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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_England" title="Category:History of England">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of <span class="fn org label">England</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND,_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES,_and_other_PROVINCES,_CITIES,_MARKET_TOWNS,_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="NEW MAP OF THE KINGDOME of ENGLAND, Representing the Princedome of WALES, and other PROVINCES, CITIES, MARKET TOWNS, with the ROADS from TOWN to TOWN (1685)"><img alt="NEW MAP OF THE KINGDOME of ENGLAND, Representing the Princedome of WALES, and other PROVINCES, CITIES, MARKET TOWNS, with the ROADS from TOWN to TOWN (1685)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/150px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/225px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/300px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="5500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England#English_unification_.2810th_century.29" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">English unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Norman_England" title="History of England">Norman period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death in England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Social history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Government in medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">History of education in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England#History" title="Economy of England">History of the economy of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England#Political_history" title="Politics of England">History of the politics of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_England" title="List of wars involving England">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_riots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="England riots (disambiguation)">Riots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">By county</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bedfordshire" title="History of Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkshire" title="History of Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">City of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buckinghamshire" title="History of Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambridgeshire" title="History of Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cheshire" title="History of Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cornwall" title="History of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cumbria" title="History of Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Derbyshire" title="History of Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Devon" title="History of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dorset" title="History of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="History of the East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Essex" title="History of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gloucestershire" title="History of Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hampshire" title="History of Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Herefordshire" title="History of Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hertfordshire" title="History of Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kent" title="History of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leicestershire" title="History of Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lincolnshire" title="History of Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk" title="History of Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northamptonshire" title="History of Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northumberland" title="History of Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottinghamshire" title="History of Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxfordshire" title="History of Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rutland" title="History of Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shropshire" title="History of Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somerset" title="History of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Staffordshire" title="History of Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Suffolk" title="History of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Warwickshire" title="History of Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_West_Midlands" title="History of the West Midlands">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wiltshire" title="History of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worcestershire" title="History of Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">By city or town</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Birmingham" title="History of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bournemouth" title="History of Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brighton" title="History of Brighton">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chester" title="History of Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christchurch,_Dorset" title="History of Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colchester" title="History of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Coventry" title="History of Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dover" title="History of Dover">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Folkestone" title="History of Folkestone">Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leeds" title="History of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liverpool" title="History of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maidstone" title="History of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchester" title="History of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Margate" title="History of Margate">Margate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Milton_Keynes" title="History of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="History of Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham" title="History of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxford" title="History of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plymouth" title="History of Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poole" title="History of Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portsmouth" title="History of Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="History of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sheffield" title="History of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shrewsbury" title="History of Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southampton" title="History of Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St_Albans" title="History of St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Torquay" title="History of Torquay">Torquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wetherby" title="History of Wetherby">Wetherby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worcester" title="History of Worcester">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worthing" title="History of Worthing">Worthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">York</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/16px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/24px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:History_of_England" title="Template:History of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_England" title="Template talk:History of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Declaration of Right</b>, or <b>Declaration of Rights</b>, is a document produced by the <a href="/wiki/English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="English Parliament">English Parliament</a>, following the 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. It