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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="438"/></a></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lion</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lion (disambiguation)">Lion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large cat native to Africa and Asia</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Lion <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Pleistocene–Present <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.12676923077px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg/220px-Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg/330px-Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg/440px-Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"/></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male lion in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okonjima" title="Okonjima">Okonjima</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okonjima_Lioness.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Okonjima Lioness.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Okonjima_Lioness.jpg/220px-Okonjima_Lioness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Okonjima_Lioness.jpg/330px-Okonjima_Lioness.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Okonjima_Lioness.jpg/440px-Okonjima_Lioness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1600"/></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Female (lioness) in Okonjima </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64"/> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix II (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Panthera" title="edit"><img alt="edit" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"/></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">P. leo<a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Panthera leo<a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1">[1]</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-4">[3]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <dl><dd><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_leo" title="Panthera leo leo">P. l. leo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_melanochaita" title="Panthera leo melanochaita">P. l. melanochaita</a></dd> <dd><img alt="dagger" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Dagger-14-plain.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" data-file-width="9" data-file-height="14"/><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_fossilis" title="Panthera leo fossilis">P. l. fossilis</a></dd> <dd><img alt="dagger" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Dagger-14-plain.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" data-file-width="9" data-file-height="14"/><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka lion">P. l. sinhaleyus</a></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_distribution.png" class="image"><img alt="Lion distribution.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lion_distribution.png/220px-Lion_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lion_distribution.png/330px-Lion_distribution.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lion_distribution.png/440px-Lion_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="768"/></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Historical and present distribution of the lion in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The lion (Panthera leo) is a large <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cat</a> of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a> native to <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and India. It has a muscular, deep-chested body, short, rounded head, round ears, and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. It is <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a>; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It is a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Social species">social species</a>, forming groups called prides. A lion's pride consists of a few adult males, related females, and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on large <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>. The lion is an <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone predator">keystone predator</a>; although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur and have been known to hunt humans, the species typically does not. The lion inhabits <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrublands</a>. It is usually more <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">at night</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">at twilight</a>. During the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, the lion ranged throughout Africa, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia">Western</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, but it has been reduced to fragmented populations in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and one population in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">western India</a>. It has been listed as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> on the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern. One of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture, the lion has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. Lions have been kept in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menageries</a> since the time of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and have been a key species sought for exhibition in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological garden">zoological gardens</a> across the world since the late 18th century. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Cultural depictions of lions</a> were prominent in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, and depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures in the lion's historic and current range. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Taxonomy">2 Taxonomy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Subspecies">2.1 Subspecies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Fossil_records">2.2 Fossil records</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Evolution">2.3 Evolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Hybrids">2.4 Hybrids</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Description">3 Description</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Size">3.1 Size</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mane">3.2 Mane</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Colour_variation">3.3 Colour variation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Distribution_and_habitat">4 Distribution and habitat</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Historical_range">4.1 Historical range</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Behaviour_and_ecology">5 Behaviour and ecology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Group_organisation">5.1 Group organisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Hunting_and_diet">5.2 Hunting and diet</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Predator_competition">5.2.1 Predator competition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Reproduction_and_life_cycle">5.3 Reproduction and life cycle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Health">5.4 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Communication">5.5 Communication</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Conservation">6 Conservation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#In_Africa">6.1 In Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#In_Asia">6.2 In Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Captive_breeding">6.3 Captive breeding</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Interactions_with_humans">7 Interactions with humans</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#In_zoos_and_circuses">7.1 In zoos and circuses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Hunting_and_games">7.2 Hunting and games</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Man-eating">7.3 Man-eating</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Cultural_significance">8 Cultural significance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Africa">8.1 Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Eastern_world">8.2 Eastern world</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Western_world">8.3 Western world</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Books">10.1 Books</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Etymology</h2> The word 'lion' is derived from <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: leo<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: λέων (leon).<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The word lavi (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: לָבִיא) may also be related.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The generic name Panthera is traceable to the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> word 'panthēra' and the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> word πάνθηρ 'panther'.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <h2>Taxonomy</h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg/220px-Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg/330px-Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg/440px-Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="646"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 study,<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2006-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-werdelin2009-10">[9]</a> the lower one on the 2010<a href="#cite_note-davis2010-11">[10]</a> and 2011<a href="#cite_note-mazak2011-12">[11]</a> studies.</div></div></div> Felis leo was the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> used by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758, who described the lion in his work <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-4">[3]</a> The genus name Panthera was coined by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Oken" title="Lorenz Oken">Lorenz Oken</a> in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_specimen" title="Zoological specimen">specimens</a> were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">valid</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1">[1]</a> They were distinguished mostly by the size and colour of their manes and skins.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmer-14">[13]</a> <h3>Subspecies</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png/220px-Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png/330px-Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png/440px-Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="768"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Range map showing distribution of subspecies and clades</div></div></div> In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimens</a> were described and proposed as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, with about a dozen recognised as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">valid</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> until 2017.<a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1">[1]</a> Between 2008 and 2016, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> assessors used only two subspecific names: P. l. leo for African lion populations, and P. l. persica for the Asiatic lion population.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Breitenmoser2008-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henschel2015-16">[15]</a> In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, and recognises two subspecies based on results of several <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeographic">phylogeographic</a> studies on lion <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, namely:<a href="#cite_note-catsg-17">[16]</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_leo" title="Panthera leo leo">P. l. leo</a> (Linnaeus, 1758) − the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate</a> lion subspecies includes the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a>, the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Locally extinct">regionally extinct</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lion</a>, and lion populations in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and northern parts of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-catsg-17">[16]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> include P. l. persica (Meyer, 1826), P. l. senegalensis (Meyer, 1826), P. l. kamptzi (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Matschie" title="Paul Matschie">Matschie</a>, 1900), and P. l. azandica (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Asaph_Allen" title="Joel Asaph Allen">Allen</a>, 1924).<a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1">[1]</a> Multiple authors referred to it as 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'.<a href="#cite_note-Wood1865-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-19">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_melanochaita" title="Panthera leo melanochaita">P. l. melanochaita</a> (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">Smith</a>, 1842) − includes the extinct <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_lion" title="Cape lion">Cape lion</a> and lion populations in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern African</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-catsg-17">[16]</a> Synonyms include P. l. somaliensis (Noack 1891), P. l. massaica (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Neumann" title="Oscar Neumann">Neumann</a>, 1900), P. l. sabakiensis (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_L%C3%B6nnberg" title="Einar Lönnberg">Lönnberg</a>, 1910), P. l. bleyenberghi (Lönnberg, 1914), P. l. roosevelti (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Heller" title="Edmund Heller">Heller</a>, 1914), P. l. nyanzae (Heller, 1914), P. l. hollisteri (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Asaph_Allen" title="Joel Asaph Allen">Allen</a>, 1924), P. l. krugeri (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Roberts_(zoologist)" title="Austin Roberts (zoologist)">Roberts</a>, 1929), P. l. vernayi (Roberts, 1948), and P. l. webbiensis (Zukowsky, 1964).<a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hemmer-14">[13]</a> It has been referred to as 'southern subspecies' and 'southern lion'.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-19">[18]</a></li></ul> However, there seems to be some degree of overlap between both groups in northern Central Africa. DNA analysis from a more recent study indicates, that Central African lions are derived from both northern and southern lions, as they cluster with P. leo leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies whereas their genomic DNA indicates a closer relationship with P. leo melanochaita.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Lion samples from some parts of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> cluster genetically with those from Cameroon and Chad, while lions from other areas of Ethiopia cluster with samples from East Africa. Researchers therefore assume Ethiopia is a contact zone between the two subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-Bertola2016-21">[20]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a>-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with P. l. leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to P. l. melanochaita. This result suggested that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision.<a href="#cite_note-DeManuel_al2020-22">[21]</a> <h3>Fossil records</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_Atrox.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panthera_Atrox.jpg/220px-Panthera_Atrox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panthera_Atrox.jpg/330px-Panthera_Atrox.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panthera_Atrox.jpg/440px-Panthera_Atrox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_Atrox.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Skull of an American lion on display at the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a></div></div></div> Other lion subspecies or <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister species">sister species</a> to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times:<a href="#cite_note-Christiansen08CaveLions-23">[22]</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_sinhaleyus" title="Panthera leo sinhaleyus">P. l. sinhaleyus</a> was a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassial</a> excavated in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_fossilis" title="Panthera leo fossilis">P. leo fossilis</a> was larger than the modern lion and lived in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Marciszak2010-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sabol2014-26">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_spelaea" title="Panthera spelaea">P. spelaea</a>, or the cave lion, lived in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> during the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>. It became extinct due to <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate warming">climate warming</a> or <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">human expansion</a> latest by 11,900 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart2011-27">[26]</a> Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmer2011-28">[27]</a> It likely derived from P. fossilis,<a href="#cite_note-Barnett2016-29">[28]</a> and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2016-29">[28]</a> It is depicted in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts.