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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Women's cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Women's films</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women's_films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Women's films subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Women's_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chick_flicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chick_flicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chick flicks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chick_flicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Girlfriend_flicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Girlfriend_flicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Girlfriend flicks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Girlfriend_flicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_buddy_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_buddy_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Female buddy film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_buddy_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable individuals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_individuals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable individuals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Film directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinematographers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinematographers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cinematographers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinematographers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studio_executives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_executives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Studio executives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_executives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Organizations and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizations and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alliance_of_Women_Film_Journalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_of_Women_Film_Journalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Alliance of Women Film Journalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_of_Women_Film_Journalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geena_Davis_Institute_on_Gender_in_Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geena_Davis_Institute_on_Gender_in_Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geena_Davis_Institute_on_Gender_in_Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_Women_in_Film_&_Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_Women_in_Film_&_Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>New York Women in Film & Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_Women_in_Film_&_Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_Film_Critics_Circle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_Film_Critics_Circle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Women Film Critics Circle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_Film_Critics_Circle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Women in Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_Film_and_Television_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_Film_and_Television_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Women in Film and Television International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_Film_and_Television_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_International_Film_and_Arts_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_International_Film_and_Arts_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Women's International Film and Arts Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_International_Film_and_Arts_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WITASWAN_and_International_SWAN_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WITASWAN_and_International_SWAN_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>WITASWAN and International SWAN Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WITASWAN_and_International_SWAN_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_Make_Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_Make_Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Women Make Movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_Make_Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studio_D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Studio D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_film_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_film_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Feminist film theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_film_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bechdel_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bechdel_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bechdel test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bechdel_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="النساء في السينما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النساء في السينما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="চলচ্চিত্রে নারী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চলচ্চিত্রে নারী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="زنان در فیلم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنان در فیلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="فلم وچ سوانیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلم وچ سوانیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8D_%DA%A9%DB%90_%DA%9A%DA%81%DB%90" title="د فلمونو په نړۍ کې ښځې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فلمونو په نړۍ کې ښځې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grat%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_film" title="Gratë në film – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gratë në film" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Жене у филмској индустрији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жене у филмској индустрији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96" title="Жінки в кінематографі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жінки в кінематографі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلم میں خواتین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلم میں خواتین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22909798#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Women involved in the film industry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meryl_Streep_December_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Meryl_Streep_December_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MaggieCheung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MaggieCheung.jpg/250px-MaggieCheung.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MaggieCheung.jpg/330px-MaggieCheung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/250px-Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/330px-Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From left to right, top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Cheung" title="Maggie Cheung">Maggie Cheung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Negga" title="Ruth 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Women in society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs" title="Female entrepreneurs">Female entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors"><span class="wrap">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_combat" title="Women in combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_explorers_and_travelers" title="List of women explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">Heads of state or government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_female_members" title="List of legislatures by female members">Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women monarchs">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Sex segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields"><span class="wrap">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">"Chick flicks"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_photographers" title="Women photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_imams" title="Women as imams">Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_women%27s_testimony_in_Islam" title="Status of women's testimony in Islam">Women's testimony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taoism" title="Women in Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Zoroastrianism" title="Women in Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Popular culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#Pirate_women_in_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_the_video_game_industry" title="List of women in the video game industry">Women in the video game industry</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_basketball" title="Women's basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cricket" title="Women's cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football / soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Women's major golf championships">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_surfing" title="Women's surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a><br /></li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Haiti" title="Women in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Timor-Leste" title="Women in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template talk:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Women are involved in the film industry in all roles, including as <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">film producers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">film critics</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> professions, though women have been underrepresented in creative positions. </p><p>Most English-language academic study and media coverage focus on the issue in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">US film industry (Hollywood)</a>, although inequalities also exist in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This underrepresentation has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Celluloid_ceiling" title="Celluloid ceiling">celluloid ceiling</a>", a variant on the <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">employment discrimination</a> term "<a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">glass ceiling</a>". </p><p>Women have always had a presence in film <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>, but have consistently been underrepresented, and on average significantly less well paid.<sup id="cite_ref-betsywoodruff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betsywoodruff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maanekhatchatourian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maanekhatchatourian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, many key roles in filmmaking were for many decades done almost entirely by men, such as directors and cinematographers. For instance, the title of 'auteur' is typically administered to men, even with women auteurs persevering and growing beside them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent times, women have made inroads and made contributions to many of these fields.<sup id="cite_ref-SanDiego_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanDiego-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pay_and_representation">Pay and representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pay and representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2013 <a href="/wiki/Celluloid_ceiling" title="Celluloid ceiling">Celluloid Ceiling Report</a> conducted by the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a> collected statistics from 2,813 individuals employed by the 250 top domestic grossing films of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-SanDiego_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanDiego-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the report, women accounted for:<sup id="cite_ref-SanDiego_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanDiego-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>18% of all directors, executive producers, producers, writers, cinematographers, and editors. This reflected no change from 2011 and only a 1% increase from 1998.</li> <li>9% of all directors.</li> <li>15% of writers.</li> <li>25% of all producers.</li> <li>20% of all editors.</li> <li>2% of all cinematographers.</li> <li>38% of films employed 0 or 1 woman in the roles considered, 23% employed 2 women, 28% employed 3 to 5 women, and 10% employed 6 to 9 women.</li></ul> <p>A <i>New York Times</i> article stated that only 15% of the top films in 2013 had women for a lead acting role.