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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_war:_1982–1983" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_war:_1982–1983"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Market war: 1982–1983</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_war:_1982–1983-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984–1987" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984–1987"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1984–1987</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984–1987-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988–1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988–1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1988–1994</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988–1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C64_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C64_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>C64 family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-C64_family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle C64 family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-C64_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commodore_MAX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodore_MAX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Commodore MAX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodore_MAX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commodore_Educator_64" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodore_Educator_64"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Commodore Educator 64</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodore_Educator_64-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SX-64" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SX-64"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>SX-64</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SX-64-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commodore_128" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodore_128"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Commodore 128</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodore_128-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commodore_64C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodore_64C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Commodore 64C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodore_64C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commodore_64_Games_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodore_64_Games_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Commodore 64 Games System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodore_64_Games_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commodore_65" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodore_65"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Commodore 65</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodore_65-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BASIC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BASIC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>BASIC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BASIC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alternative operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Networking software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_gaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_gaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Online gaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_gaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CPU_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CPU_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>CPU and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CPU_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joysticks,_mice,_and_paddles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joysticks,_mice,_and_paddles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Joysticks, mice, and paddles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joysticks,_mice,_and_paddles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Graphics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Text modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_block_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_block_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Character block animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_block_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_sprites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_sprites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Hardware sprites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_sprites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Revisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ICs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>ICs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motherboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motherboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Motherboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motherboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Power supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Internal hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Input/output_(I/O)_ports_and_power_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Input/output_(I/O)_ports_and_power_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Input/output (I/O) ports and power supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Input/output_(I/O)_ports_and_power_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.3</span> <span>Memory map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripherals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripherals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.4</span> <span>Peripherals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripherals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Manufacturing cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatible_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatible_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Compatible hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatible_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_reuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_reuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Brand reuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_reuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_Console" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_Console"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Virtual Console</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_Console-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-THEC64_and_THEC64_Mini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#THEC64_and_THEC64_Mini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>THEC64 and THEC64 Mini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-THEC64_and_THEC64_Mini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emulators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Commodore 64</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_64" title="كومودور 64 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كومودور 64" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DB%B6%DB%B4" title="کمودور ۶۴ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمودور ۶۴" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_64" title="코모도어 64 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코모도어 64" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_64" title="קומודור 64 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומודור 64" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_64" title="കൊമോഡോർ 64 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊമോഡോർ 64" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_64" title="كومودور 64 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كومودور 64" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB64" title="コモドール64 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コモドール64" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Commodore 64" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%BC%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B" title="科漫多六四 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="科漫多六四" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%87%8B%E8%BE%BE64" title="康懋达64 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="康懋达64" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%87%8B%E9%81%9464" title="康懋達64 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康懋達64" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">8-bit home computer introduced in 1982</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"C64" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/C64_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="C64 (disambiguation)">C64 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the hip-hop band, see <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_(band)" title="Commodore 64 (band)">Commodore 64 (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">Commodore 64</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_64.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Commodore_64.svg/220px-Commodore_64.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Commodore_64.svg/330px-Commodore_64.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Commodore_64.svg/440px-Commodore_64.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="C64 hardware" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg/220px-Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg/330px-Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg/440px-Commodore-64-Computer-FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore Business Machines">Commodore Business Machines</a> (CBM)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home computer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1982<span class="noprint">; 42 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1982-08</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-woc1983_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woc1983-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introductory price</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$595</span> (equivalent to $1,880 in 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1994<span class="noprint">; 30 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1994-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Units sold</th><td class="infobox-data">12.5<sup id="cite_ref-PageTable_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PageTable-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 17<sup id="cite_ref-Reimer1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reimer1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap">Commodore <a href="/wiki/KERNAL" title="KERNAL">KERNAL</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">BASIC 2.0</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GEOS_(8-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (8-bit operating system)">GEOS</a> (optionally)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6510" title="MOS Technology 6510">MOS Technology 6510</a>/<a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6510#MOS_8500" title="MOS Technology 6510">8500</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>@ <span class="nowrap">1.023 MHz</span> (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> version)</li><li>@ <span class="nowrap">0.985 MHz</span> (<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> version)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">64 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></span> + <span class="nowrap">20 KB <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Graphics</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_VIC-II" title="MOS Technology VIC-II">VIC-II</a> (<span class="nowrap">320×200</span>, <span class="nowrap">16 colors</span>, <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raster_interrupt" title="Raster interrupt">raster interrupt</a></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6581" title="MOS Technology 6581">SID 6581/8580</a> (<span class="nowrap">3× <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">osc</a></span>, <span class="nowrap">4× <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">wave</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">filter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack-decay-sustain-release_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack-decay-sustain-release envelope">ADSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulation" title="Ring modulation">ring</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connectivity</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>2× <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_CIA" title="MOS Technology CIA">CIA 6526</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_input/output" title="General-purpose input/output">GPIO</a>/<a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>/keyboard)</li> <li><a href="#Input/output_(I/O)_ports_and_power_supply">Power</a> (+5V DC & 9V AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a></li> <li>Video/audio (<a href="/wiki/RF_modulator" title="RF modulator">RF</a>/<a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">A/V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Serial IEEE 488 bus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commodore_1541" title="Commodore 1541">floppy disk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_peripherals#Printers" title="Commodore 64 peripherals">printer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Datasette" title="Commodore Datasette">Digital tape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/MAX_Machine" title="MAX Machine">MAX Machine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Commodore 64</b>, also known as the <b>C64</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computer</a> introduced in January 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a> (first shown at the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a>, January 7–10, 1982, in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been listed in the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the highest-selling single computer model of all time,<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with independent estimates placing the number sold between 12.5 and 17 million units.<sup id="cite_ref-PageTable_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PageTable-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volume production started in early 1982, marketing in August for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$595</span> (equivalent to $1,880 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">Commodore PET</a>, the C64 took its name from its <span class="nowrap">64 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobytes</a></span> <span class="nowrap">(65,536 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>)</span> of RAM. With support for multicolor <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a> and a custom chip for waveform generation, the C64 could create superior visuals and audio compared to systems without such custom hardware. </p><p>The C64 dominated the low-end computer market (except in the UK, France and Japan, lasting only about six months in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for most of the later years of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a substantial period (1983–1986), the C64 had between 30% and 40% share of the US market and two million units sold per year,<sup id="cite_ref-Reimer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reimer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outselling <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>. Sam Tramiel, a later Atari president and the son of Commodore's founder, said in a 1989 interview, "When I was at Commodore we were building <span class="nowrap">400,000</span> C64s a month for a couple of years."<sup id="cite_ref-Start_1989_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Start_1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK market, the C64 faced competition from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_464" title="Amstrad CPC 464">Amstrad CPC 464</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the C64 was still the second-most-popular computer in the UK after the ZX Spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Billboard_Nov_1962_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billboard_Nov_1962-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commodore 64 failed to make any impact in Japan, as their market was dominated by Japanese computers, such as the <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-8801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-8801">NEC PC-8801</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp_X1" title="Sharp X1">Sharp X1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_FM-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujitsu FM-7">Fujitsu FM-7</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in France, where the ZX Spectrum, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_MO5" title="Thomson MO5">Thomson MO5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomson_TO7" title="Thomson TO7">TO7</a>, and Amstrad CPC 464 dominated the market.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the Commodore 64's success was its sale in regular retail stores instead of only <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">electronics</a> or computer hobbyist specialty stores. Commodore produced many of its parts <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">in-house to control costs</a>, including custom <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chips from <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology" title="MOS Technology">MOS Technology</a>. In the United States, it has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> automobile for its role in bringing a new technology to middle-class households via creative and affordable mass-production.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahney_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahney-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 10,000 commercial <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> titles have been made for the Commodore 64, including development tools, office productivity applications, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Impact_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Impact-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators#Commodore_64" title="List of computer system emulators">C64 emulators</a> allow anyone with a modern computer, or a compatible <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a>, to run these programs today. The C64 is also credited with popularizing the computer <a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">demoscene</a> and is still used today by some <a href="/wiki/Retrocomputing" title="Retrocomputing">computer hobbyists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-use_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-use-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, 17 years after it was taken off the market, research showed that brand recognition for the model was still at 87%.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C64_startup_animiert.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/C64_startup_animiert.gif/260px-C64_startup_animiert.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/C64_startup_animiert.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>The Commodore 64 startup screen</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1981, MOS Technology, Inc., Commodore's <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> design subsidiary, initiated a project to design the graphic and audio chips for a next-generation <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a>. Design work for the chips, named <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_VIC-II" title="MOS Technology VIC-II">MOS Technology VIC-II</a> (Video Integrated Circuit for graphics) and <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6581" title="MOS Technology 6581">MOS Technology SID</a> (Sound Interface Device for audio), was completed in November 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodore then began a game console project that would use the new chips—called the <i>Ultimax</i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/MAX_Machine" title="MAX Machine">MAX Machine</a></i>, engineered by Yash Terakura from Commodore Japan. This project was eventually cancelled after just a few machines were manufactured for the Japanese market.