<a href="#cite_note-Packer00-31">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lion" title="American lion">P. atrox</a>, or the American lion, ranged in the Americas from Canada to possibly <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chimento2017-32">[31]</a> It arose when a cave lion population in Beringia became isolated south of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran Ice Sheet">Cordilleran Ice Sheet</a> about 370,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> A fossil from <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> dates to 11,355 ± 55 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-King2013-35">[34]</a></li></ul> <h3>Evolution</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cave_lion_range.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cave_lion_range.png/220px-Cave_lion_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cave_lion_range.png/330px-Cave_lion_range.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cave_lion_range.png/440px-Cave_lion_range.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="359"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cave_lion_range.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>red Panthera spelaea blue P. atrox green P. leo Maximal range of the modern lion and its prehistoric relatives in the late Pleistocene</div></div></div> The Panthera <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a> is estimated to have <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">genetically diverged</a> from the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a> of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> around <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=9.32–4.47">9.32 to 4.47</a> million years ago to <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=11.75–0.97">11.75 to 0.97</a> million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2006-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werdelin2010-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li_al2016-37">[36]</a> and the geographic origin of the genus is most likely northern Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Tseng2014-38">[37]</a> Results of analyses differ in the phylogenetic relationship of the lion; it was thought to form a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> with the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a> (P. onca) that diverged <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=3.46–1.22">3.46 to 1.22</a> million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2006-9">[8]</a> but also with the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> (P. pardus) that diverged <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=3.1–1.95">3.1 to 1.95</a> million years ago<a href="#cite_note-davis2010-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-mazak2011-12">[11]</a> to <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=4.32–0.02">4.32 to 0.02</a> million years ago. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybridisation</a> between lion and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a> (P. uncia) ancestors possibly continued until about 2.1 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Li_al2016-37">[36]</a> The lion-leopard clade was distributed in the Asian and African <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a> since at least the early <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tseng2014-38">[37]</a> The earliest fossils recognisable as lions were found at <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a> in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and are estimated to be up to 2 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-Werdelin2010-36">[35]</a> Estimates for the divergence time of the modern and cave lion lineages range from 529,000 to 392,000 years ago based on <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">mutation rate</a> per generation time of the modern lion. There is no evidence for <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> between the two lineages, indicating that they did not share the same geographic area.<a href="#cite_note-DeManuel_al2020-22">[21]</a> The Eurasian and American cave lions became extinct at the end of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> without <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrial</a> descendants on other continents.<a href="#cite_note-BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late Pleistocene. Lion populations in East and Southern Africa became separated from populations in West and North Africa when the equatorial rainforest expanded 183,500 to 81,800 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett_al2014-41">[40]</a> They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000 and 52,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-DeManuel_al2020-22">[21]</a> Due to the expansion of the Sahara between 83,100 and 26,600 years ago, lion populations in West and North Africa became separated. As the rainforest decreased and thus gave rise to more open habitats, lions moved from West to Central Africa. Lions from North Africa dispersed to southern Europe and Asia between 38,800 and 8,300 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett_al2014-41">[40]</a> Extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Bertola2011-42">[41]</a> A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleles">alleles</a> with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Basin" title="Nile Basin">Nile Basin</a> during the early <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeManuel_al2020-22">[21]</a> <h3>Hybrids</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_hybrid" title="Panthera hybrid">Panthera hybrid</a></div> In zoos, lions have been bred with tigers to create hybrids for the curiosity of visitors or for scientific purpose.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liger" title="Liger">liger</a> is bigger than a lion and a tiger, whereas most <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigon" title="Tigon">tigons</a> are relatively small compared to their parents because of reciprocal gene effects.<a href="#cite_note-shi-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carnivores-46">[45]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopon" title="Leopon">leopon</a> is a hybrid between a lion and leopard.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <h2>Description</h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lioness_12.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lioness_12.jpg/200px-Lioness_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lioness_12.jpg/300px-Lioness_12.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lioness_12.jpg/400px-Lioness_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_(Panthera_leo).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg/200px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg/300px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg/400px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="592"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Skeleton</div></div></div></div></div> The lion is a muscular, deep-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck and round ears. Its fur varies in colour from light buff to silvery grey, yellowish red and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A new-born lion has dark <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(zoology)" title="Rosette (zoology)">spots</a>, which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots often may still be seen on the legs and underparts. The lion is the only member of the cat family that displays obvious <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>. Males have broader heads and a prominent mane that grows downwards and backwards covering most of the head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust and black hairs.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haas2005-49">[48]</a> The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that in some lions conceals an approximately 5 mm (0.20 in)-long, hard "spine" or "spur" that is formed from the final, fused sections of tail bone. The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth and develops at around <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1020198016">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5+1⁄2 months of age. It is readily identifiable by the age of seven months.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller28-50">[49]</a> Of the living felid species, the lion is rivaled only by the tiger in length, weight, and height at the shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-Mitra2005-51">[50]</a> Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened, and has a slightly shorter <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postorbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Postorbital">postorbital</a> region and broader nasal openings than those of the tiger. Due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.<a href="#cite_note-Pocock1939-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-USSR-53">[52]</a> Skeletal muscles of the lion make up 58.8% of its body weight and represents the highest percentage of muscles among mammals.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <h3>Size</h3> The size and weight of adult lions varies across global range and habitats.<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chellam1993-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-BCKM1993-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-nowak-59">[58]</a> Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-CAP-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smuts_et_al.,_1982-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1987-62">[61]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Average</th> <th>Female lions</th> <th>Male lions </th></tr> <tr> <td>Head-and-body length </td> <td>160–184 cm (63–72 in)<a href="#cite_note-West2013-63">[62]</a> </td> <td>184–208 cm (72–82 in)<a href="#cite_note-West2013-63">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tail length </td> <td>72–89.5 cm (28.3–35.2 in)<a href="#cite_note-West2013-63">[62]</a> </td> <td>82.5–93.5 cm (32.5–36.8 in)<a href="#cite_note-West2013-63">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weight </td> <td>118.37–143.52 kg (261.0–316.4 lb) in Southern Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-56">[55]</a> 119.5 kg (263 lb) in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-56">[55]</a> 110–120 kg (240–260 lb) in India<a href="#cite_note-Chellam1993-57">[56]</a> </td> <td>186.55–225 kg (411.3–496.0 lb) in Southern Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-56">[55]</a> 174.9 kg (386 lb) in East Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-56">[55]</a> 160–190 kg (350–420 lb) in India<a href="#cite_note-Chellam1993-57">[56]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Mane</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_(Panthera_leo)_male_6y.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg/200px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg/300px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg/400px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="3648"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A six-year-old male with a large mane at <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinda_Private_Game_Reserve" title="Phinda Private Game Reserve">Phinda Private Game Reserve</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg/200px-Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg/300px-Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg/400px-Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Male with short mane at <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjari_National_Park" title="Pendjari National Park">Pendjari National Park</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></div></div></div></div></div> The male lion's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmer-14">[13]</a> It may have evolved around 320,000–190,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchietal2004Mane-64">[63]</a> It starts growing when lions are about a year old. Mane colour varies and darkens with age; research shows its colour and size are influenced by environmental factors such as average ambient temperature. Mane length apparently signals fighting success in male–male relationships; darker-maned individuals may have longer reproductive lives and higher offspring survival, although they suffer in the hottest months of the year. The presence, absence, colour and size of the mane are associated with genetic precondition, sexual maturity, climate and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> production; the rule of thumb is that a darker, fuller mane indicates a healthier animal. In <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a>, female lions favour males with dense, dark manes as mates. Male lions usually aim for the backs or hindquarters of rivals, rather than their necks.<a href="#cite_note-West-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Cool ambient temperature in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane.<a href="#cite_note-BarnettYamaguchi2006-67">[66]</a> Asiatic lions usually have sparser manes than average African lions.<a href="#cite_note-Menon-68">[67]</a> Almost all male lions in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjari_National_Park" title="Pendjari National Park">Pendjari National Park</a> are either maneless or have very short manes.<a href="#cite_note-Schoeetal2010-69">[68]</a> Maneless lions have also been reported in Senegal, in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>'s <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinder_National_Park" title="Dinder National Park">Dinder National Park</a> and in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsavo_East_National_Park" title="Tsavo East National Park">Tsavo East National Park</a>, Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The original male white lion from <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbavati" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbavati">Timbavati</a> in South Africa was also maneless. The hormone <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> has been linked to mane growth; <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a> lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> inhibits testosterone production.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <h3>Colour variation</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_lion" title="White lion">White lion</a></div> The white lion is a rare <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">morph</a> with a genetic condition called <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucism" title="Leucism">leucism</a> which is caused by a double <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recessive_allele" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive allele">recessive allele</a>. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> and the adjacent <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbavati_Private_Game_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbavati Private Game Reserve">Timbavati Private Game Reserve</a> in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a>. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> White lions are selected for breeding in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">canned hunts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <h2>Distribution and habitat</h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asiatic_lion_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asiatic_lion_01.jpg/220px-Asiatic_lion_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asiatic_lion_01.jpg/330px-Asiatic_lion_01.