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<li id="toc-Buddhist_monastic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_monastic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Buddhist monastic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_monastic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Greco-Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushan_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kushan Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khotan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khotan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Khotan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khotan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shanshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Shanshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Iranian Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_percentage_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_percentage_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buddhist percentage by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_percentage_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Buddhism in Central Asia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="মধ্যএশীয় বৌদ্ধধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্যএশীয় বৌদ্ধধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus_in_Zentralasien" title="Buddhismus in Zentralasien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buddhismus in Zentralasien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_en_Asia_Central" title="Budismo en Asia Central – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Budismo en Asia Central" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%97%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="서역의 불교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서역의 불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="मध्य एशिया में बौद्ध धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्य एशिया में बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Asia_Tengah" title="Buddhisme di Asia Tengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme di Asia Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_in_Asia_centrale" title="Buddismo in Asia centrale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo in Asia centrale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhizmus_K%C3%B6z%C3%A9p-%C3%81zsi%C3%A1ban" title="Buddhizmus Közép-Ázsiában – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buddhizmus Közép-Ázsiában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="മദ്ധ്യേഷ്യയിലെ ബുദ്ധമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്ധ്യേഷ്യയിലെ ബുദ്ധമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ศาสนาพุทธในเอเชียกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาพุทธในเอเชียกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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Kazakhstan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezeklik_caves,_Pranidhi_scene_14,_temple_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG/220px-Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG/330px-Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG/440px-Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Pranidhi scene, temple 9 (Cave 20). <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg/220px-BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg/330px-BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdian</a> merchant donors giving to the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg/220px-Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg/330px-Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg/440px-Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>Bust of a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, 6th-7th century. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Guimet">Musée Guimet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/220px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/330px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/440px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Blue-eyed Central Asian monk teaching East-Asian monk, <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik">Bezeklik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, China, 9th century; the monk on the left is possibly <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although more likely <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gasparini_2014_pp134-163_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasparini_2014_pp134-163-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Buddhism in Central Asia</b> mainly existed in <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> forms and was historically especially prevalent along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. The history of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a> during the first millennium of the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">common era</a>. It has been argued that the spread of Indian culture and religions, especially Buddhism, as far as <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, corresponded to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> over the regions from <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECribb201095–96_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECribb201095–96-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism has now been largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in modern Central Asia. <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have the most Buddhists, largely practiced by their <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a> minority, although the former has the lowest percentage of Buddhists. Due to historical <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Manchurian</a> influence, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has the highest percentage of Buddhists in Central Asia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_monastic_groups">Buddhist monastic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buddhist monastic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> were historically prevalent throughout Central Asia. A number of scholars identify three distinct major phases of missionary activities seen in the history of Buddhism in Central Asia, which are associated with the following sects (chronologically):<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Mūlasarvāstivāda">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a></li></ol> <p>The Dharmaguptaka made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India, to areas such as <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, Central Asia, and China, and they had great success in doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, most countries which adopted Buddhism from China, also adopted the Dharmaguptaka vinaya and ordination <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">lineage</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikṣus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikṣuṇīs</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/A.K._Warder" class="mw-redirect" title="A.K. Warder">A.K. Warder</a>, in some ways in those East Asian countries, the Dharmaguptaka sect can be considered to have survived to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warder further writes:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was the Dharmaguptakas who were the first Buddhists to establish themselves in Central Asia. They appear to have carried out a vast circling movement along the trade routes from Aparānta north-west into <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and at the same time into <a href="/wiki/O%E1%B8%8D%E1%B8%8Diy%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Oḍḍiyāna">Oḍḍiyāna</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Suvastu valley</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhāra">Gandhāra</a>, which became one of their main centres). After establishing themselves as far west as <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> they followed the "<a href="/wiki/Silk_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk route">silk route</a>", the east-west axis of Asia, eastwards across Central Asia and on into China, where they effectively established Buddhism in the second and third centuries A.D. The <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsakas</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9Byap%C4%ABya" title="Kāśyapīya">Kāśyapīyas</a> appear to have followed them across Asia into China. [...] For the earlier period of Chinese Buddhism it was the Dharmaguptakas who constituted the main and most influential school, and even later their <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></i> remained the basis of the discipline there.</p></blockquote> <p>In the 7th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> grouped the Mahīśāsaka, Dharmaguptaka, and Kāśyapīya together as sub-sects of the Sarvāstivāda, and stated that these three were not prevalent in the "five parts of India," but were located in some parts of Oḍḍiyāna, <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greco-Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/220px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/330px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/440px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption>One of the first representations of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, 1st-2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>: <a href="/wiki/Standing_Buddha_(Tokyo_National_Museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Buddha (Tokyo National Museum)">Standing Buddha (Tokyo National Museum)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhism in Central Asia began with the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between Western <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Classical Greek philosophy</a> and Indian Buddhism in the Hellenistic successor kingdoms to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s empire (<a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a> 250 BCE-125 BCE and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> 180 BCE - 10 CE), spanning modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a> (<i>Ta-yuan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">大宛</span>; literarily "Great <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>"). The later Kushan empire would adopt the Greek alphabet (<a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian language</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> forms and coinage, and Greco-Buddhist religion of these Hellenistic kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> representations of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> himself are often considered a result of the Greco-Buddhist interaction. Before this innovation, Buddhist art was "<a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconic</a>": the Buddha was only represented through his symbols (an empty <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a> tree, the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Buddha's footprints</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma wheel">Dharma wheel</a>). This reluctance towards anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, and the sophisticated development of aniconic symbols to avoid it (even in narrative scenes where other human figures would appear), seem to be connected to one of the Buddha's sayings, reported in the <a href="/wiki/Dighanikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dighanikaya">Digha Nikaya</a>, that discouraged representations of himself after the extinction of his body.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably not feeling bound by these restrictions, and because of "their cult of form, the Greeks were the first to attempt a sculptural representation of the Buddha". In many parts of the Ancient World, the Greeks did develop <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> divinities, that could become a common religious focus for populations with different traditions: a well-known example is the syncretic God <a href="/wiki/Sarapis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarapis">Sarapis</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I of Egypt">Ptolemy I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which combined aspects of Greek and Egyptian Gods. In India as well, it was only natural for the Greeks to create a single common divinity by combining the image of a Greek God-King (The Sun-God <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, or possibly the deified founder of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a>), with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">attributes of the Buddha</a>. </p><p>Many of the stylistic elements in these first representations of the Buddha point to Greek influence: the Greek <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a> (a light <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>-like wavy robe covering both shoulders: Buddhist characters are always represented with a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloth</a> before this innovation), the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a> stance of the upright figures (see: 1st–2nd century Gandhara standing Buddhas <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the stylized <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> curly hair and top-knot apparently derived from the style of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Belvedere Apollo</a> (330 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the measured quality of the faces, all rendered with strong artistic <a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">realism</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a>). Some of the standing Buddhas (as the one pictured) were sculpted using the specific Greek technique of making the hands and sometimes the feet in marble to increase the realistic effect, and the rest of the body in another material. Foucher especially considered Hellenistic free-standing Buddhas as "the most beautiful, and probably the most ancient of the Buddhas", assigning them to the 1st century BCE, and making them the starting point of the anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha ("The Buddhist art of Gandhara", Marshall, p101). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushan_Empire">Kushan Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kushan Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></div> <p>At the beginning of the Kushan dynasty (circa 30 AD), various religious systems were widespread in Central Asia. These included the cult of <a href="/wiki/Anahit" title="Anahit">Anahit</a> (originating in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>); <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, including the cults of <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>/Mitra, <a href="/wiki/Ormuzd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormuzd">Ormuzd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a> and (especially in <a href="/wiki/Khorezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm">Khorezm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogd">Sogd</a>) <a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siyâvash</a>; as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek pantheon</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>. </p><p>According to Chinese chronicles, Buddhism arrived in China in 147 from the Kushans (who were known in China by an older, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Great_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Yuezhi">Great Yuezhi</a>) and the work of Kushan missionaries resulted in Buddhism being adopted as the official religion of the court of the Chinese emperor, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han" title="Emperor Huan of Han">Emperor Huan of Han</a> (reigned 146–168). </p><p>In the middle of the 2nd century, the Kushan empire under <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a> expanded into Central Asia and went as far as taking control of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. As a consequence, cultural exchanges greatly increased, and Central Asian Buddhist missionaries became active shortly after in the Chinese capital cities of <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, where they particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. They promoted both <a href="/wiki/H%C4%ABnay%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Hīnayāna">Hīnayāna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> scriptures. </p><p>The followers of Buddhism had been banished from Iran in the 2nd and 3rd centuries and found support in Central Asia, where Buddhism became widely practiced. </p><p>During modern archeological excavations in <a href="/wiki/Khorezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm">Khorezm</a> (including Bazaar-Kala, Gyaur-Kala, Gyaz-Kala), <a href="/wiki/Sogd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogd">Sogd</a> (Tali-barzu, Zohak-i-Maron, Er-Kurgan and others) and <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Old Termez</a> it was found that many settlements and forts dated back to the Kushan period. However, the largest number of traces of Buddhist culture during the Kushan period were found in <a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Takhar</a> previously Tukhara or <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khotan">Khotan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khotan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Khotan" title="Buddhism in Khotan">Buddhism in Khotan</a></div> <p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> was one of the earliest Buddhist states in the world and a cultural bridge across which Buddhist culture and learning were transmitted from India to China.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its capital was located to the west of the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a>. The inhabitants of the Kingdom of Khotan, like those of early Kashgar and Yarkand, spoke the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a>. </p><p>Available evidence indicates that the first Buddhist missions to Khotan were carried out by the Dharmaguptaka sect:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the Khotan <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapada">Dharmapada</a></i>, some orthographical devices of <a href="/wiki/Khotanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotanese language">Khotanese</a> and the not yet systematically plotted <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a> loan words in Khotanese betray indisputably that the first missions in Khotan included Dharmaguptakas and used a <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi script">Kharoṣṭhī</a>-written Gāndhārī. Now all other manuscripts from Khotan, and especially all manuscripts written in Khotanese, belong to the Mahāyāna, are written in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī script</a>, and were translated from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>By the 3rd century CE, it appears that some Mahāyāna texts were known in Khotan, as reported by the Chinese monk Zhu Shixing 朱士行 (d. after 282):<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When in 260 AD, the Chinese monk Zhu Shixing chose to go to Khotan in an attempt to find original Sanskrit <i>sūtras</i>, he succeeded in locating the Sanskrit <i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajñāpāramitā">Prajñāpāramitā</a></i> in 25,000 verses, and tried to send it to China. In Khotan, however, there were numerous <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hīnayānists</a> who attempted to prevent it because they regarded the text as heterodox. Eventually, Zhu Shixing stayed in Khotan, but sent the manuscript to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> where it was translated by a Khotanese monk named Mokṣala. In 296, the Khotanese monk Gītamitra came to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> with another copy of the same text.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When the Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> traveled through Khotan, he recorded that everyone there was Buddhist. According to his accounts, there were fourteen main monasteries, and he stayed at the most important of these, the monastery of Gomatī, which housed 3000 Mahāyāna monks.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated35_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> was later traveling through Khotan in the 7th century, he wrote that the king came out to personally greet him at the border of Khotan. He was escorted to the capital, and lodged at a monastery of the <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a> sect.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated35_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xuanzang records there being about 100 monasteries in Khotan, housing a total of 5000 monastics who all studied the Mahāyāna.