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Robert "Bob" Russell (system programmer and architect on the <a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Yannes" title="Bob Yannes">Robert "Bob" Yannes</a> (engineer of the SID) were critical of the current product line-up at Commodore, which was a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">Commodore PET</a> line aimed at business users. With the support of Al Charpentier (engineer of the VIC-II) and Charles Winterble (manager of MOS Technology), they proposed to Commodore CEO <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tramiel" title="Jack Tramiel">Jack Tramiel</a> a low-cost sequel to the VIC-20. Tramiel dictated that the machine should have <span class="nowrap">64 KB</span> of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM). Although 64-<a href="/wiki/Kilobit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit">Kbit</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic random-access memory</a> (DRAM) chips cost over <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$100</span> (equivalent to $283.29 in 2023) at the time, he knew that 64K DRAM prices were falling and would drop to an acceptable level before full production was reached. The team was able to quickly design the computer because, unlike most other home-computer companies, Commodore had its own semiconductor <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">fab</a> to produce test chips; because the fab was not running at full capacity, development costs were part of existing corporate overhead. The chips were complete by November, by which time Charpentier, Winterble, and Tramiel had decided to proceed with the new computer; the latter set a final deadline for the first weekend of January, to coincide with the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> (CES).<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The product was <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code named</a> the VIC-40 as the successor to the popular <a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a>. The team that constructed it consisted of Yash Terakura,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Shivji" title="Shiraz Shivji">Shiraz Shivji</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bob Russell, Bob Yannes, and David A. Ziembicki. The design, prototypes, and some sample software were finished in time for the show, after the team had worked tirelessly over both <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> weekends. The machine used the same case, same-sized motherboard, and same <a href="/wiki/Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">Commodore BASIC</a> 2.0 in <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> as the VIC-20. BASIC also served as the <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> and was available immediately on startup at the <code>READY</code> prompt. When the product was to be presented, the VIC-40 product was renamed C64. The C64 made an impressive debut at the January 1982 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a>, as recalled by Production Engineer David A. Ziembicki: "All we saw at our booth were <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari</a> people with their mouths dropping open, saying, 'How can you do that for $595?<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The answer was <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertical integration</a>; due to Commodore's ownership of MOS Technology's <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor fabrication</a> facilities, each C64 had an estimated production cost of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$135</span> (equivalent to $350 in 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1983, <i><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">BYTE</a></i> magazine stated that "the 64 retails for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$595</span>. At that price it promises to be one of the hottest contenders in the under-<span style="white-space: nowrap">$1,000</span> personal computer market." It described the SID as "a true music synthesizer ... the quality of the sound has to be heard to be believed", while criticizing the use of Commodore BASIC 2.0, the floppy disk performance which is "even slower than the <a href="/wiki/Atari_810" title="Atari 810">Atari 810</a> drive", and Commodore's quality control. <i>BYTE</i> gave more details, saying the C64 had "inadequate Commodore BASIC 2.0. An 8K-byte interpreted BASIC" which they assumed was because "Obviously, Commodore feels that most home users will be running prepackaged software - there is no provision for using graphics (or sound as mentioned above) from within a BASIC program except by means of POKE commands." This was one of very few warnings about C64 BASIC published in any computer magazines. <sup id="cite_ref-wszola198307_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wszola198307-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Creative Computing</i> said in December 1984 that the C64 was "the overwhelming winner" in the category of home computers under <span style="white-space: nowrap">$500</span>. Despite criticizing its "slow disk drive, only two cursor directional keys, zero manufacturer support, non-standard interfaces, etc.", the magazine said that at the C64's price of less than <span style="white-space: nowrap">$200</span> "you can't get another system with the same features: 64K, color, sprite graphics, and barrels of available software". The <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Color_Computer" title="TRS-80 Color Computer">Tandy Color Computer</a> was the runner up. The <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> was the winner in the category of home computer over <span style="white-space: nowrap">$500</span>, which was the category the Commodore 64 was in when it was first released at the price of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$595</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ahl198412_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahl198412-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_war:_1982–1983"><span id="Market_war:_1982.E2.80.931983"></span>Market war: 1982–1983</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Market war: 1982–1983"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBM64Cartridges.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CBM64Cartridges.JPG/220px-CBM64Cartridges.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CBM64Cartridges.JPG/330px-CBM64Cartridges.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CBM64Cartridges.JPG/440px-CBM64Cartridges.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>Game cartridges for <i><a href="/wiki/Radar_Rat_Race" title="Radar Rat Race">Radar Rat Race</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/International_Soccer" title="International Soccer">International Soccer</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Commodore had a reputation for <a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">announcing products that never appeared</a>, so sought to quickly ship the C64. Production began in the spring of 1982, and volume shipments began in August.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C64 faced a wide range of competing <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory1982_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1982-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with a lower price and more flexible hardware, it quickly outsold many of its competitors. </p><p>In the United States, the greatest competitors were the <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a> and the Apple II. The Atari 400 and 800 had been designed to accommodate previously stringent <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> emissions requirements and so were expensive to manufacture. Though similar in specifications, the C64 and Apple II represented differing design philosophies; as an <a href="/wiki/Open_architecture" title="Open architecture">open architecture</a> system, upgrade capability for the Apple II was granted by internal expansion slots, whereas the C64's comparatively closed architecture had only a single external <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a> port for bus expansion. However, the Apple II used its expansion slots for interfacing with common peripherals like disk drives, printers, and modems; the C64 had a variety of ports integrated into its motherboard, which were used for these purposes, usually leaving the cartridge port free. Commodore's was not a completely closed system, however, the company had published detailed specifications for most of their models since the Commodore PET and VIC-20 days, and the C64 was no exception. C64 sales were nonetheless relatively slow due to a lack of software, reliability issues with early production models, particularly high failure rates of the <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">PLA chip</a>, which used a new production process, and a shortage of 1541 disk drives, which also suffered rather severe reliability issues. During 1983, however, a trickle of software turned into a flood and sales began rapidly climbing. </p><p>Commodore sold the C64 not only through its network of authorized dealers but also through department stores, discount stores, toy stores and college bookstores. The C64 had a built-in <a href="/wiki/RF_modulator" title="RF modulator">RF modulator</a> and thus could be plugged into any television set. This allowed it (like its predecessor, the VIC-20) to compete directly against video game consoles such as the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a>. Like the Apple IIe, the C64 could also output a <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> signal, avoiding the RF modulator altogether. This allowed the C64 to be plugged into a specialized monitor for a sharper picture. Unlike the IIe, the C64's NTSC output capability also included separate luminance/chroma signal output equivalent to (and electrically compatible with) <a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a>, for connection to the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_peripherals#Other_peripherals" title="Commodore 64 peripherals">Commodore 1702</a> monitor, providing even better video quality than a composite signal. </p><p>Aggressive pricing of the C64 is considered to have been a major catalyst in the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a>. In January 1983, Commodore offered a $100 <a href="/wiki/Rebate_(marketing)" title="Rebate (marketing)">rebate</a> in the United States on the purchase of a C64 to anyone that traded in another video game console or computer.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_Jun_1983_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM_Jun_1983-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To take advantage of this rebate, some mail-order dealers and retailers offered a <a href="/wiki/Timex_Sinclair_1000" title="Timex Sinclair 1000">Timex Sinclair 1000</a> (TS1000) for as little as <span style="white-space: nowrap">$10</span> with the purchase of a C64. This deal meant that the consumer could send the TS1000 to Commodore, collect the rebate, and pocket the difference; <a href="/wiki/Timex_Group_USA" title="Timex Group USA">Timex Corporation</a> departed the computer market within a year. Commodore's tactics soon led to a <a href="/wiki/Price_war" title="Price war">price war</a> with the major <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computer</a> manufacturers. The success of the VIC-20 and C64 contributed significantly to <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> and other smaller competitors exiting the field. </p><p>The price war with Texas Instruments was seen as a personal battle for Commodore president Jack Tramiel.<sup id="cite_ref-TM_Apr_84_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM_Apr_84-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodore dropped the C64's list price by <span style="white-space: nowrap">$200</span> within two months of its release.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1983 the company lowered the price to <span style="white-space: nowrap">$300</span> (equivalent to $900 in 2023), and some stores sold the computer for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$199</span>. At one point, the company was selling as many C64s as all computers sold by the rest of the industry combined. Meanwhile, TI lost money by selling the <a href="/wiki/TI-99/4A" title="TI-99/4A">TI-99/4A</a> for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$99</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell19830906_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell19830906-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TI's subsequent demise in the home computer industry in October 1983 was seen as revenge for TI's tactics in the <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">electronic calculator</a> market in the mid-1970s, when Commodore was almost bankrupted by TI.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All four machines had similar memory configurations which were standard in 1982–83: <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005384000000000000♠"></span>48 KB</span> for the Apple II+<sup id="cite_ref-APPLEII+_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APPLEII+-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (upgraded within months of C64's release to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005512000000000000♠"></span>64 KB</span> with the Apple IIe) and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005384000000000000♠"></span>48 KB</span> for the Atari 800.<sup id="cite_ref-Atari800_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atari800-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At upwards of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$1,200</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Apple II was about twice as expensive, while the Atari 800 cost $899. One key to the C64's success was Commodore's aggressive marketing tactics, and they were quick to exploit the relative price/performance divisions between its competitors with a series of television commercials after the C64's launch in late 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Commercials_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commercials-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company also published detailed documentation to help developers,<sup id="cite_ref-gupta198306_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta198306-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Atari initially kept technical information secret.<sup id="cite_ref-tomczyk1984_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomczyk1984-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many early C64 games were inferior Atari 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Port_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (video gaming)">ports</a>, by late 1983, the growing installed base caused developers to create new software with better graphics and sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakal198606_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakal198606-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors spread in late 1983 that Commodore would discontinue the C64,<sup id="cite_ref-wierzbicki1983_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wierzbicki1983-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was the only non-discontinued, widely available home computer in the US by then, with more than 500,000 sold during the Christmas season;<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19831210_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19831210-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of production problems in Atari's supply chain, by the start of 1984 "the Commodore 64 largely has [the low-end] market to itself right now", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported.<sup id="cite_ref-reid19840206_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid19840206-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984–1987"><span id="1984.E2.80.931987"></span>1984–1987</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1984–1987"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some of the graphics modes on the 64 are really strange, and they have no analogs to the Atari or Apple, like the ability to change color of the character basis across the screen. That gave us a lot of color capability that had not been exploited.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Craig Nelson of Epyx, 1986<sup id="cite_ref-Yakal198606_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakal198606-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>With sales booming and the early reliability issues with the hardware addressed, software for the C64 began to grow in size and ambition during 1984. This growth shifted to the primary focus of most US game developers. The two holdouts were <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment" title="Sierra Entertainment">Sierra</a>, who largely skipped over the C64 in favor of Apple and PC-compatible machines, and <a href="/wiki/Broderbund" title="Broderbund">Broderbund</a>, who were heavily invested in educational software and developed primarily around the Apple II. In the North American market, the disk format had become nearly universal while cassette and cartridge-based software all but disappeared. Most US-developed games by this point grew large enough to require multi-loading from disk. </p><p>At a mid-1984 conference of game developers and experts at <a href="/wiki/Origins_Game_Fair" title="Origins Game Fair">Origins Game Fair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bunten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Bunten">Dan Bunten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier" title="Sid Meier">Sid Meier</a>, and a representative of <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Hill" title="Avalon Hill">Avalon Hill</a> said that they were developing games for the C64 first as the most promising market.<sup id="cite_ref-cgw198410_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgw198410-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1985, games were an estimated 60 to 70% of Commodore 64 software.<sup id="cite_ref-128book_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World" title="Computer Gaming World">Computer Gaming World</a></i> stated in January 1985 that companies such as <a href="/wiki/Epyx" title="Epyx">Epyx</a> that survived the video game crash did so because they "jumped on the Commodore bandwagon early".<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs198501_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs198501-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 35% of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Simulations" title="Strategic Simulations">SSI</a>'s 1986 sales were for the C64, ten points higher than for the Apple II. The C64 was even more important for other companies,<sup id="cite_ref-maher20160318_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maher20160318-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which often found that more than half the sales for a title ported to six platforms came from the C64 version.<sup id="cite_ref-maher20150619_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maher20150619-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, <i>Computer Gaming World</i> published a survey of ten game publishers that found that they planned to release forty-three Commodore 64 games that year, compared to nineteen for Atari and forty-eight for Apple II,<sup id="cite_ref-cgw198604_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgw198604-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Miller_(game_designer)" title="Alan Miller (game designer)">Alan Miller</a> stated that <a href="/wiki/Accolade_(company)" title="Accolade (company)">Accolade</a> developed first for the C64 because "it will sell the most on that system".<sup id="cite_ref-boosman198611_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boosman198611-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, the primary competitors to the C64 were British-built computers: the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">Sinclair ZX Spectrum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_464" title="Amstrad CPC 464">Amstrad CPC 464</a>. In the UK, the 48K Spectrum had not only been released a few months ahead of the C64's early 1983 debut, but it was also selling for £175, less than half the C64's £399 price. The Spectrum quickly became the market leader and Commodore had an uphill struggle against it in the marketplace. The C64 did however go on to rival the Spectrum in popularity in the latter half of the 1980s. Adjusted to the population size, the popularity of Commodore 64 was the highest in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> at roughly 3 units per 100 inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was subsequently marketed as "the Computer of the Republic".