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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Origin of term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_evolution,_1919–1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_evolution,_1919–1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Military evolution, 1919–1939 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_evolution,_1919–1939-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military evolution, 1919–1939 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_evolution,_1919–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Russia and Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Nazi Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guderian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guderian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Guderian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guderian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rommel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rommel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Rommel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rommel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Methods of operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods of operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schwerpunkt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schwerpunkt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Schwerpunkt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schwerpunkt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pursuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pursuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pursuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pursuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mopping-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mopping-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mopping-up </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mopping-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Air power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stimulants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stimulants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Stimulants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stimulants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_and_countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_and_countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Limitations and countermeasures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations_and_countermeasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Limitations and countermeasures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations_and_countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_superiority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_superiority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Air superiority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_superiority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Counter-tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Logistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Military operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Spanish Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Poland, 1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_Countries_and_France,_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_Countries_and_France,_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Low Countries and France, 1940 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_Countries_and_France,_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Front,_1941–44" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Front,_1941–44"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Eastern Front, 1941–44 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Front,_1941–44-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Front,_1944–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Front,_1944–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Western Front, 1944–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Front,_1944–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-war controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-war controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Doctrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Heer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luftwaffe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luftwaffe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Luftwaffe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luftwaffe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuller_and_Liddell_Hart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuller_and_Liddell_Hart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Fuller and Liddell Hart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuller_and_Liddell_Hart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Continuity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guderian_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guderian_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Guderian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guderian_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Conferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Blitzkrieg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="الحرب الخاطفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الخاطفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkriq" title="Blitzkriq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Blitzkriq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Бліцкрыг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бліцкрыг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маланкавая вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маланкавая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Светкавична война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Светкавична война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_llampec" title="Guerra llampec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra llampec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4lks%C3%B5da" title="Välksõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Välksõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κεραυνοβόλος πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεραυνοβόλος πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_rel%C3%A1mpago" title="Guerra relámpago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra relámpago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmomilito" title="Fulmomilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fulmomilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tximista_Gerra" title="Tximista Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tximista Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="بلیتس‌کریگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلیتس‌کریگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B2%A9%EC%A0%84" title="전격전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전격전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Կայծակնային պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կայծակնային պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="ब्लिट्जक्रेग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्लिट्जक्रेग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leifturstr%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Leifturstríð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leifturstríð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_lampo" title="Guerra lampo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra lampo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%96%D7%A7" title="מלחמת בזק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת בזק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಮಿಂಚುದಾಳಿ (ಬ್ಲಿಟ್ಜ್‌ಕ್ರಿಗ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿಂಚುದಾಳಿ (ಬ್ಲಿಟ್ಜ್‌ಕ್ರಿಗ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ბლიცკრიგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბლიცკრიგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Блицкриг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Блицкриг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibenskar%C5%A1" title="Zibenskarš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zibenskarš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blickrygas" title="Blickrygas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Blickrygas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vill%C3%A1mh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Villámháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Villámháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Блицкриг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Блицкриг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലിറ്റ്സ്ക്രീഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലിറ്റ്സ്ക്രീഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97" title="ब्लिट्झक्रीग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्लिट्झक्रीग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Блицкригсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Блицкригсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Блицкриг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Блицкриг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%92%83%E6%88%A6" title="電撃戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電撃戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashin_tezligidagi_urush" title="Yashin tezligidagi urush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yashin tezligidagi urush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بلتسکریک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلتسکریک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Блицкриг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блицкриг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliskovita_vojna" title="Bliskovita vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bliskovita vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="بلیتزکریگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بلیتزکریگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Блицкриг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Блицкриг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamasota" title="Salamasota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salamasota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blixtkrig" title="Blixtkrig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blixtkrig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னலடித் தாக்குதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னலடித் தாக்குதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84" title="บลิทซ์ครีค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บลิทซ์ครีค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Бліцкриг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бліцкриг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Blitzkrieg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5%E6%88%98" title="闪电战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="闪电战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92" title="בליצקריג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בליצקריג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military strategy pioneered by Nazi Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blitzkrieg (disambiguation)">Blitzkrieg (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0504-36,_Russland-S%C3%BCd,_Panzer_III,_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer,_24.Pz.Div._(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0504-36%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_III%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer%2C_24.Pz.Div._%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0504-36%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_III%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer%2C_24.Pz.Div._%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0504-36%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_III%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer%2C_24.Pz.Div._%28cropped%29.jpg/495px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0504-36%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_III%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer%2C_24.Pz.Div._%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0504-36%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_III%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer%2C_24.Pz.Div._%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0504-36%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzer_III%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer%2C_24.Pz.Div._%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanised infantry">mechanised infantry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/24th_Panzer_Division" title="24th Panzer Division">24th Panzer Division</a> advancing through <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, June 1942, typifying fast-moving <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> forces of classic blitzkrieg</figcaption></figure> Blitzkrieg<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is a word used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> surprise attack using a rapid, overwhelming <a href="/wiki/Force_concentration" title="Force concentration">force concentration</a> that may consist of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armored</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorised infantry">motorized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mechanised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanised infantry">mechanized infantry</a> formations; together with <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">air assault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a>; with intent to break through the opponent's lines of defense, dislocate the defenders, unbalance the enemies by making it difficult to respond to the continuously changing front, and defeat them in a decisive Vernichtungsschlacht: a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_annihilation" title="Battle of annihilation">battle of annihilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20056-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201222-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanning1997283–287-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337–338-5">[4]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, aircraft and tank technologies matured and were combined with systematic application of the traditional German tactic of Bewegungskrieg (<a href="/wiki/Manoeuvre_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoeuvre warfare">maneuver warfare</a>): deep penetrations and the bypassing of enemy strong points to <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encircle and destroy</a> enemy forces in a Kesselschlacht (cauldron battle/battle of encirclement).