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTstudy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTstudy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of the study noted that, "The percentage of female speaking roles has not increased much since the 1940s, when they hovered around 25 percent to 28 percent." "Since 1998, women's representation in behind-the-scenes roles other than directing has gone up just 1 percent." Women "...directed the same percent of the 250 top-grossing films in 2012 (9 percent) as they did in 1998."<sup id="cite_ref-betsywoodruff_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betsywoodruff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katharine_hepburn_little_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Katharine_hepburn_little_women.jpg/250px-Katharine_hepburn_little_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Katharine_hepburn_little_women.jpg/330px-Katharine_hepburn_little_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Katharine_hepburn_little_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> negotiated high pay and maintained artistic independence in Hollywood of her time.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> reported that "...just 21 of the 100 top-grossing films of 2014 featured a female lead or co-lead, while only 28.1% of characters in 100 top-grossing films were female... This means it's much rarer for women to get the sort of <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> role which would warrant the massive backend deals many male counterparts demand (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(film_series)" title="Mission: Impossible (film series)">Mission: Impossible</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Man (film series)">Iron Man</a></i>, for example)".<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., there is an "industry-wide [gap] in salaries of all scales. On average, white women get paid 78 cents to every dollar a white man makes, while Hispanic women earn 56 cents to a white male's dollar, Black women 64 cents and Native American women just 59 cents to that."<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Forbes'</i> analysis of US acting salaries in 2013 determined that the "...men on Forbes’ list of top-paid actors for that year made 2½ times as much money as the top-paid actresses. That means that Hollywood's best-compensated actresses made just 40 cents for every dollar that the best-compensated men made."<sup id="cite_ref-betsywoodruff_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betsywoodruff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that "...age and gender discrimination [together] can yield an even more significant wage gap." Young women actresses tend to make more than young male actors. However, "older [male] actors make more than their female equals" in age, with "female movie stars mak[ing] the most money on average per film at age 34, while male stars earn the most at 51."<sup id="cite_ref-maanekhatchatourian_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maanekhatchatourian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to actress <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence" title="Jennifer Lawrence">Jennifer Lawrence</a>, "...women negotiating for higher pay worry about seeming 'difficult' or 'spoiled.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jennifer_Lawrence_TIFF_2,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jennifer_Lawrence_TIFF_2%2C_2012.jpg/170px-Jennifer_Lawrence_TIFF_2%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jennifer_Lawrence_TIFF_2%2C_2012.jpg/255px-Jennifer_Lawrence_TIFF_2%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jennifer_Lawrence_TIFF_2%2C_2012.jpg/340px-Jennifer_Lawrence_TIFF_2%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence" title="Jennifer Lawrence">Jennifer Lawrence</a>, was the world's highest-paid actress in 2015 and 2016, and her films have grossed over $6 billion worldwide to date.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2019 update, the center for the Study of Women in Television and Film has been studying women's employment with the top-grossing films and TV for over 20 years. The 2018 study reported women make up (from the top 250 films):<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>8% of directors</li> <li>16% of writers</li> <li>4% of cinematographers</li> <li>26% of producers</li> <li>21% of executive producers</li> <li>21% of editors.</li></ul> <p>According to the Study of Women in Television and Film at San Diego State University, male characters continued to control the big screen in 2018. </p> <ul><li>about 35% of films contained 10 or more female characters in dialogue roles<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>about 82% had 10 or more male characters in speaking roles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It has only increase 1 percentage point from 34% since 2017. The percentage of highest-grossing films featuring female protagonists increased to 31% in 2018 but before it was 37% in 2017. This shows how it has decreases and how women in media are being seen less. </p> <ul><li>Black females increased from 16% in 2017 to 21% in 2018</li> <li>Latinas decreased from 7% in 2017 to 4% in 2018</li> <li>Asian females increased from 7% in 2017 to 10% in 2018.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannes_2018_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannes_2018_11.jpg/220px-Cannes_2018_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannes_2018_11.jpg/330px-Cannes_2018_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannes_2018_11.jpg/440px-Cannes_2018_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration for equal pay and parity at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2018 Cannes Film Festival">2018 Cannes Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, 82 women stood up for gender inequality within the festival. They all gathered on the steps during the premiere of a film called <i><a href="/wiki/Girls_of_the_Sun" title="Girls of the Sun">Girls of the Sun</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Eva_Husson" title="Eva Husson">Eva Husson</a>, who was one of the few female directors nominated for "Palme d'Or" award. There were specifically 82 women, because that is the amount of female directors who have been nominated for awards at Cannes over the years, compared to 1,645 male directors nominated films.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, there are no dedicated gender studies that prove inequality in participation in film between women and men; public knowledge is reliant on the numbers and testimonies provided by those on the inside.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_cinema"><span id="Women.27s_cinema"></span>Women's cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Women's cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a> refers to films by <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film directors</a> and, to a lesser degree, the work of other women behind the camera such as <a href="/wiki/Cinematographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinematographers">cinematographers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mayne_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayne-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the work of women <a href="/wiki/Film_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Film editor">film editors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">costume designers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">production designers</a> is usually not considered to be decisive enough to justify the term "women's cinema", it does have a large influence on the visual impression of any movie. Some of the most distinguished women directors have tried to avoid the association with women's cinema in the fear of <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a> and ideological controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9" title="Alice Guy-Blaché">Alice Guy-Blaché</a> made the first narrative film <i><a href="/wiki/La_F%C3%A9e_aux_Choux" title="La Fée aux Choux">La Fée aux Choux</a></i> in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Ebba_Lindkvist" title="Ebba Lindkvist">Ebba Lindkvist</a> debuted as a film maker in 1910, and the following year <a href="/wiki/Anna_Hofman-Uddgren" title="Anna Hofman-Uddgren">Anna Hofman-Uddgren</a> debuted when she produced the silent film <i>Stockholmsfrestelser</i> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lois_Weber" title="Lois Weber">Lois Weber</a> was a successful film director of the silent era. Women screenwriters included <a href="/wiki/Frances_Marion" title="Frances Marion">Frances Marion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Loos" title="Anita Loos">Anita Loos</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_Mathis" title="June Mathis">June Mathis</a>. In the 1920s, large banks assumed control of Hollywood production companies. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner" title="Dorothy Arzner">Dorothy Arzner</a> was the only woman filmmaker in this era. <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dulac" title="Germaine Dulac">Germaine Dulac</a> was a leading member of the French avant-garde film movement after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Maya Deren</a> did experimental cinema. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Clarke" title="Shirley Clarke">Shirley Clarke</a> was an independent American filmmaker in the 1950s. The <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> allowed many women to produce non-commercial films. <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Wieland" title="Joyce Wieland">Joyce Wieland</a> was a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental film</a> maker. Early <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> films often focused on personal experiences. <i><a href="/wiki/Wanda_(film)" title="Wanda (film)">Wanda</a></i> (1970) by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Loden" title="Barbara Loden">Barbara Loden</a> is a portrait of alienation. Resisting the oppression of female sexuality was one of the core goals of <a href="/wiki/Second_wave_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Second wave feminism">second wave feminism</a>. Women's films explored female sexuality, including the films of <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Hein" title="Birgit Hein">Birgit Hein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Kaplan" title="Nelly Kaplan">Nelly Kaplan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Breillat" title="Catherine Breillat">Catherine Breillat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celine_Sciamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Celine Sciamma">Celine Sciamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hammer" title="Barbara Hammer">Barbara Hammer</a>. Women film directors also documented the participation of women in anti-imperialist movements. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathryn_Bigelow_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kathryn_Bigelow_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/170px-Kathryn_Bigelow_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kathryn_Bigelow_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/255px-Kathryn_Bigelow_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kathryn_Bigelow_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/340px-Kathryn_Bigelow_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="2393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (born 1951)<sup id="cite_ref-Curr_Bio_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curr_Bio-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American director, producer, and writer. With <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a></i> (2009), Bigelow became the first woman to win the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Director <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> works in male-dominated genres like science fiction, action, and horror. She became the first woman to win both the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Directors Guild of America Award">Directors Guild of America Award</a> in 2010 for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hardwicke" title="Catherine Hardwicke">Catherine Hardwicke</a>'s films have grossed a cumulative total of $551.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her most successful films are <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(2008_film)" title="Twilight (2008 film)">Twilight</a></i> (2008) and <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Riding_Hood_(2011_film)" title="Red Riding Hood (2011 film)">Red Riding Hood</a></i> (2011). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Meyers" title="Nancy Meyers">Nancy Meyers</a> has had success with her five features: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_(1998_film)" title="The Parent Trap (1998 film)">The Parent Trap</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/What_Women_Want" title="What Women Want">What Women Want</a></i> (2000), <i><a href="/wiki/Something%27s_Gotta_Give_(film)" title="Something's Gotta Give (film)">Something's Gotta Give</a></i> (2003), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holiday" title="The Holiday">The Holiday</a></i> (2006) and <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Complicated_(film)" title="It's Complicated (film)">It's Complicated</a></i> (2009) which have amassed $1,157.2 million worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before she started her directorial career she wrote some other successful films like <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Benjamin_(1980_film)" title="Private Benjamin (1980 film)">Private Benjamin</a></i> (1980) for which she was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay">Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Boom_(film)" title="Baby Boom (film)">Baby Boom</a></i> (1987) or <i><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(1991_film)" title="Father of the Bride (1991 film)">Father of the Bride</a></i> (1991).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_Coppola_Cannes_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sofia_Coppola_Cannes_2014.jpg/170px-Sofia_Coppola_Cannes_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sofia_Coppola_Cannes_2014.jpg/255px-Sofia_Coppola_Cannes_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sofia_Coppola_Cannes_2014.jpg/340px-Sofia_Coppola_Cannes_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a> is the youngest child and only daughter of filmmakers Eleanor and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a> is a critically acclaimed director who has also had financial success. Her award-winning film <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Translation_(film)" title="Lost in Translation (film)">Lost in Translation</a></i> (2003) grossed over $119 million. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julie_Taymor" title="Julie Taymor">Julie Taymor</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Frida_(2002_film)" title="Frida (2002 film)">Frida</a></i> about revered Mexican artist <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> was nominated for five Academy Awards, and her "1960s Beatles jukebox musical" <i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_Universe_(film)" title="Across the Universe (film)">Across the Universe</a></i> won approval from both <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>. These films developed her reputation for respectful handling of the sensitive legacy of artists amongst their fans. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julie_Dash" title="Julie Dash">Julie Dash</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Dust" title="Daughters of the Dust">Daughters of the Dust</a></i> (1991) was the first full-length film with general theatrical release written and directed by an <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> woman. Since then there have been several African women who have written, produced or directed films with national release. In 1994 Darnell Martin became the first African American woman to write and direct a film produced by a major studio when Columbia Pictures backed <i><a href="/wiki/I_Like_It_Like_That_(film)" title="I Like It Like That (film)">I Like It Like That</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Nnegest_Likk%C3%A9" title="Nnegest Likké">Nnegest Likké</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> woman to write, direct and act in a full-length movie released by a major studio, <i><a href="/wiki/Phat_Girlz" title="Phat Girlz">Phat Girlz</a></i> (2006) starring <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Jean-Louis" title="Jimmy Jean-Louis">Jimmy Jean-Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mo%27Nique" title="Mo'Nique">Mo'Nique</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Cardoso" title="Patricia Cardoso">Patricia Cardoso</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latina</a> woman to receive a <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance</a> Audience Award and a Student <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a> Award. Cardoso's feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Women_Have_Curves" title="Real Women Have Curves">Real Women Have Curves</a></i> (2002) was a box office and critical success and has become a landmark of Latinx cinema. In 2019, <i>Real Women Have Curves</i> was selected by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> for preservation in the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". <a href="/wiki/Linda_Mendoza" title="Linda Mendoza">Linda Mendoza</a> made her feature film directorial debut with the film <i><a href="/wiki/Chasing_Papi" title="Chasing Papi">Chasing Papi</a></i> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendoza's directorial career began in 1992, directing promotional segments for <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>. Another film maker <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Riggen" title="Patricia Riggen">Patricia Riggen</a> is best known for directing the 2007 film <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Same_Moon" title="Under the Same Moon">Under the Same Moon</a></i> and the 2016 film <i><a href="/wiki/Miracles_from_Heaven_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracles from Heaven (film)">Miracles from Heaven</a></i>. The film Miracles from Heaven become the 8th highest-grossing <a href="/wiki/Christian_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian film">Christian film</a> in the United States and the highest by a female director. <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Almada" title="Natalia Almada">Natalia Almada</a> first feature film, "Everything Else (Todo lo demás)" (2016) was funded in part by a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> making her the first Latina filmmaker to earn this distinction. <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Guerrero" title="Aurora Guerrero">Aurora Guerrero</a> has directed award-winning short narrative films, including Pura Lengua (pure tongue) at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival and Viernes Girl (Friday Girl) was the winner of the 2006 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>/NYLIFF short film competition. From Peru and Academy Award-nominated film director <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Llosa" title="Claudia Llosa">Claudia Llosa</a> has directed <i><a href="/wiki/Aloft_(film)" title="Aloft (film)">Aloft</a></i>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)" title="Wonder Woman (2017 film)">Wonder Woman</a></i> became DC's first female-led superhero film. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Patty_Jenkins" title="Patty Jenkins">Patty Jenkins</a>, the film starred <a href="/wiki/Gal_Gadot" title="Gal Gadot">Gal Gadot</a> as <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Princess Diana</a>, an immortal warrior who sets out to stop <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, believing the conflict was started by the longtime enemy of the Amazons, <a href="/wiki/Ares_(DC_Comics)" title="Ares (DC Comics)">Ares</a>, after American pilot and spy <a href="/wiki/Steve_Trevor" title="Steve Trevor">Steve Trevor</a> crash-lands on their island <a href="/wiki/Themyscira_(DC_Comics)" title="Themyscira (DC Comics)">Themyscira</a> and informs her about it. The film grossed over $800 million. Not only was the first film a major step forward for women in cinema, Jenkins' sequel film, Wonder Woman 1984, was the first film to enforce the Producers Guild of America anti-sexual harassment guidelines during production.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(film)" title="Captain Marvel (film)">Captain Marvel</a></i> became Marvel's first female-led superhero film. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Boden_and_Ryan_Fleck" title="Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck">Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck</a>, the film starred <a href="/wiki/Brie_Larson" title="Brie Larson">Brie Larson</a> as <a href="/wiki/Carol_Danvers" title="Carol Danvers">Carol Danvers</a>, a pilot turned Kree superhero who must discover her forgotten past and help save Earth from alien invasion. The film grossed over $1 billion making it the seventh Marvel film to reach that milestone.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_films"><span id="Women.27s_films"></span>Women's films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Women's films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Fonda_and_Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Henry_Fonda_and_Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer.jpg/250px-Henry_Fonda_and_Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Henry_Fonda_and_Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(1938_film)" title="Jezebel (1938 film)">Jezebel</a></i> (1938), one of the quintessential woman's films. Davis plays a <a href="/wiki/Southern_belle" title="Southern belle">Southern belle</a> who loses her fiancé (Fonda) and her social standing when she defies conventions. She redeems herself by self-sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">woman's film</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> which includes women-centered narratives, female protagonists and is designed to appeal to a female audience. Woman's films usually portray "women's concerns" such as problems revolving around domestic life, the family, motherhood, self-sacrifice, and <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoane1987152–53_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoane1987152–53-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the male-dominated film industry, there is an unequal portrayal of women on screen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woman's films help remove the narrative that women are emotional, powerless, and have the desire to be rescued. These films were produced from the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent era</a> through the 1950s and early 1960s, but were most popular in the 1930s and 1940s, reaching their zenith during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> continued to make films characterized by some of the elements of the traditional woman's film in the second half of the 20th century, the term itself largely disappeared in the 1960s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faten_Hamama_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Faten_Hamama_1962.jpg/220px-Faten_Hamama_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Faten_Hamama_1962.jpg/330px-Faten_Hamama_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Faten_Hamama_1962.jpg/440px-Faten_Hamama_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faten_Hamama" title="Faten Hamama">Faten Hamama</a> (1931–2015), Egyptian film legend, inspired women all over the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The work of directors <a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Douglas Sirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Oph%C3%BCls" title="Max Ophüls">Max Ophüls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Josef von Sternberg</a> has been associated with the woman's film genre.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> were some of the genre's most prolific <a href="/wiki/Movie_star" title="Movie star">stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasinger2010163_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasinger2010163-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginnings of the genre can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>'s silent films. <a href="/wiki/Film_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Film historian">Film historians</a> and critics defined the genre and canon in retrospect. Before the woman's film became an established genre in the 1980s, many of the classic woman's films were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">melodramas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fontaine" title="Anne Fontaine">Anne Fontaine</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/Coco_Before_Chanel" title="Coco Before Chanel">Coco Before Chanel</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Innocents_(2016_film)" title="The Innocents (2016 film)">The Innocents</a></i>, Fontaine established herself as a very progressive filmmaker of her time when saying this, establishing that ‘women's cinema’ should be based on the filmmaker's perspective rather than their gender. This also suggests that classifying and interpreting films in the category of ‘women's cinema’ is creating bias and exclusivity among the genre in itself, when it should be a network of creation and empowerment, as Fontaine always intended. While knowing that the movement of ‘women's cinema’ worked as a counter to the classical Hollywood system, Fontaine didn't like to identify with this. During an interview in 1998 with Eve-Laure Moros, she stated: "I think that to be a filmmaker, as far as sexuality, it's something that's really de-sexualizing. That is, you become a bizarre thing, when you're directing a film---during the shooting, you're neither a man nor a woman, you're really something strange and very ambivalent."