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early 1985 the C64's price was <span style="white-space: nowrap">$149</span>; with an estimated production cost of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001350000000000000♠"></span>$35–50</span>, its profitability was still within the industry-standard markup of two to three times.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodore sold about one million C64s in 1985 and a total of 3.5 million by mid-1986. Although the company reportedly attempted to discontinue the C64 more than once in favor of more expensive computers such as the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a>, demand remained strong.<sup id="cite_ref-halfhilll198604_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halfhilll198604-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wagner198608_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner198608-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, Commodore introduced the 64C,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a redesigned 64, which <i>Compute!</i> saw as evidence that—contrary to C64 owners' fears that the company would abandon them in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> and 128—"the 64 refuses to die".<sup id="cite_ref-compute198607_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compute198607-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its introduction also meant that Commodore raised the price of the C64 for the first time, which the magazine cited as the end of the home-computer <a href="/wiki/Price_war" title="Price war">price war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leemon198702_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leemon198702-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software sales also remained strong; <a href="/wiki/MicroProse" title="MicroProse">MicroProse</a>, for example, in 1987 cited the Commodore and IBM PC markets as its top priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-brooks198711_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks198711-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988–1994"><span id="1988.E2.80.931994"></span>1988–1994</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1988–1994"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1988, <a href="/wiki/PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="PC compatible">PC compatibles</a> were the largest and fastest-growing home and entertainment software markets, displacing former leader Commodore.<sup id="cite_ref-keiser198806_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keiser198806-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodore 64 software sales were almost unchanged in the third quarter of 1988 year over year while the overall market grew 42%,<sup id="cite_ref-gazette198902_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette198902-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the company was still selling 1 to 1.5 million units worldwide each year of what <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Chronicles" title="Computer Chronicles">Computer Chronicles</a></i> that year called "the <a href="/wiki/Model_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Model T">Model T</a> of personal computers".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epyx CEO <a href="/wiki/Dave_Morse_(executive)" title="Dave Morse (executive)">Dave Morse</a> cautioned that "there are no new 64 buyers, or very few. It's a consistent group that's not growing... it's going to shrink as part of our business."<sup id="cite_ref-compute198809_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compute198809-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One computer gaming executive stated that the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>'s enormous popularity – seven million sold in 1988, almost as many as the number of C64s sold in its first five years – had stopped the C64's growth. <a href="/wiki/Trip_Hawkins" title="Trip Hawkins">Trip Hawkins</a> reinforced that sentiment, stating that Nintendo was "the last hurrah of the 8-bit world".<sup id="cite_ref-ferrell198907_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrell198907-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Simulations" title="Strategic Simulations">SSI</a> exited the Commodore 64 market in 1991, after most competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-maher20170331_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maher20170331-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ultima_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultima VI">Ultima VI</a></i>, released in 1991, was the last major C64 game release from a North American developer, and <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_(video_game)" title="The Simpsons (video game)"><i>The Simpsons</i></a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Games" title="Ultra Games">Ultra Games</a>, was the last arcade conversion. The latter was a somewhat uncommon example of a US-developed arcade port as after the early years of the C64, most arcade conversions were produced by UK developers and converted to NTSC and disk format for the US market, American developers instead focusing on more computer-centered game genres such as RPGs and simulations. In the European market, disk software was rarer and cassettes were the most common distribution method; this led to a higher prevalence of arcade titles and smaller, lower-budget games that could fit entirely in the computer's memory without requiring multiloads. European programmers also tended to exploit advanced features of the C64's hardware more than their US counterparts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Commodore 64 Light Fantastic pack was release in time for the 1989 Christmas holiday season. The package included a C64C, a Cheetah Defender 64 Light gun and 3D-glasses. This pack included several games compatible with the light gun, including some developed purely for the packs release (Mindscape.) </p><p>In the United States, demand for 8-bit computers all but ceased as the 1990s began and PC compatibles completely dominated the computer market. However, the C64 continued to be popular in the UK and other European countries. The machine's eventual demise was not due to lack of demand or the cost of the C64 itself (still profitable at a retail price point between £44 and £50), but rather because of the cost of producing the disk drive. In March 1994, at <a href="/wiki/CeBIT" title="CeBIT">CeBIT</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, Commodore announced that the C64 would be finally discontinued in 1995, noting that the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1541" title="Commodore 1541">Commodore 1541</a> cost more than the C64 itself.<sup id="cite_ref-AFNS_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFNS-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, only one month later in April 1994, the company filed for <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>. When Commodore went bankrupt, all production on their inventory, including the C64, was discontinued, thus ending the C64's <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-year production. Claims of sales of 17, 22 and 30 million of C64 units sold worldwide have been made. Company sales records, however, indicate that the total number was about 12.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on that figure, the Commodore 64 was still the third most popular computing platform into the 21st century until 2017 when the <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> family replaced it.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While 360,000 C64s were sold in 1982, about 1.3 million were sold in 1983, followed by a large spike in 1984 when 2.6 million were sold. After that, sales held steady at between 1.3 and 1.6 million a year for the remainder of the decade and then dropped off after 1989. North American sales peaked between 1983 and 1985 and gradually tapered off afterward, while European sales remained quite strong into the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-PageTable_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PageTable-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodore itself reported a robust sales figure of over 800,000 units during the 1991 fiscal year, but sales during the 1993 fiscal year had declined to fewer than 200,000 units. Throughout the early 1990s, European sales had accounted for more than 80% of Commodore's total sales revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-commodore1993_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commodore1993-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C64_family">C64 family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: C64 family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodore_MAX">Commodore MAX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commodore MAX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MAX_Machine" title="MAX Machine">MAX Machine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_MAX_Machine_(shadow)_(xparent_bg).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Commodore_MAX_Machine_%28shadow%29_%28xparent_bg%29.png/220px-Commodore_MAX_Machine_%28shadow%29_%28xparent_bg%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Commodore_MAX_Machine_%28shadow%29_%28xparent_bg%29.png/330px-Commodore_MAX_Machine_%28shadow%29_%28xparent_bg%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Commodore_MAX_Machine_%28shadow%29_%28xparent_bg%29.png/440px-Commodore_MAX_Machine_%28shadow%29_%28xparent_bg%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4667" data-file-height="2639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MAX_Machine" title="MAX Machine">MAX Machine</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 1982, Commodore released the <a href="/wiki/MAX_Machine" title="MAX Machine">MAX Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. It was called the Ultimax in the United States and VC-10 in Germany. The MAX was intended to be a game console with limited computing capability and was based on a cut-down version of the hardware family later used in the C64. The MAX was discontinued months after its introduction because of poor sales in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodore_Educator_64">Commodore Educator 64</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commodore Educator 64"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Educator_64" title="Commodore Educator 64">Commodore Educator 64</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Educator_64_(standout_version).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_Educator_64_%28standout_version%29.jpg/220px-Commodore_Educator_64_%28standout_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_Educator_64_%28standout_version%29.jpg/330px-Commodore_Educator_64_%28standout_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_Educator_64_%28standout_version%29.jpg/440px-Commodore_Educator_64_%28standout_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Educator_64" title="Commodore Educator 64">Commodore Educator 64</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>1983 saw Commodore attempt to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>'s hold on the US education market with the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Educator_64" title="Commodore Educator 64">Educator 64</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-zimmers_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimmers-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> essentially a C64 and "green" monochrome monitor in a PET case. Schools preferred the all-in-one metal construction of the PET over the standard C64's separate components, which could be easily damaged, vandalized, or stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools did not prefer the Educator 64 to the wide range of software and hardware options the <a href="/wiki/Apple_IIe" title="Apple IIe">Apple IIe</a> was able to offer, and it was produced in limited quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SX-64">SX-64</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: SX-64"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commodore_SX-64" title="Commodore SX-64">Commodore SX-64</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sx-64_build_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sx-64_build_crop.jpg/220px-Sx-64_build_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sx-64_build_crop.jpg/330px-Sx-64_build_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sx-64_build_crop.jpg/440px-Sx-64_build_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commodore_SX-64" title="Commodore SX-64">Commodore SX-64</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Also in 1983, Commodore released the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_SX-64" title="Commodore SX-64">SX-64</a>, a portable version of the C64. The SX-64 has the distinction of being the first commercial <i>full-color</i> <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While earlier computers using this form factor only incorporate monochrome ("green screen") displays, the base SX-64 unit features a 5 in (130 mm) color <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) and one integrated <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1541" title="Commodore 1541">1541</a> floppy disk drive. Even though Commodore claimed in advertisements that it would have dual 1541 drives, when the SX-64 was released there was only one and the other became a floppy disk storage slot. Also, unlike most other C64s, the SX-64 does not have a datasette connector so an external cassette was not an option.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodore_128">Commodore 128</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commodore 128"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a></div> <p>Two designers at Commodore, Fred Bowen and <a href="/wiki/Bil_Herd" title="Bil Herd">Bil Herd</a>, were determined to rectify the problems of the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Plus/4" title="Commodore Plus/4">Plus/4</a>. They intended that the eventual successors to the C64—the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a> and 128D computers (1985)—were to build upon the C64, avoiding the Plus/4's flaws.<sup id="cite_ref-kirps.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirps.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_Jan_1985_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_Jan_1985-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The successors had many improvements such as a BASIC with graphics and sound commands (like almost all home computers not made by Commodore<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), 80-column display ability, and full <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> compatibility. The decision to make the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a> <a href="/wiki/Plug_compatible" title="Plug compatible">plug compatible</a> with the C64 was made quietly by Bowen and Herd, software and hardware designers respectively, without the knowledge or approval by the management in the post <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tramiel" title="Jack Tramiel">Jack Tramiel</a> era. The designers were careful not to reveal their decision until the project was too far along to be challenged or changed and still make the impending Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas.<sup id="cite_ref-kirps.com_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirps.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon learning that the C128 was designed to be compatible with the C64, Commodore's marketing department independently announced that the C128 would be 100% compatible with the C64, thereby raising the bar for C64 support. In a case of <a href="/wiki/Malicious_compliance" title="Malicious compliance">malicious compliance</a>, the 128 design was altered to include a separate "64 mode" using a complete C64 environment to try to ensure total compatibility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodore_64C">Commodore 64C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commodore 64C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C64c_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/C64c_system.jpg/220px-C64c_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/C64c_system.jpg/330px-C64c_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/C64c_system.jpg/440px-C64c_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Commodore 64C with <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1541" title="Commodore 1541">1541-II</a> floppy disk drive and 1084S monitor displaying television-compatible <a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The C64's designers intended the computer to have a new, wedge-shaped case within a year of release, but the change did not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, Commodore released the 64C computer, which is functionally identical to the original. The exterior design was remodeled in the sleeker style of the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner198608_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner198608-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 64C uses new versions of the SID, VIC-II, and I/O chips being deployed. Models with the C64E board had the graphic symbols printed on the top of the keys, instead of the normal location on the front. The sound chip (SID) was changed to use the MOS 8580 chip, with the core voltage reduced from 12V to 9V. The most significant changes include different behavior in the filters and in the volume control, which result in some music/sound effects sounding differently than intended, and in digitally-sampled audio being almost inaudible, respectively (though both of these can mostly be corrected-for in software). The 64 KB RAM memory went from eight chips to two chips. BASIC and the <a href="/wiki/KERNAL" title="KERNAL">KERNAL</a> went from two separate chips into one 16 KB ROM chip. The <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">PLA</a> chip and some TTL chips were integrated into a <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIL</a> 64-pin chip. The "252535-01" PLA integrated the color RAM as well into the same chip. The smaller physical space made it impossible to put in some internal expansions like a floppy-speeder.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the 64C was often bundled with the third-party <a href="/wiki/GEOS_(8-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (8-bit operating system)">GEOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI)-based operating system, as well as the software needed to access <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Link" title="Quantum Link">Quantum Link</a>. The 1541 drive received a matching face-lift, resulting in the 1541C. Later, a smaller, sleeker 1541-II model was introduced, along with the <span class="nowrap">800 KB</span><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Microfloppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfloppy">microfloppy</a> <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1581" title="Commodore 1581">1581</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodore_64_Games_System">Commodore 64 Games System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commodore 64 Games System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_Games_System" title="Commodore 64 Games System">Commodore 64 Games System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C64GS-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/C64GS-Console-Set.jpg/220px-C64GS-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/C64GS-Console-Set.jpg/330px-C64GS-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/C64GS-Console-Set.jpg/440px-C64GS-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_Games_System" title="Commodore 64 Games System">Commodore 64 Games System</a> "C64GS"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, the C64 was repackaged in the form of a game console, called the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_Games_System" title="Commodore 64 Games System">C64 Games System</a> (C64GS), with most external connectivity removed.