</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gay%E2%80%93straight_alliance" title="Gay–straight alliance">Gay–straight alliance</a></div> <p>Since the mid-1970s, students at high schools and universities have organized LGBTQ groups, often called Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) at their respective schools.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groups form to provide support for LGBTQ students and to promote awareness of LGBTQ issues in the local community. In 1990, a student group named The Other Ten Percentile (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">העשירון האחר</span>) was founded by a group of teachers and students in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, becoming the first LGBTQ organization in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Frequently, such groups have been banned or prohibited from meeting or receiving the same recognition as other student groups. For example, in September 2006, <a href="/wiki/Touro_University_California" title="Touro University California">Touro University California</a> briefly attempted to ban the school's GSA, the Touro University Gay-Straight Alliance. After student demonstrations and an outcry of support from the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Student_Association" title="American Medical Student Association">American Medical Student Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay and Lesbian Medical Association">Gay and Lesbian Medical Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vallejo,_California" title="Vallejo, California">Vallejo</a> <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">City Council</a>, Touro University retracted its revocation of the school's GSA. The university went on to reaffirm its commitment to non-discrimination based on sexual orientation. </p><p>In April 2016, the GSA Network changed their name from Gay-Straight Alliance Network to Genders & Sexualities Alliance Network in order to be more inclusive and reflective of youth who make up the organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_study_of_homosexuality">Historical study of homosexuality</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_and_early_20th_century">19th century and early 20th century</h3></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6ssli" title="Heinrich Hössli">Heinrich Hössli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs" title="Karl Heinrich Ulrichs">K. H. Ulrichs</a> began their pioneering homosexual scholarship in the late 19th century, they found little in the way of comprehensive historical data, except for material from ancient Greece and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other information was added by the English scholars Richard Burton and <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a>. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a> published a volume containing lists of famous homosexuals. By the end of the century, however, when the Berlin Scientific-Humanitarian Committee was formed it was realised that a comprehensive bibliographical search must be undertaken. The results of this inquiry were incorporated into the volumes of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jahrbuch fur sexualle Zwischenstufen</i></span> and Magnus Hirschfeld's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes</i></span> (1914). The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> put a stop to most serious homosexual research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_and_1960s">1950s and 1960s</h3></div> <p>As part of the growth of the contemporary gay movement in Southern California, a number of historical articles made their way into such movement periodicals as <i>The Ladder</i>, <i>Mattachine Review</i>, and <i>One Quarterly</i>. In France, <i>Arcadie</i> under the editorship of André Baudry published a considerable amount of historical material. Almost without exception, university scholars were afraid to touch the subject. As a result, much of the work was done by autodidacts toiling under less than ideal conditions. Since most of this scholarship was done under movement auspices, it tended to reflect relevant concerns; compiling a brief of injustices and biographical sketches of exemplary gay men and women of the past for example. </p><p>The atmosphere of the 1960s changed things. The sexual revolution made human sexuality an appropriate object of research. A new emphasis on social and intellectual history appeared, stemming in large measure from the group around the French periodical <i>Annales</i>. Although several useful syntheses of the world <a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">history of homosexuality</a> have appeared, much material, especially from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, China and other non-Western cultures has not yet been properly studied and published, so that undoubtedly these will be superseded.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_curricula">School curricula</h3></div> <p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_California" title="Education in California">California</a> became the first U.S. state to pass a law requiring LGBTQ history to be taught in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first textbook complying with the law was only published in 2017 due to opposition from conservative groups and communities. <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Colorado">Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> passed similar laws in 2019, and an LGBT history law in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Illinois">Illinois</a> took effect in July 2020. Six <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern states</a> including Alabama, South Carolina, and Texas have laws banning LGBT history from being taught in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbians" class="mw-redirect" title="History of lesbians">History of lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history">Timeline of LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom">Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLBT_Historical_Society" title="GLBT Historical Society">GLBT Historical Society</a>, San Francisco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHLIA_LGBT_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="IHLIA LGBT Heritage">IHLIA LGBT Heritage</a>, Amsterdam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Herstory_Archives" title="Lesbian Herstory Archives">Lesbian Herstory Archives</a>, Brooklyn, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONE_National_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Archives" title="ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives">ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives</a> at the USC Libraries, Los Angeles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_L._Mazer_Lesbian_Archives" title="June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives">June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives</a>, West Hollywood, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Lesbian_and_Gay_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives">Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives</a>, Melbourne, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lesbian_and_Gay_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives">Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives</a>, Toronto, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrum_Schwule_Geschichte" title="Centrum Schwule Geschichte">Centrum Schwule Geschichte</a>, Cologne, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Archives and Museum">Leather Archives and Museum</a>, Chicago</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marie_Rodriguez_Zambrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Diane Marie Rodriguez Zambrano">Legal Precedent</a></i> (2009), Right to change legal names female to male and vice versa for people <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> by the approval of the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Ecuador">Constitution of Ecuador</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Nickolaus_Tretter_Collection_in_Gay,_Lesbian,_Bisexual_and_Transgender_Studies" title="Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection in Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Studies">Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection in Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Studies</a>, Minneapolis, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_Queen#History_of_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag Queen">History of Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwules_Museum" title="Schwules Museum">Schwules Museum</a>, Berlin, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT monuments and memorials">List of LGBT monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_political_parties" title="List of LGBT political parties">List of LGBT political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_or_transgender_firsts_by_year" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender firsts by year">List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender firsts by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-glsen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glsen_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618034421/http://www.glsen.org/cgi-bin/iowa/educator/library/record/816.html">"LGBT History Month Resources"</a>. Glsen.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glsen.org/cgi-bin/iowa/educator/library/record/816.html">the original</a> on June 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LGBT+History+Month+Resources&rft.pub=Glsen.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glsen.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fiowa%2Feducator%2Flibrary%2Frecord%2F816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Local+Government+Act+&Year=2003&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=819204&ActiveTextDocId=819364&filesize=374">"Local Government Act 2003 (c. 26) – Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. May 27, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018021402/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/26/section/122">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Government+Act+2003+%28c.+26%29+%E2%80%93+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3DLocal%2BGovernment%2BAct%2B%26Year%3D2003%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D819204%26ActiveTextDocId%3D819364%26filesize%3D374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880009_en_5.htm">Local Government Act 1988 (c. 9)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122112358/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880009_en_5.htm">Archived</a> November 22, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, section 28. Accessed July 1, 2006 on opsi.gov.uk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwNhIK9Fn1sC&dq=queen+beatrix+same+sex+marriage&pg=PA191"><i>Homosexuality and the Law: A Dictionary</i></a>. Abc-Clio. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576072677" title="Special:BookSources/9781576072677"><bdi>9781576072677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+and+the+Law%3A+A+Dictionary&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781576072677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwNhIK9Fn1sC%26dq%3Dqueen%2Bbeatrix%2Bsame%2Bsex%2Bmarriage%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Dynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayne Dynes">Wayne Dynes</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality</i>, New York, 1990, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-04/01/content_319807.htm">"History of Chinese homosexuality"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=History+of+Chinese+homosexuality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fdoc%2F2004-04%2F01%2Fcontent_319807.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBret_Hinsch1992" class="citation book cs1">Bret Hinsch (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LmEC1b1bncC&q=zhengde%20sayyid%20husain&pg=PA142"><i>Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07869-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07869-1"><bdi>0-520-07869-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passions+of+the+cut+sleeve%3A+the+male+homosexual+tradition+in+China&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-07869-1&rft.au=Bret+Hinsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LmEC1b1bncC%26q%3Dzhengde%2520sayyid%2520husain%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociété_française_des_seiziémistes1997" class="citation book cs1">Société française des seiziémistes (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KIrAQAAIAAJ&q=Asan+y+est+associ%C3%A9+aux+m%C3%A9faits+d'un+autre+favori+musulman+de+l'empereur+Zhengde.+le+Sayyid+Husain,+originaire+de+Hami.+Il+fut+ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9+comme+Jiang+Bin,+peu+apr%C3%A8s+la+mort+de+l'empereur"><i>Nouvelle revue du XVIe siècle, Volumes 15–16</i></a>. Droz. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelle+revue+du+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle%2C+Volumes+15%E2%80%9316&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Droz&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7aise+des+seizi%C3%A9mistes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KIrAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DAsan%2By%2Best%2Bassoci%25C3%25A9%2Baux%2Bm%25C3%25A9faits%2Bd%27un%2Bautre%2Bfavori%2Bmusulman%2Bde%2Bl%27empereur%2BZhengde.%2Ble%2BSayyid%2BHusain%2C%2Boriginaire%2Bde%2BHami.%2BIl%2Bfut%2Bex%25C3%25A9cut%25C3%25A9%2Bcomme%2BJiang%2BBin%2C%2Bpeu%2Bapr%25C3%25A8s%2Bla%2Bmort%2Bde%2Bl%27empereur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManoli2017" class="citation web cs1">Manoli, Maria (May 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423120348/https://gbtimes.com/sexuality-ancient-china-part-2">"Sexuality in ancient China, part 2"</a>. <i>GBTimes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbtimes.com/sexuality-ancient-china-part-2">the original</a> on April 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GBTimes&rft.atitle=Sexuality+in+ancient+China%2C+part+2&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.aulast=Manoli&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgbtimes.com%2Fsexuality-ancient-china-part-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold_Star-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gold_Star_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2015" class="citation web cs1">Gold, Michael (January 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/people/2015/01/26/praying-for-a-soul-mate-at-rabbit-temple/">"Praying for a soul mate at Rabbit Temple"</a>. <i>The Star Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128044441/https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/people/2015/01/26/praying-for-a-soul-mate-at-rabbit-temple/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star+Online&rft.atitle=Praying+for+a+soul+mate+at+Rabbit+Temple&rft.date=2015-01-25&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Fpeople%2F2015%2F01%2F26%2Fpraying-for-a-soul-mate-at-rabbit-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold_HuffPost-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gold_HuffPost_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2016" class="citation web cs1">Gold, Michael (February 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/19/taiwan-gay-temple-_n_6499210.html">"Taiwan's Wei-Ming 'Rabbit' Temple Draws Gay Community"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119202228/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/19/taiwan-gay-temple-_n_6499210.