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated35_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A manuscript in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> called <i>The Religious Annals of Khotan</i> was found at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, and may date to sometime in the 8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated200_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated200-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes the initial appearance of Buddhism in Khotan, including the eight major tutelary deities of Khotan, the "self-originated <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a>" of the country, and a description of the major principles of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na" title="Śrāvakayāna">Śrāvakayāna</a> and the Mahāyāna, though the Mahāyāna is given preeminence. The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">śrāvakas</a> are depicted as entering the Dharma through the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, while the Mahāyāna bodhisattvas are depicted as entering through non-conceptualization and the Śūraṅgama <a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samādhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated200_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated200-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, Khotan formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. Khotan enjoyed close relations with the Buddhist center at Dunhuang: the Khotanese royal family intermarried with Dunhuang élites, visited and patronized Dunhuang's Buddhist temple complex, and donated money to have their portraits painted on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_grottoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogao grottoes">Mogao grottoes</a>. Through the 10th century, Khotanese royal portraits were painted in association with an increasing number of deities in the caves. </p><p>Khotan's indigenous dynasty (all of whose royal names are Indian in origin) governed a fervently Buddhist city-state boasting some 400 temples in the late 9th / early 10th century—four times the number recorded by Xuanzang around the year 630 CE. The Buddhist kingdom was independent but was intermittently under Chinese control during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and Tang dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shanshan">Shanshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shanshan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg/220px-Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg/330px-Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg/440px-Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharoṣṭhī</a> manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/220px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/330px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/440px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in the 3rd century</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhism was known to be prevalent in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a>. An inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharoṣṭhī</a> script was found at <a href="/wiki/Endere" title="Endere">Endere</a>, originally written around in the middle of the 3rd century CE. The inscription describes the king of Shanshan as a follower of Mahāyāna Buddhism — one who has "set forth in the Great Vehicle."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated31_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated31-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king who this refers to was probably Aṃgoka, who was the most powerful king of Shanshan. According to Richard Salomon, there is every reason to believe that Mahāyāna Buddhism was prominent in Shanshan at this time and enjoyed royal patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated31_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated31-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More evidence of official adoption of Mahāyāna Buddhism in Shanshan is seen in a letter inscribed in wood which dates to several decades later. The letter describes the Great Cozbo Ṣamasena as one who is, "beloved of men and gods, honoured by men and gods, blessed with a good name, who has set forth in the Mahāyāna."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_Buddhism">Iranian Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iranian Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Buddhism in Iran</a></div> <p>Parts of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> (180 BC - 10AD) and its successor, the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (30AD - 375AD), in particular <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, were and still remain, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> speaking. The famous Buddhist monastery in Balkh, known as <a href="/wiki/Nava_Vihara" title="Nava Vihara">Nava Vihara</a> ("New Monastery"), functioned as the center of Central Asia Buddhist learning for centuries. Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian">Sassanian</a> Persian dynasty fell to the Muslims (in 651), Balkh came under Muslim rule (in 663), but the monastery continued to function for at least another century. In 715, after an insurrection in Balkh was crushed by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, many Persian Buddhist monks fled east along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> to the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>, which spoke a related <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Eastern Iranian language</a>, and onward into China. <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ray%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī">Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> scholar and writer in service to the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, reported that around the start of the 10th century, the monasteries in Bactria, including Nava Vihāra, were still functioning and decorated with Buddha frescoes. </p><p>Several Iranian Buddhist monks, including <a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, played key roles in the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism in China</a>. An Shigao (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">安世高</span>) (fl. c. 148-180 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the earliest known translator of Indian Buddhist texts into Chinese. According to legend, he was a prince of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, nicknamed the "Parthian <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess</a>", who renounced his claim to the royal throne of Parthia in order to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monk</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chán">Chán</a>-Buddhism, which later became <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> and the legendary originator of the physical training of