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple modification to the 64C's motherboard was made to allow cartridges to be inserted from above. A modified ROM replaced the BASIC interpreter with a boot screen to inform the user to insert a cartridge. Designed to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> and Sega's <a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a>, it suffered from very low sales compared to its rivals. It was another commercial failure for Commodore, and it was never released outside Europe. The Commodore game system lacked a keyboard, so any software that required a keyboard could not be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodore_65">Commodore 65</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commodore 65"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commodore_65" title="Commodore 65">Commodore 65</a></div> <p>In 1990, an advanced successor to the C64, the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_65" title="Commodore 65">Commodore 65</a> (also known as the "C64DX"), was prototyped, but the project was canceled by Commodore's chairman <a href="/wiki/Irving_Gould" title="Irving Gould">Irving Gould</a> in 1991. The C65's specifications were impressive for an 8-bit computer, bringing specs comparable to the 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Apple_IIGS" title="Apple IIGS">Apple IIGS</a>. For example, it could display 256 colors on the screen, while <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Original_chipset" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga Original chipset">OCS</a> based Amigas could only display 64 in <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Halfbrite_mode" title="Amiga Halfbrite mode">HalfBrite</a> mode (32 colors and half-bright transformations). Although no specific reason was given for the C65's cancellation, it would have competed in the marketplace with Commodore's lower-end Amigas and the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_CDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore CDTV">Commodore CDTV</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_software" title="Commodore 64 software">Commodore 64 software</a></div> <p>In 1982, the C64's graphics and sound capabilities were rivaled only by the <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a> and appeared exceptional when compared with the popular <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>. The C64 is often credited with starting the <a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">demoscene</a> subculture (see <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_demos" title="Commodore 64 demos">Commodore 64 demos</a>). It is still being actively used in the demoscene,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially for music (its SID sound chip even being used in special sound cards for PCs, and the <a href="/wiki/Elektron_SidStation" title="Elektron SidStation">Elektron SidStation</a> synthesizer). Even though other computers quickly caught up with it, the C64 remained a strong competitor to the later <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> (NES) and <a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a>, thanks in part to its by-then established software base, especially outside North America, where it comprehensively outsold the NES.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because of lower incomes and the domination of the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> in the UK, almost all British C64 software used cassette tapes. Few cassette C64 programs were released in the US after 1983 and, in North America, the diskette was the principal method of software distribution. The cartridge slot on the C64 was also mainly a feature used in the computer's first two years on the US market and became rapidly obsolete once the price and reliability of 1541 drives improved. A handful of PAL region games used bank switched cartridges to get around the 16 KB memory limit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BASIC">BASIC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: BASIC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">Commodore BASIC</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simons_Basic_Splash_Screen.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Simons_Basic_Splash_Screen.gif/220px-Simons_Basic_Splash_Screen.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Simons_Basic_Splash_Screen.gif/330px-Simons_Basic_Splash_Screen.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Simons_Basic_Splash_Screen.gif 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Simons%27_BASIC" title="Simons' BASIC">Simons' BASIC</a> interpreter start-up screen. Note the altered background and text colors (vs the ordinary C64 blue tones) and the <span class="nowrap">8 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a></span> reduction of available BASIC-interpreter program memory allocation, due to the <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a> used by the cartridge.</figcaption></figure> <p>As is common for home computers of the early 1980s, the C64 comes with a BASIC interpreter, in ROM. KERNAL, I/O, and tape/disk drive operations are accessed via custom BASIC language commands. The disk drive has its own interfacing <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> and ROM (firmware) I/O routines, much like the earlier CBM/PET systems and the Atari 400 and Atari 800. This means that no memory space is dedicated to running a <a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">disk operating system</a>, as was the case with earlier systems such as the Apple II and <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a>. </p><p>Commodore BASIC 2.0 is used instead of the more advanced BASIC 4.0 from the PET series, since C64 users were not expected to need the disk-oriented enhancements of BASIC 4.0. The company did not expect many to buy a disk drive, and using BASIC 2.0 simplified VIC-20 owners' transition to the 64.<sup id="cite_ref-heimarck198706_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heimarck198706-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The choice of BASIC 2.0 instead of 4.0 was made with some soul-searching, not just at random. The typical user of a C64 is not expected to need the direct disk commands as much as other extensions, and the amount of memory to be committed to BASIC were to be limited. We chose to leave expansion space for color and sound extensions instead of the disk features. As a result, you will have to handle the disk in the more cumbersome manner of the 'old days'."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The version of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">Microsoft BASIC</a> is not very comprehensive and does not include specific commands for sound or graphics manipulation, instead requiring users to use the "<a href="/wiki/PEEK_and_POKE" title="PEEK and POKE">PEEK and POKE</a>" commands to access the graphics and sound chip registers directly. To provide extended commands, including graphics and sound, Commodore produced two different cartridge-based extensions to BASIC 2.0: <a href="/wiki/Simons%27_BASIC" title="Simons' BASIC">Simons' BASIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Expander_64" title="Super Expander 64">Super Expander 64</a>. Other languages available for the C64 include <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>. Compilers for BASIC 2.0 such as Petspeed 2 (from Commodore), Blitz (from Jason Ranheim), and Turbo Lightning (from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Software" title="Ocean Software">Ocean Software</a>) were produced. Most commercial C64 software was written in assembly language, either cross-developed on a larger computer, or directly on the C64 using a machine code monitor or an assembler. This maximized speed and minimized memory use. Some games, particularly adventures, used high-level scripting languages and sometimes mixed BASIC and machine language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_operating_systems">Alternative operating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alternative operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many third-party operating systems have been developed for the C64. As well as the original <a href="/wiki/GEOS_(8-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (8-bit operating system)">GEOS</a>, two third-party GEOS-compatible systems have been written: Wheels and GEOS megapatch. Both of these require hardware upgrades to the original C64. Several other operating systems are or have been available, including WiNGS OS, the Unix-like LUnix, operated from a command-line, and the embedded systems OS <a href="/wiki/Contiki" title="Contiki">Contiki</a>, with full GUI. Other less well-known OSes include ACE, Asterix, DOS/65, and <a href="/wiki/GeckOS" title="GeckOS">GeckOS</a>. C64 OS is commercially available today and under active development. It features a full GUI in character mode, and many other modern features. A version of <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> was released, but this requires the addition of an external <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Z80</a> processor to the expansion bus. Furthermore, the Z80 processor is underclocked to be compatible with the C64's memory bus, so performance is poor compared to other CP/M implementations. C64 CP/M and C128 CP/M both suffer a lack of software; although most commercial CP/M software can run on these systems, software media is incompatible between platforms. The low usage of CP/M on Commodores means that software houses saw no need to invest in mastering versions for the Commodore disk format. The C64 CP/M cartridge is also not compatible with anything except the early 326298 motherboards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networking_software">Networking software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Networking software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1980s, the Commodore 64 was used to run <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board systems</a> using software packages such as <a href="/wiki/Steve_Punter" title="Steve Punter">Punter</a> BBS, Bizarre 64, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Board_(software)" title="Blue Board (software)">Blue Board</a>, C-Net, <a href="/wiki/Color_64" class="mw-redirect" title="Color 64">Color 64</a>, CMBBS, C-Base, DMBBS, Image BBS, EBBS, and The Deadlock Deluxe BBS Construction Kit, often with <a href="/wiki/Sysop" title="Sysop">sysop</a>-made modifications. These boards sometimes were used to distribute <a href="/wiki/Cracked_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracked software">cracked software</a>. As late as December 2013, there were 25 such Bulletin Board Systems in operation, reachable via the <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a> protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were major commercial <a href="/wiki/Online_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Online services">online services</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Compunet" title="Compunet">Compunet</a> (UK), <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> (US –  later bought by <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Source_(online_service)" title="The Source (online service)">The Source</a> (US), and <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> (France) among many others. These services usually required custom software which was often bundled with a <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> and included free online time as they were billed by the minute. <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Link" title="Quantum Link">Quantum Link</a> (or Q-Link) was a US and Canadian online service for Commodore 64 and 128 personal computers that operated from November 5, 1985, to November 1, 1994. It was operated by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computer_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computer Services">Quantum Computer Services</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia" title="Vienna, Virginia">Vienna</a>, Virginia, which in October 1991 changed its name to <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a> and continued to operate its <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> service for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> and Apple <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>. Q-Link was a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/PlayNET" title="PlayNET">PlayNET</a> system, which <a href="/wiki/Control_Video_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Video Corporation">Control Video Corporation</a> (CVC, later renamed Quantum Computer Services) licensed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_gaming">Online gaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Online gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="History of massively multiplayer online games">History of massively multiplayer online games</a></div> <p>The first graphical character-based interactive environment is <i><a href="/wiki/Club_Caribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Caribe">Club Caribe</a></i>. First released as <i><a href="/wiki/Habitat_(video_game)" title="Habitat (video game)">Habitat</a></i> in 1988, <i>Club Caribe</i> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">LucasArts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Q-Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-Link">Q-Link</a> customers on their Commodore 64 computers. Users could interact with one another, chat and exchange items. Although the game's <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open world</a> was very basic, its use of online avatars and the combination of chat and graphics was revolutionary. Online graphics in the late 1980s were severely restricted by the need to support modem data transfer rates as low as 300 <a href="/wiki/Bits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Bits per second">bits per second</a>. Habitat's graphics were stored locally on floppy disk, eliminating the need for network transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Commodore_64" title="Special:EditPage/Commodore 64">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Commodore+64%22">"Commodore 64"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Commodore+64%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Commodore+64%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Commodore+64%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Commodore+64%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Commodore+64%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CPU_and_memory">CPU and memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: CPU and memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C64_Block_Diagram_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/C64_Block_Diagram_new.svg/220px-C64_Block_Diagram_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/C64_Block_Diagram_new.svg/330px-C64_Block_Diagram_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/C64_Block_Diagram_new.svg/440px-C64_Block_Diagram_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>Block diagram of the C64</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6510" title="MOS Technology 6510">MOS Technology 6510</a></div> <p>The C64 uses an <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6510" title="MOS Technology 6510">MOS Technology 6510</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> that is almost identical to the <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a> but has <a href="/wiki/Three-state_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-state bus">three-state buses</a>, a different <a href="/wiki/Pinout" title="Pinout">pinout</a>, slightly different <a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">clock signals</a> and other minor changes for this application. It also has six I/O lines on otherwise-unused legs on the 40-pin IC package. These are used for two purposes in the C64: to <a href="/wiki/Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">bank-switch</a> the machine's <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> (ROM) in and out of the processor's address space, and to operate the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Datasette" title="Commodore Datasette">datasette</a> tape recorder. The C64 has <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005512000000000000♠"></span>64 KB</span> of 8-bit-wide dynamic <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003800000000000000♠"></span>1 KB</span> of 4-bit-wide static color RAM for text mode, and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005304000000000000♠"></span>38 KB</span> are available to built-in <a href="/wiki/Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">Commodore BASIC</a> 2.0 on startup. There is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005160000000000000♠"></span>20 KB</span> of ROM, made up of the BASIC interpreter, the <a href="/wiki/KERNAL" title="KERNAL">KERNAL</a>, and the character ROM. Because the processor can only address <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005512000000000000♠"></span>64 KB</span> at a time, the ROM was mapped into memory and only <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004389110000000000♠"></span>38<span style="margin-left:.25em;">911</span> bytes</span> of RAM (plus <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004320000000000000♠"></span>4 KB</span> between the ROMs) were available at startup. Most "<a href="/wiki/Breadbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Breadbin">breadbin</a>" Commodore 64s used 4164 DRAM with eight chips totaling 64K of system RAM. Later models, featuring Assy 250466 and Assy 250469 <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboards</a>, used 41464 DRAM (64K×4) chips which stored <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005256000000000000♠"></span>32 KB</span> per chip (so only two were required). Because 4164 DRAMs are 64K×1, eight chips are needed to make an entire byte; the computer will not function without all of them present. The first chip contains Bit 0 for the memory space, the second chip contains Bit 1, and so forth. </p><p>The C64 performs a RAM test on power-up and if a RAM error is detected, the amount of free BASIC memory will be lower than the normal 38,911. If the faulty chip is in lower memory, then an <code>?OUT OF MEMORY IN 0</code> error is displayed rather than the usual BASIC startup banner. </p><p>The C64 uses a complicated memory-banking scheme; the normal power-on default is the BASIC ROM mapped in at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">$A000</span>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$BFFF</span>, and the screen editor (KERNAL) ROM at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$E000</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$FFFF</span>. RAM under the system ROMs can be written to, but not read back, without swapping out the ROMs. Memory location <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$01</span> contains a register with control bits for enabling or disabling the system ROMs and the I/O area at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$D000</span>. If the KERNAL ROM is swapped out, BASIC will be removed at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-prg_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prg-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 264">: 264 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BASIC is not active without the KERNAL; BASIC often calls KERNAL routines, and part of the ROM code for BASIC is in the KERNAL ROM. </p><p>The character ROM is normally invisible to the CPU. The character ROM may be mapped into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$D000</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$DFFF</span>, where it is then visible to the CPU. Because doing so necessitates swapping out the I/O registers, interrupts must first be disabled. By removing I/O from the memory map, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$D000</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$DFFF</span> becomes free RAM. </p><p>C64 cartridges map into assigned ranges in the CPU's address space. The most common cartridge auto-starting requires a <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$8000</span> which contains "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CBM80</span>" followed by the address where program execution begins. A few C64 cartridges released in 1982 use Ultimax mode (or MAX mode), a leftover feature of the unsuccessful MAX Machine. These cartridges map into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$F000</span> and displace the KERNAL ROM. If Ultimax mode is used, the programmer will have to provide code for handling system interrupts. The cartridge port has 16 <a href="/wiki/Address_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Address line">address lines</a>, which grants access to the computer's