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asiatic_lion_01.jpg/440px-Asiatic_lion_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4259" data-file-height="3004"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asiatic_lion_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lion in Gir National Park</div></div></div> African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannahs</a>, scrub bordering rivers and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Elgon" title="Mount Elgon">Mount Elgon</a>, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-48">[47]</a> Savannahs with an annual rainfall of 300 to 1,500 mm (12 to 59 in) make up the majority of lion habitat in Africa, estimated at 3,390,821 km2 (1,309,203 sq mi) at most; but remnant populations are also present in tropical moist forests in West Africa and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">montane</a> forests in East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Riggio_al2013-76">[75]</a> The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gir_National_Park" title="Gir National Park">Gir National Park</a> in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrub_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrub forest">scrub forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Breitenmoser2008-15">[14]</a> <h3>Historical range</h3> In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="African rainforest">African rainforest</a> zone and the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller5-77">[76]</a> In the 1960s, it became extinct in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, except in the southern part of Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-Chardonnet2002-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riggio_al2013-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black_al2013-79">[78]</a> In southern Europe and Asia, the lion once ranged in regions where climatic conditions supported an abundance of prey.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In Greece, it was common as reported by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a> by AD 100.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-48">[47]</a> It was present in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> until the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-USSR-53">[52]</a> It lived in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> until the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942 about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Firouz05-82">[81]</a> although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a> river in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C5%ABzest%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khūzestān Province">Khūzestān Province</a> in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-simba-83">[82]</a> It once ranged from <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind">Sind</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in Pakistan to <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> in central India.<a href="#cite_note-Kinnear1920-84">[83]</a> <h2>Behaviour and ecology</h2> Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller122-85">[84]</a> Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming and defecating. Intermittent bursts of activity continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller120-86">[85]</a> <h3>Group organisation</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_(Panthera_leo)_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg/200px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg/300px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg/400px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5640" data-file-height="3736"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lion pride in Etosha National Park</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/200px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/300px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/400px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara</div></div></div></div></div> The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. Such a group is called a "<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animal_names#L" title="List of animal names">pride</a>". Groups of male lions are called "coalitions".<a href="#cite_note-Schaller33-87">[86]</a> Females form the stable <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Social unit">social unit</a> in a pride and do not tolerate outside females.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller37-88">[87]</a> Membership changes only with the births and deaths of lionesses,<a href="#cite_note-Schaller39-89">[88]</a> although some females leave and become nomadic.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller44-90">[89]</a> The average pride consists of around 15 lions, including several adult females and up to four males and their cubs of both sexes. Large prides, consisting of up to 30 individuals, have been observed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The sole exception to this pattern is the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsavo_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsavo lion">Tsavo lion</a> pride that always has just one adult male.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller44-90">[89]</a> Some lions are "nomads" that range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller33-87">[86]</a> Pairs are more frequent among related males who have been excluded from their birth pride. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-93">[92]</a> Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a> allow nomadic males to approach them.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> A study undertaken in the Serengeti National Park revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In Kruger National Park, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersing</a> male lions move more than 25 km (16 mi) away from their natal pride in search of their own territory. Female lions stay closer to their natal pride. Therefore, female lions in an area are more closely related to each other than male lions in the same area.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The area occupied by a pride is called a "pride area" whereas that occupied by a nomad is a "range".<a href="#cite_note-Schaller33-87">[86]</a> Males associated with a pride tend to stay on the fringes, patrolling their <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a>. The reasons for the development of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">sociality</a> in lionesses—the most pronounced in any cat species—are the subject of much debate. Increased hunting success appears to be an obvious reason, but this is uncertain upon examination; coordinated hunting allows for more successful predation but also ensures non-hunting members reduce per capita calorific intake. Some females, however, take a role raising cubs that may be left alone for extended periods. Members of the pride tend to regularly play the same role in hunts and hone their skills. The health of the hunters is the primary need for the survival of the pride; hunters are the first to consume the prey at the site it is taken. Other benefits include possible <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a>; sharing food within the family; protecting the young, maintaining territory and individual insurance against injury and hunger.<a href="#cite_note-CAP-60">[59]</a> Both males and females defend the pride against intruders, but the male lion is better-suited for this purpose due to its stockier, more powerful build. Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders, while others lag behind.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride; slower-moving individuals may provide other valuable services to the group.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Alternatively, there may be rewards associated with being a leader that fends off intruders; the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship with the pride from outside males who may attempt to usurp them.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-93">[92]</a> Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males, forming a loose pride while females associate with up to 12 other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. Female and male lions associate only when mating.<a href="#cite_note-Joslin1973-101">[100]</a> Coalitions of males hold territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three or four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy, in which one male dominates the others and mates more frequently.<a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarti2017-102">[101]</a> <h3>Hunting and diet</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg/200px-Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg/300px-Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg/400px-Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2293"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Four lionesses catching a buffalo in the Serengeti</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_and_eland.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lion_and_eland.jpg/200px-Lion_and_eland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lion_and_eland.jpg/300px-Lion_and_eland.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lion_and_eland.jpg/400px-Lion_and_eland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A skeletal mount of a lion attacking a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">common eland</a>, on display at <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Museum_of_Osteology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Osteology">The Museum of Osteology</a></div></div></div></div></div> The lion is a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercarnivore" title="Hypercarnivore">hypercarnivore</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-Frank1998-104">[103]</a> Its prey consists mainly of mammals, particularly <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> weighing 190–550 kg (420–1,210 lb) with a preference for <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">blue wildebeest</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">gemsbok</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>. Lions also hunt <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">common warthog</a> depending on availability, although the species is below the preferred weight range.<a href="#cite_note-Hayward2005-105">[104]</a> In India, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> are the most commonly recorded wild prey,<a href="#cite_note-Haas2005-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayward2005-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee-106">[105]</a> while domestic livestock may contribute significantly to their diet.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee-106">[105]</a> They usually avoid fully grown adult <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a> and small prey like <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">dik-dik</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">hyrax</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hayward2005-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Unusual prey include <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_porcupine" title="Old World porcupine">porcupines</a> and small reptiles. Lions kill other predators such as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a> but seldom consume them.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller153-109">[108]</a> Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like buffalo and giraffe are riskier.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-93">[92]</a> In <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_National_Park" title="Chobe National Park">Chobe National Park</a>, large prides have been observed hunting <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephants</a> up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In typical hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-112">[111]</a> Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Lions are not particularly known for their stamina; for instance, a lioness' heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts<a href="#cite_note-Schaller2478-115">[114]</a> and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack. They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller237-116">[115]</a> The lion's attack is short and powerful; they attempt to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap. They usually pull it down by the rump and kill by a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat_clamp" title="Throat clamp">strangling bite to the throat</a>. They also kill prey by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_clamp" title="Muzzle clamp">enclosing its mouth and nostrils in their jaws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller2706-118">[117]</a> They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on leftovers.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-93">[92]</a> Large kills are shared more widely among pride members.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller133-119">[118]</a> An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg (11 lb) of meat per day while males require about 7 kg (15 lb).<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Lions gorge themselves and eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one session;<a href="#cite_note-simba-83">[82]</a> if it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller2706-118">[117]</a> Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-93">[92]</a> Lions scavenge on <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a> when the opportunity arises; they scavenge animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller213-121">[120]</a> Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions.<a href="#cite_note-nowak-59">[58]</a> Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.<a href="#cite_note-AWF-122">[121]</a> <h4>Predator competition</h4> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_10.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_10.png/200px-Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_10.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_10.png/300px-Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_10.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_10.png/400px-Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_10.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="558"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lion attacked by spotted hyenas in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_Sand_Game_Reserve" title="Sabi Sand Game Reserve">Sabi Sand Game Reserve</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png/200px-Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png/300px-Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png/400px-Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="618"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park</div></div></div></div></div> Lions and spotted hyenas occupy a similar ecological niche and where they coexist they compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%.<a href="#cite_note-prey-123">[122]</a> Lions typically ignore spotted hyenas unless the lions are on a kill or are being harassed by the hyenas, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions, with or without the presence of food. Lions seize the kills of spotted hyenas; in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro crater">Ngorongoro crater</a> it is common for lions to subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing the hyenas to increase their kill rate.<a href="#cite_note-Kruuk21-124">[123]</a> In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed; hyenas frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills.<a href="#cite_note-Conservation-125">[124]</a> When confronted on a kill by lions, spotted hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 m (100–330 ft) until the lions have finished.<a href="#cite_note-schaller272-126">[125]</a> Hyenas are bold enough to feed alongside lions and to force the lions off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason.<a href="#cite_note-schaller273-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-enemies-128">[127]</a> Lion predation can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha National Park</a>. Spotted hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their territories.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> When the lion population in Kenya's <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masai_Mara_National_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai Mara National Reserve">Masai Mara National Reserve</a> declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Experiments on captive spotted hyenas show that specimens without prior experience with lions act indifferently to the sight of them, but will react fearfully to lion scent.<a href="#cite_note-Kruuk21-124">[123]</a> Lions tend to dominate cheetahs and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Cheetahs in particular often lose their kills to lions or other predators.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> A study in the Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990.<a href="#cite_note-laurenson-133">[132]</a> Cheetahs avoid their competitors by using different temporal and habitat niches.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Leopards are able to take refuge in trees; lionesses, however, occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve leopard kills from that height.