the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin</a> monks that led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Kung Fu">Shaolin Kung Fu</a>, is described as a Buddhist monk of Iranian descent in the first Chinese reference to him (Yan Xuan-Zhi, 547 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>, Bodhidharma is depicted as a profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian, and he is referred as "The Blue-Eyed <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a>" (碧眼胡, Bìyǎn hú) in Chinese Chan texts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nava Vihara's hereditary administrators, the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a>, converted from Buddhism to Islam after the monastery's conquest and became powerful viziers under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphs">caliphs</a> of Baghdad. The last of the family's line of viziers, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Yahya" title="Ja'far ibn Yahya">Ja'far ibn Yahya</a>, is a protagonist in many tales from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Nights">Arabian Nights</a>. In folktales and <a href="/wiki/Jafar_(Aladdin)" title="Jafar (Aladdin)">popular culture Ja'far</a> has been associated with a knowledge of mysticism, sorcery, and traditions lying outside the realm of Islam. Such traditions of mysticism and <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> continued in Balkh, which was the birthplace of the medieval Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi Sufi Order</a>. </p><p>The many Buddhist references in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> of the period also provide evidence of Islamic–Buddhist cultural contact. Persian poetry often used the simile for palaces that they were "as beautiful as a Nowbahar [Nava Vihāra]." Further, at Nava Vihāra and <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a>, Buddha images, particularly of <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, the future Buddha, had 'moon discs' or halo iconographically represented behind or around their heads. This led to the poetic depiction of pure beauty as someone having "the moon-shaped face of a Buddha." Thus, 11th-century Persian poems, such as Varqe and Golshah by <a href="/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi">Ayyuqi</a>, use the word <i>budh</i> with a positive connotation for "Buddha," not with its second, derogatory meaning as "idol." This positive connotation implies the ideal of asexual beauty in both men and women. Such references indicate that either Buddhist monasteries and images were present in these <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iranian cultural areas</a> at least through the early <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> period in the 13th century or, at minimum, that a Buddhist legacy remained for centuries among the Buddhist converts to Islam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other religious kings, such as the 16th century Mongol potentate <i><a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a></i>, invited Buddhist teachers to their realm and proclaimed Buddhism as the official creed of the land in order to help unify their people and consolidate their rule. In the process they may have prohibited certain practices of non-Buddhist, indigenous religions and even persecuted those who followed them, but these heavy-handed moves were primarily politically motivated. </p><p>Buddhism in Uzbekistan is currently practised by 0.11 per cent<sup id="cite_ref-arda_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arda-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population. The only functioning Buddhist temple in Uzbekistan is called “Jaeunsa” (“Compassion”), which belong to the Korean Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a> and is located on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism in Kazakhstan at present consists of Korean Buddhists, whom embraced <a href="/wiki/Won_Buddhism" title="Won Buddhism">Won Buddhism</a>. There are also Buddhists with diverse ethnicity who consider themselves the disciples of Dalai Lama or Lama Namkhai Norbu, and other belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism in Kyrgyzstan has only one registered Buddhist community called “Chamsen”, which exists since 1996 and their membership consist of mainly Koreans, Russians and Kyrgyz. There are also practitioners of other Buddhist denominations like <a href="/wiki/Nipponzan_Myohoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipponzan Myohoji">Nipponzan Myohoji</a> and Karma Kagyu in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/220px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/330px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/440px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Taller, 55 meter Buddha in 1963 and in 2008 after destruction</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smaller_Buddha_before_and_after_destruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Smaller_Buddha_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/220px-Smaller_Buddha_before_and_after_destruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Smaller_Buddha_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/330px-Smaller_Buddha_before_and_after_destruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Smaller_Buddha_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/440px-Smaller_Buddha_before_and_after_destruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Smaller, 38 meter Buddha, before and after destruction.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Afghan Taliban destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhist statues and other relics</a> in Bamyan province in 2001. They also clamped down on other religions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_percentage_by_country">Buddhist percentage by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buddhist percentage by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are the percentages of Buddhists in some of the Central Asian countries from many different sources: </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption><big> <b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> by country in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></b> </big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>National flag </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Population(2007E) </th> <th>% of Buddhists </th> <th>Buddhist total </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/75px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,422,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.50% <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/75px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,317,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.35% <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,610 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/75px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,076,598 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1% <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,076 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/75px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,097,028 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1% <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,097 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/75px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,780,059 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1% <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,300 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20141007_Tajikistan_1425_crop_Dushanbe_(15638283503).