entire address space if needed. Disk and tape software normally load at the start of BASIC memory ($0801), and use a small BASIC stub (such as <code>10 SYS(2064)</code>) to jump to the start of the program. Although no Commodore 8-bit machine except the C128 can automatically boot from a floppy disk, some software intentionally overwrites certain BASIC vectors in the process of loading so execution begins automatically (instead of requiring the user to type RUN at the BASIC prompt after loading). </p><p>About 300 cartridges were released for the C64, primarily during the machine's first <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years on the market, after which most software outgrew the <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005128000000000000♠"></span>16 KB</span> cartridge limit. Larger software companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Software" title="Ocean Software">Ocean Software</a>, began releasing games on bank-switched cartridges to overcome the <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005128000000000000♠"></span>16 KB</span> cartridge limit during the C64's final years. </p><p>Commodore did not include a reset button on its computers until the CBM-II line, but third-party cartridges had a reset button. A <a href="/wiki/Reboot#Cold_versus_warm_reboot" title="Reboot">soft reset</a> can be triggered by jumping to the CPU reset routine at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$FCE2</span> (64738). A few programs use this as an <a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a> feature, although it does not clear memory. </p><p>The KERNAL ROM underwent three revisions, mainly designed to fix bugs. The initial version is only found on 326298 motherboards (used in the first production models), and cannot detect whether an NTSC or PAL VIC-II is present. The second revision is found on all C64s made from late 1982 through 1985. The final KERNAL ROM revision was introduced on the 250466 motherboard (late breadbin models with 41464 RAM), and is found in all C64Cs. The 6510 CPU is clocked at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006102299999999999♠"></span>1.023 MHz</span> (NTSC) and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005985000000000000♠"></span>0.985 MHz</span> (PAL),<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lower than some competing systems; the Atari 800, for example, is clocked at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006179000000000000♠"></span>1.79 MHz</span>). Performance can be boosted slightly by disabling the VIC-II's video output via a register write. This feature is often used by tape and disk <a href="/wiki/Fast_loader" title="Fast loader">fast loaders</a> and the KERNAL cassette routine to keep a standard CPU cycle timing not modified by the VIC-II's sharing of the bus. </p><p>The restore key is gated directly to the CPU's <a href="/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt" title="Non-maskable interrupt">NMI</a> line, and will generate an NMI if pressed. The KERNAL handler for the NMI checks if run/stop is also pressed; if not, it ignores the NMI and exits. Run/stop-restore is normally a soft reset in BASIC which restores all I/O registers to their power-on default state, but does not clear memory or reset pointers; any BASIC programs in memory will be left untouched. <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine-language software</a> usually disables run/stop-restore by remapping the NMI vector to a dummy <a href="/wiki/Run-time_infrastructure_(simulation)" title="Run-time infrastructure (simulation)">RTI</a> instruction. The NMI can also be used for an extra interrupt thread by programs, but risks a system lockup or other undesirable side effects if the restore key is accidentally pressed (which activates the NMI thread). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joysticks,_mice,_and_paddles"><span id="Joysticks.2C_mice.2C_and_paddles"></span>Joysticks, mice, and paddles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Joysticks, mice, and paddles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_CX-40-style_white_and_black_joystick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Original Commodore white and black joystick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Commodore_CX-40-style_white_and_black_joystick.jpg/101px-Commodore_CX-40-style_white_and_black_joystick.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Commodore_CX-40-style_white_and_black_joystick.jpg/152px-Commodore_CX-40-style_white_and_black_joystick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Commodore_CX-40-style_white_and_black_joystick.jpg/202px-Commodore_CX-40-style_white_and_black_joystick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore-Paddles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Commodore analog paddles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commodore-Paddles.JPG/158px-Commodore-Paddles.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commodore-Paddles.JPG/237px-Commodore-Paddles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commodore-Paddles.JPG/316px-Commodore-Paddles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4605" data-file-height="2938" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:43px;max-width:43px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_blockomaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Commodore mouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Commodore_blockomaus.jpg/41px-Commodore_blockomaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="41" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Commodore_blockomaus.jpg/62px-Commodore_blockomaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Commodore_blockomaus.jpg/82px-Commodore_blockomaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joystick_Eing%C3%A4nge_C64.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The DE-9 Atari-style joystick ports" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joystick_Eing%C3%A4nge_C64.jpg/218px-Joystick_Eing%C3%A4nge_C64.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joystick_Eing%C3%A4nge_C64.jpg/327px-Joystick_Eing%C3%A4nge_C64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joystick_Eing%C3%A4nge_C64.jpg/436px-Joystick_Eing%C3%A4nge_C64.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>(from top)</i> Commodore's version of the Atari joystick; a set of analog paddles; a 1350/1351 mouse, and DE-9 Atari-style joystick ports</div></div></div></div> <p>The C64 retained the VIC-20's <a href="/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DE-9</a> <a href="/wiki/Atari_joystick_port" title="Atari joystick port">Atari joystick port</a> and added another; any Atari-specification game controller can be used on a C64. The joysticks are read from the registers at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$DC00</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$DC01</span>, and most software is designed to use a joystick in port 2 for control rather than port 1; the upper bits of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$DC00</span> are used by the keyboard, and an I/O conflict can result. Although it is possible to use <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamepad" title="Gamepad">gamepads</a> on a C64, it is not recommended; their slightly different signal can damage the <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_CIA" title="MOS Technology CIA">CIA</a> chip. The <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6581" title="MOS Technology 6581">SID chip</a>'s register <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">$D419</span>, used to control paddles, is an analog input. A handful of games, primarily released early in the computer's life cycle, can use paddles. In 1986, Commodore released two mice for the C64 and C128: the 1350 and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1351" title="Commodore 1351">1351</a>. The 1350 is a digital device read from the joystick registers, and can be used with any program supporting joystick input. The 1351 is an analog <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometer</a>-based mouse, read with the SID's <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics">Graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_VIC-II" title="MOS Technology VIC-II">MOS Technology VIC-II</a></div> <p>The VIC-II <a href="/wiki/Video_Display_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Display Controller">graphics chip</a> features a new palette, eight hardware <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a> per <a href="/wiki/Scanline" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanline">scanline</a> (enabling up to 112 sprites per PAL screen), <a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">scrolling</a> capabilities, and two <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">bitmap graphics</a> modes. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Commodore 64 palette </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Color # </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Hexadecimal RGB value </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #000000">Black </td> <td>#000000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">1 </td> <td style="color: black; background-color: #FFFFFF">White </td> <td>#FFFFFF </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">2 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #9F4E44">Red </td> <td>#9F4E44 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">3 </td> <td style="color: black; background-color: #6ABFC6">Cyan </td> <td>#6ABFC6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">4 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #A057A3">Purple </td> <td>#A057A3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">5 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #5CAB5E">Green </td> <td>#5CAB5E </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">6 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #50459B">Blue </td> <td>#50459B </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">7 </td> <td style="color: black; background-color: #C9D487">Yellow </td> <td>#C9D487 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">8 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #A1683C">Orange </td> <td>#A1683C </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">9 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #6D5412">Brown </td> <td>#6D5412 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">10 </td> <td style="color: black; background-color: #CB7E75">Light Red </td> <td>#CB7E75 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">11 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #626262">Dark-Gray </td> <td>#626262 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">12 </td> <td style="color: white; background-color: #898989">Mid-Gray </td> <td>#898989 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">13 </td> <td style="color: black; background-color: #9AE29B">Light Green </td> <td>#9AE29B </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">14 </td> <td style="color: black; background-color: #887ECB">Light Blue </td> <td>#887ECB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">15 </td> <td style="color: black; background-color: #ADADAD">Light-Gray </td> <td>#ADADAD </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_modes">Text modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Text modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard text mode features 40 columns, like most <a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">Commodore PET</a> models; the built-in character encoding is not standard <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> but <a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a>, an extended form of ASCII-1963. The KERNAL ROM sets the VIC-II to a dark-blue background on power-up, with a light-blue border and text. Unlike the PET and VIC-20, the C64 uses double-width text; some early VIC-IIs had poor video quality which resulted in a fuzzy picture. Most screenshots show borders around the screen, a feature of the VIC-II chip. By utilizing interrupts to reset hardware registers with precise timing, it was possible to place graphics within the borders and use the full screen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojala_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojala-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fonts-C64.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two character sets, both light blue against a darker background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fonts-C64.png/220px-Fonts-C64.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fonts-C64.png/330px-Fonts-C64.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fonts-C64.png/440px-Fonts-C64.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>The C64's two PETSCII character sets</figcaption></figure> <p>The C64 has a resolution of 320×200 pixels, consisting of a 40×25 grid of 8×8 character blocks. It has 255 predefined character blocks, known as PETSCII. The character set can be copied into RAM and modified by a programmer. </p><p>There are two color modes: high resolution, with two colours available per character block (one foreground and one background), and multicolour (four colors per character block – three foreground and one background). In multicolor mode, attributes are shared between pixel pairs so the effective visible resolution is 160×200 pixels; only 16 KB of memory is available for the VIC-II video processor. </p><p>Since the C64 has a bitmapped screen, it is possible (but slow) to draw each pixel individually. Most programmers used techniques developed for earlier, non-bitmapped systems like the Commodore PET and TRS-80. A programmer redraws the character set, and the video processor fills the screen block by block from the top left corner to the bottom right corner. Two types of animation are used: character block animation and hardware sprites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Character_block_animation">Character block animation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Character block animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The user draws a series of characters of a person walking, possibly two in the middle of the block and another two walking in and out of the block. Then the user sequences them so the character walks into the block and out again. Drawing a series of these gets a person walking across the screen. By timing the redraw to occur when the television screen blanks out to restart drawing the screen, there will be no flicker. For this to happen, a user programs the VIC-II that it generates a <a href="/wiki/Raster_interrupt" title="Raster interrupt">raster interrupt</a> when <a href="/wiki/Flyback_transformer#History" title="Flyback transformer">video flyback</a> occurs. This technique is used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i> arcade game. </p><p>Horizontal and vertical pixel scrolling of up to one character block is supported by two hardware scroll registers. Depending on timing, hardware scrolling affects the entire screen or selected lines of character blocks. On a non-emulated C64, scrolling is glass-like and blur-free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hardware_sprites">Hardware sprites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hardware sprites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesteuerter_Sprite_l%C3%A4uft_nach_oben_(Spittis_Search_Game_Commodore_64).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Screenshot of a video game" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gesteuerter_Sprite_l%C3%A4uft_nach_oben_%28Spittis_Search_Game_Commodore_64%29.jpg/220px-Gesteuerter_Sprite_l%C3%A4uft_nach_oben_%28Spittis_Search_Game_Commodore_64%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gesteuerter_Sprite_l%C3%A4uft_nach_oben_%28Spittis_Search_Game_Commodore_64%29.jpg/330px-Gesteuerter_Sprite_l%C3%A4uft_nach_oben_%28Spittis_Search_Game_Commodore_64%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gesteuerter_Sprite_l%C3%A4uft_nach_oben_%28Spittis_Search_Game_Commodore_64%29.jpg/440px-Gesteuerter_Sprite_l%C3%A4uft_nach_oben_%28Spittis_Search_Game_Commodore_64%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Sprites on screen in a C64 game</figcaption></figure> <p>A sprite is a character which moves over an area of the screen, draws over the background, and redraws it after it moves. This differs from character block animation, where the user flips character blocks. On the C64, the VIC-II video controller handles most sprite emulation; the programmer defines the sprite and where it goes. </p><p>The C64 has two types of sprites, respecting their color-mode limitations. Hi-res sprites have one color (one background and one foreground), and multi-color sprites have three (one background and three foreground). Color modes can be split or windowed on a single screen. Sprites can be doubled in size vertically and horizontally up to four times their size, but the pixel attributes are the same – the pixels become "fatter". There are eight sprites, and all eight can be shown in each horizontal line concurrently. Sprites can move with glassy smoothness in front of, and behind, screen characters and other sprites. </p><p>The hardware sprites of a C64 can be displayed on a bitmapped (high-resolution) screen or a text-mode screen in conjunction with fast and smooth character block animation. Software-emulated sprites on systems without support for hardware sprites, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>, required a bitmapped screen. Sprite-sprite and sprite-background collisions are detected in hardware, and the VIC-II can be programmed to trigger an interrupt accordingly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound">Sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SID chip has three channels, each with its own <a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">ADSR envelope</a> generator and filter capabilities. <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulation" title="Ring modulation">Ring modulation</a> makes use of channel three to work with the other two channels. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Yannes" title="Bob Yannes">Bob Yannes</a> developed the SID chip and, later, co-founded the synthesizer company <a href="/wiki/Ensoniq" title="Ensoniq">Ensoniq</a>. Composers and programmers of game music on the C64 include <a href="/wiki/Rob_Hubbard" title="Rob Hubbard">Rob Hubbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeroen_Tel" title="Jeroen Tel">Jeroen Tel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Follin" title="Tim Follin">Tim Follin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Whittaker_(video_game_composer)" title="David Whittaker (video game composer)">David Whittaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_H%C3%BClsbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Hülsbeck">Chris Hülsbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Daglish" title="Ben Daglish">Ben Daglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Galway" title="Martin Galway">Martin Galway</a>, Kjell Nordbø and David Dunn. Due to the chip's three channels, chords are often played as <a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggios</a>. It was also possible to continuously update the master volume with sampled data to enable the playback of 4-bit digitized audio. By 2008, it was possible to play four-channel 8-bit audio samples and two SID channels and still use filtering.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="StrikeForce8580R5.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:StrikeForce8580R5.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/StrikeForce8580R5.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/StrikeForce8580R5.ogg/StrikeForce8580R5.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>An example of SID chip-generated music</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two versions of the SID chip: the 6581 and the 8580. The <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6581" title="MOS Technology 6581">MOS Technology 6581</a> was used in the original ("breadbin") C64s, the early versions of the 64C, and the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a>. The 6581 was replaced with the MOS Technology 8580 in 1987. Although the 6581 sound quality is a little crisper, it lacks the 8580's versatility; the 8580 can mix all available waveforms on each channel, but the 6581 can only mix waveforms in a channel in a limited fashion. The main difference between the 6581 and the 8580 is the supply voltage; the 6581 requires <span class="nowrap">12 volts</span>, and the 8580 <span class="nowrap">9 volts</span>. A modification can be made to use the 6581 in a newer 64C board (which uses the <span class="nowrap">9-volt</span> chip). </p><p>In 1986, the Sound Expander was released for the Commodore 64. It was a <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_YM3526" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha YM3526">Yamaha YM3526</a> chip capable of <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM synthesis</a>, primarily intended for professional <a href="/wiki/Music_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Music production">music production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yamaha_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaha-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revisions"><span class="anchor" id="Hardware_revisions"></span>Revisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Revisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_versioner_av_c64_(modified).