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller293-135">[134]</a> Lions similarly dominate <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dogs</a>, taking their kills and preying on young and rarely adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs.<a href="#cite_note-Pienaar1969-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schaller,_p._188-138">[137]</a> Lions also charge at <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodiles</a>; depending on the size of the crocodile and the lion, either animal can lose their kills to the other. Lions have been observed killing crocodiles that ventured onto land.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Crocodiles may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1972-140">[139]</a> <h3>Reproduction and life cycle</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg/200px-Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg/300px-Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg/400px-Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5588" data-file-height="4456"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lions mating at Masai Mara</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_cub,_Masai_Mara,_Kenya.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg/200px-Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg/300px-Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg/400px-Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1667"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A lion cub in Masai Mara</div></div></div></div></div> Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller29-141">[140]</a> Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyestrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyestrous">polyestrous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller174-142">[141]</a> Like <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat's penis">those of other cats</a>, the male lion's penis has <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_spines" title="Penile spines">spines that point backward</a>. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">in heat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller142-145">[144]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation length</a> of the lion is about seven years.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The average gestation period is around 110 days;<a href="#cite_note-Schaller174-142">[141]</a> the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den.<a href="#cite_note-Scott45-147">[146]</a> Lion cubs are born blind; their eyes open around seven days after birth. They weigh 1.2–2.1 kg (2.6–4.6 lb) at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller143-148">[147]</a> To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.<a href="#cite_note-Scott45-147">[146]</a> Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old.<a href="#cite_note-Scott45-147">[146]</a> Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schaller148-149">[148]</a> When first introduced to the rest of the pride, lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller148-149">[148]</a> Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:768px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/768px--Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:768px;height:438px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="9.76" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file, 768 × 438 (2.07 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="768" data-height="438" data-bandwidth="2066066" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="210" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="94944" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="280" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="128912" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="183336" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="420" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="256048" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="420" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="258872" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="632" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="489416" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="632" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="511704" data-framerate="25"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Lion Cubs Phinda 2011.ogv" style="width:220px;height:125px" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/220px--Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.jpg"/><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv" title="Play media" target="new">Play media</a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve</div></div></div> Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schaller148-149">[148]</a> Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)" title="Infanticide (zoology)">kill any existing young cubs</a>, perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male.<a href="#cite_note-Packpus83-152">[151]</a> Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller,_p._188-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes-93">[92]</a> Up to 80% of lion cubs will die before the age of two.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Both male and female lions may be ousted from prides to become nomads, although most females usually remain with their birth pride. When a pride becomes too large, however, the youngest generation of female cubs may be forced to leave to find their own territory. When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Lions of both sexes may be involved in group <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality in animals">homosexual</a> and courtship activities; males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before simulating sex together.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <h3>Health</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG/220px-Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG/330px-Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG/440px-Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2725"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lions in a tree near <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nakuru" title="Lake Nakuru">Lake Nakuru</a></div></div></div> Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller183-157">[156]</a> Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when fighting at a kill.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller1889-158">[157]</a> Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller1890-159">[158]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Ticks</a> commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of lions.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller184-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Adult forms of several <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworm</a> species of the genus <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_(tapeworm)" title="Taenia (tapeworm)">Taenia</a> have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a> meat.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_fly" title="Stable fly">Stomoxys calcitrans</a>) in 1962; this resulted in lions becoming emaciated and covered in bloody, bare patches. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many died or migrated and the local population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> A more recent outbreak in 2001 killed six lions.<a href="#cite_note-Nkwame06-164">[163]</a> Captive lions have been infected with <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a> virus (CDV) since at least the mid 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Feline immunodeficiency virus">Feline immunodeficiency virus</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">lentivirus</a> also affect captive lions.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <h3>Communication</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg/220px-Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg/330px-Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg/440px-Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2336"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour</div></div></div> When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunting_(animal_behavior)" title="Bunting (animal behavior)">head rubbing</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_licking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social licking">social licking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schaller85-169">[168]</a> which have been compared with the role of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogrooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Allogrooming">allogrooming</a> among primates.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Head rubbing—nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion—appears to be a form of greeting<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller858-172">[171]</a> Social licking often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller8891-173">[172]</a> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small noprint" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></div></div></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em"><div class="haudio"> <div style="padding:4px 0"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg" title="File:Lion raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg">Lion roar</a> (0:09)</div> <div><div class="mediaContainer" style="width:233px"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" style="width:233px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="9.1486621315193" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (68 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="67867"/><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg/Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="109792"/></audio></div></div> <div class="description" style="padding:2px 0 0 0">A captive lion roaring</div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em"><hr/>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller92102-174">[173]</a> A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flehmen_response" title="Flehmen response">flehmen response</a>, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose closed eyes and relaxed ears.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Lions also use chemical and visual marking; males will <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(animal)#Scent_marking" title="Territory (animal)">spray</a> and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Schaller92102-174">[173]</a> The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growling" title="Growling">growling</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snarling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snarling">snarling</a>, meowing and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Roaring">roaring</a>. Other sounds produced include purring, puffing, bleating and humming. Roaring is used to advertise its presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres (5 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Schaller10313-176">[175]</a> They tend to roar in a very characteristic manner starting with a few deep, long roars that subside into a series of shorter ones.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <h2>Conservation</h2> The lion is listed as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> on the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>. The Indian population is listed on <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES_Appendix_I" class="mw-redirect" title="CITES Appendix I">CITES Appendix I</a> and the African population on <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES_Appendix_II" class="mw-redirect" title="CITES Appendix II">CITES Appendix II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2">[2]</a> <h3>In Africa</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_3" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:532px"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lion.ogv/532px--Lion.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:532px;height:300px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="84.736870748299" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Lion.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Lion.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file, 532 × 300 (574 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="532" data-height="300" data-bandwidth="573785" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Lion.ogv/Lion.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="212" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="124856" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Lion.ogv/Lion.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="203176" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Lion.ogv/Lion.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="174872" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Lion.ogv/Lion.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="213216" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Lion.ogv/Lion.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="319112" data-framerate="25"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Lion.ogv" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lion.ogv/220px--Lion.ogv.jpg"/><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Lion.ogv" title="Play media" target="new">Play media</a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Video of a wild lioness</div></div></div> Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2">[2]</a> Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa; their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2">[2]</a> In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chardonnet2002-78">[77]</a> In the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odzala-Kokoua_National_Park" title="Odzala-Kokoua National Park">Odzala-Kokoua National Park</a> was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct.<a href="#cite_note-carn-181">[180]</a> The West African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_National_Park" title="W National Park">W</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arli_National_Park" title="Arli National Park">A</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjari_National_Park" title="Pendjari National Park">P</a> protected area complex, shared by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. This population is listed as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Henschel2015-16">[15]</a> Field surveys in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-Arly-Pendjari_Complex" title="W-Arly-Pendjari Complex">WAP ecosystem</a> revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> A population occurs in Cameroon's <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waza_National_Park" title="Waza National Park">Waza National Park</a>, where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arly-Singou" title="Arly-Singou">Arly-Singou</a> ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer_&_van_der_Merwe-184">[183]</a> In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_National_Park" title="Mole National Park">Mole National Park</a>. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a> was filmed in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatash_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Alatash National Park">Alatash National Park</a>, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border.<a href="#cite_note-NewScientist2016-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Ethiopian_lion,_2016-187">[186]</a> In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human coexistence sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating human–lion conflict.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> <h3>In Asia</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Gir.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lion_Gir.jpg/220px-Lion_Gir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lion_Gir.jpg/330px-Lion_Gir.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lion_Gir.jpg/440px-Lion_Gir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="771"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Gir.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A lioness in Gir National Park</div></div></div> The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the 1,412 km2 (545 sq mi) Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">region of Saurashtra</a> or <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathiawar Peninsula">Kathiawar Peninsula</a> in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> State, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Singh,_Gibson-191">[190]</a> It is geographically isolated, which can lead to <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> and reduced <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">Endangered</a> on the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Breitenmoser2008-15">[14]</a> By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of 7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi) in Saurashtra.