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E. Scherer","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Universität Hannover","address":{"name":"Institut für Zierpflanzenbau und Gehölzwissenschaften, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"scherer@zier.uni-hannover.de","@type":"Person"}],"keywords":"Free Fatty Acid, Catalytic Centre, Botrytis Cinerea, Auxin Receptor, Knockout Plant","description":"Phospholipase A (PLA) is an acyl hydrolase, which hydrolyses phospholipids either at the hydroxyl group of the C1 (phospholipase A1; PLA1) or the C2 atom (PLA2\n). Structurally different enzymes can have this activity. These enzymes are (1) the small (14 kDa) secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) found in fungi, plants and animals; (2) the soluble or secreted patatin-related phospholipases A2 (pPLA2), including the homologous soluble calcium-independent phosholipases A2 (iPLA2) in animals; (3) the cytosolic or calcium-activated phospholipases A2 (cPLA2); (4) the lipase-like phospholipase A1 and (5) the bacterial dimeric phospholipase A2. Since, bacterial phospholipase A2 is not found in plants, it is not discussed here. Both pPLA2 and the homologous iPLA2 hydrolyse in vitro phospholipids at the C1- and C2-position so that the plant enzymes are often called PLA (non-specified A), but indications for PLA2 specificity in vivo exist and hence called pPLA2 here. Although few facts are known about the functions of sPLA2 (four genes in Arabidopsis), there is rapidly accumulating evidence that the pPLA2 in plants (ten genes in Arabidopsis) have function in several signal transduction pathways, such as auxin, pathogen and, perhaps, light signaling. The known localisation of five different enzymes is in the cytosol. Thus, the pPLA2 of plants takes over the function in plant signal transduction, which is fulfilled by the cPLA2 in animal cells. Evidence that the breakdown products, free fatty acid and lysophospholipids are second messengers is fragmentary. The PLA1 group in plants has a preference for hydrolysis of galactolipids and is localised to chloroplasts, so they could be the enzymes to release linolenic acid as a precursor for jasmonate synthesis.","datePublished":"2010","isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@context":"https://schema.org"}</script> </head> <body class="shared-article-renderer">  <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-vh-full"> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a> <div class="u-hide u-show-following-ad"></div> <aside class="c-ad c-ad--728x90" data-test="springer-doubleclick-ad"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-LB1" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-test="LB1-ad" 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srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-642-03873-0?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title ">Lipid Signaling in Plants</span> </a> <span class="app-article-masthead__conference-info"></span> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="js-main-column u-serif c-chapter-body" data-track-component="chapter"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <div class="app-overview-section"> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-G_nther_F__E_-Scherer" data-author-popup="auth-G_nther_F__E_-Scherer" data-corresp-id="c1">Günther F. E. Scherer<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1_1">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <div class="app-overview-section__separator app-overview-section__book-series"> <div class="app-book-series-listing"> <div> <svg class="app-book-series-listing__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-eds-i-book-series-medium"></use></svg> </div> <div> <p data-test="series-link"> <span class="app-book-series-listing__description">Part of the book series:</span> <a href="https://www.springer.com/series/7089" data-track="click" data-track-action="open book series" data-track-label="link">Plant Cell Monographs</a> ((CELLMONO,volume 16)) </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="app-overview-section__separator" data-test="article-metrics"> <div id="altmetric-container"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset" data-test="article-metrics"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>1369 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>7 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label"> <a href="http://citations.springer.com/item?doi=10.1007/978-3-642-03873-0_1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Visit Springer Citations for full citation details" data-track="click" data-track-action="Citation count" data-track-label="link">Citations</a> </span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="chapter body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1_1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1_1-section"><h2 id="Abs1_1" class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1_1-content"><p>Phospholipase A (PLA) is an acyl hydrolase, which hydrolyses phospholipids either at the hydroxyl group of the C<sub>1</sub> (phospholipase A<sub>1</sub>; PLA<sub>1</sub>) or the C<sub>2</sub> atom (PLA<sub>2</sub> ). Structurally different enzymes can have this activity. These enzymes are (1) the small (14 kDa) secreted phospholipases A<sub>2</sub> (sPLA<sub>2</sub>) found in fungi, plants and animals; (2) the soluble or secreted patatin-related phospholipases A<sub>2</sub> (pPLA<sub>2</sub>), including the homologous soluble calcium-independent phosholipases A<sub>2</sub> (iPLA<sub>2</sub>) in animals; (3) the cytosolic or calcium-activated phospholipases A<sub>2</sub> (cPLA<sub>2</sub>); (4) the lipase-like phospholipase A<sub>1</sub> and (5) the bacterial dimeric phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>. Since, bacterial phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> is not found in plants, it is not discussed here. Both pPLA<sub>2</sub> and the homologous iPLA<sub>2</sub> hydrolyse in vitro phospholipids at the C<sub>1</sub>- and C<sub>2</sub>-position so that the plant enzymes are often called PLA (non-specified A), but indications for PLA<sub>2</sub> specificity in vivo exist and hence called pPLA<sub>2</sub> here. Although few facts are known about the functions of sPLA<sub>2</sub> (four genes in Arabidopsis), there is rapidly accumulating evidence that the pPLA<sub>2</sub> in plants (ten genes in Arabidopsis) have function in several signal transduction pathways, such as auxin, pathogen and, perhaps, light signaling. The known localisation of five different enzymes is in the cytosol. Thus, the pPLA<sub>2</sub> of plants takes over the function in plant signal transduction, which is fulfilled by the cPLA<sub>2</sub> in animal cells. Evidence that the breakdown products, free fatty acid and lysophospholipids are second messengers is fragmentary. The PLA<sub>1</sub> group in plants has a preference for hydrolysis of galactolipids and is localised to chloroplasts, so they could be the enzymes to release linolenic acid as a precursor for jasmonate synthesis.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-03873-0_1%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D510b4a04-dbde-42b8-85cb-8201fe19a687" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-chapter-mobile" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this chapter</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-03873-0_1%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D510b4a04-dbde-42b8-85cb-8201fe19a687" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="u-mb-24"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-darwin sprcom-buybox-darwin-b buybox" id="sprcom-buybox-darwin-b"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"> <span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading-end">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="c-box"> <div class="buying-options"> <div class="buying-option expanded"> <dl class="buying-option-price"> <dt> <svg width="24" height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path d="M11.782 11L9.3 8.518c-.393-.392-.4-1.022-.02-1.403a1.001 1.001 0 011.417 0l4.176 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.416l-4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 01-1.4.016 1 1 0 01.003-1.42L11.782 13l1.013-.998L11.782 11z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> Chapter </dt> <dd class="price-amount"> <div data-test-id="test-chapter-price" class="buybox__price"> EUR 29.95 </div> </dd> <dd class="price-info"> Price includes VAT (Hong Kong/P.R.China) </dd> </dl> <form class="buying-option-form" action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="chapter"> <input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/978-3-642-03873-0_1"> <input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="978-3-642-03873-0"> <input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Phospholipase A in Plant Signal Transduction"> <input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2010"> <input type="hidden" name="year" value="2009"> <input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Günther F. 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Molekulare Ertragsphysiologie, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Günther F. E. Scherer</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-G_nther_F__E_-Scherer"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Günther F. E. 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