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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Venturawiki1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Venturawiki1.jpg/220px-Venturawiki1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Venturawiki1.jpg/330px-Venturawiki1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Venturawiki1.jpg/440px-Venturawiki1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Oil painting of Jean-Baptiste Ventura</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Rubino Ventura</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">25 May 1794<br />Finale di Modena, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Duchy of Modena</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1858<br />Lardenne, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Governor of Lahore</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Anna Moses</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Victorine Ventura (daughter)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean-Baptiste</b> (<b>Giovanni Battista</b>) <b>Ventura</b>, born <b>Rubino</b> (25 May 1794 – 3 April 1858), was an Italian soldier, <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_in_India" title="Mercenaries in India">mercenary in India</a>, general in Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>'s Sarkar-i-Khalsa, and early archaeologist of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ventura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ventura was born in <a href="/wiki/Finale_Emilia" title="Finale Emilia">Finale di Modena</a> (now Finale Emilia) in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Duchy of Modena</a> to Gavriel Massarani, a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> merchant and Vittoria Massarani, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>. The surname Ventura derives from Buonaventura, Italian for "<a href="/wiki/Mazel_tov" title="Mazel tov">Mazal Tov</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> surname originating in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expulsion of the Jews</a> in 1492. Ventura received a conventional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Jewish education</a> and at the age of seventeen, enrolled as a volunteer in the militia of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, later serving with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">imperial army</a> in the Queens's Dragons. After the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">abdication of Napoleon</a> and the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Italy_(France)" title="Army of Italy (France)">Army of Italy</a> in April 1814 he returned to Finale. In 1817, his <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary</a> and Napoleonic sympathies became known to the local authorities following a dispute between him and a member of the reactionary Ducal police. As such, he was obliged to leave the country. </p><p>In 1817, persecuted by the local authorities for his revolutionary ideas and his sympathies for Napoleon, he had to flee from Finale because of an argument between him and a member of the reactionary police of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Modena">Duke of Modena</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francesco IV</a>. He went first to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, where he was for a time a ship-broker. He changed his name to Jean-Baptiste to hide his Jewish origins. </p><p>Having learned that <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a> was seeking the services of European soldiers, he obtained a commission as an officer and helped train the <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Shah</a>'s army with European military methods. He soon obtained the rank of colonel in the army of Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Mirza_Dowlatshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah">Mohammad Ali Mirza</a>, the Shah's son. Upon the death of the Shah in 1822, Ventura offered his services to his successor, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a>. In the latter's service, however, were a number of English officers who were decidedly hostile to the French; they considered Ventura to be French because he had fought under Napoleon. As a result of their political intrigues, Ventura was dismissed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serving_the_Maharaja_of_Punjab">Serving the Maharaja of Punjab</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ventura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Serving the Maharaja of Punjab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubinoventurasingh2019plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rubinoventurasingh2019plaque.jpg/310px-Rubinoventurasingh2019plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rubinoventurasingh2019plaque.jpg/465px-Rubinoventurasingh2019plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rubinoventurasingh2019plaque.jpg/620px-Rubinoventurasingh2019plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4619" data-file-height="3476" /></a><figcaption>General Rubino Ventura and Maharaja Ranjiit Singh in Lahore in 1825</figcaption></figure><p>He traveled east, ending up in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a> in 1822. They took service with Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, the