sets out the wrongs committed by the exiled <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, the rights of English citizens, and the obligation of their monarch. </p><p>On 13 February 1689, it was read out to James' daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a>, and her husband, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>, when they were jointly offered the throne, although not made a condition of acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Declaration itself was a tactical compromise between <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>; it put forth a set of grievances, without agreeing to their cause or solution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPincus2009292–293_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus2009292–293-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_James_II_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/King_James_II_from_NPG.jpg/180px-King_James_II_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/King_James_II_from_NPG.jpg/270px-King_James_II_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/King_James_II_from_NPG.jpg/360px-King_James_II_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> monarch, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, sought to combine the three separate kingdoms of Scotland, Ireland, and England into a centralised British state, under a monarch whose authority <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">came from God</a>, and the duty of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> and his subjects was to obey. This premise was continued under his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their attempts to enforce this led to the 1638 to 1651 <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> and execution of Charles I in 1649; the political conflict continued after the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">1660 Restoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197844_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197844-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>17th century society valued conformity, stability, and predictability. <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> became king in 1685 with widespread backing from both Tories and Whigs, since the principle of hereditary succession was more important than his personal Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006167_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006167-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His religious reforms threatened to re-open the bitter conflicts of the past, and were viewed by Tories in particular as breaking his coronation oath, in which he swore to uphold the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. A direct threat to a society based on such oaths, it also brought back memories of his predecessors, who continually made commitments they later broke.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006167_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006167-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, close links between religion and politics meant 'good government' required 'true religion', while society valued uniformity and stability; 'tolerance' was generally viewed as negative, since it undermined those values. For the same reason, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> gradually tightened controls on <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Protestants</a>, who comprised 10% of the French population in 1600; the October 1685 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a> sent an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 into exile, 40,000 of whom settled in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His expansionist policies threatened Protestant powers like England, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>; when the Edict was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars" title="Savoyard–Waldensian wars">killing of 2,000 Vaudois Protestants</a> in 1686, this led to fears Protestant Europe was threatened by a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosher19946–8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosher19946–8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians generally accept James wished to promote Catholicism, not establish an absolutist state, but his inflexible reaction to opposition had the same result. When Parliament refused to repeal the 1678 and 1681 <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test Acts</a>, it was dismissed; attempts to rule by decree, and form a 'King's party' of Catholics and <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a>, undermined his own supporters. The result was the 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006179–181_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006179–181-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_context">Political context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key aspect of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> ideology was the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a>, which successive monarchs from <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> to his grandson James II used to argue their actions and decisions were not subject to 'interference', whether by Parliament, the courts, or the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although the king himself might be above the law, his servants were not, and thus could be prosecuted for illegal acts, even if they were only carrying out Royal instructions. In addition, the Anglican doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Passive_obedience" title="Passive obedience">passive obedience</a> did not mean submission to 'unjust' laws, but accepting punishment for breaking them, as with the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bishops" title="Seven Bishops">Seven Bishops</a>. Modern historians argue James failed to appreciate the extent to which Royal power relied at the local level on the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a>, and the loss of that support fatally damaged his regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199928–30_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199928–30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differences between Tories and Whigs are often overstated, since Tory elements within the Royal Army, like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Trelawny" title="Charles Trelawny">Charles Trelawny</a>, brother of one of the Seven Bishops, were instrumental in deposing James, while the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> which excluded the Catholic Stuart exiles from the throne was passed by a Tory government. In 1689, both factions generally agreed the king was bound to observe the law; the real battle was how and on what grounds James could be removed from the throne, possibly the most radical result of the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1993132–133_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993132–133-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Declaration of Right was essentially a conservative document, which contained two main parts: a list of the wrongs, or grievances, committed by James, and 13 clauses establishing limits on Royal power and authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grievances">Grievances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grievances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note: In the following, quotation of the original text is in italic type, and the paraphrase is in roman. </p><p>Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of [many] evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom...<sup id="cite_ref-English_Declaration_of_Rights_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_Declaration_of_Rights-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>By dispensing and suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. <i>By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament.</i></li> <li>By prosecuting people for protesting the King's reign. <i>By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power.</i></li> <li>By creating and using an organization affiliated with the Catholic Church. <i>By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes.</i></li> <li>By the use of funds by Crown for other purposes than the funds were originally granted for by Parliament. <i>By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by the pretense of prerogative for other time and in another manner than the same was granted by Parliament.</i></li> <li>By keeping a standing army in peacetime without the consent of Parliament. <i>By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law.</i></li> <li>By stripping Protestants of arms and, at the same time, arming Catholics. <i>By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law.</i></li> <li>By not allowing for the free elections of Parliament. <i>By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament.</i></li> <li>By doing parliament's business and illegally prosecuting those against him. <i>By prosecutions in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Court of King's Bench</a> for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses.</i></li> <li>By placing corrupt jurors in court to pass judgment and placing jurors without land holdings in courts of high treason. <i>And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)#England_and_Wales" title="Freehold (law)">freeholders</a>.</i></li> <li>By requiring excessive bail charges. <i>And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects.</i></li> <li>By imposing excessive fines. <i>And excessive fines have been imposed.</i></li> <li>By inflicting cruel and illegal punishments. <i>And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted.</i></li> <li>By imposing fines and seizing the property of people before their conviction. <i>And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied.</i></li></ol> <p>All of which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_13_clauses_limiting_the_power_of_the_Crown">The 13 clauses limiting the power of the Crown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 13 clauses limiting the power of the Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>The power of suspending and executing laws rests in the hands of Parliament. <i>That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal.</i></li> <li>The Crown does not have the legal authority to dispense or execute laws. <i>That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal.</i></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">establishment</a> of any institution of the Catholic Church is illegal. <i>That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious.</i></li> <li>The imposition of any taxes by the Crown without the permission of Parliament is illegal. <i>That levying of money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal.</i></li> <li>The citizens have the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">right to petition</a> the king without fear of repercussions. <i>That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal.</i></li> <li>A standing army at peacetime without the consent of Parliament is illegal. <i>That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law.</i></li> <li>All Protestants have the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">right to bear arms</a> for defence. These<i> the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law.</i></li> <li>Parliament should be freely elected. <i>That election of members of Parliament ought to be free</i>.</li> <li>Members of Parliament have the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and their proceedings should not be questioned in any place outside of Parliament. <i>That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament.</i></li> <li>Bail fees, <a href="/wiki/Excessive_fines" class="mw-redirect" title="Excessive fines">excessive fines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unusual_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unusual punishment">unusual punishments</a> are illegal. <i>That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.</i></li> <li>All trials now require the presence of <a href="/wiki/Jurors" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurors">jurors</a> and all jurors for trials of high treason must be land owners. <i>That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders.</i></li> <li>It is illegal to fine or seize the property of any person who has not been convicted and all previous fines and seizures are void. <i>That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void.</i></li> <li>Parliament should be held frequently to uphold the laws. <i>And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.</i><sup id="cite_ref-English_Declaration_of_Rights_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_Declaration_of_Rights-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At their coronation on 11 April 1689, William and Mary swore to govern according to "the statutes in Parliament agreed on" instead of by "the laws and customs ... granted by the Kings of England", thus ending the threat of an absolutist reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This non-violent overthrow of the monarch is known as the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. </p><p>The Declaration of Right was written into the English <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a>; it became law in December 1689 and is now considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution of the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPincus2009292–293_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus2009292–293-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have argued that the Glorious Revolution strengthened finances: "Douglas North and Barry Weingast's seminal account of the Glorious Revolution argued that specific constitutional reforms enhanced the credibility of the English Crown, leading to much stronger public finances."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox2012?_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox2012?-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars argue that the Glorious Revolution was a turning point in history, starting the age of constitutionalism. </p><p>The format of a declaration enumerating various specific wrongs attributed to a king was followed a century later in the <a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American Declaration of Independence">American Declaration of Independence</a> – whose authors were clearly familiar with the 1689 document. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_and_Parliament_Recognition_Act_1689" title="Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689">Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration_Act_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Toleration Act 1689">Toleration Act 1689</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This resulted in the 1688/1689 <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Oath_Act_1688" title="Coronation Oath Act 1688">Coronation Oath Act</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Parliament1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/billofrights/">"The Convention and Bill of Rights"</a>. <i>www.parliament.uk</i>. British Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=The+Convention+and+Bill+of+Rights&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Fparliamentaryauthority%2Frevolution%2Foverview%2Fbillofrights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus2009292–293-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPincus2009292–293_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPincus2009292–293_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPincus2009">Pincus 2009</a>, pp. 292–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephen2010">Stephen 2010</a>, pp. 55–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197844-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197844_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1978">Miller 1978</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006167-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006167_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006167_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpielvogel1980">Spielvogel 1980</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosher19946–8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosher19946–8_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosher1994">Bosher 1994</a>, pp. 