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/3_versioner_av_c64_%28modified%29.jpg/260px-3_versioner_av_c64_%28modified%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/3_versioner_av_c64_%28modified%29.jpg/390px-3_versioner_av_c64_%28modified%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/3_versioner_av_c64_%28modified%29.jpg/520px-3_versioner_av_c64_%28modified%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption>Three case styles were used: C64 (top, 1982), C64C (1986, middle) and C64G (1987, bottom).</figcaption></figure> <p>Commodore made many changes to the C64's hardware, sometimes introducing compatibility issues.<sup id="cite_ref-halfhill198307_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halfhill198307-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The computer's rapid development and Commodore and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tramiel" title="Jack Tramiel">Jack Tramiel</a>'s focus on cost-cutting instead of product testing resulted in several defects which caused developers like Epyx to complain and required many revisions; Charpentier said that "not coming a little close to quality" was one of the company's mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cost reduction was the reason for most of the revisions. Reducing <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_cost" title="Manufacturing cost">manufacturing costs</a> was vitally important to Commodore's survival during the <a href="/wiki/Price_war" title="Price war">price war</a> and lean years of the 16-bit era. The C64's original (<a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a>-based) motherboard went through two major redesigns and a number of revisions, exchanging positions of the VIC-II, SID and <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">PLA</a> chips. Much of the cost was initially eliminated by reducing the number of discrete components, such as <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a>, which enabled a smaller <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a>. There were 16 C64 motherboard revisions to simplify production and reduce manufacturing costs. Some board revisions were exclusive to <a href="/wiki/PAL_region" class="mw-redirect" title="PAL region">PAL regions</a>. All C64 motherboards were manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. </p><p>IC locations changed frequently with each motherboard revision, as did the presence (or lack) of the metal RF shield around the VIC-II; PAL boards often had aluminized cardboard instead of a metal shield. The SID and VIC-II are socketed on all boards, but the other ICs may be socketed or soldered. The first production C64s, made from 1982 to early 1983, are known as "silver label" models due to the case having a silver-colored "Commodore" logo. The power LED had a silver badge reading "64" around it. These machines have only a five-pin video cable, and cannot produce <a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a>. Commodore introduced the familiar "rainbow badge" case in late 1982, but many machines produced into early 1983 also used silver-label cases until the existing stock was used up. The original 326298 board was replaced in spring 1983 by the 250407 motherboard, which had an eight-pin video connector and added S-Video support. This case design was used until the C64C appeared in 1986. All ICs switched to plastic shells, but the silver-label C64s (notably the VIC-II) had some ceramic ICs. The case is made from <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a> plastic, which may become brown with time; this can be reversed with <a href="/wiki/Retrobright" title="Retrobright">retrobright</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ICs">ICs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: ICs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C64motherboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/C64motherboard.jpg/350px-C64motherboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/C64motherboard.jpg/525px-C64motherboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/C64motherboard.jpg/700px-C64motherboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>An early C64 motherboard (Rev A <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> 1982)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C64Cmotherboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/C64Cmotherboard.jpg/350px-C64Cmotherboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/C64Cmotherboard.jpg/525px-C64Cmotherboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/C64Cmotherboard.jpg/700px-C64Cmotherboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>A C64C motherboard ("C64E" Rev B PAL 1992)</figcaption></figure> <p>The VIC-II was manufactured with 5-<a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometer</a> NMOS technology<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, and was clocked at <span class="nowrap">17.73447 MHz</span> (PAL) or <span class="nowrap">14.31818 MHz</span> (NTSC). Internally, the clock was divided to generate the dot clock (about 8 MHz) and the <a href="/wiki/Two-phase_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-phase clock">two-phase system clocks</a> (about 1 MHz; the pixel and system clock speeds differ slightly on NTSC and PAL machines). At such high clock rates the chip generated considerable heat, forcing MOS Technology to use a ceramic <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">dual in-line package</a> known as a CERDIP. The ceramic package was more expensive, but dissipated heat more effectively than plastic. </p><p>After a redesign in 1983, the VIC-II was encased in a plastic dual in-line package; this reduced costs substantially, but did not eliminate the heat problem.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without a ceramic package, the VIC-II required a <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a>. To avoid extra cost, the metal <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding" title="Electromagnetic shielding">shielding</a> doubled as the VIC's heat sink; not all units shipped with this type of shielding, however. Most C64s in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> shipped with a cardboard <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding" title="Electromagnetic shielding">RF shield</a> coated with a layer of metal foil. The effectiveness of the cardboard was questionable; it acted instead as an insulator, blocking airflow and trapping heat generated by the SID, VIC, and PLA chips. The SID was originally manufactured using NMOS at 7 micrometers and, in some areas, 6 micrometers.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prototype SID and some early production models had a ceramic dual in-line package, but (unlike the VIC-II) are very rare; the SID was encased in plastic when production began in early 1982. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motherboard">Motherboard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Motherboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, Commodore released the last revision of the classic C64 <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>. It was otherwise identical to the 1984 design, except for two 64-<a href="/wiki/Kilobit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit">kilobit</a> × 4-bit <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a> chips which replaced the original eight 64-kilobit × 1-bit ICs. After the release of the Commodore 64C,<sup id="cite_ref-Commodore_64c_abbreviated_as_"C64C"_(capital_c_on_both_ends)_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commodore_64c_abbreviated_as_"C64C"_(capital_c_on_both_ends)-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOS Technology began to reconfigure the original C64's <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> to use <a href="/wiki/HMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="HMOS">HMOS</a> technology. The main benefit of HMOS was that it required less voltage to drive the IC, generating less heat. This enhanced the reliability of the SID and VIC-II. The new chipset was renumbered 85xx to reflect the change to HMOS. </p><p>In 1987, Commodore released a 64C variant with a redesigned motherboard known as a "short board". The new board used the HMOS chipset, with a new 64-pin PLA chip. The "SuperPLA", as it was called, integrated discrete components and <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">transistor–transistor logic</a> (TTL) chips. In the last revision of the 64C motherboard, the 2114 4-bit-wide color RAM was integrated into the SuperPLA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_supply">Power supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Power supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_64_-_Joystickports,_EinAus-Schalter,_Poweranschluss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rear of a C64" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Commodore_64_-_Joystickports%2C_EinAus-Schalter%2C_Poweranschluss.jpg/220px-Commodore_64_-_Joystickports%2C_EinAus-Schalter%2C_Poweranschluss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Commodore_64_-_Joystickports%2C_EinAus-Schalter%2C_Poweranschluss.jpg/330px-Commodore_64_-_Joystickports%2C_EinAus-Schalter%2C_Poweranschluss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Commodore_64_-_Joystickports%2C_EinAus-Schalter%2C_Poweranschluss.jpg/440px-Commodore_64_-_Joystickports%2C_EinAus-Schalter%2C_Poweranschluss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption><span class="nowrap">Joystick ports</span>, <span class="nowrap">power switch</span>, <span class="nowrap">power inlet</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The C64 used an external <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a>, a linear transformer with multiple taps differing from <a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">switch mode</a> (presently used on PC power supplies). It was encased in <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> resin gel, which discouraged tampering but increased the heat level during use. The design saved space in the computer's case, and allowed international versions to be more easily manufactured. The <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1541" title="Commodore 1541">1541-II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1581" title="Commodore 1581">1581</a> disk drives and third-party clones also have external power-supply "bricks", like most peripherals. </p><p>Commodore power supplies often <a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">failed sooner than expected</a>. The computer reportedly had a 30-percent return rate in late 1983, compared to the 5–7 percent rate considered acceptable by the industry;<sup id="cite_ref-Infoworld_Nov_1983_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld_Nov_1983-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Creative_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Computing">Creative Computing</a></i> reported four working C64s, out of seven.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson198403_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson198403-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malfunctioning power bricks were notorious for damaging the RAM chips. Due to their higher density and single supply (+5V), they had less tolerance for over-voltage. The usually-failing <a href="/wiki/78xx" title="78xx">voltage regulator</a> could be replaced by piggybacking a new regulator on the board and fitting a heat sink on top.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">PSU</a> on early-1982 and 1983 machines had a 5-pin connector which could accidentally be plugged into the computer's video output. Commodore later changed the design, omitting the resin gel to reduce costs. The following model, the Commodore 128, used a larger, improved power supply which included a fuse. The power supply for the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_REU" title="Commodore REU">Commodore REU</a> was similar to that of the Commodore 128, providing an upgrade for customers purchasing the accessory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifications">Specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_hardware">Internal hardware</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Internal hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Microprocessor CPU: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6510" title="MOS Technology 6510">MOS Technology 6510</a>/8500 (the 6510/8500 is a modified <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a> with an integrated 6-bit I/O port)</li> <li>Clock speed: <span class="nowrap">0.985 MHz (<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>)</span> or <span class="nowrap">1.023 MHz (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li>Video: <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_VIC-II" title="MOS Technology VIC-II">MOS Technology VIC-II</a> 6567/8562 (NTSC), 6569/8565 (PAL) <ul><li>16 colors<sup id="cite_ref-the-commodore-zone.com_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the-commodore-zone.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Text mode: 40×25 characters; 256 user-defined chars (8×8 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>, or 4×8 in multicolor mode); or extended background color; 64 user-defined chars with 4 background colors, 4-bit color RAM defines foreground color</li> <li>Bitmap modes: 320×200 (2 unique colors in each 8×8 pixel block),<sup id="cite_ref-Rautiainen_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rautiainen-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 160×200 (3 unique colors + 1 common color in each 4×8 block)<sup id="cite_ref-Rautiainen_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rautiainen-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8 hardware <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a> of 24×21 pixels (12×21 in multicolor mode)</li> <li>Smooth scrolling, <a href="/wiki/Raster_interrupt" title="Raster interrupt">raster interrupts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sound: <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_SID" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS Technology SID">MOS Technology 6581/8580 SID</a> <ul><li>3-channel<sup id="cite_ref-the-commodore-zone.com_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the-commodore-zone.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> with programmable <a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">ADSR envelope</a></li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a></li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> per audio channel: <a href="/wiki/Triangle_wave" title="Triangle wave">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_wave" title="Sawtooth wave">sawtooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Square_wave" title="Square wave">variable pulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillator_sync" title="Oscillator sync">Oscillator synchronization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulation" title="Ring modulation">ring modulation</a></li> <li>Programmable filter: <a href="/wiki/High-pass_filter" title="High-pass filter">high pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">band pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Band-stop_filter" title="Band-stop filter">notch filter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Input/Output: Two <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_CIA" title="MOS Technology CIA">6526 Complex Interface Adapters</a> <ul><li>16 bit parallel I/O</li> <li>8 bit serial I/O</li> <li>24-hours (AM/PM) Time of Day clock (TOD), with programmable <a href="/wiki/Alarm_clock" title="Alarm clock">alarm clock</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>16 bit interval timers</li></ul></li> <li>RAM: <ul><li>64 KB, of which 38 KB were available for BASIC programs</li> <li>1024 <a href="/wiki/Nybble" class="mw-redirect" title="Nybble">nybbles</a><sup id="cite_ref-prg_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prg-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 262">: 262 </span></sup> color RAM (memory allocated for screen color data storage)<sup id="cite_ref-Rautiainen_Service_Manual_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rautiainen_Service_Manual-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Expandable to 320 KB with <a href="/wiki/Commodore_REU" title="Commodore REU">Commodore 1764</a> 256 KB <a href="/wiki/Commodore_REU" title="Commodore REU">RAM Expansion Unit</a> (REU); although only 64 KB directly accessible; REU used mostly for the <a href="/wiki/GEOS_(8-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (8-bit operating system)">GEOS</a>. REUs of 128 KB and 512 KB, originally designed for the C128, were also available, but required the user to buy a stronger power supply from some third party supplier; with the 1764 this was included.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Creative_Micro_Designs" title="Creative Micro Designs">Creative Micro Designs</a> also produced a 2 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> REU for the C64 and C128, called the 1750 XL. The technology actually supported up to 16 MB, but 2 MB was the biggest one officially made. Expansions of up to 16 MB were also possible via the CMD <a href="/wiki/SuperCPU" title="SuperCPU">SuperCPU</a>. </p> <ul><li>ROM: <ul><li><span class="nowrap">20 KB</span> (<span class="nowrap">9 KB</span> <a href="/wiki/Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">Commodore BASIC</a> 2.0; <span class="nowrap">7 KB</span> <a href="/wiki/KERNAL" title="KERNAL">KERNAL</a>; <span class="nowrap">4 KB</span> character generator, providing two <span class="nowrap">2 KB</span> character sets)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Input/output_(I/O)_ports_and_power_supply"><span id="Input.2Foutput_.28I.2FO.29_ports_and_power_supply"></span>Input/output (I/O) ports and power supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Input/output (I/O) ports and power supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore-64-Computer-BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Commodore-64-Computer-BL.jpg/310px-Commodore-64-Computer-BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Commodore-64-Computer-BL.jpg/465px-Commodore-64-Computer-BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Commodore-64-Computer-BL.jpg/620px-Commodore-64-Computer-BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Commodore 64 ports (from left: Joy1, Joy2, Power switch and jack, ROM cartridge, RF-adj, RF modulator, A/V, Serial 488 bus, Tape, User)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>I/O ports:<sup id="cite_ref-computermuseum_li-Commodore64-Back_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computermuseum_li-Commodore64-Back-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This is just an image with no supporting information, e.g. provenance and to confirm it's actually a C64 (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a> expansion slot (44-pin slot for <a href="/wiki/Edge_connector" title="Edge connector">edge connector</a> with 6510 CPU address/data bus lines and control signals, as well as GND and voltage pins;<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for program modules and memory expansions, among others)</li> <li>Integrated <a href="/wiki/RF_modulator" title="RF modulator">RF modulator</a> television antenna output via an <a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA connector</a>. The used channel could be adjusted from number 36 with the <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometer</a> to the left.</li> <li>8-pin <a href="/wiki/DIN_connector" title="DIN connector">DIN connector</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> output, separate <a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">Y/C</a> outputs and sound input/output. This is a 262° horseshoe version of the plug, rather than the 270° circular version. Early C64 units (with motherboard Assy 326298) use a 5-pin DIN connector that carries composite video and luminance signals, but lacks a chroma signal.