ruler of Punjab, as the Maharaja was encouraging veterans from erstwhile Napoleon's army in a bid to modernize his <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> in European warfare. </p><p>In March of the following year both Allard and Ventura commanded the Maharaja's troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a>, where they defeated the Afghan army and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">captured</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. Following a rebellion in Afghanistan, Ventura commanded several difficult campaigns and greatly expanded the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">kingdom of Punjab</a>. </p><p>Along with Jean-Francois Allard, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a>, Ventura formed a group of European officers responsible for modernizing the Sikh army and training and commanding the <a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a>, the European-model brigade of which Ventura was the commander. Ventura was highly esteemed by the Maharaja, and in addition to the rank of General he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Kazi</a> (i.e., Supreme Judge), and Governor of Lahore. He quickly rose through the ranks at the court and became the de facto Commander in Chief of the Darbar forces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_an_Indo-Greek_temple,_found_by_General_Ventura_of_the_Sikh_Khalsa_Army_of_the_Sikh_Empire,_ca.1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ruins_of_an_Indo-Greek_temple%2C_found_by_General_Ventura_of_the_Sikh_Khalsa_Army_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_ca.1838.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_an_Indo-Greek_temple%2C_found_by_General_Ventura_of_the_Sikh_Khalsa_Army_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_ca.1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ruins_of_an_Indo-Greek_temple%2C_found_by_General_Ventura_of_the_Sikh_Khalsa_Army_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_ca.1838.jpg/330px-Ruins_of_an_Indo-Greek_temple%2C_found_by_General_Ventura_of_the_Sikh_Khalsa_Army_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_ca.1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ruins_of_an_Indo-Greek_temple%2C_found_by_General_Ventura_of_the_Sikh_Khalsa_Army_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_ca.1838.jpg/440px-Ruins_of_an_Indo-Greek_temple%2C_found_by_General_Ventura_of_the_Sikh_Khalsa_Army_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_ca.1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of an Indo-Greek temple, found by General Ventura, published in the <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>, 1838</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p><p> Ventura married Anna Moses in <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, a lady of Armenian origin by whom he had a daughter named Victorine, but he always wanted to return to his country of origin. In 1838 he went on a diplomatic mission to Paris and London, but was called back to Lahore before he had time to visit his family in Italy. An educated and eclectic man, he devoted himself to archeology, and in 1830 he was the first ever to explore a <a href="/wiki/Manikyala_Stupa" title="Manikyala Stupa">stupa</a>, that of <a href="/wiki/Mankiala" title="Mankiala">Manikyala</a>, where he recovered numerous coins and relics, some of which are now on display at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in the King Edward the 7th Gallery. He spent his spare time in Peshawar exhuming <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> coins from Hindu temples and Buddhist stupas in the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>, making numerous excavations then sending the findings on to the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society of Bengal">Asiatic Society of Bengal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Runjeet_Singh_(Ranjit_Singh)_and_his_Suwarree,_or_Cavalcade,_of_Seiks_(Sikhs)_Encamped_under_a_Banyan_Tree_on_the_River_Sutlej,%22_a_steel_engraving_by_Fisher_and_Son,_London,_1837,_based_on_a_drawing_made_in_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Runjeet_Singh_%28Ranjit_Singh%29_and_his_Suwarree%2C_or_Cavalcade%2C_of_Seiks_%28Sikhs%29_Encamped_under_a_Banyan_Tree_on_the_River_Sutlej%2C%22_a_steel_engraving_by_Fisher_and_Son%2C_London%2C_1837%2C_based_on_a_drawing_made_in_1831.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Runjeet_Singh_%28Ranjit_Singh%29_and_his_Suwarree%2C_or_Cavalcade%2C_of_Seiks_%28Sikhs%29_Encamped_under_a_Banyan_Tree_on_the_River_Sutlej%2C%22_a_steel_engraving_by_Fisher_and_Son%2C_London%2C_1837%2C_based_on_a_drawing_made_in_1831.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Runjeet_Singh_%28Ranjit_Singh%29_and_his_Suwarree%2C_or_Cavalcade%2C_of_Seiks_%28Sikhs%29_Encamped_under_a_Banyan_Tree_on_the_River_Sutlej%2C%22_a_steel_engraving_by_Fisher_and_Son%2C_London%2C_1837%2C_based_on_a_drawing_made_in_1831.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>A late night gathering of Sikhs with Maharaja Ranjit Singh and General Ventura outside the walls of Lahore, ca.1830</figcaption></figure> <p>He served faithfully under Ranjit Singh and his successors <a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a>. Upon Maharaja Sher Siṅgh's assassination in September 1843, he left the Punjab. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ventura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venturawiki2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Venturawiki2.jpg/220px-Venturawiki2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Venturawiki2.jpg/330px-Venturawiki2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Venturawiki2.jpg/440px-Venturawiki2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Sketch from Charles Grey's <i>European Adventurers of Northern India</i> (Lahore: 1929)</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, he presented <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">King Louis Philippe</a> with a set of ancient Greek coins which he had unearthed. These coins were taken as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s march through <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>-Punjab region of ancient India. </p><p>In his later years he lost a part of his large fortune in unsuccessful commercial enterprises. According to <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Servi" title="Flaminio Servi">Flaminio Servi</a>, Ventura was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> toward the end of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ventura moved into an estate in Toulouse that had a vineyard amounting to 23 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He personally resided, with his daughter and Maria Raynal, in a mansion named Château Mandy.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anne Ventura was given a pension of 250 rupees per month from the General's income sourced from his jagir in he cis-Sutlej region and taken from the treasury of Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died on 3 April 1858 in Lardenne, near <a href="/wiki/Toulouse,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse, France">Toulouse, France</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ventura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He received the French <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> from the King Louis Philippe I in 1835. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments">Monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ventura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A monument donated by the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> community was inaugurated on May 26, 2019. It was placed in Via Ventura in <a href="/wiki/Finale_Emilia" title="Finale Emilia">Finale Emilia</a> opposite the house in which the General was born. It is a <a href="/wiki/Bas-Relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-Relief">bas-relief</a> which represents Ventura with Maharaja Ranjit Singh with dimensions 160x120 cm, sculpted in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ventura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBansal2010" class="citation news cs1">Bansal, Bobby Singh (7 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101107/spectrum/main1.htm">"Firangis in Ranjit Singh's Durbar"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Firangis+in+Ranjit+Singh%27s+Durbar&rft.date=2010-11-07&rft.aulast=Bansal&rft.aufirst=Bobby+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2010%2F20101107%2Fspectrum%2Fmain1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Baptiste+Ventura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBansal2010" class="citation book cs1">Bansal, Bobby Singh (2010). "14: General Jean Baptiste Ventura, 1794–1858". <i>The Lions Firanghis: Europeans at the Court of Lahore</i>. Foreword by Jean Marie Lafont. Coronet House. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780956127013" title="Special:BookSources/9780956127013"><bdi>9780956127013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+General+Jean+Baptiste+Ventura%2C+1794%E2%80%931858&rft.btitle=The+Lions+Firanghis%3A+Europeans+at+the+Court+of+Lahore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Coronet+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780956127013&rft.aulast=Bansal&rft.aufirst=Bobby+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Baptiste+Ventura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14669-ventura-rubino">VENTURA, RUBINO on "Jewish Encyclopedia"</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ventura&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Balboni, Maria Pia; “Ventura. Dal ghetto del Finale alla corte di Lahore”, Biblioteca Nuova serie, Pagine VIII-212, Aedes Muratoriana, Modena, 1993;</li> <li>Balboni, Maria Pia, “Il generale Rubino Ventura. La straordinaria vita di un ebreo del Finale al servizio del maharaja Ranjit Singh”, Baraldini editore, Finale Emilia, 2019;</li> <li>Notizie Storiche e Biografiche del Generale Rubino Ventura, Finalese, Esposte da un Suo Concittadino, Finale (Emilia), 1882;</li> <li>F. Servi, in Corriere Israelitico, x. 47 et seq.;</li> <li>idem, in <a href="/wiki/L%27Educatore_Israelita" title="L'Educatore Israelita">Vessillo Israelitico</a>, xxxi. 308 et seq.;</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_officials_of_the_Sikh_Empire" title="Foreign officials of the Sikh Empire">Foreigners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata933" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata933" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942165#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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