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha in Nirvana, 7th-8th Cent AD reclining Buddha statue 12 meters (39 feet) long."><img alt="Buddha in Nirvana, 7th-8th Cent AD reclining Buddha statue 12 meters (39 feet) long." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20141007_Tajikistan_1425_crop_Dushanbe_%2815638283503%29.jpg/120px-20141007_Tajikistan_1425_crop_Dushanbe_%2815638283503%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20141007_Tajikistan_1425_crop_Dushanbe_%2815638283503%29.jpg/180px-20141007_Tajikistan_1425_crop_Dushanbe_%2815638283503%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20141007_Tajikistan_1425_crop_Dushanbe_%2815638283503%29.jpg/240px-20141007_Tajikistan_1425_crop_Dushanbe_%2815638283503%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3578" data-file-height="2683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_Nirvana" title="Buddha in Nirvana">Buddha in Nirvana</a>, 7th-8th Cent AD reclining Buddha statue 12 meters (39 feet) long.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajina-Tepa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddhist cloister of Ajina-Tepa, near Kurgan-Teppa, Tajikistan"><img alt="Buddhist cloister of Ajina-Tepa, near Kurgan-Teppa, Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ajina-Tepa.jpg/120px-Ajina-Tepa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ajina-Tepa.jpg/180px-Ajina-Tepa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ajina-Tepa.jpg/240px-Ajina-Tepa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddhist cloister of Ajina-Tepa, near Kurgan-Teppa, Tajikistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_with_monks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="I-III cent. AD Fayaztepa. Old Termez, Uzbekistan"><img alt="I-III cent. AD Fayaztepa. Old Termez, Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Buddha_with_monks.jpg/105px-Buddha_with_monks.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Buddha_with_monks.jpg/158px-Buddha_with_monks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Buddha_with_monks.jpg/210px-Buddha_with_monks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">I-III cent. AD Fayaztepa. Old Termez, Uzbekistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Termiz,_Fayoz-Tepe_(6240998331).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fayoz Tepe"><img alt="Fayoz Tepe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Termiz%2C_Fayoz-Tepe_%286240998331%29.jpg/120px-Termiz%2C_Fayoz-Tepe_%286240998331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Termiz%2C_Fayoz-Tepe_%286240998331%29.jpg/180px-Termiz%2C_Fayoz-Tepe_%286240998331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Termiz%2C_Fayoz-Tepe_%286240998331%29.jpg/240px-Termiz%2C_Fayoz-Tepe_%286240998331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fayoz Tepe</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Buddhism in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_ancient_Indian_literature" title="Central Asians in ancient Indian literature">Central Asians in ancient Indian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Buddhism in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Collapsed_out_of_Shame" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Collapsed out of Shame">Buddha Collapsed out of Shame</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengrism and Buddhism">Tengrism and Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Central_Asia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">von Le Coq, Albert</a>. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en"><i>Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915144010/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en">Archived</a> 2016-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0107.html.en">Tafel 19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915183256/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0107.html.en">Archived</a> 2016-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Accessed 3 September 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gasparini_2014_pp134-163-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gasparini_2014_pp134-163_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a> have been identified as the <a href="/wiki/File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" title="File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg">Caucasian figures seen in the same cave temple</a> (No. 9). See the following source: Gasparini, Mariachiara. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084750/http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">Archived</a> 2017-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds), <i>Transcultural Studies</i>, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp 134-163. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2191-6411">2191-6411</a>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">endnote #32</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084750/http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">Archived</a> 2017-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Accessed 3 September 2016.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For information on the Sogdians, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian people">Eastern Iranian people</a>, and their inhabitation of <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> as an ethnic minority community during the phases of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Chinese</a> (7th-8th century) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Uyghur rule</a> (9th-13th century), see Hansen, Valerie (2012), <i>The Silk Road: A New History</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 98, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3">978-0-19-993921-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECribb201095–96-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECribb201095–96_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCribb2010">Cribb 2010</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142449/http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx">"The results of the national population census in 2009"</a>. Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 November 2010. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx">original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153612/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=52">"Religious Intelligence - Country Profile: Kazakhstan (Republic of Kazakhstan)"</a>. 