CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Paris Opera - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d28317b8-df4f-4367-9ea3-5c44071d25fe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Paris_Opera","wgTitle":"Paris Opera","wgCurRevisionId":1263561241,"wgRevisionId":1263561241,"wgArticleId":3453075,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2021","Articles containing French-language text","Pages with French IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Paris Opera","Music schools in Paris","Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime","Institut de France", "1669 establishments in France","French opera companies","Opera history","Theatres completed in 1669","Opera in France","Louis XIV"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Paris_Opera","wgRelevantArticleId":3453075,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q283339","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.11"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f6/Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="606"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f6/Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="404"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="323"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Paris Opera - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Opera"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Opera"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Paris_Opera rootpage-Paris_Opera skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paris+Opera" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Paris+Opera" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paris+Opera" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Paris+Opera" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Opera_under_Louis_XIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Opera_under_Louis_XIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Opera under Louis XIV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Opera_under_Louis_XIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pierre_Perrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pierre_Perrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Pierre Perrin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pierre_Perrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jean-Baptiste_Lully" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean-Baptiste_Lully"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Jean-Baptiste Lully</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean-Baptiste_Lully-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Lully" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Lully"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>After Lully</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Lully-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Ballet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_company_after_the_Revolution_and_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_company_after_the_Revolution_and_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The company after the Revolution and in the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_company_after_the_Revolution_and_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_streaming_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_streaming_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Video streaming service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_streaming_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_official_company_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_official_company_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of official company names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_official_company_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of venues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_managing_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_managing_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of managing directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_managing_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Parisian_opera_companies_and_theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Parisian_opera_companies_and_theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other Parisian opera companies and theatres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Parisian_opera_companies_and_theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Opera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="أوبرا باريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبرا باريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Operas%C4%B1" title="Paris Operası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paris Operası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Парыжская нацыянальная опера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парыжская нацыянальная опера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Musique" title="Académie Royale de Musique – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Académie Royale de Musique" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris" title="Opéra national de Paris – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opéra national de Paris" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaloperaen_i_Paris" title="Nationaloperaen i Paris – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nationaloperaen i Paris" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariser_Oper" title="Pariser Oper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pariser Oper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisi_Ooper" title="Pariisi Ooper – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pariisi Ooper" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Όπερα του Παρισιού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όπερα του Παρισιού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Ópera de París – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ópera de París" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Opero_de_Parizo" title="Nacia Opero de Parizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Opero de Parizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisko_Opera_(erakundea)" title="Parisko Opera (erakundea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parisko Opera (erakundea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اپرای پاریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپرای پاریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris" title="Opéra de Paris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opéra de Paris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Ópera de París – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ópera de París" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD_%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC" title="파리 국립 오페라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파리 국립 오페라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Փարիզի ազգային օպերա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարիզի ազգային օպերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Paris" title="Opera Paris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Opera Paris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris" title="Opéra national de Paris – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opéra national de Paris" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" title="האופרה הלאומית של פריז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האופרה הלאומית של פריז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Lutetiensis" title="Opera Lutetiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opera Lutetiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rizsi_opera" title="Párizsi opera – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párizsi opera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Paris" title="Opéra Paris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Opéra Paris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris" title="Opéra national de Paris – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opéra national de Paris" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9" title="パリ国立オペラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パリ国立オペラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariseroperaen" title="Pariseroperaen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pariseroperaen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A8ra_Nacionau_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Opèra Nacionau de París – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Opèra Nacionau de París" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parij_operasi" title="Parij operasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parij operasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پیرس اوپیرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیرس اوپیرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodowa_Opera_Pary%C5%BCa" title="Narodowa Opera Paryża – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narodowa Opera Paryża" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera_Nacional_de_Paris" title="Ópera Nacional de Paris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ópera Nacional de Paris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Парижская национальная опера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парижская национальная опера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paris Opera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Paris" title="Opéra National de Paris – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Opéra National de Paris" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Париска опера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Париска опера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisin_ooppera" title="Pariisin ooppera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pariisin ooppera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisoperan" title="Parisoperan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parisoperan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Operas%C4%B1" title="Paris Operası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paris Operası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Паризька національна опера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паризька національна опера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پیرس اوپیرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیرس اوپیرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris" title="Opéra national de Paris – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Opéra national de Paris" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2" title="巴黎国家歌剧院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴黎国家歌剧院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q283339#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Paris_Opera" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Paris_Opera" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Paris_Opera" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&oldid=1263561241" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Paris_Opera&id=1263561241&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParis_Opera"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParis_Opera"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Paris_Opera&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q283339" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Opera and ballet company of France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Opéra national de Paris" redirects here. For the company founded in 1847 by Adolphe Adam, see <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-National" title="Opéra-National">Opéra-National</a>. For another opera company residing in Paris, see <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Paris Opera</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="fr"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Opéra national de Paris</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg/200px-Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg/300px-Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f6/Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="202" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the Paris Opera</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture,_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/220px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/330px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/440px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operadeparis.fr/en">operadeparis.fr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Paris Opera</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Opéra de Paris</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[opeʁa<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>paʁi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/32\/L%27opera_de_Paris.ogg\/L%27opera_de_Paris.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"L'opera de Paris.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/L%27opera_de_Paris.ogg/L%27opera_de_Paris.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27opera_de_Paris.ogg" title="File:L'opera de Paris.