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chick_flicks">Chick flicks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chick flicks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chick_flicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chick flicks">Chick flicks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris_1.jpg/250px-The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris_1.jpg/330px-The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris_1.jpg/500px-The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Johnson" title="Van Johnson">Van Johnson</a> in the romantic drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Time_I_Saw_Paris" title="The Last Time I Saw Paris">The Last Time I Saw Paris</a></i> (1954)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang term</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> dealing mainly with <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">love and romance</a> and is targeted to a female audience.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminists such as <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> have objected to terms such as "chick flick" and the related term "chick lit"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a film critic has called the term "chick flick" derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be specifically defined as a genre in which a woman is the protagonist. Although many types of films may be directed toward the female gender, "chick flick" is typically used only in reference to films that emotion or contain themes that are relationship-based (although not necessarily romantic as many other themes may be present). Chick flicks often are released <a href="/wiki/En_masse" class="mw-redirect" title="En masse">en masse</a> around <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suck_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suck-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-click_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-click-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equivalent for male audiences is the guy-cry film. </p><p><br /> </p><p>Generally, a chick flick is a film designed to have an innate appeal to women, typically young women.<sup id="cite_ref-click_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-click-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defining a chick flick is, as the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> has stated, more of a parlor game than a science.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These films are generally held in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> as having formulaic, paint-by-numbers plot lines and characters. This makes usage of the term "problematic" for implying "frivolity, artlessness, and utter commercialism", according to <a href="/wiki/ReelzChannel" class="mw-redirect" title="ReelzChannel">ReelzChannel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suck_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suck-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several chick flicks have received high critical acclaim for their stories and performances. For example, the <a href="/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983 film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Endearment" title="Terms of Endearment">Terms of Endearment</a></i> received <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> for Best Screenplay, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role.<sup id="cite_ref-terms_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terms-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nora_Ephron" title="Nora Ephron">Nora Ephron</a> was known for her romantic comedy films and was nominated three times for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay">Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay</a>: for <i><a href="/wiki/Silkwood" title="Silkwood">Silkwood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/When_Harry_Met_Sally..." title="When Harry Met Sally...">When Harry Met Sally...</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sleepless_in_Seattle" title="Sleepless in Seattle">Sleepless in Seattle</a></i>. Her last film was <i><a href="/wiki/Julie_%26_Julia" title="Julie & Julia">Julie & Julia</a></i>. More recently films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Me" title="Return to Me">Return to Me</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/What_a_Girl_Wants_(film)" title="What a Girl Wants (film)">What a Girl Wants</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bride_and_Prejudice" title="Bride and Prejudice">Bride and Prejudice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridget Jones's Diary (film)">Bridget Jones's Diary</a></i> and its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Jones:_The_Edge_of_Reason_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film)">Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/27_Dresses" title="27 Dresses">27 Dresses</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/I_Hate_Valentine%27s_Day" title="I Hate Valentine's Day">I Hate Valentine's Day</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Post_Grad" title="Post Grad">Post Grad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Proposal_(2009_film)" title="The Proposal (2009 film)">The Proposal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_Kids" title="Friends with Kids">Friends with Kids</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Obvious_Child" title="Obvious Child">Obvious Child</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Everything,_Everything_(film)" title="Everything, Everything (film)">Everything, Everything</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Always_Be_My_Maybe_(2019_film)" title="Always Be My Maybe (2019 film)">Always Be My Maybe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Women_(2019_film)" title="Little Women (2019 film)">Little Women</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Mountain_Thyme_(film)" title="Wild Mountain Thyme (film)">Wild Mountain Thyme</a></i> have been made with a swathed unabashed feel-good tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Girlfriend_flicks">Girlfriend flicks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Girlfriend flicks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amy_Poehler_and_Tina_Fey_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Amy_Poehler_and_Tina_Fey_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/250px-Amy_Poehler_and_Tina_Fey_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Amy_Poehler_and_Tina_Fey_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Amy_Poehler_and_Tina_Fey_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Amy_Poehler_and_Tina_Fey_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/500px-Amy_Poehler_and_Tina_Fey_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tina_Fey" title="Tina Fey">Tina Fey</a> (<i>left</i>) with <a href="/wiki/Amy_Poehler" title="Amy Poehler">Amy Poehler</a> (<i>right</i>) at the premiere of <i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Mama_(film)" title="Baby Mama (film)">Baby Mama</a></i> in New York, April 23, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the plot of a chick flick is typically expected to be centered around a romantic conquest, Alison Winch ("We Can Have It All") writes about films she calls "girlfriend flicks."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These movies emphasize the relationships between friends instead of focusing on a love connection, and examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility_(film)" title="Sense and Sensibility (film)">Sense and Sensibility</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_%26_Prejudice_(2005_film)" title="Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)">Pride and Prejudice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_Money" title="Friends with Money">Friends with Money</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bride_Wars" title="Bride Wars">Bride Wars</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Mama_(film)" title="Baby Mama (film)">Baby Mama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/You_Again" title="You Again">You Again</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Laggies" title="Laggies">Laggies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chasing_Papi" title="Chasing Papi">Chasing Papi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Woman_(2014_film)" title="The Other Woman (2014 film)">The Other Woman</a></i>. </p><p><br /> </p><p> According to Winch, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Girlfriend flicks often have savvy, "nervous," female voice-overs mirroring typical romantic comedies, but addressing female spectators in their assumption of the mutual minefield of negotiating relationships, body, work, family, depression—issues prevalent in conduct, diet, and self-help books marketed specifically to women.</p></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winch also states that the girlfriend flicks are meant to criticize "second wave feminism's superficial understanding of female solidarity" by showing "conflict, pain, and betrayal acted out between women."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By emphasizing the "complexities of women's relationships," the girlfriend flick breaks the mold for the usual chick flick and allows the genre to gain a bit of depth.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Sisterhood_of_the_Traveling_Pants_(film)" title="The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (film)"><i>The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants</i></a> is an example of a girlfriend flick in which four friends (<a href="/wiki/Blake_Lively" title="Blake Lively">Blake Lively</a>, <a href="/wiki/America_Ferrera" title="America Ferrera">America Ferrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Bledel" title="Alexis Bledel">Alexis Bledel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber_Tamblyn" title="Amber Tamblyn">Amber Tamblyan</a>) discover a pair of pants that fits them all despite their different body types. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pitch_Perfect_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch Perfect (film series)"><i>Pitch Perfect</i></a> series is a girlfriend flick focusing on a group of girls in an a cappella group travelling together to compete in singing competitions. The film franchise stars <a href="/wiki/Anna_Kendrick" title="Anna Kendrick">Anna Kendrick</a> and is directed by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks" title="Elizabeth Banks">Elizabeth Banks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_buddy_film">Female buddy film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Female buddy film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female buddy film</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Women_in_film" title="Special:EditPage/Women in film">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gitai_Fortman_Laslo.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gitai_Fortman_Laslo.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Gitai_Fortman_Laslo.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gitai_Fortman_Laslo.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Gitai_Fortman_Laslo.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gitai_Fortman_Laslo.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Gitai_Fortman_Laslo.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Amos Gitai with <a href="/wiki/Hana_Laszlo" title="Hana Laszlo">Hana Laszlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a> on the set of <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(film)" title="Free Zone (film)">Free Zone</a></i>. In the film three women set off on a tense journey to retrieve Hanna's money.