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201222-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1987260-6">[5]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>, Western journalists adopted the term blitzkrieg to describe that form of armored warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan198954-7">[6]</a> The term had appeared in 1935, in the German military periodical Deutsche Wehr ("German Defence"), in connection to quick or lightning warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054-8">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Specialties:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Combat systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> German maneuver operations were successful in the campaigns of 1939–1941, and by 1940, the term blitzkrieg was extensively used in Western media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054–5-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1969ch._29–31-10">[9]</a> Blitzkrieg operations capitalised on surprise penetrations such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> forest region, the general Allies' unreadiness, and their inability to match the pace of the German attack. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>, the French made attempts to reform defensive lines along rivers but were frustrated when German forces arrived first and pressed on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1969ch._29–31-10">[9]</a> The Germans successfully used blitzkrieg tactics in invading <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Despite being common in German and English-language journalism during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the word Blitzkrieg was never used by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> as an official military term except for propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054–5-9">[8]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Reynolds_(British_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Reynolds (British historian)">David Reynolds</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> himself called the term Blitzkrieg 'A completely idiotic word' (ein ganz blödsinniges Wort)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2014254-11">[10]</a> Some senior officers, including <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Student" title="Kurt Student">Kurt Student</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolf_von_Kielmansegg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Adolf von Kielmansegg">Johann Adolf von Kielmansegg</a>, even disputed the idea that it was a military concept. Kielmansegg asserted that what many regarded as blitzkrieg was nothing more than "ad hoc solutions that simply popped out of the prevailing situation". Kurt Student described it as ideas that "naturally emerged from the existing circumstances" as a response to operational challenges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200534-12">[11]</a> The Wehrmacht never officially adopted it as a concept or doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-misconception_of_blitzkrieg-13">[b]</a> In 2005, the historian <a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Karl-Heinz Frieser</a> summarized blitzkrieg as the result of German commanders using the latest technology in the most advantageous way according to traditional military principles and employing "the right units in the right place at the right time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005329–330-14">[12]</a> Modern historians now understand blitzkrieg as the combination of the traditional German military principles, methods and doctrines of the 19th century with the military technology of the interwar period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercatante20124–5-15">[13]</a> Modern historians use the term casually as a generic description for the style of maneuver warfare practiced by Germany during the early part of World War II, rather than as an explanation.<a href="#cite_note-casual_usage_of_blitzkrieg-16">[c]</a> According to Frieser, in the context of the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a> on mobile combined arms formations, blitzkrieg can be used as a synonym for modern maneuver warfare on the operational level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20057-17">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_interpretation">Common interpretation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common interpretation">edit</a>]</div> The traditional meaning of "blitzkrieg" is that of German <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">operational</a> methodology during the first half of the Second World War that is often hailed as a new method of warfare. The word, meaning "lightning war" or "lightning attack" in its strategic sense describes a series of quick and decisive short battles to deliver a knockout blow to an enemy state before it can fully mobilize. Tactically, blitzkrieg is a coordinated military effort by tanks, motorized infantry, artillery and aircraft, to create an overwhelming local superiority in combat power, to defeat the opponent and break through its defences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan2005109-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995334–336-19">[16]</a> Blitzkrieg as used by Germany had considerable psychological or "terror" elements,<a href="#cite_note-terror_bombing-20">[d]</a> such as the Jericho Trompete, a noise-making siren on the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> dive bomber, to affect the morale of enemy forces.<a href="#cite_note-Junker_sirens-21">[e]</a> The devices were largely removed when the enemy became used to the noise after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> in 1940, and instead, bombs sometimes had whistles attached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriehl200131,_64–65-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005345-23">[18]</a> It is also common for historians and writers to include psychological warfare by using <a href="/wiki/Fifth_columnists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth columnists">fifth columnists</a> to spread rumours and lies among the civilian population in the theatre of operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan2005109-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_term">Origin of term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of term">edit</a>]</div> The origin of the term blitzkrieg is obscure. It was never used in the title of a military doctrine or handbook of the German Army or Air Force,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054–5-9">[8]</a> and no "coherent doctrine" or "unifying concept of blitzkrieg" existed; German High Command mostly referred to the group of tactics as "Bewegungskrieg" (Maneuver Warfare).