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+Wei-Ming+%27Rabbit%27+Temple+Draws+Gay+Community&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2015%2F01%2F19%2Ftaiwan-gay-temple-_n_6499210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS_News2019" class="citation web cs1">CBS News (May 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/taiwan-legalizes-same-sex-marriage-in-first-for-asia-today-2019-05-17/">"Taiwan's government legalize same-sex marriage in 1st for Asia"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+government+legalize+same-sex+marriage+in+1st+for+Asia&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.au=CBS+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ftaiwan-legalizes-same-sex-marriage-in-first-for-asia-today-2019-05-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurukawa" class="citation book cs1">Furukawa, Makoto. <i>The Changing Nature of Sexuality: The Three Codes Framing Homosexuality in Modern Japan</i>. pp. 99, 100, 108, 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Nature+of+Sexuality%3A+The+Three+Codes+Framing+Homosexuality+in+Modern+Japan&rft.pages=99%2C+100%2C+108%2C+112&rft.aulast=Furukawa&rft.aufirst=Makoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzG4UOaGy7M"><i>Life of a Wakashu, Japan's Third Gender (Male-Male Romance in Edo Japan)</i></a>, March 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+a+Wakashu%2C+Japan%27s+Third+Gender+%28Male-Male+Romance+in+Edo+Japan%29&rft.date=2021-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbzG4UOaGy7M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChira2017" class="citation news cs1">Chira, Susan (March 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/arts/design/when-japan-had-a-third-gender.html">"When Japan Had a Third Gender"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+Japan+Had+a+Third+Gender&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Chira&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F10%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fwhen-japan-had-a-third-gender.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Tale of Genji</i>. Edward G. Seidensticker (trans.) p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. Wayne Dynes, <i>Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality</i>, New York, 1990, p6352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.1995" class="citation book cs1">P., Leupp, Gary (1995). <i>Male colors : the construction of homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052091919X" title="Special:BookSources/052091919X"><bdi>052091919X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43475917">43475917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+colors+%3A+the+construction+of+homosexuality+in+Tokugawa+Japan&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43475917&rft.isbn=052091919X&rft.aulast=P.&rft.aufirst=Leupp%2C+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utopia-asia.com/korlife2.htm">"Korean Gay and Lesbian History"</a>. Utopia-asia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Gay+and+Lesbian+History&rft.pub=Utopia-asia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utopia-asia.com%2Fkorlife2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyung-Ki_Choi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hyung-Ki Choi; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110230319/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/southkorea.html#6">"South Korea (Taehan Min'guk)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Sexuality" title="International Encyclopedia of Sexuality">International Encyclopedia of Sexuality</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum Publishing Company">Continuum Publishing Company</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/southkorea.html#6">the original</a> on January 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Korea+%28Taehan+Min%27guk%29&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Sexuality&rft.pub=Continuum+Publishing+Company&rft.au=Hyung-Ki+Choi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hu-berlin.de%2Fsexology%2FIES%2Fsouthkorea.html%236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also "Hyegong-wang" (惠恭王) in <i><a href="/wiki/Samguk_Sagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samguk Sagi">Samguk Sagi</a></i> Silla Bon-gi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thai_Enquirer-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thai_Enquirer_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsthananda2021" class="citation news cs1">Osthananda, Kamori (June 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaienquirer.com/29087/thai-lgbtq-history-through-the-looking-glass-religious-freedom-and-lgbtq-rights-in-thailand/">"Thai LGBTQ+ history through the looking glass: religious freedom and LGBTQ+ rights in Thailand"</a>. Thai Enquirer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thai+LGBTQ%2B+history+through+the+looking+glass%3A+religious+freedom+and+LGBTQ%2B+rights+in+Thailand&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.aulast=Osthananda&rft.aufirst=Kamori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaienquirer.com%2F29087%2Fthai-lgbtq-history-through-the-looking-glass-religious-freedom-and-lgbtq-rights-in-thailand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gotoknow.org/posts/591551">"หญิงรักหญิงในวรรณคดีไทย : ผู้หญิงชอบสี่"</a>. <i>GotoKnow</i> (in Thai)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vd 8:32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2015</span>. <q>(...) Ahura Mazda answered: 'The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is the man that is a Daeva; this one is the man that is a worshipper of the Daevas, that is a male paramour of the Daevas, that is a female paramour of the Daevas, that is a wife to the Daeva; this is the man that is as bad as a Daeva, that is in his whole being a Daeva; this is the man that is a Daeva before he dies, and becomes one of the unseen Daevas after death: so is he, whether he has lain with mankind as mankind, or as womankind. The guilty may be killed by any one, without an order from the Dastur (see § 74 n.), and by this execution an ordinary capital crime may be redeemed. 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Woman-Woman Love in Islamic Societies"</a>, <i>Islamic Homosexualities</i>, New York University Press, pp. 97–104, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814761083.003.0007">10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6108-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-6108-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+5.+Woman-Woman+Love+in+Islamic+Societies&rft.btitle=Islamic+Homosexualities&rft.pages=97-104&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814761083.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6108-3&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stephen+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814761083.003.0007%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rowson, Everett K. (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14752620802223798">"The Traffic in Boys: Slavery and Homoerotic Liaisons in Elite 'Abbāsid Society"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Literatures</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 193–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14752620802223798">10.1080/14752620802223798</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-262X">1475-262X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Traffic+in+Boys%3A+Slavery+and+Homoerotic+Liaisons+in+Elite+%27Abb%C4%81sid+Society&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-204&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14752620802223798&rft.issn=1475-262X&rft.aulast=Rowson&rft.aufirst=Everett+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14752620802223798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bellamy, James A. 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Ewald Wagner"</a>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 144–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372480">10.1086/372480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Der+D%C4%ABw%C4%81n+des+Ab%C5%AB+Nuw%C4%81s+.+Ewald+Wagner&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-145&rft.date=1976-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372480&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F372480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas A Dowson, "Archaeologists, Feminists, and Queers: sexual politics in the construction of the past". 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(1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3854650">"A Coptic Love-Charm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Journal of Egyptian Archaeology">Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</a></i>. <b>25</b> (2): 173–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3854650">10.2307/3854650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3854650">3854650</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Coptic+Love-Charm&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-174&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3854650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3854650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smither&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3854650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality-ii">"HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=HOMOSEXUALITY+ii.+IN+ISLAMIC+LAW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhomosexuality-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Rouayheb2005" class="citation book cs1">El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/475493646"><i>Before homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic world, 1500–1800</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72990-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72990-9"><bdi>978-0-226-72990-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475493646">475493646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+homosexuality+in+the+Arab-Islamic+world%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475493646&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72990-9&rft.aulast=El-Rouayheb&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F475493646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolney2010" class="citation book cs1">Volney, Constantin-François (2010). <i>Travels Through Syria and Egypt</i>. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1144515759" title="Special:BookSources/978-1144515759"><bdi>978-1144515759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+Through+Syria+and+Egypt&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1144515759&rft.aulast=Volney&rft.aufirst=Constantin-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayRoscoe1997" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35526232"><i>Islamic homosexualities: culture, history, and literature</i></a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-7467-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-7467-9"><bdi>0-8147-7467-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35526232">35526232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+homosexualities%3A+culture%2C+history%2C+and+literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1997-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35526232&rft.isbn=0-8147-7467-9&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stephen+O.&rft.au=Roscoe%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35526232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteindorff1904" class="citation book cs1">Steindorff, George (1904). <i>Durch die Libysche Wuste Zur Amonoase</i>. Leipsig: Velohgen and Klasing. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Durch+die+Libysche+Wuste+Zur+Amonoase&rft.place=Leipsig&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Velohgen+and+Klasing&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Steindorff&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Porok1936" class="citation book cs1">De Porok, Count Byron (1936). <i>In Quest of Lost Worlds</i>. 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Menasha, Wisconsin, US: George Banta Publishing Co. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+People+of+Siwa&rft.place=Menasha%2C+Wisconsin%2C+US&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=George+Banta+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaugham1950" class="citation book cs1">Maugham, Robin (1950). <i>Journey to Siwa</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Code+of+the+Assura%2C+c.+1075+BCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fancient%2F1075assyriancode.