</figcaption></figure> <p>A female buddy film is a film where the main characters are female and the plot focuses on their situations. The cast is often mostly female, depending on the plot like the film <i><a href="/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise" title="Thelma & Louise">Thelma & Louise</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own" title="A League of Their Own">A League of Their Own</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clueless" title="Clueless">Clueless</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(2019_film)" title="Charlie's Angels (2019 film)">Charlie's Angels</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Whip_It_(film)" title="Whip It (film)">Whip It</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Moms" title="Bad Moms">Bad Moms</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Party_(2018_film)" title="Life of the Party (2018 film)">Life of the Party</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neighbors_2:_Sorority_Rising" title="Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising">Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Craft:_Legacy" title="The Craft: Legacy">The Craft: Legacy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Mother" title="I Am Mother">I Am Mother</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ghostbusters_(2016_film)" title="Ghostbusters (2016 film)"><i>Ghostbusters</i></a> (2016) directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Feig" title="Paul Feig">Paul Fieg</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Melissa_McCarthy" title="Melissa McCarthy">Melissa McCarthy</a> was a remake of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Ghostbusters" title="Ghostbusters">Ghostbusters</a></i> (1984) where the main cast was changed from all male to all female. <i><a href="/wiki/Ocean%27s_8" title="Ocean's 8">Ocean's 8</a></i> directed by Gary Ross and starring <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> was another film where the cast was changed from male to female. <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Chastain" title="Jessica Chastain">Jessica Chastain</a> proposed the idea for a female-led spy film in the same spirit as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(film_series)" title="Mission: Impossible (film series)">Mission: Impossible</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond in film">James Bond</a></i> series to her <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Phoenix_(film)" title="Dark Phoenix (film)">Dark Phoenix</a></i> director <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kinberg" title="Simon Kinberg">Simon Kinberg</a> while in production on that film. The concept was built upon in film <i><a href="/wiki/The_355" title="The 355">The 355</a></i>, it was announced that Kinberg would direct the film with Chastain producing, in addition to her starring alongside <a href="/wiki/Marion_Cotillard" title="Marion Cotillard">Marion Cotillard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fan_Bingbing" title="Fan Bingbing">Fan Bingbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o" title="Lupita Nyong'o">Lupita Nyong'o</a>. Films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bachelorette_(film)" title="Bachelorette (film)">Bachelorette</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bombshell_(2019_film)" title="Bombshell (2019 film)">Bombshell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Like_a_Boss_(film)" title="Like a Boss (film)">Like a Boss</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(2020_film)" title="Birds of Prey (2020 film)">Birds of Prey</a></i> lands squarely in the space between the familiar and the fresh, between "saw that coming" and "hmm, nice!" Writing partners Sam Pitman and Adam Cole-Kelly cadging more than a little from <i><a href="/wiki/Bridesmaids_(2011_film)" title="Bridesmaids (2011 film)">Bridesmaids</a></i>, which has become the grail for a certain kind of female-friendship comedy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_directors">Film directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Film directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_film_and_television_directors" title="List of female film and television directors">List of female film and television directors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Guy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alice_Guy.jpg/250px-Alice_Guy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alice_Guy.jpg/330px-Alice_Guy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alice_Guy.jpg/500px-Alice_Guy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9" title="Alice Guy-Blaché">Alice Guy-Blaché</a> was the first woman to direct a film.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloezhao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chloezhao.jpg/250px-Chloezhao.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chloezhao.jpg/330px-Chloezhao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chloezhao.jpg/500px-Chloezhao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> won both <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a>, becoming the second woman in history to win the latter after <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards" title="82nd Academy Awards">2010</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first non-white woman to win the category.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Dr. Martha Lauzen, the executive director of the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film, "If men are directing the vast majority of our films, the majority of those films will be about males from a male point of view."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female presence in filmmaking is more significant than just employment, it contributes to a greater cultural issue. Even though there is a huge gender disparity in filmmaking, there are notable exceptions, women who have figuratively broken through the celluloid ceiling and become pioneers in their field. <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gina_Prince-Bythewood" title="Gina Prince-Bythewood">Gina Prince-Bythewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Denis" title="Claire Denis">Claire Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hardwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Hardwick">Catherine Hardwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Heckerling" title="Amy Heckerling">Amy Heckerling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Taymor" title="Julie Taymor">Julie Taymor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nora_Ephron" title="Nora Ephron">Nora Ephron</a> are some significant female names in filmmaking today and in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Seldon_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seldon-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9" title="Alice Guy-Blaché">Alice Guy-Blaché</a> is considered to be the first ever female film director, as well as the first director of a fiction film. Blaché directed her first film in 1896, <i><a href="/wiki/La_F%C3%A9e_aux_Choux" title="La Fée aux Choux">La Fée aux Choux</a></i> and founded <a href="/wiki/Solax_Studios" title="Solax Studios">Solax Studios</a> in 1910. Over her lifetime, "she directed between 40 to 50 films and supervised nearly 300 other productions".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> is an American film <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">director</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">producer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_director" title="Television director">television director</a>. She became the first woman to win an Academy Award for Best Director for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America" title="Directors Guild of America">Directors Guild of America</a> Award for Outstanding Directing, the <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Direction" title="BAFTA Award for Best Direction">BAFTA Award for Best Direction</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Awards" title="Critics' Choice Movie Awards">Critics' Choice Award</a> for Best Director as well as the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Saturn Award for Best Director">Saturn Award for Best Director</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> is a New Zealand film director, screenwriter, and producer. She is the second of five women directors to ever be nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a>, and was the first female director to win the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a>, the most prestigious award at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hardwicke" title="Catherine Hardwicke">Catherine Hardwicke</a> is best known as the director of the teen vampire romance film <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(2008_film)" title="Twilight (2008 film)">Twilight</a></i>, with the highest grossing opening weekend of $69.6 million, the highest-ever opening for a female director.<sup id="cite_ref-Seldon_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seldon-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Heckerling" title="Amy Heckerling">Amy Heckerling</a> is best known for the films <i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High" title="Fast Times at Ridgemont High">Fast Times at Ridgemont High</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/European_Vacation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Vacation">European Vacation</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Clueless_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clueless (film)">Clueless</a></i>. She has been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner" title="Franklin J. Schaffner">Franklin J. Schaffner</a> Medal from the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> as well as the Crystal Award from Women in Film (WIF).<sup id="cite_ref-Seldon_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seldon-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Jenkins" title="Patty Jenkins">Patty Jenkins</a> is best known for the film <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)" title="Wonder Woman (2017 film)"><i>Wonder Woman</i></a> (2017). The film grossed $821.9 million worldwide making it the fifth highest grossing DC superhero film.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> polled 368 film experts from 84 countries to name the 100 best films by women directors. The top three named were (in ascending order) <i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Dielman,_23_quai_du_Commerce,_1080_Bruxelles" title="Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles">Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Chantal Akerman</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9o_from_5_to_7" title="Cléo from 5 to 7">Cléo from 5 to 7</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a>; and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano" title="The Piano">The Piano</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a>. Varda was the most-named director, with six different films on the list.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_100_greatest_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_100_greatest-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinematographers">Cinematographers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cinematographers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 2% of cinematographers are women. Notable cinematographers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Foerster" title="Anna Foerster">Anna Foerster</a> (born 1970) is a German-born cinematographer and director. She worked on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow" title="The Day After Tomorrow">the Day After Tomorrow</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86on_Flux_(film)" title="Æon Flux (film)">Æon Flux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1998_film)" title="Godzilla (1998 film)">Godzilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlander_(TV_series)" title="Outlander (TV series)">Outlander</a> TV series and <a href="/wiki/Westworld_(TV_series)" title="Westworld (TV series)">Westworld</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gibson_(cinematographer)" title="Sue Gibson (cinematographer)">Sue Gibson</a> (born 1952) is a British cinematographer and <a href="/wiki/Director_of_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of photography">director of photography</a> known for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Dalloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs. Dalloway">Mrs. Dalloway</a></i> (1997). Gibson is also the first female member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Society_of_Cinematographers" title="British Society of Cinematographers">British Society of Cinematographers</a>, and later became the first female president of the society in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-LADY_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LADY-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Schreiber" title="Nancy Schreiber">Nancy Schreiber</a> (born 1949)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> known for her work on <i><a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Desire" title="Chain of Desire">Chain of Desire</a></i>, <i>Dead Beat</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Celluloid_Closet_(film)" title="The Celluloid Closet (film)">The Celluloid Closet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/November_(2004_film)" title="November (2004 film)">November</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nines" title="The Nines">The Nines</a></i>. During the 1990s, Schreiber was an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">adjunct professor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> and taught advanced cinematography.<sup id="cite_ref-schreiber_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schreiber-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, she became an official member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers" title="American Society of Cinematographers">American Society of Cinematographers</a> and was the fourth woman to join it.