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is the primary <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> company of France. It was founded in 1669 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> as the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Académie d'Opéra</span></span>, and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> and officially renamed the <b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Académie Royale de Musique</span></span></b>, but continued to be known more simply as the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Opéra</span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Classical_ballet" title="Classical ballet">Classical ballet</a> as it is known today arose within the Paris Opera as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet" title="Paris Opera Ballet">Paris Opera Ballet</a> and has remained an integral and important part of the company. Currently called the <b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Opéra national de Paris</span></span></b>, it mainly produces operas at its modern 2,723-seat theatre <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a> which opened in 1989, and <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballets</a> and some classical operas at the older 1,979-seat <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> which opened in 1875. Small scale and contemporary works are also staged in the 500-seat Amphitheatre under the Opéra Bastille. </p><p>The company's annual budget is in the order of 200 million euros, of which €100M come from the French state and €70M from box office receipts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this money, the company runs the two houses and supports a large permanent staff, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> of 170, a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a> of 110 and the <i><a href="/wiki/Corps_de_ballet" title="Corps de ballet">corps de ballet</a></i> of 150.<sup id="cite_ref-tola_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tola-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each year, the Paris Opera presents about 380 performances of opera, ballet and other concerts, to a total audience of about 800,000 people (of whom 17% come from abroad), with an average seat occupancy rate of 94%.<sup id="cite_ref-tola_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tola-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2012–2013 season, the Paris Opera presented 18 opera titles (two in a double bill), 13 ballets, 5 symphonic concerts and two vocal recitals, plus 15 other programmes. The company's training bodies are also active, with 7 concerts from the Atelier Lyrique and 4 programmes from the École de Danse.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Opera_under_Louis_XIV">The Opera under Louis XIV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Opera under Louis XIV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pierre_Perrin">Pierre Perrin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pierre Perrin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poet <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Perrin" title="Pierre Perrin">Pierre Perrin</a> began thinking and writing about the possibility of French opera in 1655, more than a decade before the official founding of the Paris Opera as an institution. He believed that the prevailing opinion of the time that the French language was fundamentally unmusical was completely incorrect. Seventeenth-century France offered Perrin essentially two types of organization for realizing his vision: a royal <a href="/wiki/French_art_salons_and_academies" title="French art salons and academies">academy</a> or a public theater. In 1666 he proposed to the minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Colbert</a> that "the king decree 'the establishment of an Academy of Poetry and Music' whose goal would be to synthesize the French language and French music into an entirely new lyric form."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though Perrin's original concept was of an academy devoted to discussions of French opera, the king's intention was in fact a unique hybrid of royal academy and public theatre, with an emphasis on the latter as an institution for performance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 June 1669, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> signed the <i>Privilège accordé au Sieur Perrin pour l'établissement d'une Académie d'Opéra en musique, & Vers François</i> (Privilege granted to Sir Perrin for the establishment of an Academy of Opera in music, & French Verse). The wording of the <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">privilège</a></i>, based in part on Perrin's own writings, gave him the exclusive right for 12 years to found anywhere in France academies of opera dedicated to the performance of opera in French. He was free to select business partners of his choice and to set the price of tickets. No one was to have the right of free entry including members of the royal court, and no one else could set up a similar institution.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was to be a public theatre, it retained its status as royal academy in which the authority of the king as the primary stakeholder was decisive. The monopoly, originally intended to protect the enterprise from competition during its formative phase, was renewed for subsequent recipients of the privilege up to the early <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. As Victoria Johnson points out, "the Opera was an organization <i>by nature</i> so luxurious and expensive in its productions that its very survival depended on financial protection and privilege."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perrin converted the <a href="/wiki/Bouteille_tennis_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouteille tennis court">Bouteille tennis court</a>, located on the Rue des Fossés de Nesles (now 42 Rue Mazarine),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a rectangular facility with provisions for stage machinery and scenery changes and a capacity of about 1200 spectators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jean-Baptiste_Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jean-Baptiste Lully"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeu_de_Paume_de_B%C3%A9quet_(Bel-Air)_-_View_-_VJohnson_2008_p101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jeu_de_Paume_de_B%C3%A9quet_%28Bel-Air%29_-_View_-_VJohnson_2008_p101.jpg/260px-Jeu_de_Paume_de_B%C3%A9quet_%28Bel-Air%29_-_View_-_VJohnson_2008_p101.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jeu_de_Paume_de_B%C3%A9quet_%28Bel-Air%29_-_View_-_VJohnson_2008_p101.jpg/390px-Jeu_de_Paume_de_B%C3%A9quet_%28Bel-Air%29_-_View_-_VJohnson_2008_p101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jeu_de_Paume_de_B%C3%A9quet_%28Bel-Air%29_-_View_-_VJohnson_2008_p101.jpg/520px-Jeu_de_Paume_de_B%C3%A9quet_%28Bel-Air%29_-_View_-_VJohnson_2008_p101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Salle_du_Bel-Air" title="Salle du Bel-Air">Salle du Bel-Air</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The institution was renamed the Académie Royale de Musique and came to be known in France simply as the Opéra. Within one month Lully had convinced the king to expand the privilege by restricting the French and Italian comedians to using two singers rather than six, and six instrumentalists, rather than twelve. Because of legal difficulties Lully could not use the Salle de la Bouteille, and a new theatre was built by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Vigarani" title="Carlo Vigarani">Carlo Vigarani</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Salle_du_Bel-Air" title="Salle du Bel-Air">Bel-Air tennis court</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Vaugirard" title="Rue de Vaugirard">Rue de Vaugirard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris856_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Lully and his successors bitterly negotiated the concession of the privilege, in whole or in part, from the entrepreneurs in the provinces: in 1684 Pierre Gautier bought the authorisation to open a music academy in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, then the towns of <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> followed suit in the following years. During Lully's tenure, the only works performed were his own. The first productions were the pastorale <i>Les fêtes de l'Amour et de Bacchus</i> (November 1672) and his first <i>tragedie lyrique</i> called <i><a href="/wiki/Cadmus_et_Hermione" title="Cadmus et Hermione">Cadmus et Hermione</a></i> (27 April 1673).<sup id="cite_ref-Harris856_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_1673_-_plan_-_WD_Howarth_1997_p149.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_1673_-_plan_-_WD_Howarth_1997_p149.jpg/260px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_1673_-_plan_-_WD_Howarth_1997_p149.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_1673_-_plan_-_WD_Howarth_1997_p149.jpg/390px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_1673_-_plan_-_WD_Howarth_1997_p149.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_1673_-_plan_-_WD_Howarth_1997_p149.jpg/520px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_1673_-_plan_-_WD_Howarth_1997_p149.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2781" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Vigarani's plan of the Salle du Palais-Royal</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>'s death in 1673, <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re%27s_company" title="Molière's company">his troupe</a> merged with the players at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Marais" title="Théâtre du Marais">Théâtre du Marais</a> to form the Théâtre Guénégaud (at the same theatre that had been used by the Académie d'Opéra), and no longer needed the theatre built by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Richelieu</a> at his residence the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. (In 1680 the troupe at the Guénégaud merged again with the players from the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Bourgogne_(theatre)" title="Hôtel de Bourgogne (theatre)">Hôtel de Bourgogne</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richelieu's theatre had been designed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Le Mercier">Jacques Le Mercier</a> and had opened in 1641, and unlike the huge <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Tuileries" title="Théâtre des Tuileries">theatre at the Tuileries Palace</a>, which could accommodate 6,000 to 8,000 spectators, was of a size consistent with good acoustics. Lully greatly desired a better theatre and persuaded the king to let him use the one at the Palais-Royal free of charge. The <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_(rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9)" title="Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)">Théâtre du Palais-Royal</a> had been altered in 1660 and 1671, but Lully, with 3,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">livres</a></i> received from the king, had further changes made by Vigarani in 1674.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first production in the new theatre was <i><a href="/wiki/Alceste_(Lully)" title="Alceste (Lully)">Alceste</a></i> on 19 January 1674. The opera was bitterly attacked by those enraged at the restrictions that Lully had caused to be placed on the French and Italian comedians. To mitigate the damage, Louis XIV arranged for new works to be premiered at the court, usually at the Chateau Vieux of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>. This had the further advantage of subsidizing the cost of rehearsals, as well as most of the machinery, sets, and costumes, which were donated to the Opéra for use in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-LaGorce_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaGorce-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Lully's time at the Opéra, performances were given all year, except for three weeks at <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. Regular performances were on Tuesdays, Fridays, and Sundays. The premieres presented at court were usually during <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> and were moved to the Palais-Royal after Easter, where the openings were on Thursdays. About two to three new works were mounted each year. In all, thirteen of Lully's <i>tragédie en musique</i> were performed there (see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="List of compositions by Jean-Baptiste Lully">list of compositions by Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Harris856-7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris856-7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_Lully">After Lully</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After Lully"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_du_Palais-Royal_1679_(Opera_in_blue)_-_Gourret_1985_p42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_du_Palais-Royal_1679_%28Opera_in_blue%29_-_Gourret_1985_p42.jpg/260px-Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_du_Palais-Royal_1679_%28Opera_in_blue%29_-_Gourret_1985_p42.