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006179–181-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006179–181_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, pp. 179–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199928–30-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199928–30_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1999">Harris 1999</a>, pp. 28–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993132–133-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1993132–133_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1993">Harris 1993</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-English_Declaration_of_Rights-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English_Declaration_of_Rights_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_Declaration_of_Rights_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/england.asp">"English Declaration of Rights"</a>. <i>The Avalon Project</i>. Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=English+Declaration+of+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F17th_century%2Fengland.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox2012?-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox2012?_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox2012">Cox 2012</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Right,_1689&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosher1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bosher, JF (February 1994). "The Franco-Catholic Danger, 1660–1715". <i>History</i>. <b>79</b> (255): 5–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1994.tb01587.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1994.tb01587.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24421929">24421929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Franco-Catholic+Danger%2C+1660%E2%80%931715&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=255&rft.pages=5-30&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1994.tb01587.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24421929%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bosher&rft.aufirst=JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Gary, M. (22 August 2012). "Was the Glorious Revolution a Constitutional Watershed?". <i>Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>72</b> (3): 567–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050712000307">10.1017/S0022050712000307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54695981">54695981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Was+the+Glorious+Revolution+a+Constitutional+Watershed%3F&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=567-600&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050712000307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54695981%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Gary%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1993" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaQhAQAAIAAJ"><i>Politics Under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society, 1660-1715</i></a>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-04081-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-04081-6"><bdi>978-0-582-04081-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+Under+the+Later+Stuarts%3A+Party+Conflict+in+a+Divided+Society%2C+1660-1715&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-582-04081-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaQhAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2006). <i>Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9759-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-9759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+The+Great+Crisis+of+the+British+Monarchy%2C+1685%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9759-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisTaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015). <i>The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy</i>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783270446" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783270446"><bdi>978-1783270446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Crisis+of+the+Stuart+Monarchy&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1783270446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Tim (1999). "The People, the Law, and the Constitution in Scotland and England: A Comparative Approach to the Glorious Revolution". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 28–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386180">10.1086/386180</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144374498">144374498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+People%2C+the+Law%2C+and+the+Constitution+in+Scotland+and+England%3A+A+Comparative+Approach+to+the+Glorious+Revolution&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144374498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1978" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (1978). <i>James II; A study in kingship</i>. Menthuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0413652904" title="Special:BookSources/978-0413652904"><bdi>978-0413652904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II%3B+A+study+in+kingship&rft.pub=Menthuen&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0413652904&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincus2009" class="citation book cs1">Pincus, Steve (2009). <i>1688 The First Modern Revolution</i>. Yale University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17143-3"><bdi>978-0-300-17143-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1688+The+First+Modern+Revolution&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17143-3&rft.aulast=Pincus&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel1980" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J (1980). <i>Western Civilization</i>. Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1285436407" title="Special:BookSources/1285436407"><bdi>1285436407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=1285436407&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Jeffrey (January 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism: The Edinburgh Council, 1745". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1, Scotland Special Issue): 47–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F644534">10.1086/644534</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752690">27752690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144730991">144730991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Scottish+Nationalism+and+Stuart+Unionism%3A+The+Edinburgh+Council%2C+1745&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1%2C+Scotland+Special+Issue&rft.pages=47-72&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144730991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27752690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F644534&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeclaration+of+Right%2C+1689" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"English Declaration of Rights". <i>The Avalon Project</i>. Yale University.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7729518#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7729518#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7729518#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/174988083">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Declaration of Rights (Great Britain. 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