<sup id="cite_ref-schreiber_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schreiber-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout her career, Schreiber has been on the board of governors of the American Society of Cinematographers, a board member of the Women in Film Foundation, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schreiber_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schreiber-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She won the Women in Film's Kodak Vision Award in 1997 and the <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a> award for Excellence in Dramatic Cinematography in 2004 for her work on <i><a href="/wiki/November_(2004_film)" title="November (2004 film)">November</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Morrison" title="Rachel Morrison">Rachel Morrison</a> (born 1978) is the first woman to be nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography" title="Academy Award for Best Cinematography">Academy Award for Best Cinematography</a> for her work on the film <i><a href="/wiki/Mudbound_(film)" title="Mudbound (film)">Mudbound</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has also worked on such commercially and critically successful films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fruitvale_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruitvale Station">Fruitvale Station</a></i> (2013) and <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)" title="Black Panther (film)">Black Panther</a></i> (2018).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_executives">Studio executives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Studio executives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amy_Pascal" title="Amy Pascal">Amy Pascal</a> is the Sony studio chief and is the only female head of a major studio.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, Pascal joined <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>; she left in 1994 and went to work for <a href="/wiki/Turner_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner Pictures">Turner Pictures</a> as the president of the company. In her first years at Columbia she worked on films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film)" title="Groundhog Day (film)">Groundhog Day</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Women_(1994_film)" title="Little Women (1994 film)">Little Women</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own" title="A League of Their Own">A League of Their Own</a></i>. When Pascal first started her career she was the Vice President of production at <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> in 1986–1987. Before Pascal joined Fox, she was a secretary for <a href="/wiki/Tony_Garnett" title="Tony Garnett">Tony Garnett</a> who was an independent producer with <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros">Warner Bros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_and_awards">Organizations and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organizations and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_of_Women_Film_Journalists">Alliance of Women Film Journalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alliance of Women Film Journalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Center_to_End_Violence_(4838066646).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/International_Center_to_End_Violence_%284838066646%29.jpg/250px-International_Center_to_End_Violence_%284838066646%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/International_Center_to_End_Violence_%284838066646%29.jpg/330px-International_Center_to_End_Violence_%284838066646%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/International_Center_to_End_Violence_%284838066646%29.jpg/500px-International_Center_to_End_Violence_%284838066646%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3602" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> (right), with <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Esta_Soler" title="Esta Soler">Esta Soler</a> (center) breaking ground on the International Center to End Violence in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Women_Film_Journalists" title="Alliance of Women Film Journalists">Alliance of Women Film Journalists</a> (AWFJ) is a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a> founded in 2006 and based out of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, dedicated to supporting work by and about women in the film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-awfj-about_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awfj-about-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AWFJ is composed of 76 professional female <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">movie critics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, and feature writers working in <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">print</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">online media</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> describes the AWFJ as an organization that collects articles by its (mainly US-based) members, gives annual awards, and "supports films by and about women".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 2007, the group began giving annual awards to the best (and worst) in film, as voted on by its members. These awards have been reported on in recent years by number of mainstream media sources including <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>, and are also included in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> movie reviews awards lists.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, AWFJ released a Top 100 Films List in response to the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> revision of their <a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movies" title="AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies">100 Years, 100 Films</a> list.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AWFJ created their list to see if their members would come up with a substantially different list from AFI. In addition to awards for achievement granted regardless of gender, the AWFJ has "Female Focus Awards" (Best Woman Director, Best Woman Screenwriter, Kick Ass Award For Best Female Action Star, Best Animated Female, Best Breakthrough Performance, Best Newcomer, Women's Image Award, Hanging in There Award for Persistence, Actress Defying Age and Agism, Lifetime Achievement Award, Award for Humanitarian Activism, Female Icon Award, and This Year's Outstanding Achievement by a Woman in the Film Industry) and "EDA Special Mention Awards" (e.g., Most Egregious Age Difference Between Leading Man and Love Interest).<sup id="cite_ref-2013-Awards_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013-Awards-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geena_Davis_Institute_on_Gender_in_Media">Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geena_Davis_at_the_podium_(9922450166).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Geena_Davis_at_the_podium_%289922450166%29.jpg/250px-Geena_Davis_at_the_podium_%289922450166%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Geena_Davis_at_the_podium_%289922450166%29.jpg/330px-Geena_Davis_at_the_podium_%289922450166%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Geena_Davis_at_the_podium_%289922450166%29.jpg/500px-Geena_Davis_at_the_podium_%289922450166%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The Hollywood actress <a href="/wiki/Geena_Davis" title="Geena Davis">Geena Davis</a> in a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> Countdown event in the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Foundation Building">Ford Foundation Building</a> in New York, addressing gender roles and issues in film (24 September 2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Geena_Davis_Institute_on_Gender_in_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media">Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media</a> is an organisation that has been lobbying the industry for years to expand the roles of women in film.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization itself says they have the research spanning over 28+ years, on "gender prevalence in family entertainment." Some of their "key findings," from over the years include; "Gender Bias in Advertising," "Female Characters in Film and TV Motivate Women to Be More Ambitious, More Successful, and Courageous," "Representations of Women in STEM Characters in Media," and so much more.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_Women_in_Film_&_Television"><span id="New_York_Women_in_Film_.26_Television"></span>New York Women in Film & Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New York Women in Film & Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_York_Women_in_Film_%26_Television" title="New York Women in Film & Television">New York Women in Film & Television</a> is a nonprofit membership organization for professional women in film, television and digital media. It works for women's rights, achievements and points of view in the film and television industry. It also educates media professionals and provides a network for the exchange of information and resources. It was founded in 1977 and brings together more than 2,000 professionals, including <a href="/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy">EMMY</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winners, who work in all areas of the entertainment industry. It is part of a network of 40 international Women in Film chapters, representing more than 10,000 members worldwide. It produces over 50 programs and special events annually; advocates for women in the industry; and, recognizes and encourages the contributions of women in the field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_Film_Critics_Circle">Women Film Critics Circle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Women Film Critics Circle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Women_Film_Critics_Circle" title="Women Film Critics Circle">Women Film Critics Circle</a> is an association of 64 women film critics and scholars nationally and internationally, who are involved in print, radio, online and TV broadcast media. They united to form the first women critics organization in the United States, in the belief that women's perspectives and voices in film criticism would be recognized fully. The organization was founded in 2004. The Circle has made annual awards, the <i>Women Film Critics Circle Awards</i>, since 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_Film">Women in Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Women in Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothy_Arzner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dorothy_Arzner.jpg/200px-Dorothy_Arzner.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dorothy_Arzner.jpg/300px-Dorothy_Arzner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dorothy_Arzner.jpg/400px-Dorothy_Arzner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>The first female member of the Directors Guild of America and a pioneering director, honored by the Dorothy Arzner Directors Award.</figcaption></figure> <p>Women in Film (WIF) is "a non-profit organization dedicated to helping women achieve their highest potential within the global entertainment, communications and media industries and to preserving the legacy of women within those industries. Founded in 1973, Women in Film and its Women in Film Foundation provide for members an extensive network of contacts, educational programs, scholarships, film finishing funds and grants, access to employment opportunities, mentorships and numerous practical services in support of this mission."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WIF is a huge organization, offering bi-monthly networking breakfasts for women in the industry, internships, classes, competitions, a PSA production program, scholarships, and much more.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Film_Crystal_%2B_Lucy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards">Crystal + Lucy Awards</a> were first presented by the Women in Film Organization. The awards include the Crystal Award, the Lucy Award, the Dorothy Arzner Directors Award, the Max Mara Face of the Future Award, and the <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> Vision Award. The same year, the Crystal Award was established to honor outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner" title="Dorothy Arzner">Dorothy Arzner</a> was the first woman member of the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America" title="Directors Guild of America">Directors Guild of America</a>. This award was established in her honor to recognize the important role women directors play in both film and television. The Max Mara Face of the Future Award was inaugurated at the 2006 Crystal + Lucy Awards. This award is given to an actress who is experiencing a turning point in her career through her work in the entertainment industry and through her contributions to the community at large. The Kodak Vision Award is presented to a female filmmaker with outstanding achievements in cinematography, directing and/or producing, who also collaborates with and assists women in the entertainment industry. The Founder's Award was established at the Lucy Awards and was first presented to <a href="/wiki/Tichi_Wilkerson_Kassel" title="Tichi Wilkerson Kassel">Tichi Wilkerson Kassel</a> in 1996. The award is given in recognition of distinguished service to Women in Film. The <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Malone" title="Nancy Malone">Nancy Malone</a> Directors Award recognizes emerging women directors who have demonstrated a passionate commitment to filmmaking. In 1992, the Women of Courage Award was established to recognize women who persevere through adverse conditions and circumstances in their quest for the rights of all women in the entertainment industry and society at large. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_Film_and_Television_International">Women in Film and Television International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Women in Film and Television International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Film_and_Television_International" title="Women in Film and Television International">Women in Film and Television International</a> (WIFTI) is a "global network comprised of over forty Women in Film chapters worldwide with over 10,000 members, dedicated to advancing professional development and achievement for women working in all areas of film, video and digital media."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization was founded in 1973 in Los Angeles by <a href="/wiki/Tichi_Wilkerson_Kassel" title="Tichi Wilkerson Kassel">Tichi Wilkerson Kassel</a> and grew quickly worldwide, hosting their first <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Film_and_Television_International" title="Women in Film and Television International">Women in Film and Television International</a> World Summit in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in September 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_International_Film_and_Arts_Festival"><span id="Women.27s_International_Film_and_Arts_Festival"></span>Women's International Film and Arts Festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Women's International Film and Arts Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Women's International Film & Arts Festival (WIFF)is a "unique, cultural event featuring films, visual and performance arts and other artistic expressions by women." "Designed to promote women in the film industry and celebrate women's accomplishments, the festival consists of panel discussions, workshops, and symposia. WIFF's goals include empowering women of all ages to see themselves in a broader context."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WITASWAN_and_International_SWAN_Day">WITASWAN and International SWAN Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: WITASWAN and International SWAN Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Lisa_Huttner" title="Jan Lisa Huttner">Jan Lisa Huttner</a> began an organization known as WITASWAN – Women in the Audience Supporting Women Artists Now, a grassroots movement to eliminate the celluloid ceiling. Combining efforts with the WomenArts Network, WITASWAN hosts and promotes International SWAN (Supporting Women Artists Now) Day annually, beginning in 2008. Over 700 celebrations worldwide take place on the last Saturday of March, bringing people together to celebrate women artists and filmmakers. The event is designed to promote awareness of women in film and the ways that people can support them by being educated film consumers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_Make_Movies">Women Make Movies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Women Make Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B._Ruby_Rich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/B._Ruby_Rich.jpg/220px-B._Ruby_Rich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/B._Ruby_Rich.jpg/330px-B._Ruby_Rich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/B._Ruby_Rich.jpg/440px-B._Ruby_Rich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B._Ruby_Rich" title="B. Ruby Rich">B. Ruby Rich</a> was a key advocate for women's filmmaking in the 1980s, securing funding for WMM and amplifying women’s voices in cinema.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Women_Make_Movies" title="Women Make Movies">Women Make Movies</a> (WMM) is a "non-profit media arts organization which facilitates the production, promotion, distribution and exhibition of independent films and videotapes by and about women" based in New York City. WMM is a feminist media organization that focuses especially on the work of women of color.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is independent, receiving less than $100,000 a year from the government, and with its films all made by independent women artists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 1969 by <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Maria_Dougherty" title="Ariel Maria Dougherty">Ariel Dougherty</a> and Sheila Page, WMM's first aimed to teach women about filmmaking. In 1972, it established training workshops in New York to introduce women to filmmaking, especially documentary. According to <a href="/wiki/B._Ruby_Rich" title="B. Ruby Rich">B. Ruby Rich</a>, director of the film program at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_on_the_Arts" title="New York State Council on the Arts">New York State Council on the Arts</a> (NYSCA) in 1981, "Documentary was the preferred mode for its ability to focus attention directly on issues of importance to women." Rich says that the organization emerged to help combat the problem of women's lives being misrepresented in films of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, WMM's focus shifted more toward the distribution of films made by women rather than just training. This change was led by <a href="/wiki/Debra_Zimmerman" title="Debra Zimmerman">Debra Zimmerman</a>, the executive director of WMM since 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came in response to the lack of distribution and presentation of films made by women in a male dominated field. Additionally, the organization was losing funding, but they were able to regain it through the help of Rich and the NYSCA with their new distribution program.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program originally focused on screenings in New York and the foundation of women's films festivals. Today, the distribution program is their primary work. WMM distributes its collection of more than 500 films to institutions such as colleges, galleries, museums, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program "has been able to influence university curricula deeply and to advance the careers of women filmmakers whom it has taken under its wing."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the distribution program, WMM is involved with international women's films festivals. It distributes films to countries that wish to exhibit women's films, which has helped start festivals in six to eight countries such as Monaco and Sierra Leone.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the distribution program, WMM also has a production program that offers resources and training to independent women filmmakers – they reach more than 400 filmmakers in 30 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WMM's collection of films has grown from around 40 to now more than 500. It includes films and videos of diverse subject matter and often represents women of minorities such as lesbians or women with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the goal of WMM is and has always been to represent independent women filmmakers as a response to the lack of women directors and filmmakers in Hollywood. It aims to combine politics and social problems with film theory to accurately depict the lives of women.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_D">Studio D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Studio D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1970s the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> established <a href="/wiki/Studio_D" title="Studio D">Studio D</a>, which was the first ever publicly funded female film production studio in the world. Studio D became the home, accommodating around six staff directors and home to many other producers and support staff. Approximately half of the studio's films were helmed by independent female directors from around the country. Over the next couple of decades, the filming studio would rise to success, earning three <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> over that period.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have stated that despite the studio's success, women were still typically discouraged from making films or told that not thinking like a woman was best for making films. Women were also still paid significantly less than male counterparts. The studio also experienced issues with funding during the 1980s, as there were more women coming to the studio to look for work than the studio could afford to hire.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_film_theory">Feminist film theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Feminist film theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Feminist film theory</a> is <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">theoretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">film criticism</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> politics and <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a>. Feminists have many approaches to cinema analysis, regarding the film elements analyzed and their theoretical underpinnings. The development of feminist film theory was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Second_wave_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Second wave feminism">second wave feminism</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's studies</a> in the 1960s and 1970s. Feminist scholars began taking cues from the new theories arising from these movements to analyzing film. Initial attempts in the United States in the early 1970s were generally based on <a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">sociological theory</a> and focused on the function of women characters in particular film <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narratives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> as a reflection of a society's view of women. Studies analyzed how the women portrayed in film related to the broader historical context, the stereotypes depicted, the extent to which the women were shown as active or passive, and the amount of screen time given to women.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, film theoreticians in England began integrating perspectives based on <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> and drawing inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. Eventually these ideas gained hold within the American scholarly community in the later 1970s and 1980s. Analysis focused on they ways "cinematic production affect the representation of women and reinforce sexism".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Mulvey_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_July_24_2010_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Laura_Mulvey_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_July_24_2010_02.JPG/250px-Laura_Mulvey_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_July_24_2010_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="146" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Laura_Mulvey_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_July_24_2010_02.JPG/330px-Laura_Mulvey_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_July_24_2010_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_hooks,_October_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bell_hooks%2C_October_2014.jpg/138px-Bell_hooks%2C_October_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bell_hooks%2C_October_2014.jpg/207px-Bell_hooks%2C_October_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bell_hooks%2C_October_2014.jpg/276px-Bell_hooks%2C_October_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Theorist <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mulvey" title="Laura Mulvey">Laura Mulvey</a> (left) developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">male gaze</a> within cinema. <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> (right) later proposed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Oppositional_gaze" title="Oppositional gaze">oppositional gaze</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>In considering the way that films are put together, many feminist film critics have pointed to what they argue is the "<a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">male gaze</a>" that predominates in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">classical Hollywood</a> filmmaking. Budd Boetticher summarises the view thus: "What counts is what the heroine provokes, or rather what she represents. She is the one, or rather the love or fear she inspires in the hero, or else the concern he feels for her, who makes him act the way he does. In herself the woman has not the slightest importance."