<a href="#cite_note-Venkataraman2016-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> The Asiatic Lion Census conducted in 2017 recorded about 650 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> The presence of numerous human habitations close to the National Park results in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venkataraman2016-192">[191]</a> Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.<a href="#cite_note-Meena2016-197">[196]</a> The establishment of a second, independent Asiatic lion population in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuno_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary">Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, located in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> was planned but in 2017, the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lion_Reintroduction_Project" title="Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project">Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project</a> seemed unlikely to be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-TOI_12-2017-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-HT_2017-199">[198]</a> <h3>Captive breeding</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Animals.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Animals.jpg/220px-India_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Animals.jpg/330px-India_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Animals.jpg/440px-India_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="656"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Animals.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Two captive male Asiatic lions in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi_National_Park" title="Sanjay Gandhi National Park">Sanjay Gandhi National Park</a>, India</div></div></div> Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Zoo" title="Addis Ababa Zoo">Addis Ababa Zoo</a> are descendants of animals owned by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia">Emperor Haile Selassie</a>. WildLink International in collaboration with <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> launched an ambitious International <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_lion#The_Barbary_Lion_Project" title="Barbary lion">Barbary Lion Project</a> with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> of Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-yamaguchi-haddane-201">[200]</a> However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-Bruche_al2012-202">[201]</a> In 1982, the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> started a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Survival_Plan" title="Species Survival Plan">Species Survival Plan</a> for the Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions.<a href="#cite_note-OBrien1987-203">[202]</a> Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing their conservation value.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedigree (animal)">pedigree</a>. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> About 77% of the captive lions registered in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Species_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Species Information System">International Species Information System</a> in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variability" title="Genetic variability">genetic variability</a> of the lion.<a href="#cite_note-BarnettYamaguchi2006-67">[66]</a> <h2>Interactions with humans</h2> <h3>In zoos and circuses</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg/200px-Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg/300px-Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg/400px-Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lion at <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_tamer_(LOC_pga.03749).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/200px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/300px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/400px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9202" data-file-height="6629"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">19th-century <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers</div></div></div></div></div> Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits,<a href="#cite_note-dc81-206">[205]</a> there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes.<a href="#cite_note-WAZA-207">[206]</a> Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; a lion in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Zoo" title="Honolulu Zoo">Honolulu Zoo</a> died at the age of 22 in August 2007.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> His two sisters, born in 1986, also reached the age of 22.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">seraglios</a>; at that time they came to be called <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menageries</a>, an extension of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet of curiosities</a>. They spread from France and Italy during the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to the rest of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London#Menagerie" title="Tower of London">kept at the Tower of London</a> in a seraglio established by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a> in the 13th century;<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> at his hunting lodge in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock, Oxfordshire</a>, where according to <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> lions had been stocked.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-213">[212]</a> Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt208-214">[213]</a> Further changes took place in the early 20th century when <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a> and Sydney's <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taronga_Zoo" title="Taronga Zoo">Taronga Zoo</a>; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-dc69-215">[214]</a> In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden" title="Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden">Oklahoma City Zoological Park</a> placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_taming" title="Lion taming">Lion taming</a> has been part of both established <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a> and individual acts such as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_%26_Roy" title="Siegfried & Roy">Siegfried & Roy</a>. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_A._Van_Amburgh" title="Isaac A. Van Amburgh">Isaac Van Amburgh</a>, who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers.<a href="#cite_note-baratay187-217">[216]</a> Van Amburgh performed before <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1838 when he toured Great Britain. Martin composed a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> titled Les Lions de Mysore ("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrianism</a> acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries.<a href="#cite_note-baratay187-217">[216]</a> The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The now-iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Beatty" title="Clyde Beatty">Clyde Beatty</a> (1903–1965).<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> <h3>Hunting and games</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion hunting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_baiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion baiting">Lion baiting</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722183731).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722183731%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722183731%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722183731%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722183731).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">Bas-relief</a> of a wounded lioness from <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 645–635 BC</div></div></div> Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal pastime; intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> killing 102 lions "with his own arrows" during the first ten years of his rule. The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> would release captive lions in a reserved space for the king to hunt; this event would be watched by spectators as the king and his men, on horseback or chariots, killed the lions with arrows and spears. Lions were also hunted during the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, where Emperor <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> is said to have excelled at it.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson156-219">[218]</a> In <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, lions were kept by emperors for <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">hunts</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiarii">gladiator fights</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">executions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a> have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> During the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">European colonisation of Africa</a> in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered as vermin and lion hides fetched <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£1</a> each.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a> of lions in recent years has been met with controversy; notably with the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">killing of Cecil the lion</a> in mid-2015.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> <h3>Man-eating</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg/220px-Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg/330px-Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg/440px-Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a> in Chicago</div></div></div> Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsavo_maneaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsavo maneaters">Tsavo maneaters</a>; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Kenya-Uganda Railway</a> were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-225">[224]</a> The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Lions' proclivity for man-eating has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Game_Reserve" title="Selous Game Reserve">Selous National Park</a> in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River" title="Rufiji River">Rufiji District</a> and in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindi_Region" title="Lindi Region">Lindi Province</a> near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of substantial villages have been documented.<a href="#cite_note-Packer05-228">[227]</a> Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a>, when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people.<a href="#cite_note-fullmoon-229">[228]</a> According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <h2>Cultural significance</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Cultural depictions of lions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG/200px-Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG/300px-Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG/400px-Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2743"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Granite statue of the Egyptian goddess <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> from the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a>, dated 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG/200px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG/300px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG/400px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, 6th century BC, from Babylon, Iraq</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka.jpg/200px-Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka.jpg/300px-Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka.jpg/400px-Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3459"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a>, which has been a emblem of India</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cowardly_lion2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cowardly_lion2.jpg/200px-Cowardly_lion2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cowardly_lion2.jpg/300px-Cowardly_lion2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cowardly_lion2.jpg/400px-Cowardly_lion2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="2410"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy Gale</a> meets the Cowardly Lion in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a>. Art by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Denslow" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Denslow">W. W. Denslow</a>, 1900.</div></div></div></div></div> The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-48">[47]</a> It appeared as a symbol for strength and nobility in cultures across Europe, Asia and Africa, despite incidents of attacks on people. The lion has been depicted as "king of the jungle" and "king of beasts", and thus became a popular symbol for royalty and stateliness.<a href="#cite_note-Garai73-231">[230]</a> The lion is also used as a symbol of sporting teams.<a href="#cite_note-new_crest-232">[231]</a> <h3>Africa</h3> In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson119-233">[232]</a> In some cultures, the lion symbolises power and royalty.<a href="#cite_note-Hogarth-234">[233]</a> In the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a>, the lion is known as simba which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong".<a href="#cite_note-BCKM1993-58">[57]</a> Some rulers had the word "lion" in their nickname. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a> of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> was called "Lion of Mali".<a href="#cite_note-Lynch-235">[234]</a> The founder of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a> kingdom is said to have been raised by lions and returned to his people part-lion to unite them using the knowledge he learned from the lions.<a href="#cite_note-Hogarth-234">[233]</a> In parts of West Africa, lions symbolised the top class of their social hierarchies.<a href="#cite_note-Hogarth-234">[233]</a> In more heavily forested areas where lions were rare, the leopard represented the top of the hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson119-233">[232]</a> In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and is regarded as the link between <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">seers</a> and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion is the symbol of laziness.<a href="#cite_note-Hogarth-234">[233]</a> In much of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="African folklore">African folklore</a>, the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked by other animals.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch-235">[234]</a> The ancient Egyptians portrayed several of their <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">war deities</a> as lionesses, which they revered as fierce hunters. Egyptian deities associated with lions include <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bast</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garai73-231">[230]</a> These deities were often connected with the sun god <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> and his fierce heat, and their dangerous power was invoked to guard people or sacred places. The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a>, a figure with a lion's body and the head of a human or other creature, represented a <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> or deity who had taken on this protective role.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> <h3>Eastern world</h3> The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> from <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> up to <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> times, where it was strongly associated with kingship.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> Lions were among the major symbols of the goddess <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>/<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon" title="Lion of Babylon">Lion of Babylon</a> was the foremost symbol of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a> is a famous sequence of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_palace_reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian palace reliefs">Assyrian palace reliefs</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 640 BC, now in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a> is the biblical emblem of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">tribe of Judah</a> and the later <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein-242">[241]</a> Lions are frequently mentioned in the Bible; notably in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> in which the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">eponymous hero</a> refuses to worship <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">King Darius</a> and is forced to sleep in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">the lions' den</a> where he is miraculously unharmed (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Dan+6&version=NRSV">Dan 6</a>). In the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> kills a lion as he travels to visit a Philistine woman.