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_du_Palais-Royal_1679_%28Opera_in_blue%29_-_Gourret_1985_p42.jpg/390px-Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_du_Palais-Royal_1679_%28Opera_in_blue%29_-_Gourret_1985_p42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_du_Palais-Royal_1679_%28Opera_in_blue%29_-_Gourret_1985_p42.jpg/520px-Plan_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_du_Palais-Royal_1679_%28Opera_in_blue%29_-_Gourret_1985_p42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the Palais-Royal in 1679 showing the location of the Paris Opera's theatre (in blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Lully died (in 1687), the number of new works per year almost doubled, since his successors (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_Collasse" title="Pascal Collasse">Pascal Collasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Desmarets" title="Henri Desmarets">Henri Desmarets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra" title="André Campra">André Campra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cardinal_Destouches" title="André Cardinal Destouches">André Cardinal Destouches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a>) had greater difficulty sustaining the interest of the public. Revivals of Lully's works were common. French composers at the Opéra generally wrote music to new librettos, which had to be approved by the directors of the company. The Italian practice of preparing new settings of existing librettos was considered controversial and did not become the norm in Paris until around 1760. One of the most important of the new works during this period was an <i>opéra-ballet</i> by Campra called <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Europe_galante" title="L'Europe galante">L'Europe galante</a></i> presented in 1697.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris856-7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris856-7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ballet">Ballet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ballet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1661 Louis XIV, who was a dancer himself and one of the great architects of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">baroque ballet</a> (the art form which would one day evolve into <a href="/wiki/Classical_ballet" title="Classical ballet">classical ballet</a>), established the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Danse" title="Académie Royale de Danse">Académie Royale de Danse</a>, intended to codify court and character dances and to certify dance teachers by examination.<sup id="cite_ref-Craine_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craine-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1680 until Lully's death, it was under the direction of the great dancing master <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beauchamp" title="Pierre Beauchamp">Pierre Beauchamp</a>, the man who codified the <a href="/wiki/Five_positions_of_the_feet" class="mw-redirect" title="Five positions of the feet">five positions of the feet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lully took over the Opéra in 1672, he and Beauchamp made theatrical ballet an important part of the company's productions. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_ballet#17th_century_–_France_and_Court_Dance" title="History of ballet">ballet of that time</a> was merely an extension of the opera, having yet to evolve into an independent form of theatrical art. As it became more important, however, the dance component of the company began to be referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet" title="Paris Opera Ballet">Paris Opera Ballet</a>. In 1713 an associated ballet school was opened, today known as the Paris Opera Ballet School.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Académie Royale de Danse remained separate, and with the fall of the monarchy in 1789 it disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_company_after_the_Revolution_and_in_the_19th_century">The company after the Revolution and in the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The company after the Revolution and in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Opera_-_Theatre_de_l%27Opera_1794-1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_Opera_-_Theatre_de_l%27Opera_1794-1820.jpg/240px-Paris_Opera_-_Theatre_de_l%27Opera_1794-1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_Opera_-_Theatre_de_l%27Opera_1794-1820.jpg/360px-Paris_Opera_-_Theatre_de_l%27Opera_1794-1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_Opera_-_Theatre_de_l%27Opera_1794-1820.jpg/480px-Paris_Opera_-_Theatre_de_l%27Opera_1794-1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_de_la_rue_de_la_Loi" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi">Théâtre des Arts</a>, principal venue of the Paris Opera from 1794 to 1820</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Opera_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Paris_Opera_interior.jpg/240px-Paris_Opera_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Paris_Opera_interior.jpg/360px-Paris_Opera_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Paris_Opera_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>, view of the scene</figcaption></figure> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a>, the company changed names several times, dropping its association with the royal family (see the <a href="#List_of_official_company_names">List of official company names</a> for details), and in 1794, moved into the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_de_la_rue_de_la_Loi" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi">Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi</a> (capacity 2800)<sup id="cite_ref-Charlton867_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlton867-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it took the name Théâtre des Arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitou38_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1797, it was renamed the Théâtre de la République et des Arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitou38_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> took control of the company in 1802 and with the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> in 1804, renamed the company the <i>Académie Impériale de Musique</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a> in 1814, the company was renamed the Académie Royale de Musique. It became part of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts" title="Académie des Beaux-Arts">Académie des Beaux-Arts</a></span></span> in 1816. In 1821, the company moved to the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier" title="Salle Le Peletier">Salle Le Peletier</a>, which had a capacity of 1900 spectators and where it remained until the building was destroyed by fire in 1873. </p><p>In the second half of the 19th century, with the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in 1851, the name Académie Impériale de Musique was reinstated and after 1870 with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>, was changed to Théâtre National de l'Opéra.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlton867_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlton867-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, the institution occupied a new home, the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LanghamSmith874_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanghamSmith874-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1908 and 1914 <a href="/wiki/Henri_Benjamin_Rabaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Benjamin Rabaud">Henri Benjamin Rabaud</a> conducted at Palais Garnier. Rabaud also composed several works which first premiered at <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>, but were later also performed at Palais Garnier.<sup id="cite_ref-pitou_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitou-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, the Opéra was merged with the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> and the company name became Réunion des Théâtres Lyriques Nationaux. The Opéra-Comique was closed in 1972 with the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Liebermann" title="Rolf Liebermann">Rolf Liebermann</a> as general administrator of the Théâtre National de l'Opéra de Paris (1973–1980), but in 1976, the Opéra-Comique was restored. </p><p>In 1990, the Opéra moved its primary venue to the new <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Bastille" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra-Bastille">Opéra-Bastille</a>, becoming the Opéra de Paris, although it continued to mount productions, primarily ballet, at the Palais Garnier; and the Opéra-Comique regained its autonomy. In 1994 the Opéra de Paris became the Opéra National de Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-ParisOperaWebsite_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisOperaWebsite-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of all the changes in its "official" name, the company and its theatres were commonly referred to as the Opéra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current managing director of the Opéra is Alexander Neef, since September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Past principal conductors and music directors of the Opéra have included <a href="/wiki/Myung-whun_Chung" title="Myung-whun Chung">Myung-whun Chung</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Conlon" title="James Conlon">James Conlon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Jordan" title="Philippe Jordan">Philippe Jordan</a>. In April 2021, the Opéra announced the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a> as its next music director, effective 1 August 2021, with an initial contract of 6 seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2023, Dudamel announced his resignation music director of the Opéra, effective August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_streaming_service">Video streaming service<span class="anchor" id="Paris_Opera_Play"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Video streaming service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 April 2023, the company launched a <a href="/wiki/Video_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Video streaming">video streaming</a> service, Paris Opera Play (or POP). The initial release consisted of 80 titles, including videos of operas, ballets, documentaries, and master classes. Subscribers can also watch video of live performances.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video is watched with a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>: <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge Chromium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> are supported. Subtitles in French and English are available for most videos. To watch videos on a <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a>, one can use <a href="/wiki/Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a> or <a href="/wiki/AirPlay" title="AirPlay">AirPlay</a>; however the latter does not support subtitles. An alternative method, which supports subtitles, is to play the video on a computer connected to a TV with an <a href="/wiki/HDMI_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="HDMI cable">HDMI cable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_old_opera_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Palais Garnier at night"><img alt="The Palais Garnier at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paris_old_opera_house.jpg/440px-Paris_old_opera_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paris_old_opera_house.jpg/660px-Paris_old_opera_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paris_old_opera_house.jpg/880px-Paris_old_opera_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Palais Garnier at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier_-_le_Grand_Foyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Foyer at the Palais Garnier"><img alt="The Grand Foyer at the Palais Garnier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier_-_le_Grand_Foyer.jpg/440px-Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier_-_le_Grand_Foyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier_-_le_Grand_Foyer.jpg/660px-Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier_-_le_Grand_Foyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier_-_le_Grand_Foyer.jpg/880px-Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier_-_le_Grand_Foyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5700" data-file-height="4275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Grand Foyer at the Palais Garnier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 368.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 366.