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Being a Man: Negotiating Ancient Constructs of Masculinity (Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East), by Ilona Zsolnay, 2016, p. 48 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nissinen-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nissinen_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sHSNPG85tUC&pg=PA24">pp. 24–28</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414092410/https://books.google.com/books?id=-sHSNPG85tUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA24">Archived</a> April 14, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, Clarendon Press [1935]), 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reallexicon der Assyriologie 4, 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_attitude_wenham.html">The Old Testament Attitude to Homosexuality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221203531/https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_attitude_wenham.html">Archived</a> December 21, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Gordon J Wenham, Expository Times 102.9 (1991): 259–363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&G-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S&G_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields1997" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Weston W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9lA3UVoHjAC&q=Sodom+gomorrah%E2%84%8520destruction&pg=PA159"><i>Sodom and Gomorrah: History and Motif in Biblical Narrative</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567062611" title="Special:BookSources/9780567062611"><bdi>9780567062611</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sodom+and+Gomorrah%3A+History+and+Motif+in+Biblical+Narrative&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780567062611&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Weston+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9lA3UVoHjAC%26q%3DSodom%2Bgomorrah%25E2%2584%258520destruction%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SG2-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SG2_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoader1990" class="citation book cs1">Loader, J. A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJMA_zTueTMC&q=Sodom+gomorrah"><i>A Tale of Two Cities: Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament, Early Jewish and Early Christian Traditions</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024253333" title="Special:BookSources/9789024253333"><bdi>9789024253333</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Cities%3A+Sodom+and+Gomorrah+in+the+Old+Testament%2C+Early+Jewish+and+Early+Christian+Traditions&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9789024253333&rft.aulast=Loader&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJMA_zTueTMC%26q%3DSodom%2Bgomorrah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTRAUSSSLEE1837" class="citation book cs1">STRAUSS, Gerhard Friedrich Abraham; SLEE, Jane Mary (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=exFhAAAAcAAJ&q=wife+of+lot&pg=PA60"><i>On Restitution; Lot and his Wife; The Rich Man; Christian Composure; [sermons] by ... F. S. ... translated from the German, by Miss Slee</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401102700/https://books.google.com/books?id=exFhAAAAcAAJ&q=wife+of+lot&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Restitution%3B+Lot+and+his+Wife%3B+The+Rich+Man%3B+Christian+Composure%3B+%5Bsermons%5D+by+...+F.+S.+...+translated+from+the+German%2C+by+Miss+Slee&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=STRAUSS&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+Friedrich+Abraham&rft.au=SLEE%2C+Jane+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DexFhAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dwife%2Bof%2Blot%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._W1607" class="citation book cs1">R. W (1607). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSpkAAAAcAAJ&q=wife+of+lot&pg=PA14"><i>Lot's Wife. A sermon at Paule's Crosse [on Luke xvii. 32. By R. W., i.e. R. Wilkinson.]</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401102709/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSpkAAAAcAAJ&q=wife+of+lot&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lot%27s+Wife.+A+sermon+at+Paule%27s+Crosse+%5Bon+Luke+xvii.+32.+By+R.+W.%2C+i.e.+R.+Wilkinson.%5D&rft.date=1607&rft.au=R.+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSpkAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dwife%2Bof%2Blot%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpson-SaiaDaniel-HughesBatten2016" class="citation book cs1">Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fsoDAAAQBAJ&q=deuteronomy+cross-dressing&pg=PA39"><i>Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity</i></a>. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317147978" title="Special:BookSources/9781317147978"><bdi>9781317147978</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401102714/https://books.google.com/books?id=7fsoDAAAQBAJ&q=deuteronomy+cross-dressing&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dressing+Judeans+and+Christians+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317147978&rft.aulast=Upson-Saia&rft.aufirst=Kristi&rft.au=Daniel-Hughes%2C+Carly&rft.au=Batten%2C+Alicia+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fsoDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddeuteronomy%2Bcross-dressing%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulloughFaanBullough1993" class="citation book cs1">Bullough, Vern L.; Faan, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KcD7nVelXJgC&q=deuteronomy+cross-dressing&pg=PR10"><i>Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812214314" title="Special:BookSources/9780812214314"><bdi>9780812214314</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401102723/https://books.google.com/books?id=KcD7nVelXJgC&q=deuteronomy+cross-dressing&pg=PR10">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+Dressing%2C+Sex%2C+and+Gender&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780812214314&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Vern+L.&rft.au=Faan%2C+Vern+L.&rft.au=Bullough%2C+Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKcD7nVelXJgC%26q%3Ddeuteronomy%2Bcross-dressing%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El-Rouayheb, 2005. Op.cit. p. 115 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (June 2021)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>, MacMillan Reference US, 2004, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer,_Marc_David2021" class="citation book cs1">Baer, Marc David (October 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1273556731"><i>The Ottomans : khans, caesars, and caliphs</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-7377-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-7377-9"><bdi>978-1-5416-7377-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1273556731">1273556731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottomans+%3A+khans%2C+caesars%2C+and+caliphs&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1273556731&rft.isbn=978-1-5416-7377-9&rft.au=Baer%2C+Marc+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1273556731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estrada-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estrada, Gabriel S. 2011. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nativeout.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Two-Spirits-Nadleeh-and-Navajo-LGBTQ2-Gaze.pdf">Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze</a>." <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal</i> 35(4):167–90. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513044527/http://nativeout.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Two-Spirits-Nadleeh-and-Navajo-LGBTQ2-Gaze.pdf">Archived</a> May 13, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terms-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-terms_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/two-spirit-terms-in-tribal-languages/">Two Spirit Terms in Tribal Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172337/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/two-spirit-terms-in-tribal-languages/">Archived</a> January 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at <i>NativeOut</i>. Accessed 23 Sep 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NativeOut101-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NativeOut101_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NativeOut101_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/">Two Spirit 101</a>" at <i>NativeOut</i>: "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term <a href="/wiki/Berdache" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdache">berdache</a>, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 6 April 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Vries_2009-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries2009" class="citation book cs1">de Vries, Kylan Mattias (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC">"Berdache (Two-Spirit)"</a>. In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of gender and society</i>. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412909167" title="Special:BookSources/9781412909167"><bdi>9781412909167</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010210/http://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berdache+%28Two-Spirit%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+gender+and+society&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781412909167&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Kylan+Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nyHS4WyUKEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pember1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pember1_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPember2016" class="citation web cs1">Pember, Mary Annette (October 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewire.news/article/2016/10/13/two-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rewire_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewire (website)">Rewire</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019000635/https://rewire.news/article/2016/10/13/two-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes/">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr. Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. (Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Two+Spirit%27+Tradition+Far+From+Ubiquitous+Among+Tribes&rft.pub=Rewire&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.aulast=Pember&rft.aufirst=Mary+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewire.news%2Farticle%2F2016%2F10%2F13%2Ftwo-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMedicine-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMedicine_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedicine2002" class="citation journal cs1">Medicine, Beatrice (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121208071034/http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=orpc">"Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories"</a>. <i>Online Readings in Psychology and Culture</i>. <b>3</b> (1). International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology: 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9707%2F2307-0919.1024">10.9707/2307-0919.1024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2307-0919">2307-0919</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=orpc">the original</a> on December 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2016</span>. <q>At the Wenner Gren conference on gender held in Chicago, May, 1994... the gay American Indian and Alaska Native males agreed to use the term "Two Spirit" to replace the controversial "berdache" term. The stated objective was to purge the older term from anthropological literature as it was seen as demeaning and not reflective of Native categories. Unfortunately, the term "berdache" has also been incorporated in the psychology and women studies domains, so the task for the affected group to purge the term looms large and may be formidable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Readings+in+Psychology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Directions+in+Gender+Research+in+American+Indian+Societies%3A+Two+Spirits+and+Other+Categories&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9707%2F2307-0919.1024&rft.issn=2307-0919&rft.aulast=Medicine&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1024%26context%3Dorpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murrayroscoe-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murrayroscoe_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayRoscoe,_Will1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Murray, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Will_Roscoe" title="Will Roscoe">Roscoe, Will</a>, eds. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boywivesfemalehu00murr"><i>Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23829-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23829-0"><bdi>0-312-23829-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boy+Wives+and+Female+Husbands%3A+Studies+of+African+Homosexualities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-23829-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboywivesfemalehu00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeplau20017-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeplau20017_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeplau2001">Peplau 2001</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Jason (June 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voicemagazine.org/articles/articledisplay.php?ART=6951">"Eras in Education "Mummy-Baby" Relationships in 1950s Lesotho: Learning About Loving"</a>. <i>The Voice Magazine</i>. <b>24</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Voice+Magazine&rft.atitle=Eras+in+Education+%22Mummy-Baby%22+Relationships+in+1950s+Lesotho%3A+Learning+About+Loving&rft.volume=24&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voicemagazine.org%2Farticles%2Farticledisplay.php%3FART%3D6951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b221-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b221_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1998b">Kendall 1998b</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b239-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b239_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1998b">Kendall 1998b</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro2012151-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunro2012151_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunro2012">Munro 2012</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b222-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b222_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1998b222_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1998b">Kendall 1998b</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickemann2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dickemann, Jeffrey M. (2001). "Female Desires: Same-Sex Relations and Transgender Practices Across Cultures (Review)". <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 122–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.2001.0008">10.1353/sex.2001.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142980092">142980092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Female+Desires%3A+Same-Sex+Relations+and+Transgender+Practices+Across+Cultures+%28Review%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-126&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.2001.