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmesStrachanBellamyBicheno2001135-24">[19]</a> The term seems to have been rarely used in the German military press before 1939, and recent research at the German <a href="/wiki/Military_History_Research_Office_(Germany)" title="Military History Research Office (Germany)">Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, found it in only two military articles from the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-25">[f]</a> Both used the term to mean a swift strategic knockout, rather than a radically new military doctrine or approach to war. The first article (1935) dealt primarily with supplies of food and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> in wartime. The term blitzkrieg was used in reference to German efforts to win a quick victory in the First World War but was not associated with the use of armored, mechanized or air forces. It argued that Germany must develop self-sufficiency in food because it might again prove impossible to deal a swift knockout to its enemies, which would lead to a long war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337-26">[20]</a> In the second article (1938), launching a swift strategic knockout was described as an attractive idea for Germany but difficult to achieve on land under modern conditions (especially against systems of <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a>) unless an exceptionally high degree of surprise could be achieved. The author vaguely suggested that a massive strategic air attack might hold out better prospects, but the topic was not explored in detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337-26">[20]</a> A third relatively early use of the term in German occurred in Die Deutsche Kriegsstärke (German War Strength) by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sternberg" title="Fritz Sternberg">Fritz Sternberg</a>, a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> political economist and refugee from Nazi Germany, published in 1938 in Paris and in London as Germany and a Lightning War. Sternberg wrote that Germany was not prepared economically for a long war but might win a quick war ("Blitzkrieg"). He did not go into detail about tactics or suggest that the German armed forces had evolved a radically new operational method. His book offered scant clues as to how German lightning victories might be won.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337-26">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-1210-502,_Polen,_Stukas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-1210-502%2C_Polen%2C_Stukas.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-1210-502%2C_Polen%2C_Stukas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-1210-502%2C_Polen%2C_Stukas.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-1210-502%2C_Polen%2C_Stukas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-1210-502%2C_Polen%2C_Stukas.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-1210-502%2C_Polen%2C_Stukas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Ju 87 Bs over Poland, September–October 1939</figcaption></figure> In English and other languages, the term had been used since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanning1997283–287-4">[3]</a> The term was first used in the publications of Ferdinand Otto Miksche, first in the magazine "Army Quarterly",<a href="#cite_note-27">[g]</a> and in his 1941 book Blitzkrieg, in which he defined the concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeist2003282-28">[21]</a> In September 1939, Time magazine termed the German military action as a "war of quick penetration and obliteration – Blitzkrieg, lightning war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeist2003281-29">[22]</a> After the invasion of Poland, the British press commonly used the term to describe German successes in that campaign. J. P. Harris called the term "a piece of journalistic <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> – a buzz-word with which to label the spectacular early successes of the Germans in the Second World War". The word was later applied to the bombing of Britain, particularly London, hence "<a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995338–339-30">[23]</a> The German popular press followed suit nine months later, after the Fall of France in 1940; thus, although the word had first been used in Germany, it was popularized by British journalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337–338-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a> referred to it as a word coined by the Allies: "as a result of the successes of our rapid campaigns our enemies ... coined the word Blitzkrieg".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995336–338-31">[24]</a> After the German failure in the Soviet Union in 1941, the use of the term began to be frowned upon in Nazi Germany, and Hitler then denied ever using the term and said in a speech in November 1941, "I have never used the word Blitzkrieg, because it is a very silly word".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20055-32">[25]</a> In early January 1942, Hitler dismissed it as "Italian phraseology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomarus19731776-33">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitler1942173-34">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_evolution,_1919–1939">Military evolution, 1919–1939</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military evolution, 1919–1939">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">Infiltration tactics</a></div> In 1914, German strategic thinking derived from the writings of <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a> (1 June 1780 – 16 November 1831), <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke the Elder</a> (26 October 1800 – 24 April 1891) and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Schlieffen" title="Alfred von Schlieffen">Alfred von Schlieffen</a> (28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913), who advocated maneuver, mass and envelopment to create the conditions for a decisive battle (Vernichtungsschlacht). During the war, officers such as <a href="/wiki/Willy_Rohr" title="Willy Rohr">Willy Rohr</a> developed tactics to restore maneuver on the battlefield. Specialist <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stosstruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stosstruppen">Stosstruppen</a>, "storm troops") were to exploit weak spots to make gaps for larger infantry units to advance with heavier weapons, exploit the success and leave isolated strong points to the troops that were following up. Infiltration tactics were combined with short <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane bombardment">hurricane artillery bombardments</a>, which used massed artillery. Devised by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bruchm%C3%BCller" title="Georg Bruchmüller">Georg Bruchmüller</a>, the attacks relied on speed and surprise, rather than on weight of numbers. The tactics met with great success in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> of 1918 and restored temporarily the war of movement once the Allied trench system had been overrun. The German armies pushed on towards Amiens and then Paris and came within 120 kilometres (75 