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_salle_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_vue_depuis_la_sc%C3%A8ne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Opéra Bastille inside"><img alt="The Opéra Bastille inside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/La_salle_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_vue_depuis_la_sc%C3%A8ne.jpg/550px-La_salle_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_vue_depuis_la_sc%C3%A8ne.jpg" decoding="async" width="367" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/La_salle_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_vue_depuis_la_sc%C3%A8ne.jpg/825px-La_salle_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_vue_depuis_la_sc%C3%A8ne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/La_salle_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_vue_depuis_la_sc%C3%A8ne.jpg/1100px-La_salle_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_vue_depuis_la_sc%C3%A8ne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a> inside</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_official_company_names">List of official company names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of official company names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Official name </th> <th>Notes </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">28 June 1669 </td> <td>Académie d'Opéra<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Perrin" title="Pierre Perrin">Perrin</a> granted license by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Harris856_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">13 March 1672 </td> <td>Académie Royale de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Lully</a> granted license by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Harris856_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">24 June 1791 </td> <td>Opéra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> flees Paris (21 June) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou3031-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">29 June 1791 </td> <td>Académie de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> returns to Paris (25 June) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou3031-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">17 September 1791 </td> <td>Académie Royale de Musique </td> <td>Royal family attends opera (20 September) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou3031-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15 August 1792 </td> <td>Académie de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> arrested (13 August) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou3031-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">12 August 1793 </td> <td>Opéra </td> <td>Ratification of the Constitution of 1793 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou3031-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">18 October 1793 </td> <td>Opéra National </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">Republican Calendar</a> adopted (24 October) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou3031-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7 August 1794 </td> <td>Théâtre des Arts </td> <td>Opéra moves to the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_de_la_rue_de_la_Loi" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi">Salle Montansier</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 February 1797 </td> <td>Théâtre de la République et des Arts </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">24 August 1802 </td> <td>Théâtre de l'Opéra </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">29 June 1804 </td> <td>Académie Impériale de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> installs the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> (18 May) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3 April 1814 </td> <td>Académie de Musique </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5 April 1814 </td> <td>Académie Royale de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">First Restoration</a> (April) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">21 March 1815 </td> <td>Académie Impériale de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> (20 March) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9 July 1815 </td> <td>Académie Royale de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Second Restoration</a> (8 July) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4 August 1830 </td> <td>Théâtre de l'Opéra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> abdicates (2 August) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10 August 1830 </td> <td>Académie Royale de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">26 February 1848 </td> <td>Théâtre de la Nation </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">29 March 1848 </td> <td>Opéra-Théâtre de la Nation </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 September 1850 </td> <td>Académie Nationale de Musique </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 December 1852 </td> <td>Académie Impériale de Musique </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 July 1854 </td> <td>Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra </td> <td>Supervision assumed by Imperial Household<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4 September 1870 </td> <td>Théâtre de l'Opéra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap">17 September 1870</span> </td> <td>Théâtre National de l'Opéra </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Levin_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">14 January 1939 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Réunion des Théâtres Lyriques Nationaux</span> </td> <td>Opéra takes control of <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7 February 1978 </td> <td>Théâtre National de l'Opéra de Paris </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 April 1990 </td> <td>Opéra de Paris </td> <td>Move to the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a>; Opéra-Comique regains autonomy </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5 February 1994 </td> <td>Opéra National de Paris </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Fontaine_31-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_venues"><span class="anchor" id="Paris_Opera_House"></span>List of venues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Theatre </th> <th>Dates used </th> <th>Notes </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salle_de_la_Bouteille" title="Salle de la Bouteille">Salle de la Bouteille</a> </td> <td>3 March 1671 – 1 April 1672 </td> <td>Located on the Rue Mazarine;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually demolished. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salle_du_Bel-Air" title="Salle du Bel-Air">Salle du Bel-Air</a> </td> <td>10? November 1672 – June 1673 </td> <td>Located on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Vaugirard" title="Rue de Vaugirard">Rue de Vaugirard</a>; also called Jeu de Paume de Béquet;<sup id="cite_ref-Rosow_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosow-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually demolished. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Rosow_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosow-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_(rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9)" title="Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)">Salle du Palais-Royal</a> (1st) </td> <td>16 June 1673 – 6 April 1763 </td> <td>Built 1641; altered 1660, 1671, and 1674;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> destroyed by fire 6 April 1763. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salle_des_Tuileries" class="mw-redirect" title="Salle des Tuileries">Salle des Tuileries</a> </td> <td>24 January 1764 – 23 January 1770 </td> <td>Remodeled first to a much smaller theatre by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Soufflot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salle du Palais-Royal (2nd) </td> <td>26 January 1770 – 8 June 1781 </td> <td>Destroyed by fire 8 June 1781. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salle_des_Menus-Plaisirs_(rue_Berg%C3%A8re)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salle des Menus-Plaisirs (rue Bergère)">Salle des Menus-Plaisirs</a> </td> <td>14 August – 23 October 1781 </td> <td>Located on the Rue Bergère; former theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_foire" title="Théâtre de la foire">Foire St. Laurent</a>; eventually demolished. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou30_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou30-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Porte_Saint-Martin" title="Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin">Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin</a> </td> <td>27 October 1781 – 7 March 1794 </td> <td>Built in two months by Samson-Nicholas Lenoir at the request of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou30_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou30-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_National_de_la_rue_de_la_Loi" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi">Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi</a> </td> <td>26 July 1794 – 13 February 1820 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_Montansier" title="Mademoiselle Montansier">Montansier</a>'s 1793 theatre; street name restored to <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Richelieu" title="Rue de Richelieu">Rue de Richelieu</a> in 1806; theatre demolished 1820; site now Square Louvois.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou38_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salle Favart (1st) </td> <td>19 April 1820 – 11 May 1821 </td> <td>Theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> on the Place Boieldieu; destroyed by fire on 13–14 January 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitou56_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou56-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Charlton867_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlton867-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou44_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou44-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salle_Louvois" class="mw-redirect" title="Salle Louvois">Salle Louvois</a> </td> <td>25 May – 15 June 1821 </td> <td>Built in 1791; the company performed there 3 times: 25 May, and 1 and 15 June. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou44_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou44-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier" title="Salle Le Peletier">Salle Le Peletier</a> </td> <td>16 August 1821 – 28 October 1873 </td> <td>Built on the Rue Le Peletier as temporary quarters; destroyed by fire 28–29 October 1873. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou44_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou44-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salle_Ventadour" title="Salle Ventadour">Salle Ventadour</a> </td> <td>19 January 1874 – 30 December 1874 </td> <td>Shared the theatre with its long-time occupant the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Italien" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre-Italien">Théâtre-Italien</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> was completed. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-LanghamSmith874_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanghamSmith874-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou60_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou60-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> </td> <td>5 January 1875 – 29 June 1936 </td> <td>Designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a>; located at the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra" title="Place de l'Opéra">Place de l'Opéra</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-LanghamSmith874_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanghamSmith874-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pitou60_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitou60-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Sarah_Bernhardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt">Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt</a> </td> <td>1 August 1936 – 20 November 1936 </td> <td>Performed at this theatre while the Palais Garnier was under renovation. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Wolff561_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff561-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">30 November 1936 – 17 February 1937</span> </td> <td>Performed at this theatre while the Palais Garnier was under renovation. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Wolff561_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff561-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palais Garnier </td> <td>21 February 1937 – present </td> <td>Reopened at the renovated theatre. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Wolff561_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff561-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a> </td> <td>13 July 1989 – present </td> <td>Designed by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ott" title="Carlos Ott">Carlos Ott</a>; the official opening concert was on 13 July 1989 to celebrate the bicentennial of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ParisOperaWebsite_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisOperaWebsite-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_managing_directors">List of managing directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of managing directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Start date </th> <th>Name<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Administration </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">28 June 1669  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Perrin" title="Pierre Perrin">Pierre Perrin</a> </td> <td rowspan="12" valign="top">Royal Household </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">30 March 1672  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">27 June 1687  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_de_Francine" title="Jean-Nicolas de Francine">Jean-Nicolas de Francine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">30 December 1688  </td> <td>Jean Nicolas de Francine, <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_de_Gaur%C3%A9ault_Dumont" title="Hyacinthe de Gauréault Dumont">Hyacinthe de Gauréault Dumont</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">7 October 1704  </td> <td>Pierre Guyenet </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">12 December 1712  </td> <td>Jean Nicolas de Francine, Hyacinthe de Gauréault Dumont </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">8 February 1728  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Cardinal_Destouches" class="mw-redirect" title="André-Cardinal Destouches">André-Cardinal Destouches</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 June 1730  </td> <td>Maximilien-Claude Gruer </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">18 August 1731  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecomte_(Opera_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Lecomte (Opera director)">Claude Lecomte (Opera director)</a> Lebœuf </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">30 May 1733  </td> <td>Eugène de Thuret </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">18 March 1744  </td> <td>Jean-François Berger </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">3 May 1748  </td> <td>Joseph Guénot de Tréfontaine </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">25 August 1749  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis-Basile_de_Bernage" title="Louis-Basile de Bernage">Louis-Basile de Bernage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marquis d'Argenson, then <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rebel" title="François Rebel">François Rebel</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Franc%C5%93ur" class="mw-redirect" title="François Francœur">François Francœur</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">City of Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1754  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace_Royer" title="Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer">Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1755  </td> <td>Bontemps, Levasseur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">13 March 1757  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rebel" title="François Rebel">François Rebel</a>, François Francœur </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">Royal Household </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">9 February 1767  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Montan_Berton" title="Pierre Montan Berton">Pierre Montan Berton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trial" title="Jean-Claude Trial">Jean-Claude Trial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">9 November 1769  </td> <td valign="top">Pierre Montan Berton, Jean-Claude Trial,<br /><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Dauvergne" title="Antoine Dauvergne">Antoine Dauvergne</a>, Joliveau </td> <td valign="top">City of Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">18 April 1776  </td> <td>Direction by the Royal Commissioners </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">Royal Commissioners </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">18 October 1777  </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vismes" title="Jacques de Vismes">Jacques de Vismes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">19 February 1779  </td> <td rowspan="1" valign="top">City of Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">19 March 1780  </td> <td>Pierre Montan Berton </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">Royal Accountant </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">27 May 1780  </td> <td>Antoine Dauvergne, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Gossec" title="François-Joseph Gossec">François-Joseph Gossec</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">8 April 1790  </td> <td> </td> <td valign="top">City of Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">8 March 1792  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Franc%C5%93ur" title="Louis-Joseph Francœur">Louis-Joseph Francœur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cellerier" title="Jacques Cellerier">Jacques Cellerier</a><br />(under committee headed by J.-J.Leroux) </td> <td rowspan="7" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Commune (French Revolution)">Paris Commune</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">17 September 1793  </td> <td>Committee of the Commune (with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lays" title="François Lays">François Lays</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 May 1797  </td> <td>Committee of the Commune </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">12 September 1799 </td> <td>Jacques Devisme (formerly Jacques de Vismes du Valgay),<br /><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonet_de_Treyches" title="Joseph Bonet de Treyches">Joseph Bonet de Treyches</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">13 March 1800  </td> <td>Jacques Devisme </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">25 December 1800  </td> <td>Joseph Bonet de Treyches </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">19 December 1801  </td> <td>Jacques Cellerier </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">26 November 1802  </td> <td>Prefect Étienne Morel de Chefdeville, then<br />Joseph Bonet de Treyches as Director </td> <td rowspan="1" valign="top">Prefects of the Palace </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 November 1807  </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Benoit_Picard" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Benoit Picard">Louis-Benoit Picard</a> </td> <td valign="top">Imperial Superintendents </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">3 April 1814  </td> <td rowspan="7" valign="top">Royal Superintendents </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">18 January 1816  </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Pierre_Jean_Papillon_de_la_Fert%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Pierre Jean Papillon de la Ferté">Denis Pierre Jean Papillon de la Ferté</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">30 March 1817  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-%C3%89tienne_Choron" title="Alexandre-Étienne Choron">Alexandre Étienne Choron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">30 October 1819  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giovanni-Battista_Viotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni-Battista Viotti">Giovanni-Battista Viotti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 November 1821  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Antoine_Habeneck" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Antoine Habeneck">François-Antoine Habeneck</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">26 November 1824  </td> <td>Raphaël Duplantys </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">12 July 1827  </td> <td>Émile Timothée Lubbert </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">2 March 1831  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_V%C3%A9ron" title="Louis-Désiré Véron">Louis-Désiré Véron</a> </td> <td rowspan="9" valign="top">Franchised entrepreneurship<br />with state subvention </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">15 August 1835  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Duponchel" title="Henri Duponchel">Henri Duponchel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">15 November 1839  </td> <td>Henri Duponchel, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Monnais" title="Édouard Monnais">Édouard Monnais</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 June 1840<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Henri Duponchel, Édouard Monnais, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Pillet" title="Léon Pillet">Léon Pillet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 June 1841<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Henri Duponchel, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Pillet" title="Léon Pillet">Léon Pillet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">October 1841<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Léon Pillet </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 August 1847<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Léon Pillet, Henri Duponchel, <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Roqueplan" title="Nestor Roqueplan">Nestor Roqueplan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">24 November 1847<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Henri Duponchel, Nestor Roqueplan </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">21 November 1849  </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Roqueplan" title="Nestor Roqueplan">Nestor Roqueplan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 July 1854  </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top">Imperial Household<br />(Civil List) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">11 November 1854  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Louis_Crosnier" title="François-Louis Crosnier">François-Louis Crosnier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 July 1856  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Royer" title="Alphonse Royer">Alphonse Royer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">20 December 1862  </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Perrin" title="Émile Perrin">Émile Perrin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">11 April 1866  </td> <td valign="top">Franchised entrepreneurship<br />with state subvention </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 October 1870  </td> <td>State administration </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">28 October 1870  </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top">Society of Artists<br />with state subvention </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">9 May 1871  </td> <td>Eugène Garnier </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">3 July 1871  </td> <td>Émile Perrin </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">9 July 1871  </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">Hyacinthe Halanzier </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 November 1871  </td> <td rowspan="9" valign="top">Private entrepreneurship<br />with state subvention </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">16 July 1879  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Vaucorbeil" title="Auguste Vaucorbeil">Auguste Vaucorbeil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 December 1884  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ritt" title="Eugène Ritt">Eugène Ritt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gailhard" title="Pedro Gailhard">Pedro Gailhard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 January 1892  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bertrand" title="Eugène Bertrand">Eugène Bertrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Colonne" title="Édouard Colonne">Édouard Colonne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 April 1893  </td> <td>Eugène Bertrand, Pedro Gailhard </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">31 December 1899  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gailhard" title="Pedro Gailhard">Pedro Gailhard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1907  </td> <td>Pedro Gailhard, Pierre Barthélemy Gheusi </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 January 1908  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leimistin_Broussan" title="Leimistin Broussan">Leimistin Broussan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Messager" title="André Messager">André Messager</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 January 1915  </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rouch%C3%A9" title="Jacques Rouché">Jacques Rouché</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">14 January 1939  </td> <td rowspan="14" valign="top" style="border-bottom: none;">State administration:<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9union_des_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tres_Lyrique_Nationaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réunion des Théâtres Lyrique Nationaux (page does not exist)">Réunion des Théâtres<br />Lyrique Nationaux</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union_des_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tres_lyriques_nationaux" class="extiw" title="fr:Réunion des théâtres lyriques nationaux">fr</a>]</sup><br />(Opéra and <span class="nowrap">Opéra-Comique</span><br />merged under one<br />administration, RTLN) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1940  </td> <td>Jacques Rouché (RTLN), Philippe Gaubert (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1942  </td> <td>Jacques Rouché (RTLN), <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Samuel-Rousseau" title="Marcel Samuel-Rousseau">Marcel Samuel-Rousseau</a></span> (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">21 February 1945  </td> <td>René Gadave (interim administrator) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">27 June 1945  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lehmann" title="Maurice Lehmann">Maurice Lehmann</a> (RTLN), <a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Hahn" title="Reynaldo Hahn">Reynaldo Hahn</a> (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">12 May 1946  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georges_Hirsch" title="Georges Hirsch">Georges Hirsch</a> (RTLN), <a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%BCsser" title="Henri Büsser">Henri Büsser</a> (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">17 November 1951  </td> <td>Maurice Lehmann (RTLN), Emmanuelle Bondville (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">30 September 1955  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ibert" title="Jacques Ibert">Jacques Ibert</a> (RTLN), Emmanuelle Bondville (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">13 April 1956  </td> <td>Georges Hirsch (RTLN), Emmanuelle Bondville (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">August 1959  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A.