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlsen_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlsen-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Serial bus</a> (proprietary serial version of <a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488</a>, 6-pin DIN plug) for CBM printers and disk drives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">PET</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Datasette" title="Commodore Datasette">Commodore Datasette</a> 300 <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> tape interface (edge connector with digital cassette motor/read/write/key-sense signals), Ground and +5V DC lines. The cassette motor is controlled by a +5V DC signal from the 6510 CPU. The 9V AC input is transformed into unregulated 6.36V DC<sup id="cite_ref-zimmers_250469-rev_A-right_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimmers_250469-rev_A-right-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is used to actually power the cassette motor.<sup id="cite_ref-zimmers_250469-rev_A-left_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimmers_250469-rev_A-left-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>User port (edge connector with <a href="/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor-transistor logic">TTL</a>-level signals, for modems and so on; byte-parallel signals which can be used to drive third-party parallel printers, among other things, 17 logic signals, 7 Ground and voltage pins, including 9V AC)</li> <li>2 × screwless <a href="/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DE9M</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">game controller</a> ports (<a href="/wiki/Atari_joystick_port" title="Atari joystick port">compatible with Atari 2600 controllers</a>), each supporting five digital inputs and two analog inputs. Available peripherals included digital <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joysticks</a>, analog <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(game_controller)" title="Paddle (game controller)">paddles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a>, the Commodore <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1351" title="Commodore 1351">1351 mouse</a>, and graphics tablets such as the <a href="/wiki/KoalaPad" title="KoalaPad">KoalaPad</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Power supply: <ul><li>5<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> and 9V <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> from an external "power brick", attached to a 7-pin female DIN-connector on the computer.<sup id="cite_ref-allpinouts_org-Commodore_C64_Power_Supply_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allpinouts_org-Commodore_C64_Power_Supply-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <span class="nowrap">9 volt AC</span> is used to supply power via a <a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">charge pump</a> to the SID sound generator chip, provide <span class="nowrap">6.8V</span> via a rectifier to the cassette motor, a "0" pulse for every positive half wave to the time-of-day (TOD) input on the CIA chips, and <span class="nowrap">9 volts AC</span> directly to the user-port. Thus, as a minimum, a <span class="nowrap">12 V</span> <a href="/wiki/Square_wave" title="Square wave">square wave</a> is required. But a <span class="nowrap">9 V</span> <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a> is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-zimmers_net-250469-rev_A-left_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimmers_net-250469-rev_A-left-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zimmers_net-250469-rev_A-right_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimmers_net-250469-rev_A-right-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="These are just images, with no supporting information especially provenance (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memory_map">Memory map</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Memory map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Address</th> <th>Size<br />[KB] </th> <th colspan="4">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0x0000 </td> <td align="right">32 </td> <td colspan="3">RAM</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-c64map_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c64map-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0x8000 </td> <td align="right">8 </td> <td colspan="2">RAM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">Cartridge ROM</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-c64map_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c64map-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0xA000 </td> <td align="right">8 </td> <td colspan="2">RAM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">BASIC</a> ROM</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-c64map_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c64map-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0xC000 </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td colspan="3">RAM</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-c64map_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c64map-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0xD000 </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td>RAM </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-mapped I/O">I/O</a>/Color RAM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">Character ROM</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-c64map_110-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c64map-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0xE000 </td> <td align="right">8 </td> <td colspan="2">RAM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KERNAL" title="KERNAL">KERNAL</a> ROM</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-c64map_110-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c64map-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that even if an I/O chip like the VIC-II only uses 64 positions in the memory address space, it will occupy 1,024 addresses because some address bits are left undecoded.<sup id="cite_ref-c64map_110-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c64map-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peripherals">Peripherals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Peripherals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_peripherals" title="Commodore 64 peripherals">Commodore 64 peripherals</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore-64-1541-Floppy-Drive-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore 1541 floppy drive"><img alt="Commodore 1541 floppy drive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Commodore-64-1541-Floppy-Drive-01.jpg/350px-Commodore-64-1541-Floppy-Drive-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Commodore-64-1541-Floppy-Drive-01.jpg/526px-Commodore-64-1541-Floppy-Drive-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Commodore-64-1541-Floppy-Drive-01.jpg/700px-Commodore-64-1541-Floppy-Drive-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="2740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1541" title="Commodore 1541">Commodore 1541</a> floppy drive</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_1541_white.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore 1541C floppy drive"><img alt="Commodore 1541C floppy drive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Commodore_1541_white.jpg/383px-Commodore_1541_white.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Commodore_1541_white.jpg/575px-Commodore_1541_white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Commodore_1541_white.jpg/765px-Commodore_1541_white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commodore 1541C floppy drive</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C64-IMG_5372.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore 1541-II floppy drive"><img alt="Commodore 1541-II floppy drive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C64-IMG_5372.jpg/383px-C64-IMG_5372.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C64-IMG_5372.jpg/575px-C64-IMG_5372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/C64-IMG_5372.jpg/765px-C64-IMG_5372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commodore 1541-II floppy drive</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore 1530 Datasette"><img alt="Commodore 1530 Datasette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg/353px-Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg/530px-Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg/706px-Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1530" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore 1530">Commodore 1530</a> Datasette</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Matrixdrucker_MPS-802_(wei%C3%9Fen_hintergrund).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore MPS-802 dot matrix printer"><img alt="Commodore MPS-802 dot matrix printer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Commodore_Matrixdrucker_MPS-802_%28wei%C3%9Fen_hintergrund%29.jpg/426px-Commodore_Matrixdrucker_MPS-802_%28wei%C3%9Fen_hintergrund%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Commodore_Matrixdrucker_MPS-802_%28wei%C3%9Fen_hintergrund%29.jpg/640px-Commodore_Matrixdrucker_MPS-802_%28wei%C3%9Fen_hintergrund%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Commodore_Matrixdrucker_MPS-802_%28wei%C3%9Fen_hintergrund%29.jpg/852px-Commodore_Matrixdrucker_MPS-802_%28wei%C3%9Fen_hintergrund%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="978" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commodore MPS-802 <a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot matrix printer">dot matrix printer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CommodoreVICModem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore VIC-Modem"><img alt="Commodore VIC-Modem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CommodoreVICModem.jpg/340px-CommodoreVICModem.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CommodoreVICModem.jpg/511px-CommodoreVICModem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CommodoreVICModem.jpg/680px-CommodoreVICModem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commodore VIC-Modem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 79.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 77.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_blockomaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore 1351 mouse"><img alt="Commodore 1351 mouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Commodore_blockomaus.jpg/116px-Commodore_blockomaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Commodore_blockomaus.jpg/174px-Commodore_blockomaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Commodore_blockomaus.jpg/232px-Commodore_blockomaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1351" title="Commodore 1351">Commodore 1351</a> mouse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_1702_(made_by_JVC)_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore 1702 video monitor"><img alt="Commodore 1702 video monitor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Commodore_1702_%28made_by_JVC%29_front.jpg/278px-Commodore_1702_%28made_by_JVC%29_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Commodore_1702_%28made_by_JVC%29_front.jpg/417px-Commodore_1702_%28made_by_JVC%29_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Commodore_1702_%28made_by_JVC%29_front.jpg/555px-Commodore_1702_%28made_by_JVC%29_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commodore 1702 video monitor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_1581_Disk_Drive_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore 1581 3.5" double-sided floppy drive"><img alt="Commodore 1581 3.5" double-sided floppy drive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_1581_Disk_Drive_Front.jpg/340px-Commodore_1581_Disk_Drive_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_1581_Disk_Drive_Front.jpg/511px-Commodore_1581_Disk_Drive_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_1581_Disk_Drive_Front.jpg/680px-Commodore_1581_Disk_Drive_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commodore 1581 3.5" double-sided floppy drive</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_cost">Manufacturing cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Manufacturing cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a> was the key to keeping Commodore 64 production costs low. At the introduction in 1982, the production cost was US$135 and the retail price US$595. In 1985, the retail price went down to US$149 (US$420 today) and the production costs were believed to be somewhere between US$35–50 (<span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> US$100–140 today).</span> </span> Commodore would not confirm this cost figure. Dougherty of the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Softworks" title="Berkeley Softworks">Berkeley Softworks</a> estimated the costs of the Commodore 64 parts based on his experience at <a href="/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imagic" title="Imagic">Imagic</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cost<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Count</th> <th>Price in 1985 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a></th> <th>Part </th></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>ROMs<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>1.85</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">Dynamic RAMs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>SID (sound) chip </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>VIC-II (graphics) chip </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/RF_modulator" title="RF modulator">RF modulator</a> package </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>1–2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6510" title="MOS Technology 6510">6510</a> 8-bit microprocessor </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td>A handful of <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a>, buffers, power regulators and capacitors </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>10 max</td> <td>Keyboard </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>1–2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>1–2</td> <td>Plastic case </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>5–10</td> <td>Power supply and miscellaneous connectors </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>1–2</td> <td>Packaging and manual </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total:</td> <td>52.8–61.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To lower costs, TTL chips were replaced with less expensive custom chips and ways to increase the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication#Device_test" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">yields</a> on the sound and graphics chips were found. The video chip <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_VIC-II#List_of_VIC-II_versions" title="MOS Technology VIC-II">6567</a> had the ceramic package replaced with plastic but heat dissipation demanded a redesign of the chip and the development of a plastic package that can dissipate heat as well as ceramic.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee85_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clones">Clones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C64_DTV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-red joystick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/C64_DTV.jpg/170px-C64_DTV.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/C64_DTV.jpg/255px-C64_DTV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/C64_DTV.jpg/340px-C64_DTV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3084" /></a><figcaption>C64 Direct-to-TV</figcaption></figure> <p>Clones are computers which imitate C64 functions. In mid-2004, after an absence from the marketplace of more than 10 years, PC manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Computers" title="Tulip Computers">Tulip Computers</a> (owners of the Commodore brand since 1997) announced the <a href="/wiki/C64_Direct-to-TV" title="C64 Direct-to-TV">C64 Direct-to-TV</a> (C64DTV): a <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Handheld_TV_game" title="Handheld TV game">TV game</a> based on the C64, with 30 games in its ROM. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Jeri_Ellsworth" title="Jeri Ellsworth">Jeri Ellsworth</a>, a self-taught computer designer who had designed the <a href="/wiki/C-One" title="C-One">C-One</a> C64 implementation, the C64DTV was similar to other mini-consoles based on the modestly-successful Atari 2600 and <a href="/wiki/Intellivision" title="Intellivision">Intellivision</a>. The C64DTV was advertised on <a href="/wiki/QVC" title="QVC">QVC</a> in the United States for the 2004 holiday season.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, a Commodore 64-compatible <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Individual_Computers" title="Individual Computers">Individual Computers</a>. Called the C64 Reloaded, it is a redesign of Commodore 64 motherboard revision 250466 with several new features.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motherboard is designed to be placed in an existing, empty C64 or C64C case. Produced in limited quantities, models of this Commodore 64 clone have machined or <a href="/wiki/Zero_insertion_force" title="Zero insertion force">ZIF</a> sockets in which custom C64 chips are placed. The board contains <a href="/wiki/Jumper_(computing)" title="Jumper (computing)">jumpers</a> to accept revisions of the VIC-II and SID chips and the ability to switch between the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> video systems. It has several innovations, including selection (via the restore key) of KERNAL and character ROMs, built-in reset toggle on the power switch, and an S-Video socket to replace the original <a href="/wiki/RF_modulator" title="RF modulator">TV modulator</a>. The motherboard is powered by a <a href="/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter" title="DC-to-DC converter">DC-to-DC converter</a> which uses <span class="nowrap">12 V DC</span> from a mains adapter, rather than the original (and failure-prone) Commodore 64 power-supply brick. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatible_hardware"><span class="anchor" id="Newer_compatible_hardware"></span>Compatible hardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Compatible hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C64 enthusiasts were developing new hardware in 2008, including <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> cards,<sup id="cite_ref-Dunkels_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunkels-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specially-adapted <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash</a> card interfaces (sd2iec).<sup id="cite_ref-sd2iec_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sd2iec-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A-SID, which gives the C-64 a <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_(music)" title="Wah-wah (music)">wah-wah effect</a>, was introduced in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_reuse">Brand reuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Brand reuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_64_Web-it_PC_(modified).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gray computer with a keyboard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_64_Web-it_PC_%28modified%29.jpg/220px-Commodore_64_Web-it_PC_%28modified%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_64_Web-it_PC_%28modified%29.jpg/330px-Commodore_64_Web-it_PC_%28modified%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Commodore_64_Web-it_PC_%28modified%29.jpg/440px-Commodore_64_Web-it_PC_%28modified%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>C64 Web.it Internet Computer</figcaption></figure> <p>The C64 brand was reused in 1998 for the Web.it Internet Computer,<sup id="cite_ref-retroport_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retroport-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amigahist_webit_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amigahist_webit-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a low-powered, <a href="/wiki/Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet-oriented</a>, all-in-one <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> PC running <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows 3.1</a>. It uses an <a href="/wiki/AMD_%C3%89lan" title="AMD Élan">AMD Élan</a> SC400 <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a> with 16 MB of RAM, a 3.