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judg+14&version=NRSV">Judg 14</a>).<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word mrigendra signifies a lion as king of animals in general or deer in particular.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, the man-lion, is one of ten <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> god <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a> is an <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient Indian</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">vedic</a> name meaning "lion", dating back over 2,000 years. It was originally used only by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a>, a Hindu <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> or military <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> but is used by millions of Hindu Rajputs and more than twenty million Sikhs today.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a>, erected by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ashoka">Emperor Ashoka</a> in the 3rd century CE, depicts four lions standing back to back. It was made the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emblem_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of India">National Emblem of India</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> The lion is also symbolic for the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a>; the term derived from the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Sinhala, meaning "of lions"<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> while a sword-wielding lion is the central figure on the national <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">flag of Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> The lion is a common motif in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a>; it was first used in art during the late <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (fifth or sixth century BC) and became more popular during the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> (206 BC – AD 220) when <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_guardian_lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial guardian lions">imperial guardian lions</a> started to be placed in front of imperial palaces for protection. Because lions have never been native to China, early depictions were somewhat unrealistic; after the introduction of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> to China in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a> after the sixth century AD, lions were usually depicted wingless with shorter, thicker bodies and curly manes.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_dance" title="Lion dance">lion dance</a> is a traditional dance in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> in which performers in lion costumes mimic a lion's movements, often with musical accompaniment from cymbals, drums and gongs. They are performed at <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">August Moon Festival</a> and other celebratory occasions for good luck.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> <h3>Western world</h3> Lion-headed figures and amulets were excavated in tombs in the Greek islands of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>. They are associated with the Egyptian deity Sekhmet and date to the early <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> between the 9th and 6th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> The lion is featured in several of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesop's fables">Aesop's fables</a>, notably <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Mouse" title="The Lion and the Mouse">The Lion and the Mouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> The <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a> was symbolic in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and Rome, represented as the constellation and zodiac sign <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a>, and described in mythology, where it was killed and worn by the hero <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> symbolising victory over death.<a href="#cite_note-Helicon_Publishers-255">[254]</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a> were also heroes slaying lions in the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> "Lion" was the nickname of several medieval warrior-rulers with a reputation for bravery, such as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard the Lionheart">Richard the Lionheart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garai73-231">[230]</a> Lions continue to appear in modern literature as characters including the messianic <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan">Aslan</a> in the 1950 novel <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a> series by <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ford-257">[256]</a> and the comedic <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowardly_Lion" title="Cowardly Lion">Cowardly Lion</a> in <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>'s 1900 <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Lion symbolism was used from the advent of cinema; one of the most iconic and widely recognised lions is <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_the_Lion_(MGM)" title="Leo the Lion (MGM)">Leo</a>, which has been the mascot for <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> studios since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-tvacres-259">[258]</a> The 1966 film <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_Free" title="Born Free">Born Free</a> features <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_the_lioness" title="Elsa the lioness">Elsa the lioness</a> and is based on the 1960 <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_Free_(book)" title="Born Free (book)">non-fiction book with the same title</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The lion's role as king of the beasts has been used in the 1994 <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_animated_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney animated feature">Disney animated feature</a> film <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> Lions are frequently <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">depicted</a> on <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a>, like on the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">coat of arms of Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> either as a device on shields or as <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporters">supporters</a>, but the lioness is used much less frequently.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> The heraldic lion is particularly common in British arms. It is traditionally depicted in a great variety of <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">attitudes</a>, although within French heraldry only lions rampant are considered to be lions; feline figures in any other position are instead referred to as leopards.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-264">[263]</a> <h2>See also</h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1072126029">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{float:right;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cat03.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/28px-Cat03.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/42px-Cat03.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/56px-Cat03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1598"/></a><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cats" title="Portal:Cats">Cats portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/48px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/64px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482"/></a><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"/></a><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></li> <li><img alt="map" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"/><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"/><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_versus_lion" title="Tiger versus lion">Tiger versus lion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cats" title="List of largest cats">List of largest cats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapogo_lion_coalition" title="Mapogo lion coalition">Mapogo lion coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roar_(1981_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roar (1981 film)">Roar</a> (1981 film)</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2>References</h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSW3-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Schedle_2_Amd.html">the original</a> on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution&rft.atitle=Article+6%3A+The+National+Flag&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.priu.gov.lk%2FCons%2F1978Constitution%2FSchedle_2_Amd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLing2002" class="citation news cs1">Ling, L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://web.archive.org/web/20050406143133/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ccs/Newsletter/newsletter4/Lion/Lion.htm">"The Two-Way Process in the Age of Globalization"</a>. Ex/Change. No. 4. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ccs/Newsletter/newsletter4/Lion/Lion.htm">the original</a> on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ex%2FChange&rft.atitle=The+Two-Way+Process+in+the+Age+of+Globalization&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityu.edu.hk%2Fccs%2FNewsletter%2Fnewsletter4%2FLion%2FLion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/lion_dance.htm">"Lion Dance"</a>. Nations Online. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lion+Dance&rft.pub=Nations+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsonline.org%2Foneworld%2FChinese_Customs%2Flion_dance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFApostola,_E.2014" class="citation book cs1">Apostola, E. (2014). "Cross-cultural Relations between Egypt and Greece during the Early Iron Age: Representations of Egyptian Lion-Headed Deities in the Aegean". In Pinarello, M.S.; Yoo, J.; Lundock, J.; Walsh, C. (eds.). Current Research in Egyptology: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Symposium. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 100–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cross-cultural+Relations+between+Egypt+and+Greece+during+the+Early+Iron+Age%3A+Representations+of+Egyptian+Lion-Headed+Deities+in+the+Aegean&rft.btitle=Current+Research+in+Egyptology%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Fifteenth+Annual+Symposium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=100-112&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Apostola%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, pp. 99, 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-Helicon_Publishers-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Helicon_Publishers_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTressider1997" class="citation book cs1">Tressider, J. (1997). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Symbols. London: Helicon Publishers. p. 124. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85986-059-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85986-059-5"><bdi>978-1-85986-059-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Dictionary+of+Symbols&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Helicon+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85986-059-5&rft.aulast=Tressider&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, p. 103–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Ford_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFord2005" class="citation book cs1">Ford, P. (2005). Companion to Narnia: Revised Edition. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 6. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-079127-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-079127-8"><bdi>978-0-06-079127-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Narnia%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-079127-8&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-tvacres-259"><a href="#cite_ref-tvacres_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://archive.today/20121205093550/http://www.tvacres.com/adanimals_leolion.htm">"Advertising Mascots—Animals—Leo the MGM Lion (MGM Studios)"</a>. TV Acres. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.tvacres.com/adanimals_leolion.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV+Acres&rft.atitle=Advertising+Mascots%E2%80%94Animals%E2%80%94Leo+the+MGM+Lion+%28MGM+Studios%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvacres.com%2Fadanimals_leolion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, pp. 7, 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKlinge,_M.1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klinge, M. (1999). Suomen sinivalkoiset värit: Kansallisten ja muidenkin symbolien vaiheista ja merkityksestä (in Finnish). <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava_(publisher)" title="Otava (publisher)">Otava</a>. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-15314-5" title="Special:BookSources/951-1-15314-5"><bdi>951-1-15314-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+sinivalkoiset+v%C3%A4rit%3A+Kansallisten+ja+muidenkin+symbolien+vaiheista+ja+merkityksest%C3%A4&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=951-1-15314-5&rft.au=Klinge%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://archive.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=538&ProjectElementID=1883">"Arms of Margaret Norrie McCain"</a>. The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">CA</a>. Retrieved 30 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Register+of+Arms%2C+Flags+and+Badges&rft.atitle=Arms+of+Margaret+Norrie+McCain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gg.ca%2Fheraldry%2Fpub-reg%2Fproject-pic.asp%3Flang%3De%26ProjectID%3D538%26ProjectElementID%3D1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_264-0">^</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Fox-Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Fox-Davies">Arthur Fox-Davies</a>, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, Chapter XI, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft">https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <h3>Books</h3> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Baratay" class="citation book cs1">Baratay, E. & Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://books.google.com/books?id=V0JSVvpZvYYC&pg=PA3">Zoo: a history of zoological gardens in the West</a>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-111-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-111-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-111-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoo%3A+a+history+of+zoological+gardens+in+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-111-2&rft.aulast=Baratay&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Hardouin-Fugier%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0JSVvpZvYYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Blunt" class="citation book cs1">Blunt, W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313">The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century</a>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89331-9"><bdi>978-0-241-89331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ark+in+the+Park%3A+The+Zoo+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-241-89331-9&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_241893313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Courcy" class="citation book cs1">de Courcy, C. (1995). The Zoo Story. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023919-5"><bdi>978-0-14-023919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zoo+Story&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-023919-5&rft.aulast=de+Courcy&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Jackson" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://books.google.com/books?id=65lK7UIVRfIC">Lion</a>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861896551" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861896551"><bdi>978-1861896551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1861896551&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65lK7UIVRfIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Schaller" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Schaller" title="George Schaller">Schaller, G. B.