-M._Julien" title="A.-M. Julien">A.-M. Julien</a> (RTLN), Emmanuelle Bondville (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">19 April 1962  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georges_Auric" title="Georges Auric">Georges Auric</a> (RTLN), Emmanuelle Bondville (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">September 1968  </td> <td>André Chabaud (interim director) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 October 1969  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Nicoly" title="René Nicoly">René Nicoly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">23 May 1971  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Daniel-Lesur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur">Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur</a> (RTLN),<br /><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lefort" title="Bernard Lefort">Bernard Lefort</a> (Opéra) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 January 1972  </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Liebermann" title="Rolf Liebermann">Rolf Liebermann</a> </td> <td style="border-top: none;">(Opéra-Comique closed) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">7 February 1978  </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="border-bottom: none;">Théâtre National de<br />l'Opéra de Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">31 July 1980  </td> <td>Bernard Lefort </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">September 1982  </td> <td>Interim committee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Puaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Puaux (page does not exist)">Paul Puaux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Puaux" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Puaux">fr</a>]</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Leclerc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Leclerc (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Leclerc</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Leclerc" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Pierre Leclerc">fr</a>]</span>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Alain_Lombard" title="Alain Lombard">Alain Lombard</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges-Fran%C3%A7ois_Hirsch" title="Georges-François Hirsch">Georges-François Hirsch</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 August 1983  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Bogianckino" title="Massimo Bogianckino">Massimo Bogianckino</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">24 September 1985  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">12 February 1986  </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border-bottom: none;"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Martinoty" title="Jean-Louis Martinoty">Jean-Louis Martinoty</a> </td> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">13 July 1989  </td> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;">(<a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a> opens) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 September 1989  </td> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Albert_Cartier" title="Jean-Albert Cartier">Jean-Albert Cartier</a><br />(general administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>) </td> <td style="border-top: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">2 April 1990  </td> <td valign="top" style="border-bottom: none;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9" title="Pierre Bergé">Pierre Bergé</a> (president) </td> <td style="border-bottom: none;">Opéra de Paris<br /><span class="nowrap">(Opéra-Comique reopens)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">15 May 1991  </td> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"><a href="/wiki/Georges-Fran%C3%A7ois_Hirsch" title="Georges-François Hirsch">Georges-François Hirsch</a><br />(general administrator of the Palais Garnier) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 September 1992  </td> <td valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Lef%C3%A8vre" title="Brigitte Lefèvre">Brigitte Lefèvre</a><br />(general administrator of the Palais Garnier) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top" style="border-top: none;">5 February 1994  </td> <td style="border-top: none;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: none;">Opéra National de Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">15 February 1994  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Cluzel" title="Jean-Paul Cluzel">Jean-Paul Cluzel</a> (inspector general of finances) </td> <td rowspan="6" valign="top" style="border-top: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 August 1995  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugues_Gall" title="Hugues Gall">Hugues Gall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">September 2004  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Mortier" title="Gerard Mortier">Gerard Mortier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 August 2009  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Joel" title="Nicolas Joel">Nicolas Joel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 August 2014  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Lissner" title="Stéphane Lissner">Stéphane Lissner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top">1 September 2020  </td> <td>Alexander Neef </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Parisian_opera_companies_and_theatres">Other Parisian opera companies and theatres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other Parisian opera companies and theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the period from 1725 to 1791 there were essentially four public theatres which were permitted in Paris:<sup id="cite_ref-Harris3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Opéra de Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a></li></ul> <p>In 1762, the Opéra-Comique merged with the Comédie-Italienne. </p><p>In 1791, the laws were changed allowing almost anyone to open a public theatre. This led to rapid growth in the number of theatres and companies and complexities in their naming. Theatres might burn down and be rebuilt using the name of an old or new company or patron. Some of the new theatres that appeared during this period include:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Feydeau" title="Théâtre Feydeau">Théâtre Feydeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Théâtre Italien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique" title="Théâtre Lyrique">Théâtre Lyrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Ambigu-Comique" title="Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique">Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Bouffes-Parisiens" title="Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens">Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Anglais" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphithéâtre Anglais">Cirque Olympique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9_(boulevard_du_Temple)" title="Théâtre de la Gaîté (boulevard du Temple)">Théâtre de la Gaîté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Gymnase_Marie_Bell" title="Théâtre du Gymnase Marie Bell">Gymnase-Dramatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Nouveaut%C3%A9s" title="Théâtre des Nouveautés">Théâtre des Nouveautés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Odéon Theatre">Théâtre de l'Odeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Porte_Saint-Martin" title="Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin">Porte-St-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Renaissance" title="Théâtre de la Renaissance">Théâtre de la Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s" title="Théâtre des Variétés">Théâtre des Variétés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Vaudeville" title="Théâtre du Vaudeville">Théâtre du Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div> <p>After about 1870, the situation was simpler with regard to opera, with primarily the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique in operation. The naming situation became somewhat confusing after the Opéra-Comique's theater (the second Salle Favart) burned on 25 May 1887, since the company began performing in other locations. Companies other than the Opéra producing operas or operettas at various theatres in this period included:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> at Salle Favart (2), <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ville" title="Théâtre de la Ville">Théâtre Lyrique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau-d%27Eau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théâtre du Château-d'Eau (page does not exist)">Théâtre du Château-d'Eau</a>, Salle Favart (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_Lyrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra National Lyrique">Opéra National Lyrique</a> at <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9_(rue_Papin)" title="Théâtre de la Gaîté (rue Papin)">Théâtre de la Gaîté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden-Théâtre">Eden-Théâtre</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i>, 1887)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_Populaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opéra Populaire (page does not exist)">Opéra Populaire</a> performing at <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a>, Théâtre de la Gaîté, and Théâtre du Château-d'Eau</li> <li>Théâtre du Château-d'Eau</li> <li>Théâtre Lyrique performing at <a href="/wiki/Salle_de_l%27Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Salle de l'Athénée">Salle de l'Athénée</a>, Théâtre du Château-d'Eau, and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Renaissance" title="Théâtre de la Renaissance">Théâtre de la Renaissance</a></li> <li>Nouveau-Lyrique at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Taitbout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théâtre Taitbout (page does not exist)">Théâtre Taitbout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre de l'Odéon">Théâtre de l'Odéon</a> (plays with incidental music by, e.g. Bizet, Fauré)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ville" title="Théâtre de la Ville">Théâtre de la Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/31px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/47px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/62px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_and_entertainment_venues_in_Paris" title="List of theatres and entertainment venues in Paris">List of theatres and entertainment venues in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra (Paris Métro)">Opéra (Paris Métro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_world_premieres_at_the_Paris_Opera" title="Category:Opera world premieres at the Paris Opera">Category:Opera world premieres at the Paris Opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(novel)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (novel)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artistikrezo.com/musique/decouverte-portrait/interview-bernard-stirn-president-du-conseil-dadministration-de-lopera-de-paris.html">"Bernard Stirn – Président du Conseil d'Administration de l'Opéra de Paris"</a>, interview by Édouard Brane with the President of the Board of the Opéra, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Stirn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Stirn (page does not exist)">Bernard Stirn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Stirn" class="extiw" title="fr:Bernard Stirn">fr</a>]</span>, 8 April 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tola-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tola_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tola_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Company profile, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tous-a-lopera.fr/2011/contenu/dp.pdf">Tous à l'Opéra 2012 press release</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205416/http://www.tous-a-lopera.fr/2011/contenu/dp.