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mulvey" title="Laura Mulvey">Laura Mulvey</a>'s influential essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema"<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (written in 1973 and published in 1975) expands on this conception to argue that in cinema women are typically depicted in a passive role that provides visual pleasure through <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">scopophilia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Erens_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erens-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and identification with the on-screen male actor.<sup id="cite_ref-Erens_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erens-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She asserts: "In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote <i>to-be-looked-at-ness</i>,"<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a result contends that in film a woman is the "bearer of meaning, not maker of meaning."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulvey argues that the psychoanalytic theory of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> is the key to understanding how film creates such a space for female sexual <a href="/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">objectification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_(film)" title="Exploitation (film)">exploitation</a> through the combination of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> order of society, and 'looking' in itself as a pleasurable act of voyeurism, as "the cinema satisfies a primordial wish for pleasurable looking."<sup id="cite_ref-Erens_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erens-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coming from a black feminist perspective, American scholar <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> put forth the notion of the "oppositional gaze," encouraging black women not to accept stereotypical representations in film, but rather actively critique them.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Janet Bergstrom's article "Enunciation and Sexual Difference" (1979) uses Sigmund Freud's ideas of bisexual responses, arguing that women are capable of identifying with male characters and men with women characters, either successively or simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-Erens,_Patricia_1990_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erens,_Patricia_1990-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miriam Hanson, in "Pleasure, Ambivalence, Identification: Valentino and Female Spectatorship" (1984) put forth the idea that women are also able to view male characters as erotic objects of desire.<sup id="cite_ref-Erens,_Patricia_1990_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erens,_Patricia_1990-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "The Master's Dollhouse: Rear Window," <a href="/wiki/Tania_Modleski" title="Tania Modleski">Tania Modleski</a> argues that Hitchcock's film, <i><a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a></i>, is an example of the power of male gazer and the position of the female as a prisoner of the "master's dollhouse".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In films, there are power levels between male and female characters, and according to Jean-Anne Sutherland, a Sociology professor at UNCW, there are specific types of power structures in film. The different types are; power-over, power-to, and power-with. Power-over, when referring to a female character having "power-over," a male character, has the female character being portrayed as having more "masculine," in their physical appearance or interactions. This can be shown more in social class and race, and most of the time this is seen in "working class black and white women." Power-to, or "empowerment and resistance," can be seen in films mainly about overcoming obstacles and going against "social norms." Films that display "power-to," mostly have middle and working class white women at the center of the story. Power-with, show an equal balance of power, or male and female characters working with each other rather than against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bechdel_test">Bechdel test</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bechdel test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rinko_Kikuchi_Berlin_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rinko_Kikuchi_Berlin_2015.jpg/250px-Rinko_Kikuchi_Berlin_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rinko_Kikuchi_Berlin_2015.jpg/330px-Rinko_Kikuchi_Berlin_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rinko_Kikuchi_Berlin_2015.jpg/500px-Rinko_Kikuchi_Berlin_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>The character <b>Mako Mori</b> from <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)" title="Pacific Rim (film)">Pacific Rim</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Rinko_Kikuchi" title="Rinko Kikuchi">Rinko Kikuchi</a>, pictured) inspired an alternative test for measuring female presence in fiction the <a href="/wiki/Mako_Mori_test" title="Mako Mori test">Mako Mori test</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bechdel_test" title="Bechdel test">Bechdel test</a>, originating in 1985 from the comic strip "Dykes to Watch Out For" by <a href="/wiki/Allison_Bechdel" class="mw-redirect" title="Allison Bechdel">Allison Bechdel</a>, is an approach to observing the representation of women in popular film. Bechdel attributes the idea to Liz Wallace and has said the test should be called the "Bechdel-Wallace test.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To pass the test, films must have at least two women who talk to each other, and the women must talk about something other than a man. The requirement that the two women must be named characters, rather than generic <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock characters</a> (e.g., "<a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">girlfriend</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">groupie</a>", etc.) is sometimes added. Only about half of all films meet these requirements, according to user-edited film databases and media industry press. The test is used as an indicator for the active presence of women in films and other fiction, and to call attention to <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a> in fiction due to <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of gender portrayals in 855 of the most financially successful U.S. films from 1950 to 2006 showed that there were, on average, two male characters for each female character, a ratio that remained stable over time.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female characters were portrayed as being involved in sex twice as often as male characters, and their proportion of scenes with explicit sexual content increased over time. Violence increased over time in male and female characters alike.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2014 study by the <a href="/wiki/Geena_Davis_Institute_on_Gender_in_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media">Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media</a>, in 120 films made worldwide from 2010 to 2013, only 31% of named characters were female, and 23% of the films had a female protagonist or co-protagonist. 7% of directors are women.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study looking at the 700 top‐grossing films from 2007 to 2014 found that only 30% of the speaking characters were female.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, four Swedish cinemas and the Scandinavian cable television channel <a href="/wiki/Viasat_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Viasat Film">Viasat Film</a> incorporated the Bechdel test into some of their ratings, a move supported by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Film_Institute" title="Swedish Film Institute">Swedish Film Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the European cinema fund <a href="/wiki/Eurimages" title="Eurimages">Eurimages</a> incorporated the Bechdel test into its submission mechanism as part of an effort to collect information about gender equality in its projects. It requires "a Bechdel analysis of the script to be supplied by the script readers".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study by Andrew M. Linder, Melissa Lindquist, and Julie Arnold examined box office performance of movies that pass the Bechdel test. They found that, of the most popular movies from the 2000s, a little less than half passed the Bechdel test, and these films made less than those that failed the test. They attributed this difference to a discrepancy in production budgets between the two groups, with less funding for movies that did pass the Bechdel test.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The website <i>bechdeltest.com</i> is a user-edited database of some 4,500 films classified by whether or not they pass the test, with the added requirement that the women must be <i>named</i> characters. As of January 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it listed 57% of these films as passing all three of the test's requirements, 22% as failing one, 10% as failing two, and 11% as failing all three.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_film_festivals" title="Category:Women's film festivals">Category:Women's film festivals</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_Film_Pioneers_Project" title="Women Film Pioneers Project">Women Film Pioneers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil_International_Women%27s_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Créteil International Women's Film Festival">Créteil International Women's Film Festival</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Women</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Women in dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Women artists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2014" class="citation news cs1">Willsher, Kim (20 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/apr/20/french-film-new-wave-women-bridge-gender-gap">"Women bridge gender gap as French film embraces a new nouvelle vague"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Audio commentary, 2006 DVD re-issue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoane1987152–53-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoane1987152–53_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoane1987">Doane 1987</a>, pp. 152–53.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDoane1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFedorova2023" class="citation web cs1">Fedorova, Angelina (27 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.byarcadia.org/post/stereotypical-women-s-representation-in-the-film-industry#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20main%20reasons,directors%20(Kunsey%2C%202019).">"Stereotypical Women's Representation in the Film Industry"</a>. <i>Arcadia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bechdeltest.com&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbechdeltest.com%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Lisa M. <i>Mammies no more: the changing image of Black women on stage and screen</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.</li> <li>Benshoff, Harry M. <i>America on film: representing race, class, gender, and sexuality at the movies</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2004.</li> <li>Brunsdon, Charlotte (Ed). <i>Films for women</i>. London: British Film Institute, 1986.</li> <li>Butler, Alison. <i>Women's cinema: the contested screen</i>. London: Wallflower, 2002.</li> <li>Davies, Jude. <i>Gender, ethnicity and sexuality in contemporary American film</i>. Chicago, Il: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000.</li> <li>Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey. <i>Women filmmakers of the African and Asian diaspora: decolonizing the gaze, locating subjectivity</i>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Haskell" title="Molly Haskell">Haskell, Molly</a>. <i>From reverence to rape: the treatment of women in the movies</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.</li> <li>Thornham, Sue (Ed). <i>Feminist film theory: a reader</i>. New York: New York University Press, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_film&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_Friedrich" title="Su Friedrich">Su Friedrich</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womenfilmeditors.princeton.edu/">Edited By – Women Film Editors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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