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> drive, 56k <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> and <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its Commodore 64 nameplate, the C64 Web.it looks different and is only directly compatible with the original via included <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulation software</a>. PC clones branded <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64x" title="Commodore 64x">C64x</a> sold by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_USA" title="Commodore USA">Commodore USA</a>, a company licensing the Commodore <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began shipping in June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C64x's case resembles the original C64 computer, but – like the Web.it – it is based on <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architecture and is not compatible with the Commodore 64. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_Console">Virtual Console</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Virtual Console"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Commodore 64 games were released on the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Nintendo Wii</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Console" title="Virtual Console">Virtual Console</a> service in Europe and North America. They were delisted from the service in August 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="THEC64_and_THEC64_Mini">THEC64 and THEC64 Mini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: THEC64 and THEC64 Mini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C64_%2B_THEC64MINI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A C64 and a much-smaller THEC64 Mini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/C64_%2B_THEC64MINI.jpg/220px-C64_%2B_THEC64MINI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/C64_%2B_THEC64MINI.jpg/330px-C64_%2B_THEC64MINI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/C64_%2B_THEC64MINI.jpg/440px-C64_%2B_THEC64MINI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>THEC64 Mini <i>(top)</i> next to an original C64</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THEC64_Maxi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/THEC64_Maxi.jpg/220px-THEC64_Maxi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/THEC64_Maxi.jpg/330px-THEC64_Maxi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/THEC64_Maxi.jpg/440px-THEC64_Maxi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4008" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Full-size THEC64 in its original box</figcaption></figure> <p>THEC64 Mini, an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based console emulating the Commodore 64, was released in 2018. It was designed and released by British company Retro Games, who licensed the name from Dutch based Commodore Corporation B.V. who own the Commodore marque.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The console is a decorative, half-scale Commodore 64 with two <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> and one <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> port, and a <a href="/wiki/Mini_USB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini USB">mini USB</a> connection to power the system. The console's keyboard is non-functional; the system is controlled by an included THEC64 joystick or a separate USB keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New software ROMs can be loaded into the console, which uses emulator x64 (as part of <a href="/wiki/VICE" title="VICE">VICE</a>) to run software and has a built-in graphical operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full-size THEC64 was released in 2019 in Europe and Australia, and was scheduled for release in November 2020 in North America. The console and built-in keyboard are built to scale with the original Commodore 64, including a functional keyboard. Enhancements include VIC-20 emulation, four USB ports, and an upgraded joystick. Neither product has a Commodore trademark. The Commodore key on the original keyboard is replaced with a THEC64 key; Retro Games can call neither product a C64, although the system ROMs are licensed from Cloanto Corporation. The consoles can be switched between carousel mode (to access the built-in game library) and classic mode, in which they operate similarly to a traditional Commodore 64. USB storage can be used to hold disk, cartridge and tape images for use with the machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulators">Emulators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Emulators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commodore 64 <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulators</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="/wiki/VICE" title="VICE">VICE</a>, Hoxs64,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/CCS64" title="CCS64">CCS64</a>. An <a href="/wiki/IPhone#App_Store_and_third-party_apps" title="IPhone">iPhone app</a> was also released with a compilation of C64 ports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commodore_64_games" title="List of Commodore 64 games">List of Commodore 64 games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_personal_computers" title="History of personal computers">History of personal computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDE64" title="IDE64">IDE64</a> – P-ATA interface cartridge for the C64</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_computer" title="Keyboard computer">Keyboard computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperCPU" title="SuperCPU">SuperCPU</a> – CPU upgrade for C64 and C128</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-woc1983-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woc1983_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314044922/https://pcmuseum.ca/Brochures/WOCProgram.pdf">"World of Commodore Brochure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pcmuseum.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcmuseum.ca/Brochures/WOCProgram.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pcmuseum.ca&rft.atitle=World+of+Commodore+Brochure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmuseum.ca%2FBrochures%2FWOCProgram.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PageTable-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PageTable_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PageTable_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PageTable_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteil2011" class="citation web cs1">Steil, Michael (February 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306232450/http://www.pagetable.com/?p=547">"How many Commodore 64 computers were really sold?"</a>. <i>Pagetable.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagetable.com/?p=547">the original</a> on March 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pagetable.com&rft.atitle=How+many+Commodore+64+computers+were+really+sold%3F&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagetable.com%2F%3Fp%3D547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reimer1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reimer1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimer" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606052317/http://jeremyreimer.com/postman/node/329">"Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeremyreimer.com/total_share.html">the original</a> on June 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Retro+Games&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretrogames.biz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/THEC64Mini">"THEC64Mini"</a>. C64-Wiki. June 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THEC64Mini&rft.pub=C64-Wiki&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c64-wiki.com%2Fwiki%2FTHEC64Mini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoxs64.net/">"Hoxs64 C64 Emulator"</a>. <i>Hoxs64.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoxs64.net&rft.atitle=Hoxs64+C64+Emulator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoxs64.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngerhausenBeckerEnglischGerits1983" class="citation book cs1">Angerhausen, Michael; Becker, Achim; Englisch, Lothar; Gerits, Klaus (1 December 1983). Hanson, Jeff; Hanson, Kirby; Lee, Arnie (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/The_Anatomy_of_the_Commodore_64/mode/2up"><i>Anatomy of the Commodore 64</i></a>. A Data Becker book. Translated by Kesten, Detlev. Abacus Software. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0916439002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0916439002"><bdi>978-0916439002</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039401881">1039401881</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8337785M">8337785M</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Commodore+64&rft.series=A+Data+Becker+book&rft.pub=Abacus+Software&rft.date=1983-12-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1039401881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8337785M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0916439002&rft.aulast=Angerhausen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Becker%2C+Achim&rft.au=Englisch%2C+Lothar&rft.au=Gerits%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThe_Anatomy_of_the_Commodore_64%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bagnall, Brian (2005). <i>On the Edge: the Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore</i>. Variant Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9738649-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9738649-0-7">0-9738649-0-7</a>. See especially pp. 224–260.</li> <li>Tomczyk, Michael (1984). <i>The Home Computer Wars: An Insider's Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel</i>. <a href="/wiki/COMPUTE!" class="mw-redirect" title="COMPUTE!">COMPUTE!</a> Publications, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942386-75-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-942386-75-2">0-942386-75-2</a>.</li> <li>Jeffries, Ron. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v9n1/21_A_best_buy_for_83_Commo.php">A best buy for '83: Commodore 64</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Creative_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Computing">Creative Computing</a></i>, January 1983.</li> <li>Amiga Format News Special. "Commodore at CeBIT '94". <i><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Format" title="Amiga Format">Amiga Format</a></i>, Issue 59, May 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Chronicles" title="Computer Chronicles">Computer Chronicles</a>; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CC517_commodore_64">Commodore 64 – Interview with Commodore president Max Toy</a>", 1988.</li> <li>The C-64 Scene Database; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noname.c64.org/csdb/scener/?id=1591">– Kjell Nordbø artist page (bio/release history) at CSDb</a>".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteil2008" class="citation conference cs1">Steil, Michael (December 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsRRCnque2E"><i>The Ultimate Commodore 64 Talk</i></a>. 25th <a href="/wiki/Chaos_Communication_Congress" title="Chaos Communication Congress">Chaos Communication Congress</a> (25c3). Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Commodore+64+Talk&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=2008-12-29&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZsRRCnque2E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://events.ccc.de/congress/2008/Fahrplan/events/2874.en.html"><i>The Ultimate Commodore 64 Talk</i></a>. 25th Chaos Communication Congress (Abstract).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Commodore+64+Talk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevents.ccc.de%2Fcongress%2F2008%2FFahrplan%2Fevents%2F2874.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_64&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64" class="extiw" title="commons:Commodore 64"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Commodore 64</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commodore.ca/products/c64/commodore_64.htm">Commodore 64 history, manuals, and photos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905050650/http://www.commodore.ca/products/c64/commodore_64.htm">Archived</a> September 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/Main_Page">C64-Wiki (wiki-based encyclopaedia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c64.com/">C64.com (C64 game database)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemon64.com/">Lemon64 (C64 fanbase)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Csdb.dk">Csdb.dk (Commodore Scene/Software Database)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504034815/http://www.commodoremagazine.com/2010/04/64-variations.html">Extensive collection of information on C64 programming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1991/a_history_of_gaming_platforms_the_.php/">A History of Gaming Platforms: The Commodore 64</a> from October 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504034815/http://www.commodoremagazine.com/2010/04/64-variations.html">A Commodore 64 Web Server Using Contiki v2.3</a>* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504034815/http://www.commodoremagazine.com/2010/04/64-variations.html"><i>Variations on the Commodore 64</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commodoremagazine.com/2010/04/64-variations.html">the original</a> on May 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variations+on+the+Commodore+64&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commodoremagazine.com%2F2010%2F04%2F64-variations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodore+64" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513181613/http://spectrum.ieee.org/ns/pdfs/commodore64_mar1985.pdf">Design case history: the Commodore 64</a>, IEEE Spectrum, March 1985</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagetable.com/?p=547">Comparing different unit sales analyses</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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talk:Commodore International"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commodore_International" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commodore International"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commodore_International" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Tramiel" title="Jack Tramiel">Jack Tramiel</a> (founder/CEO, 1958–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Gould" title="Irving Gould">Irving Gould</a> (CEO, 1984–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Haynie" title="Dave Haynie">Dave Haynie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bil_Herd" title="Bil Herd">Bil Herd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Miner" title="Jay Miner">Jay Miner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Needle" title="Dave Needle">Dave Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Peddle" title="Chuck Peddle">Chuck Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sassenrath" title="Carl Sassenrath">Carl Sassenrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Shivji" title="Shiraz Shivji">Shiraz Shivji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yannes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Yannes">Robert Yannes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_C%3D_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Commodore_C%3D_logo.svg/110px-Commodore_C%3D_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Commodore_C%3D_logo.svg/165px-Commodore_C%3D_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Commodore_C%3D_logo.svg/220px-Commodore_C%3D_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Corporation" title="Amiga Corporation">Amiga Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore Business Machines">Commodore Business Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology" title="MOS Technology">MOS Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Semiconductor_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore Semiconductor Group">Commodore Semiconductor Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers†</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KIM-1" title="KIM-1">KIM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_CBM-II" title="Commodore CBM-II">CBM-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C64</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAX_Machine" title="MAX Machine">MAX Machine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commodore 64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_Games_System" title="Commodore 64 Games System">C64GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_SX-64" title="Commodore SX-64">SX-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Educator_64" title="Commodore Educator 64">Educator 64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_16" title="Commodore 16">Commodore 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Plus/4" title="Commodore Plus/4">Plus/4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_2500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 2500">2500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 1500">1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_CDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore CDTV">CDTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_CD32" title="Amiga CD32">CD32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">3000</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000UX" title="Amiga 3000UX">3000UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000T" title="Amiga 3000T">3000T</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_500_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 500 Plus">500 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_600" title="Amiga 600">600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000" title="Amiga 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000T" title="Amiga 4000T">4000T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_IBM_PC_compatible_systems" title="Commodore IBM PC compatible systems">IBM PC compatible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PC1" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore PC1">PC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PC10" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore PC10">PC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PC20" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore PC20">PC20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PC30" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore PC30">PC30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PC40" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore PC40">PC40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PC50" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore PC50">PC50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_PC60" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore PC60">PC60</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_LCD" title="Commodore LCD">Commodore LCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_900" title="Commodore 900">Commodore 900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_65" title="Commodore 65">Commodore 65</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_1351" title="Commodore 1351">1351 mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_peripherals" title="Commodore 64 peripherals">Commodore 64 peripherals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Expander" title="Super Expander">Super Expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Expander_64" title="Super Expander 64">Super Expander 64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Unix" title="Amiga Unix">Amiga Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">Commodore BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_DOS" title="Commodore DOS">Commodore DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KERNAL" title="KERNAL">KERNAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cancelled_games_for_Commodore_platforms" title="List of cancelled games for Commodore platforms">List of cancelled games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Desk" title="Magic Desk">Magic Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simons%27_BASIC" title="Simons' BASIC">Simons' BASIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga,_Inc." title="Amiga, Inc.">Amiga, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_USA" title="Commodore USA">Commodore USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escom_AG" title="Escom AG">Escom AG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>† Listed in chronological order by category <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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