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 52, 53 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opéra national de Paris website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadeparis.fr/saison_2012_2013">2012–2013 season presentation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808063839/http://www.operadeparis.fr/saison_2012_2013/">Archived</a> 8 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (2005) p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (2005) p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (2005) pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (2005) p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gourret (1985) p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris856-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris856_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris856_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris856_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris856_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris-Warrick, Rebecca. "Paris. 2. 1669–1725" in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony, James R. (2001). "Paris. III. 1600–1723" in Sadie (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaGorce-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaGorce_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_de_La_Gorce" title="Jérôme de La Gorce">La Gorce, Jérôme de</a> (2001). "Lully. (1) Jean-Baptiste Lully. 1. Life" in Sadie (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris856-7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris856-7_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris856-7_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris-Warrick, Rebecca (1992). "Paris. 2. 1669–1725" in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 856–857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craine-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Craine_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Académie Royale de Dance, L'" in Craine and Mackrell (2000), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costonis (1992); Astier (1998b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Paris Opera Ballet" in Craine and Mackrell (2000), pp. 360–361; Christout (1998), pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astier (1998a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlton867-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charlton867_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlton867_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlton867_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlton, David (1992). "Paris. 4. 1789–1870." in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 866–867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitou38-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou38_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou38_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou38_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Book Reviews: <i>Napoléon et l'Opéra: La politique sur la scéne, 1810–1815</i> by David Chaillou." <i>The English Historical Review</i> <b>122</b> (496): 486–490 (2007). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcem021">10.1093/ehr/cem021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LanghamSmith874-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LanghamSmith874_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LanghamSmith874_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LanghamSmith874_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Langham Smith, Richard (1992). "Paris. 5. 1870–1902." in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 874.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pitou-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pitou_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitou1990" class="citation book cs1">Pitou, Spire (1990). <i>The Paris Opera: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers; Growth and Grandeur, 1815-1914; M-Z</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27783-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27783-2"><bdi>978-0-313-27783-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Opera%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Operas%2C+Ballets%2C+Composers%2C+and+Performers%3B+Growth+and+Grandeur%2C+1815-1914%3B+M-Z&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27783-2&rft.aulast=Pitou&rft.aufirst=Spire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParisOperaWebsite-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParisOperaWebsite_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParisOperaWebsite_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718030541/http://www.operadeparis.fr/cns11/live/onp/L_Opera/L_Opera_de_Paris/histoire_de_l_Opera.php?lang=en">"Opéra national de Paris - Histoire de l'Opéra national de Paris"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadeparis.fr/cns11/live/onp/L_Opera/L_Opera_de_Paris/histoire_de_l_Opera.php?lang=en">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Op%C3%A9ra+national+de+Paris+-+Histoire+de+l%27Op%C3%A9ra+national+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operadeparis.fr%2Fcns11%2Flive%2Fonp%2FL_Opera%2FL_Opera_de_Paris%2Fhistoire_de_l_Opera.php%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Opera" class="Z3988"></span> at the official website <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoslyn_Sulcas2020" class="citation news cs1">Roslyn Sulcas (18 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/18/arts/music/paris-opera-alexander-neef.html">"Running the Paris Opera Was Never Going to Be Easy. But Come On"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Running+the+Paris+Opera+Was+Never+Going+to+Be+Easy.+But+Come+On.&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft.au=Roslyn+Sulcas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F18%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fparis-opera-alexander-neef.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operadeparis.fr/en/news/appointment-of-music-director-gustavo-dudamel">"Appointment of Music Director: Gustavo Dudamel"</a> (Press release). Opéra national de Paris. 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appointment+of+Music+Director%3A+Gustavo+Dudamel&rft.pub=Op%C3%A9ra+national+de+Paris&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.operadeparis.fr%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fappointment-of-music-director-gustavo-dudamel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavier_C._Hernández2023" class="citation news cs1">Javier C. Hernández (25 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/25/arts/music/gustavo-dudamel-to-resign-from-paris-opera.html">"Gustavo Dudamel, Star Maestro, to Resign From Paris Opera"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gustavo+Dudamel%2C+Star+Maestro%2C+to+Resign+From+Paris+Opera&rft.date=2023-05-25&rft.au=Javier+C.+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F05%2F25%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fgustavo-dudamel-to-resign-from-paris-opera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Salazar (3 April 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operawire.com/opera-de-paris-announces-paris-opera-play/#google_vignette">"Opéra de Paris Announces Paris Opera Play"</a>, OperaWire website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.operadeparis.fr/en">Paris Opera Play website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operadeparis.fr/en/services-and-practical-info/frequently-asked-questions#operachezsoi">FAQ</a>, Paris Opera website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Name according to some sources: Académie Royale des Opéra --Powell 2000, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitou3031-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou3031_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontaine-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine_31-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontaine 2003, pp. 22 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levin-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levin_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, 2009, p, 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Lacombe" title="Hervé Lacombe">Lacombe, Hervé</a>. "The 'machine' and the state" in Charlton (2003), p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontaine 2003, p. 23, gives the date as 12 July 1871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bashford, Christina. "Camembert, Robert" in Sadie (1992) <b>1</b>: 696–698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosow-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosow_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosow_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosow, Lois. "Fêtes de l'Amour et de Bacchus, Les" in Sadie (1992) <b>2</b>: 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris-Warrick, Rebecca. "Paris. 2. 1669–1725" in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 13, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris3_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris3_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris-Warrick, Rebecca. "Paris. 3. 1725–1789" in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 860–864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 26; Wild (1989), p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1985) <b>2</b>: 407; Wild (1989), p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitou30-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou30_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou30_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gourret 1985, pp. 81–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickens, Charles (1883). <i>Dickens's Dictionary of Paris</i>, p. 221. London: Macmillan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UW0DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA221">Full view</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitou56-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pitou56_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitou44-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou44_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou44_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou44_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitou60-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou60_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitou60_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitou (1983) <b>1</b>: 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff561-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff561_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff561_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff561_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolff 1962, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitt, Charles. "Paris. 6. 20th century" in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The information in the list of managing directors is from Fontaine 2003, pp. 22–23, and Levin 2009, p. 383, except as noted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlton 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin 2009, p. 382, says Pillet joined Duponchel and Monnais as a co-director on 1 June 1840, and Gerhard 1998, p. 35, says Pillet joined Duponchel without mentioning Monnais. Consistent with this date, Guest 2008, p. 326, mentions that in 1840 Pillet, "as Director of the Opera", sent an emissary to London to negotiate a reappearance of the ballerina <a href="/wiki/Marie_Taglioni" title="Marie Taglioni">Marie Taglioni</a> at the Paris Opera.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontaine 2003, p. 23, says Duponchel and Pillet became co-directors on 1 June 1841 (without Monnais). On this date Monnais was appointed to a position as Royal Commissioner (Walton 1898, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=malVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA294">p. 294</a>). Fontaine, perhaps in error, omits the 1 June 1840 co-directorship of Duponchel, Monnais, and Pillet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard 1998, p. 35, says Duponchel retired in October 1841. Fontaine 2003, p. 23, gives the year 1843 for the beginning of Pillet's sole directorship, while Levin 2009, p. 383, gives 1 June 1842.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin 2009, p. 383 says Duponchel and Roqueplan joined Pillet as directors on 1 August 1847, while Fontaine says Duponchel and Roqueplan took over as co-directors without Pillet on 31 July 1847.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulcher 1987, p. 113, says that Duponchel and Roqueplan took over as directors on 24 November 1847, while Fontaine 2003, p. 23, and Levin 2009, p. 383, only give the month November 1847, and Gerhard 1998, p. 35, says Pillet retired in October 1847.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlton, David; Johnson, Janet. "Paris. 4. 1789–1870." in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 870–873.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlton, David; Johnson, Janet. "Paris. 4. 1789–1870." in Sadie (1992) <b>3</b>: 873–874.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Astier, Régine (1998a). "Académie Royale de Danse" in Cohen 1998, vol. 1, pp. 3–5.</li> <li>Astier, Régine (1998b). "Beauchamps, Pierre" in Cohen 1998, vol. 1, pp. 396–397.</li> <li>Charlton, David, editor (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to Grand Opera</a></i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64118-0">978-0-521-64118-0</a></li> <li>Charlton, David (2014). "New Light on the <i>Bouffons</i> in Paris (1752–1754)", <i>Eighteenth-Century Music</i>, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 31–54.