30 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=52">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Intelligence+-+Country+Profile%3A+Kazakhstan+%28Republic+of+Kazakhstan%29&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religiousintelligence.co.uk%2Fcountry%2F%3FCountryID%3D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Central+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406122429/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=50">"Religious Intelligence - Country Profile: Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic)"</a>. 6 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=50">the original</a> on 6 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Intelligence+-+Country+Profile%3A+Kyrgyzstan+%28Kyrgyz+Republic%29&rft.date=2008-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religiousintelligence.co.uk%2Fcountry%2F%3FCountryID%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Central+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willemen, Charles. Dessein, Bart. Cox, Collett. <i>Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism.</i> 1997. p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warder, A.K. <i>Indian Buddhism</i>. 2000. p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warder, A.K. <i>Indian Buddhism</i>. 2000. p. 489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warder, A.K. <i>Indian Buddhism.</i> 2000. pp. 280-281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yijing. Li Rongxi (translator). <i>Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia.</i> 2000. p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halkias “When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures.” In Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, ed. Volker Rabens. Leiden: Brill, 2013: 65-115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Due to the statement of the Master in the <i>Dighanikaya</i> disfavouring his representation in human form after the extinction of body, reluctance prevailed for some time". Also "<i>Hinayanis</i> opposed image worship of the Master due to canonical restrictions". R.C. Sharma, in "The Art of Mathura, India", Tokyo National Museum 2002, p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standing Buddha:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Oct21/Gandhara%20Buddha.jpg">Image</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616041314/http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Oct21/Gandhara%20Buddha.jpg">Archived</a> June 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standing Buddha:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kimbellart.org/database/images/jpg/AP1967_01.jpg">Image</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021055258/http://www.kimbellart.org/database/images/jpg/AP1967_01.jpg">Archived</a> October 21, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belvedere Apollo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/h/images/hellenis_apolbelve.det.lg.JPG">Image</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140603203546/http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/h/images/hellenis_apolbelve.det.lg.JPG">Archived</a> 2014-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002124506/http://idp.orientalstudies.ru/education/buddhism/background/history.html">"The History of Buddhism in India and central Asia"</a>. <i>Idp.orientalstudies.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idp.orientalstudies.ru/education/buddhism/background/history.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Idp.orientalstudies.ru&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Buddhism+in+India+and+central+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidp.orientalstudies.ru%2Feducation%2Fbuddhism%2Fbackground%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Central+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orexca.com/religia.shtml">"About religion in Central Asia :: Islam Central Asia. Suphism Central Asia. Buddhism Central Asia. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orexca.com&rft.atitle=About+religion+in+Central+Asia+%3A%3A+Islam+Central+Asia.+Suphism+Central+Asia.+Buddhism+Central+Asia.+Zoroastrianism+Central+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orexca.com%2Freligia.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Central+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9040640">"Khotan - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Khotan+-+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9040640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Central+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heirman, Ann. Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. <i>The Spread of Buddhism.</i> 2007. p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forte, Erika. 2015. "A Journey “to the Land on the Other Side”: Buddhist Pilgrimage and Travelling Objects from the Oasis of Khotan." In Cultural Flows across the Western Himalaya, edited by Patrick Mc Allister, Cristina Scherrer-Schaub and Helmut Krasser, 151-185. Vienna: VÖAW. p.152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heirman, Ann. Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. <i>The Spread of Buddhism.</i> 2007. p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated35-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated35_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated35_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated35_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Whitfield, Susan</a>. <i>The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith.</i> 2004. p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated200-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated200_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated200_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nattier, Jan. <i>Once Upon a Future Time: Studies in a Buddhist Prophecy of Decline.</i> 1991. p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated31-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated31_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated31_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walser, Joseph. <i>Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.</i> 2005. p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walser, Joseph. <i>Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.</i> 2005. p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr._and_Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. 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data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buddhism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Asia">Buddhism in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Armenia" title="Buddhism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" title="Buddhism in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Buddhism in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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