</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PP1">The Serengeti lion: A study of predator–prey relations</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73639-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73639-6"><bdi>978-0-226-73639-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serengeti+lion%3A+A+study+of+predator%E2%80%93prey+relations&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73639-6&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ann2dYn9iYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Scott" class="citation book cs1">Scott, J.; Scott, A. (2002). Big Cat Diary: Lion. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007146666" title="Special:BookSources/9780007146666"><bdi>9780007146666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Cat+Diary%3A+Lion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780007146666&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Scott%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2>Notes</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Populations of India are listed in Appendix I. </li> </ol></div></div> <h2>External links</h2> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/lion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/lion">lion</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Panthera leo">Lion</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lion" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lion">Lion</a>".</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220318164059im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" class="extiw" title="commons:Panthera leo">Lion</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFIUCN/SSC_Cat_Specialist_Group" class="citation web cs1">IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=108">"Lion Panthera leo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lion+Panthera+leo&rft.au=IUCN%2FSSC+Cat+Specialist+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.lionconservationfund.org/">"Lion Conservation Fund"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lion+Conservation+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionconservationfund.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThe_Portugal_News2014" class="citation web cs1">The Portugal News (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223523/http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/rare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data/32633">"Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/rare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data/32633">the original</a> on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+desert+lion+killed+in+Angola+after+supplying+unprecedented+data&rft.date=2014&rft.au=The+Portugal+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theportugalnews.com%2Fnews%2Frare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data%2F32633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Lion">"Lion" </a>. <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lion&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Carnivora" title="Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Carnivora" title="Template talk:Carnivora"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Carnivora&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Mammalia_*_Infraclass:_Eutheria_*_Superorder:_Laurasiatheria"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Feliformia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">Nandiniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nandinia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">Nandinia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (N. binotata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(Mongooses)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Atilax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Cynictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Dologale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">Ichneumia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberiictus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (M. mungo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Paracynictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Rhynchogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Suricata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (S. suricatta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (U. javanica)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Xenogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Hyenas)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Crocuta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Hyaena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (H. hyaena)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Parahyaena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (P. brunnea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Proteles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (P. cristata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Small family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Felidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>Family <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (A. jubatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (C. aurata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (C. caracal)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (C. badia)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (F. catus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (F. chaus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (F. lybica)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (F. margarita)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (F. silvestris)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Herpailurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantanal_cat" title="Pantanal cat">Pantanal cat (L. braccatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (L. colocola)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_oncilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern oncilla (page does not exist)">Eastern oncilla (L. emiliae)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_colocolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern colocolo (page does not exist)">Northern colocolo (L. garleppi)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (L. guigna)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat(L. guttulus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mu%C3%B1oa%27s_colocolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muñoa's colocolo (page does not exist)">Muñoa's colocolo (L. munoai)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_colocolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern colocolo (page does not exist)">Southern colocolo (L. pajeros)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (L. pardalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (L. tigrinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (L. wiedii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Leptailurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (L. serval)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (L. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (L. rufus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Otocolobus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (O. manul)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (P. marmorata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (P. concolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Panthera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lion (P. leo)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (P. onca)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (P. pardus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (P. tigris)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (P. uncia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Viverridae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>Family <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Arctictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (A. binturong)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Arctogalidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Macrogalidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Paguma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (P. larvata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Chrotogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Cynogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (C. bennettii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Diplogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Hemigalus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodontinae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Asiatic linsangs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;height:4em;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (P. linsang)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">Civettictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (C. civetta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Genets)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (G. angolensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (G. genetta)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (G. letabae)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (G. pardina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (G. poensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (G. servalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (G. thierryi)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (G. tigrina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (P. leightoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Viverricula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (V. indica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Eupleridae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>Family <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Cryptoprocta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (C. ferox)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (E. major)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (F. fossana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Galidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Mungotictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Caniformia_(cont._below)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(cont. below)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Bears)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Helarctos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (H. malayanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Melursus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (M. ursinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Tremarctos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (U. americanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (U. arctos)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (U. maritimus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">Skunks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Hog-nosed skunks)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (M. macroura)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (M. mephitis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Spotted skunks)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Olingos)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (B. gabbii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (B. medius)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (B. neblina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (B. astutus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Coatis</a> inclusive)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (N. narica)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (N. nasua)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Coatis</a> inclusive)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Potos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (P. flavus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (P. lotor)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ailurus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Ailurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda#Taxonomy" title="Red panda">Himlayan red panda (A. fulgens)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda#Taxonomy" title="Red panda">Chinese red panda (A. styani)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Caniformia_(cont._above)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(cont. above)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Eared seals) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(includes <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinniped</a> inclusive)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (A. australis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Callorhinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Eumetopias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">Otaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (O. flavescens)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">Phocarctos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (Z. californianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Odobenidae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinniped</a> inclusive)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Odobenus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;height:4em;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Odobenus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (O. rosmarus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Earless seals) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinniped</a> inclusive)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Cystophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (C. cristata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Erignathus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (E. barbatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Halichoerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (H. grypus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Histriophoca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Hydrurga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Leptonychotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (L. weddellii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Lobodon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Elephant seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ommatophoca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (O. rossi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Pagophilus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (P. largha)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (P. vitulina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (P. caspica)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (P. hispida)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (P. sibirica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Canidae_(includes_dogs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>Family <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> (includes <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Atelocynus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (A. microtis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (C. aureus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (C. familiaris)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (C. latrans)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (C. lupaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (C. lupus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (C. rufus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Cerdocyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (C. thous)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Chrysocyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Cuon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (C. alpinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (L. culpaeus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (L. griseus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (L. vetulus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">Lycaon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (L. pictus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Otocyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (S. venaticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (U. littoralis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">Foxes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (V. cana)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (V. chama)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (V. corsac)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (V. lagopus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (V. macrotis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (V. pallida)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (V. velox)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (V. vulpes)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (V. zerda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>Family <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Helictidinae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Ferret-badgers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Melogale" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;height:4em;"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Martens and wolverines)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Eira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (E. barbara)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Gulo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (G. gulo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Martens)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (M. americana)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (M. caurina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (M. foina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (M. martes)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (M. melampus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (M. zibellina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (P. pennanti)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(African polecats and grisons)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (G. cuja)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (G. vittata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (I. striatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Lyncodon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">Poecilogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (P. albinucha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Otters)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (A. capensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Enhydra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (E. lutris)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Hydrictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (L. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (L. felina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (L. provocax)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (L. lutra)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Pteronura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Eurasian badgers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (A. collaris)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (M. anakuma)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (M. canescens)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (M. leucurus)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (M. meles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Mellivorinae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mellivora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Mellivora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (M. capensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(Weasels and minks)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/>(<a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Weasels</a> and <a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (M. altaica)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (M. furo)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (M. haidarum)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (M. lutreola)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (M. nivalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (M. putorius)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (M. richardsonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (N. africana)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (N. felipei)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (N. vison)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">Taxidiinae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">Taxidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (T. taxus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Panthera leo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q140">Q140</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Panthera leo">Panthera leo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Panthera_leo/">Panthera_leo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/wd/panthera-leo/">panthera-leo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">CMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.cms.int/en/species/panthera-leo">panthera-leo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://eol.org/pages/328672">328672</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PNTHLE">PNTHLE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=49734">49734</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.gbif.org/species/5219404">5219404</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/41964">41964</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10196306">10196306</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70719">70719</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183803">183803</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/15951">15951</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000228">14000228</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9689">9689</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/6353/legal">6353</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://tolweb.org/123566">123566</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=12799">12799</a></li> <li>uBio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=105514">105514</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Felis leo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15294488" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q15294488">Q15294488</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://eol.org/pages/4443790">4443790</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220318164059/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4">DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%AE" title="Առիւծ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9" title="সিংহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B5" title="Leõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="ГъалбацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eir" title="Şir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آسلان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraba" title="Waraba – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9" title="সিংহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai" title="Sai – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыҫлан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Леў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Леў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B2" title="Лъв – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="སེང་གེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav" title="Lav – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_(loen)" title="Leon (loen) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арсалан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lle%C3%B3" title="Lleó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арăслан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev" title="Lev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumba" title="Shumba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhalamu" title="Nkhalamu – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionu" title="Lionu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llew" title="Llew – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ve" title="Løve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="سبع – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledjon" title="Ledjon – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6we" title="Löwe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1shd%C3%B3%C3%ADtsoh_bitsiij%C4%AF%CA%BC_dadit%C5%82%CA%BCoo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Náshdóítsoh bitsiijįʼ daditłʼooígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5vi" title="Lõvi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Λιοντάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leono" title="Leono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B3n_(animal)" title="Lión (animal) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehoi" title="Lehoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzata" title="Dzata – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="شیر (گربه‌سان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser" title="Ser – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyva" title="Leyva – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B2mhann" title="Leòmhann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n" title="León – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Лом – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B9" title="એશિયાઇ સિંહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-%C3%A9" title="Sṳ̂-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BB%D2%A3" title="Арслң – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90" title="사자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaki" title="Zaki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liona" title="Liona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE" title="Առյուծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81)" title="सिंह (पशु) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav" title="Lav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leono_(mamifero)" title="Leono (mamifero) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%BAm" title="Odúm – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="নংসা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Цомахъ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingonyama" title="Ingonyama – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhubesi" title="Ibhubesi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3n" title="Ljón – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94%C9%94y%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Tɔɔyʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B9" title="ಸಿಂಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_(animal)" title="Leon (animal) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%95%DB%81%DB%81" title="پادَر سٕہہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew" title="Lew – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew" title="Lew – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intare" title="Intare – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intare" title="Intare – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba" title="Simba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosi" title="Nkosi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapol_(Panthera_leo)" title="Krapol (Panthera leo) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AAr" title="Şêr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыслан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аслан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBovs" title="Ļovs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo" title="Leo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauva" title="Lauva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9iw" title="Léiw – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аслан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%ABtas" title="Liūtas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(bestia)" title="Lion (bestia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liew" title="Liew – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C9%94%CC%81si" title="Nkɔ́si – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cinfo" title="cinfo – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszl%C3%A1n" title="Oroszlán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лав – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liona" title="Liona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="സിംഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iljun" title="Iljun – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ნჯილო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="سبع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83i_(m%C3%A0-ku%C5%8F_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk)" title="Săi (mà-kuŏ dông-ŭk) – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орксофта – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арслан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7" title="ခြင်္သေ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeuw_(dier)" title="Leeuw (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ライオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Лом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6%C3%B6w" title="Lööw – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ve" title="Løve – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ve" title="Løve – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыслан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B9" title="ସିଂହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arslon" title="Arslon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬੱਬਰ ਸ਼ੇਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ببر شیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زمری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_afryka%C5%84ski" title="Lew afrykański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A3o" title="Leão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leu" title="Leu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liun" title="Liun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyun" title="Liyun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Лев – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Лев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хахай – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona" title="Leona – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="सिंहः पशुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeuwe" title="Leeuwe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luani" title="Luani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="සිංහයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86" title="ببر شينهن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libhubesi" title="Libhubesi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_p%C3%BA%C5%A1%C5%A5ov%C3%BD" title="Lev púšťový – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev" title="Lev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8A" title="Львъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew" title="Lew – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libaax" title="Libaax – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="شێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лав – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav" title="Lav – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leijona" title="Leijona – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejon" title="Lejon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrzam" title="Agrzam – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izem" title="Izem – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыслан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%88" title="သၢင်ႇသီႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="సింహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="สิงโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A0%E1%88%B3" title="ኣንበሳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A2%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%BE" title="ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9hpe%27%C3%A9nan%C3%B3se%27hame" title="Péhpe'énanóse'hame – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B9" title="ಸಿಂಹ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dolbars" title="Ýolbars – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6r" title="Kör – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыслан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Лев – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ببر شیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%B1" title="شىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeceij" title="Saeceij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev" title="Lev – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%B0_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Sư tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5vi" title="Lõvi – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAeuw_(b%C3%AAeste)" title="Lêeuw (bêeste) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaynde" title="Gaynde – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AE" title="狮 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91" title="לייב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ACn%C3%AC%C3%BAn" title="Kìnìún – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90" title="獅子 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AAr" title="Şêr – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%ABts" title="Liūts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164059/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AE" title="狮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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