</li> <li>Christout, Marie-Françoise (1998). "Paris Opera Ballet" in Cohen 1998, vol. 5, pp. 86–100.</li> <li>Cohen, Selma Jeanne, editor (1998). <i>International Encyclopedia of Dance</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509462-6">978-0-19-509462-6</a> (hardcover). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517369-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517369-7">978-0-19-517369-7</a> (2004 paperback edition).</li> <li>Costonis, Maureen Needham (1992). "Beauchamps [Beauchamp] Pierre" in Sadie (1992) <b>1</b>: 364.</li> <li>Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith (2000). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Dance</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860106-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860106-7">978-0-19-860106-7</a>.</li> <li>Fauser, Annegret, editor; Everist, Mark, editor (2009). <i>Music, Theater, and Cultural Transfer. Paris, 1830–1914</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23926-2">978-0-226-23926-2</a>.</li> <li>Fontaine, Gerard (2003). <i>Visages de marbre et d'airain: La collection de bustes du Palais Garnier</i>. Paris: Monum, Éditions du patrimoine. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85822-751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85822-751-8">978-2-85822-751-8</a>.</li> <li>Fulcher, Jane (1987). <i>The Nation's Image: French Grand Opera as Politics and Politicized Art</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521327749" title="Special:BookSources/9780521327749">9780521327749</a>.</li> <li>Gerhard, Anselm (1998). <i>The Urbanization of Opera: Music theatre in Paris in the Nineteenth Century</i>, translated from French to English by Mary Whittall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28857-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28857-4">978-0-226-28857-4</a>.</li> <li>Gourret, Jean (1985). <i>Histoire des Salles de l'Opéra de Paris</i>. Paris: Guy Trédaniel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85707-180-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85707-180-8">978-2-85707-180-8</a>.</li> <li>Guest, Ivor (2008). <i>The Romantic Ballet in Paris</i>. Alton, Hampshire, UK: Dance Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85273-119-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85273-119-9">978-1-85273-119-9</a>.</li> <li>Johnson, Victoria (2008). <i>Backstage at the Revolution: How the Royal Paris Opera Survived the End of the Old Regime</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40195-9">978-0-226-40195-9</a>.</li> <li>Levin, Alicia (2009). "A documentary overview of musical theaters in Paris, 1830–1900" in Fauser 2009, pp. 379–402.</li> <li>Pitou, Spire (1983). <i>The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Genesis and Glory, 1671–1715</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313214202" title="Special:BookSources/9780313214202">9780313214202</a>.</li> <li>Pitou, Spire (1985). <i>The Paris Opera: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Rococo and Romantic, 1715–1815</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313243943" title="Special:BookSources/9780313243943">9780313243943</a>.</li> <li>Pitou, Spire (1990). <i>The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Growth and Grandeur, 1815–1914</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313262180" title="Special:BookSources/9780313262180">9780313262180</a>.</li> <li>Powell, John S. (2000). <i>Music and Theatre in France 1600–1680</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816599-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816599-6">978-0-19-816599-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie,_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadie, Stanley">Sadie, Stanley</a>, editor (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i> (4 volumes). London: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-228-9">978-1-56159-228-9</a>.</li> <li>Sadie, Stanley, editor; John Tyrell; executive editor (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, 2nd edition. London: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5">978-1-56159-239-5</a> (hardcover). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/419285866">419285866</a> (eBook).</li> <li>Walton, William (1899). <i>Paris from the Earliest Period to the Present Day</i>, vol. 3. Philadelphia: George Barrie & Son. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=malVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11">View</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Wild, Nicole (1989). <i>Dictionnaire des théâtres parisiens au XIXe siècle: les théâtres et la musique</i>. Paris: Aux Amateurs de livres. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8288-2586-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8288-2586-3">978-0-8288-2586-3</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-905053-80-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-905053-80-0">978-2-905053-80-0</a> (paperback). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20954302">View formats and editions</a> at <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>.</li> <li>Wolff, Stéphane (1962). <i>L'Opéra au Palais Garnier (1875–1962)</i>. Paris: Deposé au journal L'Entr'acte <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7068320">7068320</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460748195">460748195</a>. Paris: Slatkine (1983 reprint) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-05-000214-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-05-000214-2">978-2-05-000214-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouquet,_Gustave" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouquet, Gustave">Chouquet, Gustave</a> (1873). <i>Histoire de la musique dramatique en France</i> (in French), pp. 309–425. Paris: Didot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfssAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309">View</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Durey de Noinville, Jacques-Bernard (1753–1757). <i>Histoire du Théâtre de l'opéra en France</i> (2 volumes). Paris: Joseph Barbou. Vols. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S24GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7">1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFlDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP2">2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Gourret, Jean (1982). <i>Dictionnaire des chanteurs de l'Opéra de Paris</i>. Paris: Albatros. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10018314">View formats and editions</a> at <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>.</li> <li>Gourret, Jean (1987). <i>Dictionnaire des cantatrices de l'Opéra de Paris</i>. Paris: Albatros. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7273-0164-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7273-0164-6">978-2-7273-0164-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Lajarte" title="Théodore Lajarte">Lajarte, Théodore</a> (1878). <i>Bibliothèque musicale du Théâtre de l'Opéra</i>, volume 1 [1671–1791]. Paris: Librairie des Bibliophiles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AM6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP13">View</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Lajarte, Théodore de (1878). <i>Bibliothèque musicale du Théâtre de l'Opéra</i>, volume 2 [1793–1876]. Paris: Librairie des Bibliophiles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP13">View</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Lasalle, Albert de (1875). <i>Les treize salles de lOpéra</i>. Paris: Sartorius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lestreizesallesd00lasauoft#page/n5/mode/2up">View</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BP0IAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP9">View</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuitter,_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuitter, Charles">Nuitter, Charles</a>; Thoinan, Ernest (1886). <i>Les Origines de l'Opéra français</i> (in French). Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie. Copies <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTwQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5">1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLgxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR5">2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pougin,_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pougin, Arthur">Pougin, Arthur</a> (1881). <i>Les vrais créateurs de l'opéra français, Perrin et Cambert</i>. Paris: Charavay Frères. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2051685.r=.langEN">Copy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Opéra de Paris">Opéra de Paris</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operadeparis.fr/en">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283339#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283339#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283339#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123224603">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159951728">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Opéra national de Paris"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10341805-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96113400">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118656463">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118656463">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36105316">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Opéra national de Paris"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007396710&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Opéra de Paris"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007393533&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX247727">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000179326&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/65664">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007410250105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a0e8865d-b133-4083-84cb-97f5eea6b429">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026402319">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&oldid=1263561241">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&oldid=1263561241</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paris_Opera" title="Category:Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_schools_in_Paris" title="Category:Music schools in Paris">Music schools in Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_and_culture_in_the_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Category:Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime">Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Institut_de_France" title="Category:Institut de France">Institut de France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1669_establishments_in_France" title="Category:1669 establishments in France">1669 establishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_opera_companies" title="Category:French opera companies">French opera companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_history" title="Category:Opera history">Opera history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatres_completed_in_1669" title="Category:Theatres completed in 1669">Theatres completed in 1669</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_in_France" title="Category:Opera in France">Opera in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Louis_XIV" title="Category:Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 December 2024, at 09:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-5d79c5bbdc-v727v","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.011","walltime":"1.291","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8756,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":56332,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6795,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":122825,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1109.140 1 -total"," 20.84% 231.099 1 Template:Infobox_performing_arts_company"," 19.82% 219.871 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 18.91% 209.744 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.50% 194.077 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.60% 139.802 6 Template:Lang"," 10.28% 114.024 1 Template:Authority_control"," 9.19% 101.920 1 Template:Commons_category"," 8.52% 94.532 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.37% 92.800 21 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.533","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15221198,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b75595666-4dwf4","timestamp":"20250110211505","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Paris Opera","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Opera","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q283339","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q283339","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-17T20:14:54Z","dateModified":"2024-12-17T09:57:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/f\/f6\/Logo_%E2%80%93_Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Paris.jpg","headline":"primary opera and ballet company of France"}</script> </body> </html>