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142980092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dickemann&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieringa2005" class="citation book cs1">Wieringa, Saskia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGvp0LnYN7cC&q=motsoalle&pg=PA8">"Women Marriages and Other Same-Sex Practices: Historical Reflections on African Women's Same-Sex Relations"</a>. In Morgan, Ruth; Wieringa, Saskia (eds.). <i>Tommy Boys, Lesbian Men and Ancestral Wives: Female Same-Sex practices in Africa</i>. Jacana Media. pp. 295–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781770090934" title="Special:BookSources/9781770090934"><bdi>9781770090934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+Marriages+and+Other+Same-Sex+Practices%3A+Historical+Reflections+on+African+Women%27s+Same-Sex+Relations&rft.btitle=Tommy+Boys%2C+Lesbian+Men+and+Ancestral+Wives%3A+Female+Same-Sex+practices+in+Africa&rft.pages=295-296&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781770090934&rft.aulast=Wieringa&rft.aufirst=Saskia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGvp0LnYN7cC%26q%3Dmotsoalle%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evanspritchard-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evanspritchard_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">Evans-Pritchard, E. E.</a> (December 1970). "Sexual Inversion among the Azande". <i>American Anthropologist</i>, New Series, 72(6), 1428–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupp2009" class="citation book cs1">Rupp, Leila J. (December 1, 2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814775929"><i>Sapphistries: A Global History of Love between Women</i></a></span>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814776445" title="Special:BookSources/9780814776445"><bdi>9780814776445</bdi></a>. <q>Zande.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sapphistries%3A+A+Global+History+of+Love+between+Women&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.isbn=9780814776445&rft.aulast=Rupp&rft.aufirst=Leila+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780814775929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercy,_William_A.1996" class="citation book cs1">Percy, William A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pederastypedagog00perc/page/18"><i>Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pederastypedagog00perc/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06740-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06740-1"><bdi>0-252-06740-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pederasty+and+Pedagogy+in+Archaic+Greece&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-252-06740-1&rft.au=Percy%2C+William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpederastypedagog00perc%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span>; Rankin, H.D. <i>Celts and the Classical World</i>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rankin, p. 55<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (June 2021)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rankin, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2015_Thesis-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2015_Thesis_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2015_Thesis_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJared_Alan_Johnson2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Jared Alan Johnson (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3334"><i>"The Greek Youthening: Assessing the Iconographic Changes within Courtship during the Late Archaic Period."</i></a> (Master's thesis). University of Tennessee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22The+Greek+Youthening%3A+Assessing+the+Iconographic+Changes+within+Courtship+during+the+Late+Archaic+Period.%22&rft.degree=Master%27s&rft.inst=University+of+Tennessee&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Jared+Alan+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrace.tennessee.edu%2Futk_gradthes%2F3334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2013" class="citation book cs1">Robson, James (2013). <i>Sex and Sexuality in Classical Athens</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748634149" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748634149"><bdi>978-0748634149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Sexuality+in+Classical+Athens&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0748634149&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoughgarden2013" class="citation book cs1">Roughgarden, Joan (2013). <i>Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People</i>. California: University of California Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781282358287" title="Special:BookSources/9781282358287"><bdi>9781282358287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%27s+Rainbow%3A+Diversity%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality+in+Nature+and+People&rft.place=California&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781282358287&rft.aulast=Roughgarden&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2013" class="citation book cs1">Robson, James (2013). <i>Sex and Sexuality in Classical Athens</i>. Edinburgh Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748634149" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748634149"><bdi>978-0748634149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Sexuality+in+Classical+Athens&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Edinburgh+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0748634149&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plato2-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plato2_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, Laws, 636D & 835E<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (June 2021)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boswell1-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boswell1_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boswell1_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoswell1980">Boswell 1980</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lesbian-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lesbian_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2001" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lesbian">"Lesbian"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430141341/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lesbian">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesbian&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dlesbian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sapphic-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sapphic_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2001" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sapphic">"Sapphic"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702034948/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sapphic">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sapphic&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DSapphic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denys Page, <i>Sappho and Alcaeus</i>, Oxford UP, 1959, pp. 142–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1982" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, D. A., ed. (1982). <i>Greek Lyric 1: Sappho and Alcaeus (Loeb Classical Library No. 142)</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. xi–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99157-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99157-5"><bdi>0-674-99157-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Lyric+1%3A+Sappho+and+Alcaeus+%28Loeb+Classical+Library+No.+142%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-674-99157-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke1998-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke1998_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke1998_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke1998_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R_Clarke1998" class="citation book cs1">John R Clarke (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520229044/looking-at-lovemaking"><i>Looking at Lovemaking</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520229044" title="Special:BookSources/9780520229044"><bdi>9780520229044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+at+Lovemaking&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520229044&rft.au=John+R+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520229044%2Flooking-at-lovemaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Califia-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Califia_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalifia,_Patrick2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Califia" title="Patrick Califia">Califia, Patrick</a> (2003). <i>Sex Changes The Politics of Transgenderism</i>. California: <a href="/wiki/Cleis_Press" title="Cleis Press">Cleis Press</a>, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Changes+The+Politics+of+Transgenderism&rft.place=California&rft.pub=Cleis+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Califia%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> 1-57344-180-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banjamin-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banjamin_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin,_H.1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Benjamin" title="Harry Benjamin">Benjamin, H.</a> (1966). "The Transsexual Phenomenon". <i>Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>29</b> (4). New York: Julian Press: 428–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2164-0947.1967.tb02273.x">10.1111/j.2164-0947.1967.tb02273.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5233741">5233741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Transsexual+Phenomenon&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=428-30&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2164-0947.1967.tb02273.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5233741&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_Arthur1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Evans, Arthur</a> (1978). <i>Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: Fag Rag Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+the+Gay+Counterculture&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Fag+Rag+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Evans%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conner-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conner_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner,_R.1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randy_Conner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randy Conner (page does not exist)">Conner, R.</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blossomofbonerec0000conn"><i>Blossom of Bone: Reclaiming the Connections between Homoeroticism and the Sacred</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blossom+of+Bone%3A+Reclaiming+the+Connections+between+Homoeroticism+and+the+Sacred&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Conner%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblossomofbonerec0000conn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocke,_Michael1996" class="citation book cs1">Rocke, Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbiddenfriends00rock"><i>Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5"><bdi>0-19-512292-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+Male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-512292-5&rft.au=Rocke%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforbiddenfriends00rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggiero,_Guido1985" class="citation book cs1">Ruggiero, Guido (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boundariesoferos00guid"><i>The Boundaries of Eros</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503465-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503465-1"><bdi>0-19-503465-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Eros&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-19-503465-1&rft.au=Ruggiero%2C+Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboundariesoferos00guid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> (1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-bos.html">John Boswell page; "People with a History: An Online Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans* History "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531022549/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-bos.html">Archived</a> May 31, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>; 1997. Retrieved January 16, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuefler2006" class="citation book cs1">Kuefler, Mathew (2006). <i>The Boswell Thesis: Essays on Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45741-3"><bdi>978-0-226-45741-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boswell+Thesis%3A+Essays+on+Christianity%2C+Social+Tolerance%2C+and+Homosexuality&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45741-3&rft.aulast=Kuefler&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Singlewomen in the European Past</i>. University Pennsylvania Press. 1999. pp. 10–11, 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singlewomen+in+the+European+Past&rft.pages=10-11%2C+128&rft.pub=University+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnuse_2015-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gnuse_2015_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Theology_Bulletin" title="Biblical Theology Bulletin">Biblical Theology Bulletin</a></i>. <b>45</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146107915577097">10.1177/0146107915577097</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7596">1945-7596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170127256">170127256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Seven+Gay+Texts%3A+Biblical+Passages+Used+to+Condemn+Homosexuality&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=68-87&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170127256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-7596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146107915577097&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigDykman2012" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, Harold G.; Dykman, Jackson (2012). <i>Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521889520" title="Special:BookSources/9780521889520"><bdi>9780521889520</bdi></a>. <q>the overwhelming majority of Christian churches have maintained their positions that homosexual behavior is sinful</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Spirituality+in+Psychiatry&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521889520&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft.au=Dykman%2C+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Legman "The Guilt of the Templars" (New York: Basic Books, 1966): 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civ2-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-civ2_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crompton, Louis, <i>Homosexuality and Civilization</i>, Harvard University, 2003. p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Boswell, <i>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</i> (1980) p. 293. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fone-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fone_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fone_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fone_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fone_134-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fone, Byrne R. S. (2000). <i>Homophobia: a history</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-4559-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-4559-7">0-8050-4559-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Jacobs</i> (1817) Russ & Ry 331 confirmed that buggery related only to intercourse <i><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">per anum</a></i> by a man with a man or woman or intercourse <i>per anum</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal sex">per vaginum</a></i> by either <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">a man or a woman with an animal</a>. Other forms of "unnatural intercourse" may amount to <a href="/wiki/Indecent_assault" title="Indecent assault">indecent assault</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gross_indecency_between_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross indecency between men">gross indecency</a>, but do not constitute buggery. See generally, Smith & Hogan, <i>Criminal Law</i> (10th ed), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-94801-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-94801-1">0-406-94801-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen J. Milner, <i>At the Margins: Minority Groups in Premodern Italy</i>, Univ Of Minnesota Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3820-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3820-9">0-8166-3820-9</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocke-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rocke_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rocke_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocke, Michael, (1996), <i><a href="//archive.org/details/forbiddenfriends00rock" class="extiw" title="iarchive:forbiddenfriends00rock">Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512292-3">978-0-19-512292-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), <i>The Boundaries of Eros</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505696-9">978-0-19-505696-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revenin, <i>Homosexualité et prostitution masculines à Paris : 1870–1918</i>, 102–03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edsall, Nicholas C., <i>Towards Stonewall</i>. Virginia UP. pp. 127–52. 2003. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._127-152_141-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edsall, Nicholas C., <i>Towards Stonewall.</i> Virginia UP. pp. 127–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas_Gupta2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Das Gupta, Oliver (January 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217152513/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/friedrich-preussen-schwul-1.1264396">"Der Schwule Fritz"</a> [The Gay Fritz]. <i>Süddeutsche Zeitung</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/friedrich-preussen-schwul-1.1264396">the original</a> on February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Der+Schwule+Fritz&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.aulast=Das+Gupta&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Ffriedrich-preussen-schwul-1.1264396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson325-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson325_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson325_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Paul (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-0206.12463">"Buggery and Parliament, 1533–2017"</a>. <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 325–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-0206.12463">10.1111/1750-0206.12463</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-2824">0264-2824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=Buggery+and+Parliament%2C+1533%E2%80%932017&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-41&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-0206.12463&rft.issn=0264-2824&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1750-0206.12463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus,_Sharon2007" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Sharon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608173197"><i>Between women : friendship, desire, and marriage in Victorian England</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3085-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3085-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608173197">608173197</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401102726/https://www.worldcat.org/title/between-women-friendship-desire-and-marriage-in-victorian-england/oclc/608173197">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+women+%3A+friendship%2C+desire%2C+and+marriage+in+Victorian+England&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608173197&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3085-5&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F608173197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1992" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Lisa (Autumn 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178079">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Something More Tender Still than Friendship": Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England"</a>. <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 499–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3178079">10.2307/3178079</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0018.304">2027/spo.0499697.0018.304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178079">3178079</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Something+More+Tender+Still+than+Friendship%22%3A+Romantic+Friendship+in+Early-Nineteenth-Century+England&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=499-520&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0018.304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3178079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3178079&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3178079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicinus1992" class="citation journal cs1">Vicinus, Martha (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178078">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong": The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity"</a>. <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 467–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3178078">10.2307/3178078</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0018.303">2027/spo.0499697.0018.303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-3663">0046-3663</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178078">3178078</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=%22They+Wonder+to+Which+Sex+I+Belong%22%3A+The+Historical+Roots+of+the+Modern+Lesbian+Identity&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=467-97&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0018.303&rft.issn=0046-3663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3178078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3178078&rft.aulast=Vicinus&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3178078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7560/jhs24107">"Book Reviews"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 154–76. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=154-76&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2Fjhs24107&rft.issn=1043-4070&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7560%2Fjhs24107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/philoso.htm">"Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Immorality of the Ancient Philosophers, 1735"</a>. <i>rictornorton.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105213007/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/philoso.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rictornorton.co.uk&rft.atitle=Homosexuality+in+18th-cent.+England%3A+Immorality+of+the+Ancient+Philosophers%2C+1735&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frictornorton.co.uk%2Feighteen%2Fphiloso.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, Thomas. "The Indictment of John Purser, Containing Thomas Cannon's Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd." Edited by Hal Gladfelder and Dudley Ryder Knight. Eighteenth-Century Life (Duke University Press) 31, no. 1 (2007): 39–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/jones2.htm">"Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: The Trial of Robert Jones, 1772"</a>. <i>rictornorton.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731071237/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/jones2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rictornorton.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+First+Public+Debate+about+Homosexuality+in+England%3A+Letters+and+Editorials+in+the+Morning+Chronicle+concerning+the+Case+of+Captain+Jones%2C+1772&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frictornorton.co.uk%2Feighteen%2Fjones5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1773plat.htm">"Homosexualitiy in Eighteenth-Century England: Plato the Pederast"</a>. <i>rictornorton.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206111403/http://www.rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1773plat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Adamson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401102734/https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjVhpznqtEC&q=L%27espion+anglois+Mairobert+pederastie&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27espion+anglois%2C+ou+correspondance+secr%C3%A8te+entre+Milord+All%27eye+et+Milord+Alle%27ar&rft.pub=John+Adamson&rft.date=1779-03-23&rft.aulast=Mairobert&rft.aufirst=Mathieu-Fran%C3%A7ois+Pidansat+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DjVhpznqtEC%26q%3DL%2527espion%2Banglois%2BMairobert%2Bpederastie%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunther, Scott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academics.wellesley.edu/French/facultyhomepages/gunther/Scott%20Gunther%20-%20The%20Elastic%20Closet.html">"The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942–present"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603062805/http://academics.wellesley.edu/French/facultyhomepages/gunther/Scott%20Gunther%20-%20The%20Elastic%20Closet.html">Archived</a> June 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Book about the history of homosexual movements in France (sample chapter available online). Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-22105-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-22105-X">0-230-22105-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQvGCQAAQBAJ&dq=madagascar+never+criminalized+homosexual+guide+madagascar&pg=PT46"><i>The Rough Guide to Madagascar</i></a>. Rough Guides UK. July 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241015445" title="Special:BookSources/9780241015445"><bdi>9780241015445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Madagascar&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+UK&rft.date=2015-07&rft.isbn=9780241015445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQvGCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmadagascar%2Bnever%2Bcriminalized%2Bhomosexual%2Bguide%2Bmadagascar%26pg%3DPT46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. E.H. Carr. 1994]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Healey,_Dan-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Healey,_Dan_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Dan Healey, <i>Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia</i>, 2001]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSTOR_1971-04-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_1971-04_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i207401">"Vol. 30, No. 2, Apr., 1971 of The Russian Review on JSTOR"</a>. <i>www.jstor.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jstor.org&rft.atitle=Vol.+30%2C+No.+2%2C+Apr.%2C+1971+of+The+Russian+Review+on+JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi207401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_171-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia. Healey. 132–133, 309]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlin_1925-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_1925_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<i>Die Sexualrevolution in Russland</i>, Berlin: 1925 Grigorri Batkis]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt,_Alix_1977-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holt,_Alix_1977_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">["Sexual Relations and the Class Struggle", Alexandra Kollontai, Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai, trans. Alix Holt (London: Allison & Busby, 1977), 241.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia. Healey. 132–133]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exberliner.com/politics/lgbt-berlin-a-short-history/">"LGBT Berlin: A short history"</a>. <i>EXBERLINER.com</i>. June 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EXBERLINER.com&rft.atitle=LGBT+Berlin%3A+A+short+history&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exberliner.com%2Fpolitics%2Flgbt-berlin-a-short-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwartz, Michael (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/vfzg-2021-0028/pdf">"Homosexuelle im modernen Deutschland: Eine Langzeitperspektive auf historische Transformationen"</a> [Homosexuals in Modern Germany: A Long-Term Perspective on Historical Transformations]. <i>Institut für Zeitgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>69</b> (3): 377–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fvfzg-2021-0028">10.1515/vfzg-2021-0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235689714">235689714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Homosexuelle+im+modernen+Deutschland%3A+Eine+Langzeitperspektive+auf+historische+Transformationen&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-414&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fvfzg-2021-0028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235689714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fvfzg-2021-0028%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuerda-GalindoLópez-MuñozKrischelLey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cuerda-Galindo, Esther; López-Muñoz, Francisco; Krischel, Matthis; Ley, Astrid (April 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398659">"Study of deaths by suicide of homosexual prisoners in Nazi Sachsenhausen concentration camp"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>12</b> (4): e0176007. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1276007C">2017PLoSO..1276007C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0176007">10.1371/journal.pone.0176007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398659">5398659</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28426734">28426734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Study+of+deaths+by+suicide+of+homosexual+prisoners+in+Nazi+Sachsenhausen+concentration+camp&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0176007&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5398659%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1276007C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28426734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0176007&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Cuerda-Galindo&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Krischel%2C+Matthis&rft.au=Ley%2C+Astrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5398659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhisnant2016" class="citation book cs1">Whisnant, Clayton (2016). <i>Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-939594-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-939594-10-5"><bdi>978-1-939594-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queer+Identities+and+Politics+in+Germany%3A+A+History%2C+1880%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-939594-10-5&rft.aulast=Whisnant&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lesbians-under-the-nazi-regime">"Lesbians and the Third Reich"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Lesbians+and+the+Third+Reich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Flesbians-under-the-nazi-regime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndres2004" class="citation web cs1">Endres, Nikolai (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/kertbeny_km_S.pdf">"Kertbeny, Károly Mária (1824–1882)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>glbtqarchive.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016190150/http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/kertbeny_km_S.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glbtqarchive.com&rft.atitle=Kertbeny%2C+K%C3%A1roly+M%C3%A1ria+%281824%E2%80%931882%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Endres&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtqarchive.com%2Fssh%2Fkertbeny_km_S.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EEdsall, Nicholas C., Towards Stonewall.Virginia UP. pp. 69–84. 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._69-84_182-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edsall, Nicholas C., Towards Stonewall.Virginia UP. pp. 69–84. 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128_183-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128_183-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128_183-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mucciaroni,_Gary_Pg._117-128_183-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mucciaroni, Gary. Same Sex, Different Politics. Chicago UP. pp. 117–28. 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bost139-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bost139_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Bost, <i>Mulattas and Mestizas: Representing Mixed Identities in the Americas</i>, 1850–2000, (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2003), p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson37-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson37_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matilda Coxe Stevenson, <i>The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies</i>, (BiblioBazaar, 2010) p. 37 Quote:"the most intelligent person in the pueblo. Strong character made his word law among both men and women with whom he associated. Though his wrath was dreaded by men as well as women, he was loved by all children, to whom he was ever kind"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edsall,_Nicholas_C._Pg._90-91_186-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edsall, Nicholas C., Towards Stonewall.Virginia UP. pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The song was written by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Leslie" title="Edgar Leslie">Edgar Leslie</a> (words) and <a href="/wiki/James_Vincent_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="James Vincent Monaco">James V. Monaco</a> (music) and featured in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Ward" title="Hugh J. Ward">Hugh J. Ward</a>'s production of the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Lady,_Be_Good_(musical)" title="Lady, Be Good (musical)">Lady Be Good</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Artists who recorded this song include: 1. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris" title="Frank Harris">Frank Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irving_Kaufman_(singer)" title="Irving Kaufman (singer)">Irving Kaufman</a>), (Columbia 569D,1/29/26) 2. Bill Meyerl & Gwen Farrar (UK, 1926) 3. Joy Boys (UK, 1926) 4. Harry Reser's Six Jumping Jacks (UK, 2/13/26) 5. Hotel Savoy Opheans (HMV 5027, UK, 1927, aka Savoy Havana Band) 6. Merrit Brunies & His Friar's Inn Orchestra on Okeh 40593, 3/2/26. An exhibit of early-twentieth-century postcards depicting "Masculine Women and Feminine Men" is available at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006032632/http://outhistory.org/wiki/Main_Page">"Main Page – OutHistory"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Main_Page">the original</a> on October 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Page+%E2%80%93+OutHistory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outhistory.org%2Fwiki%2FMain_Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-an6301650">"Masculine women! Feminine men! [music]"</a>. <i>nla.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013212916/http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-an6301650">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nla.gov.au&rft.atitle=Masculine+women%21+Feminine+men%21+%5Bmusic%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.mus-an6301650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, William J., <i>Wisecracker : the life and times of William Haines, Hollywood's first openly gay star. </i> New York: Viking, 1998: 2–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, William J., <i>Wisecracker : the life and times of William Haines, Hollywood's first openly gay star. </i> New York: Viking, 1998: 12–13, 80–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskridge" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Eskridge, William N. Jr. . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1972&context=hlr">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet: Establishing Conditions for Lesbian and Gay Intimacy, Nomos, and Citizenship, 1961–1981"</a>. <i>Hofstra Law Review</i>. 25: Iss. 3, Article 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223639/http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1972&context=hlr">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hofstra+Law+Review&rft.atitle=%22Challenging+the+Apartheid+of+the+Closet%3A+Establishing+Conditions+for+Lesbian+and+Gay+Intimacy%2C+Nomos%2C+and+Citizenship%2C+1961%E2%80%931981&rft.volume=25%3A+Iss.+3%2C+Article+7.&rft.aulast=Eskridge&rft.aufirst=William+N.+Jr.+.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1972%26context%3Dhlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Epithets-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Epithets_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunkling1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Dunkling" title="Leslie Dunkling">Dunkling, Leslie</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofepit0000dunk"><i>A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00761-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00761-0"><bdi>978-0-415-00761-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Epithets+and+Terms+of+Address&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-00761-0&rft.aulast=Dunkling&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofepit0000dunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotEllis,_Havelock1896" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, E.S.; Ellis, Havelock (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2133297">"A Case of Developmental Degenerative Insanity, with Sexual Inversion, Melancholia, Following Removal of Testicles, Attempted Murder and Suicide"</a>. <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>. <b>42</b> (177): 341–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.42.177.340">10.1192/bjp.42.177.340</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162115/https://zenodo.org/record/2133297">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mental+Science&rft.atitle=A+Case+of+Developmental+Degenerative+Insanity%2C+with+Sexual+Inversion%2C+Melancholia%2C+Following+Removal+of+Testicles%2C+Attempted+Murder+and+Suicide&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=177&rft.pages=341-44&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.42.177.340&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Havelock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2133297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Results of Castration in Sexual Abnormalities". <i>Urologic & Cutaneous Review</i>. <b>33</b>: 351. 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urologic+%26+Cutaneous+Review&rft.atitle=Results+of+Castration+in+Sexual+Abnormalities&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=351&rft.date=1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kronemeyer-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kronemeyer_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kronemeyer_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKronemeyer1980" class="citation book cs1">Kronemeyer, Robert (1980). <i>Overcoming Homosexuality</i>. New York: Macmillan. pp. 81, 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-566850-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-566850-1"><bdi>0-02-566850-1</bdi></a>. <q>In the 1950s and 1960s, lobotomies ... were administered promiscuously in the treatment of homosexuals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overcoming+Homosexuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81%2C+87&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-02-566850-1&rft.aulast=Kronemeyer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlanderBanay,_Ralph_S.1948" class="citation journal cs1">Friedlander, Joseph; Banay, Ralph S. (1948). "Psychosis Following Lobotomy in a Case of Sexual Psychopathology; Report of a Case". <i>Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry</i>. <b>59</b> (3): 303–11, 315, 321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneurpsyc.1948.02300380031003">10.1001/archneurpsyc.1948.02300380031003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18874263">18874263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Neurology+%26+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Psychosis+Following+Lobotomy+in+a+Case+of+Sexual+Psychopathology%3B+Report+of+a+Case&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-11%2C+315%2C+321&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneurpsyc.1948.02300380031003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18874263&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Banay%2C+Ralph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Gentleman Degenerate. A Homosexualist's Self-Description and Self-Applied Title. Pudic Nerve Section Fails Therapeutically". <i>Alienist & Neurologist</i>. <b>25</b>: 68–70. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alienist+%26+Neurologist&rft.atitle=The+Gentleman+Degenerate.+A+Homosexualist%27s+Self-Description+and+Self-Applied+Title.+Pudic+Nerve+Section+Fails+Therapeutically&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=68-70&rft.date=1904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax1935" class="citation journal cs1">Max, Louis William (1935). "Breaking Up a Homosexual Fixation by the Condition Reaction Technique: A Case Study". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>32</b>: 734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0052493">10.1037/h0052493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Breaking+Up+a+Homosexual+Fixation+by+the+Condition+Reaction+Technique%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=734&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0052493&rft.aulast=Max&rft.aufirst=Louis+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebman1944" class="citation journal cs1">Liebman, Samuel (1944). "Homosexuality, Transvestism, and Psychosis: Study of a Case Treated with Electroshock". <i>Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease</i>. <b>99</b>: 945–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-194406000-00008">10.1097/00005053-194406000-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147139681">147139681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nervous+%26+Mental+Disease&rft.atitle=Homosexuality%2C+Transvestism%2C+and+Psychosis%3A+Study+of+a+Case+Treated+with+Electroshock&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=945-57&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005053-194406000-00008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147139681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Jonathon (2006, p. 549). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang. Sterling Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36636-1">978-0-304-36636-1</a>. Retrieved 2007-11-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Roots_of_Gay_Oppression_202-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf, Sherry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isreview.org/issues/37/gay_oppression.shtml">"The Roots of Gay Oppression: The Second World War"</a>. <i>International Socialist Review (1997)</i> (37). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107113116/http://www.isreview.org/issues/37/gay_oppression.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialist+Review+%281997%29&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+Gay+Oppression%3A+The+Second+World+War&rft.issue=37&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isreview.org%2Fissues%2F37%2Fgay_oppression.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coming_Out_Under_Fire-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coming_Out_Under_Fire_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBérubé1991" class="citation web cs1">Bérubé, Allan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isreview.org/issues/37/gay_oppression.shtml">"Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two"</a>. New York: Plume. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107113116/http://www.isreview.org/issues/37/gay_oppression.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coming+Out+Under+Fire%3A+The+History+of+Gay+Men+and+Women+in+World+War+Two&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Plume&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9rub%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isreview.org%2Fissues%2F37%2Fgay_oppression.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coming_Out_Under_Fire,_photo_inserts,_4.-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coming_Out_Under_Fire,_photo_inserts,_4._204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBérubé1991" class="citation web cs1">Bérubé, Allan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isreview.org/issues/37/gay_oppression.shtml">"Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two, photo inserts"</a>. 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Hodges, Director, Ohio, Department of Health, et al"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>supremecourt.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002050103/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 13, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsa.org/news/release2.cfx?id=279">the original</a> on February 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nation%27s+Medical+Students+Applaud+California+Osteopathic+Medical+School%27s+Affirmation+of+Gay-Straight+Alliance&rft.pub=American+Medical+Student+Association&rft.date=2006-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsa.org%2Fnews%2Frelease2.cfx%3Fid%3D279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gay histories and cultures: an encyclopedia: Volume 2 of Encyclopedia of lesbian and gay histories and cultures</i>, George E. Haggerty, Bonnie Zimmerman, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3354-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3354-4">0-8153-3354-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3354-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3354-8">978-0-8153-3354-8</a>, Taylor & Francis, 2000, page 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. Wayne Dynes, <i>Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality</i>, New York, 1990, pp539-542</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittker2022" class="citation web cs1">Bittker, Bobbi M. (July 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/intersection-of-lgbtq-rights-and-religious-freedom/lgbtq-inclusive-curriculum-as-a-path-to-better-public-health/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20Colorado%2C%20New%20Jersey,be%20taught%20beginning%20in%20kindergarten.">"LGBTQ-Inclusive Curriculum as a Path to Better Public Health"</a>. <i>American Bar Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association&rft.atitle=LGBTQ-Inclusive+Curriculum+as+a+Path+to+Better+Public+Health&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.aulast=Bittker&rft.aufirst=Bobbi+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fgroups%2Fcrsj%2Fpublications%2Fhuman_rights_magazine_home%2Fintersection-of-lgbtq-rights-and-religious-freedom%2Flgbtq-inclusive-curriculum-as-a-path-to-better-public-health%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25202019%252C%2520Colorado%252C%2520New%2520Jersey%2Cbe%2520taught%2520beginning%2520in%2520kindergarten.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeins2019" class="citation journal cs1">Leins, Casey (August 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2019-08-14/states-that-require-schools-to-teach-lgbt-history">"These States Require Schools to Teach LGBT History: Illinois is the latest state to expand its definition of American history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>. U.S. News & World Report, L.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622182506/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2019-08-14/states-that-require-schools-to-teach-lgbt-history">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=These+States+Require+Schools+to+Teach+LGBT+History%3A+Illinois+is+the+latest+state+to+expand+its+definition+of+American+history.&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft.aulast=Leins&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Farticles%2F2019-08-14%2Fstates-that-require-schools-to-teach-lgbt-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1980" class="citation book cs1">Boswell, John (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianitysoci00bosw"><i>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226067117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226067117"><bdi>978-0226067117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Social+Tolerance%2C+and+Homosexuality%3A+Gay+People+in+Western+Europe+from+the+Beginning+of+the+Christian+Era+to+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0226067117&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianitysoci00bosw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bullough, Vern L., et al., (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221073022/http://williamapercy.com/pub-Stonewall.htm"><i>Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context.</i></a> New York, London, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Haworth_Press" title="Haworth Press">Harrington Park Press</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-192-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-192-9">978-1-56023-192-9</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513003152/http://www.timesheraldonline.com/ci_4312436">Denina, Chris. "Gay Club Loses Touro OK." Vallejo Times-Herald September 9, 2006: A1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Healey, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027155656/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/russia.html">"Russia"</a>. <i>glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture</i>. glbtq, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/russia.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia&rft.btitle=glbtq%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Gay%2C+Lesbian%2C+Bisexual%2C+Transgender%2C+and+Queer+Culture&rft.pub=glbtq%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Frussia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall1998b" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, K. Limakatso (1998b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcados.ch/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/MURRAY-ROSCOE-BOY-WIVES-FEMALE-HUSBANDS-98.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'When a Woman Loves a Woman' in Lesotho: Love, Sex, and the (Western) Construction of Homophobia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (eds.). <i>Boy-wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities</i>. Palgrave. pp. 223–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312238290" title="Special:BookSources/0312238290"><bdi>0312238290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27When+a+Woman+Loves+a+Woman%27+in+Lesotho%3A+Love%2C+Sex%2C+and+the+%28Western%29+Construction+of+Homophobia&rft.btitle=Boy-wives+and+Female+Husbands%3A+Studies+of+African+Homosexualities&rft.pages=223-242&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0312238290&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=K.+Limakatso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcados.ch%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F06%2FMURRAY-ROSCOE-BOY-WIVES-FEMALE-HUSBANDS-98.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2012" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Brenna M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWes4feQ7B4C&q=%22motsoalle%22&pg=PR4"><i>South Africa and the Dream of Love to Come: Queer Sexuality and the Struggle for Freedom</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816677689" title="Special:BookSources/9780816677689"><bdi>9780816677689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa+and+the+Dream+of+Love+to+Come%3A+Queer+Sexuality+and+the+Struggle+for+Freedom&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780816677689&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Brenna+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWes4feQ7B4C%26q%3D%2522motsoalle%2522%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeplau2001" class="citation journal cs1">Peplau, Letitia Anne (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.psych.iastate.edu/ccutrona/psych592a/articles/Peplau_2001.pdf">"Rethinking Women's Sexual Orientation: An Interdisciplinary, Relationship-Focused Approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Personal Relationships</i>. <b>8</b>: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6811.2001.tb00025.x">10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00025.x</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+Relationships&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Women%27s+Sexual+Orientation%3A+An+Interdisciplinary%2C+Relationship-Focused+Approach&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6811.2001.tb00025.x&rft.aulast=Peplau&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.psych.iastate.edu%2Fccutrona%2Fpsych592a%2Farticles%2FPeplau_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCante2008" class="citation book cs1">Cante, Richard C. (March 2008). <i>Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture</i>. London: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7230-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-7230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+Men+and+the+Forms+of+Contemporary+US+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7230-2&rft.aulast=Cante&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauncey1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Chauncey" title="George Chauncey">Chauncey, George</a> (1994). <i><a href="/wiki/Gay_New_York:_Gender,_Urban_Culture,_and_the_Making_of_the_Gay_Male_World,_1890%E2%80%931940" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940">Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940</a></i>. New York: Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+New+York%3A+Gender%2C+Urban+Culture%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+Gay+Male+World%2C+1890%E2%80%931940&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Chauncey&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222150409/http://williamapercy.com/pub-EncyHom.htm"><i>Encyclopedia of Homosexuality.</i></a> New York and London, Garland Publishing, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6544-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6544-7">978-0-8240-6544-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsch1992" class="citation book cs1">Hinsch, Bret (1992). <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China</i>. Oakland: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520078697" title="Special:BookSources/9780520078697"><bdi>9780520078697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passions+of+the+Cut+Sleeve%3A+The+Male+Homosexual+Tradition+in+China&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780520078697&rft.aulast=Hinsch&rft.aufirst=Bret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Johansson, Warren and Percy, William A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221073017/http://williamapercy.com/pub-Outing.htm"><i>Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence.</i></a> New York and London: Haworth Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-419-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-419-6">978-1-56024-419-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeupp1997" class="citation book cs1">Leupp, Gary (1997). <i>Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan</i>. Oakland: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520209008" title="Special:BookSources/9780520209008"><bdi>9780520209008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+Colors%3A+The+Construction+of+Homosexuality+in+Tokugawa+Japan&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520209008&rft.aulast=Leupp&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Meeker, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/167324.ctl"><i>Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s–1970s.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211073557/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/167324.ctl">Archived</a> December 11, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 2006.</li> <li>Parkinson, R. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Little-Gay-History-Desire-Diversity/dp/0714151009/"><i>A Little Gay History: Desire and Diversity Across the World. </i></a> London: British Museum Press and New York: University of Columbia Press 2013.</li> <li>Stein, Marc, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0684312611/"><i>Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered History in America.</i></a> 3 vols. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronski2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bronski" title="Michael Bronski">Bronski, Michael</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/A_Queer_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Queer History of the United States"><i>A Queer History of the United States</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4465-0"><bdi>978-0-8070-4465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Queer+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4465-0&rft.aulast=Bronski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns2016" class="citation book cs1">Downs, Jim (2016). <i>Stand by Me: The Forgotten History of Gay Liberation</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465032709" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465032709"><bdi>978-0465032709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stand+by+Me%3A+The+Forgotten+History+of+Gay+Liberation&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0465032709&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:LGBT_history" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:LGBT history">LGBT history</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>LGBTQ history</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=LGBTQ+history">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=LGBTQ+history&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outhistory.org">OutHistory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isj.org.uk/lgbt-politics-and-sexual-liberation/">A left-wing analysis of the history of LGBT politics and the state of the movement from International Socialism journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiesinanti-capitalism.net/StudiesInAnti-Capitalism/Homosexuality.html">The Politics of Homosexuality resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/outofthepast/">"Out Of The Past" PBS Documentary On Gay American History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4194247.stm">BBC – United Kingdom Celebrates Gay History Month</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glbthistory.org/">GLBT Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/lesbian-and-gay-sources.html">Sources for the study of lesbian, gay, bi and trans history in Sheffield, UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317053311/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/lesbian-and-gay-sources.html">Archived</a> March 17, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216070438/http://www.nycnotkansas.com/">NYC Not Kansas: A personal history of gay life in Manhattan 1959–2000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quistapp.com">Quist – Mobile app about LGBT history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stonewallforever.org/monument/">Stonewall Forever a Monument to 50 Years of Pride</a> Stonewall National Monument</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/02-dqch-2019-june-8-webversion">"Documenting Queer Canadian History: A Bibliography of Gay and Lesbian (LGBTQ) Diversity from Earliest Times to 2010"</a>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenting+Queer+Canadian+History%3A+A+Bibliography+of+Gay+and+Lesbian+%28LGBTQ%29+Diversity+from+Earliest+Times+to+2010&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2F02-dqch-2019-june-8-webversion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+history" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_history" title="Template:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_history" title="Template talk:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBTQ history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Kenya" title="LGBTQ history in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Niger" title="LGBTQ history in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Sudan" title="LGBTQ history in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Uganda" title="LGBTQ history in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Bangladesh" title="LGBTQ history in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_China" title="LGBTQ history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_India" title="LGBTQ history in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Iran" title="LGBTQ history in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ history in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Israel" title="LGBTQ history in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Pakistan" title="LGBTQ history in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Singapore" title="LGBTQ history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_South_Korea" title="LGBTQ history in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Taiwan" title="LGBTQ history in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Thailand" title="LGBTQ history in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Turkey" title="LGBTQ history in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Belgium" title="LGBT history in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="LGBT history in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Finland" title="LGBT history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_France" title="LGBTQ history in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Greece" title="LGBTQ history in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Hungary" title="LGBT history in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Ireland" title="LGBTQ history in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Latvia" title="LGBT history in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Netherlands" title="LGBT history in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Norway" title="LGBT history in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Poland" title="LGBTQ history in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" title="LGBT history in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Romania" title="LGBT history in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ history in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_violence_against_homosexuals_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of violence against homosexuals in Russia (page does not exist)">violence</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:История преследования гомосексуалов в России">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Serbia" title="LGBT history in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Spain" title="LGBTQ history in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sweden" title="LGBT history in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Switzerland" title="LGBT history in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ history in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="LGBT history in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Honduras" title="LGBT history in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Mexico" title="LGBTQ history in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">before Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United States">violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_historic_places_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT historic places in the United States">places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University_LGBT_history" title="Brigham Young University LGBT history">at Brigham Young University</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ history in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nauru" title="LGBT history in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Argentina" title="LGBT history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Chile" title="LGBT history in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Peru" title="LGBT history in Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="List of years in LGBTQ rights">List of years in LGBTQ rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="Table of years in LGBTQ rights">table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_firsts_by_year" title="List of LGBTQ firsts by year">Firsts by year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_firsts_by_year_(2010s)" title="List of LGBTQ firsts by year (2010s)">2010s</a></li></ul></li> <li>Century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Asian_and_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBT history">South Asian and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of Asian and Pacific Islander diasporic LGBT history">Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African_and_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of African and diasporic LGBT history">African and diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Canada" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_South_Africa" title="Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Manchester" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="History of the Catholic Church and homosexuality">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Jewish history">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">Mormon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Topical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_journalism" title="Timeline of LGBTQ journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_in_policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT in policing">Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Sexual orientation and medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_intersex_history" title="Timeline of intersex history">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_asexual_history" title="Timeline of asexual history">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conversion_therapy" title="History of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">Ancient Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_militaries_of_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece">in militaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gay men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbians in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiennes_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbiennes en France">fr</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_immigrants_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbian immigrants in France (page does not exist)">immigrants</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiennes_de_l%27immigration_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbiennes de l'immigration en France">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbians in the medieval Islamic world (page does not exist)">Medieval Islamic world</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbianisme_dans_le_monde_arabe_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbianisme dans le monde arabe médiéval">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Lesbians in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_pre-modern_Spain" title="Lesbians in pre-modern Spain">Pre-modern Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic" title="Lesbians in the Spanish Second Republic">Spanish Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Lesbians in Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_democratic_transition_period" title="Lesbians in the Spanish democratic transition period">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_socialist_government_of_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Lesbians during the socialist government of Felipe González">González government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_government_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="Lesbians during the government of José María Aznar">Aznar government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_socialist_government_of_Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="Lesbians during the socialist government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">Zapatero government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Erasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of bisexuality in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Erasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_history" title="Intersex people in history">Intersex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_intersex_surgery" title="History of intersex surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_history_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex history in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cross-dressing" title="History of cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="History of drag">Drag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_in_Africa" title="Drag in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drag_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drag in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Drag en France">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLBT_Historical_Society" title="GLBT Historical Society">GLBT Historical Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queers_in_History" title="Queers in History">Queers in History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transgender_History_(book)" title="Transgender History (book)">Transgender History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Oral_History_Project" title="Transgender Oral History Project">Transgender Oral History Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group_in_LGBT_history" title="Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history">Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">List of LGBTQ awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_LGBT_characters_in_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of LGBT characters in animation">History of LGBT animated characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_topics" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ" title="Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ" title="Template talk:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">LGBTQ topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Academic_fields_*_Discourse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Academic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Education and the LGBTQ community">LGBTQ topics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott (page does not exist)">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">Suicides of LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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4.86% 136.254 6 Template:Sfn"," 4.73% 132.628 1 Template:Nihongo"," 4.73% 132.624 9 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.30% 120.422 1 Template:LGBTQ_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.724","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20030544,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnushka_Patil2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchundia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaer,_Marc_David2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellamy1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin,_H.1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBittker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoswell1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBret_Hinsch1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulloughFaanBullough1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBérubé1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCBS_News2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalifia,_Patrick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCante2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlos_Áviles_Allende2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChauncey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChira2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCline1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConner,_R.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCromwell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuerda-GalindoLópez-MuñozKrischelLey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarmesteter1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas_Gupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Porok1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickemann2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowns2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunkling1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Rouayheb2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEndres2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErvad_Behramshah_Hormusji_Bharda1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErvad_Marzban_Hathiram\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEskridge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans,_Arthur1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaderman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFields1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedlanderBanay,_Ralph_S.1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurukawa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGauguin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnuse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanO\u0026#039;Mahoney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2001\"] = 2,\n 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