mi) before supply deficiencies and Allied reinforcements halted the advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrett198330–31-35">[28]</a> The historian James Corum criticised the German leadership for failing to understand the technical advances of the First World War, conducting no studies of the <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> prior to the war and giving <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">tank production</a> the lowest priority during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum199223-36">[29]</a> After Germany's defeat, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> limited the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> to a maximum of 100,000 men, which prevented the deployment of mass armies. The <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a> was abolished by the treaty but continued covertly as the <a href="/wiki/Truppenamt" title="Truppenamt">Truppenamt</a> (Troop Office) and was disguised as an administrative body. Committees of veteran staff officers were formed within the Truppenamt to evaluate 57 issues of the war to revise German operational theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum199737-37">[30]</a> By the time of the Second World War, their reports had led to doctrinal and training publications, including H. Dv. 487, Führung und Gefecht der verbundenen Waffen ("Command and Battle of the Combined Arms)", known as Das Fug (1921–1923) and <a href="/wiki/Truppenf%C3%BChrung" title="Truppenführung">Truppenführung</a> (1933–1934), containing standard procedures for combined-arms warfare. The Reichswehr was influenced by its analysis of pre-war German military thought, particularly infiltration tactics since at the end of the war, they had seen some breakthroughs on the Western Front and the maneuver warfare which dominated the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>. On the Eastern Front, the war did not bog down into <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> since the German and the Russian Armies fought a war of maneuver over thousands of miles, which gave the German leadership unique experience that was unavailable to the trench-bound Western Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum19927-38">[31]</a> Studies of operations in the East led to the conclusion that small and coordinated forces possessed more combat power than large uncoordinated forces. After the war, the Reichswehr expanded and improved infiltration tactics. The commander in chief, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a>, argued that there had been an excessive focus on encirclement and emphasised speed instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum199730-39">[32]</a> Seeckt inspired a revision of <a href="/wiki/Bewegungskrieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bewegungskrieg">Bewegungskrieg</a> (maneuver warfare) thinking and its associated <a href="/wiki/Auftragstaktik" class="mw-redirect" title="Auftragstaktik">Auftragstaktik</a> in which the commander expressed his goals to subordinates and gave them discretion in how to achieve them. The governing principle was "the higher the authority, the more general the orders were"; it was the responsibility of the lower echelons to fill in the details.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECitino2005152-40">[33]</a> Implementation of higher orders remained within limits that were determined by the training doctrine of an elite officer corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondellZabecki20083–5-41">[34]</a> Delegation of authority to local commanders increased the tempo of operations, which had great influence on the success of German armies in the early war period. Seeckt, who believed in the Prussian tradition of mobility, developed the German army into a mobile force and advocated technical advances that would lead to a qualitative improvement of its forces and better coordination between motorized infantry, tanks, and planes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1980101-42">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWM-Q-12329-armoured-car-Megiddo-1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/IWM-Q-12329-armoured-car-Megiddo-1918.jpg/220px-IWM-Q-12329-armoured-car-Megiddo-1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/IWM-Q-12329-armoured-car-Megiddo-1918.jpg/330px-IWM-Q-12329-armoured-car-Megiddo-1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/IWM-Q-12329-armoured-car-Megiddo-1918.jpg/440px-IWM-Q-12329-armoured-car-Megiddo-1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>British armoured car and motorcycle at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo (1918)</a></figcaption></figure> The British Army took lessons from the successful infantry and artillery offensives on the Western Front in late 1918. To obtain the best co-operation between all arms, emphasis was placed on detailed planning, rigid control and adherence to orders. Mechanization of the army, as part of a combined-arms theory of war, was considered a means to avoid mass casualties and the indecisive nature of offensives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200017–18-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2011121-44">[37]</a> The four editions of Field Service Regulations that were published after 1918 held that only combined-arms operations could create enough fire power to enable mobility on a battlefield. That theory of war also emphasised consolidation and recommended caution against overconfidence and ruthless exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200018–20,_22–24-45">[38]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a>, operations involved some aspects of what would later be called blitzkrieg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970435–438-46">[39]</a> The decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a> included concentration, surprise and speed. Success depended on attacking only in terrain favouring the movement of large formations around the battlefield and tactical improvements in the British artillery and infantry attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2006191-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001200-48">[41]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a> used infantry to attack the strong <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> front line in co-operation with supporting artillery, augmented by the guns of two destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWavell1968206-49">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallsBecke1930470–1,_480–1,_485-50">[43]</a> Through constant pressure by infantry and cavalry, two Ottoman armies in the <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judean</a> Hills were kept off-balance and virtually encircled during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharon" title="Battle of Sharon">Battles of Sharon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus_(1918)" title="Battle of Nablus (1918)">Nablus</a> (Battle of Megiddo).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1978171–172-51">[44]</a> The British methods induced "strategic paralysis" among the Ottomans and led to their rapid and complete collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970435-52">[45]</a> In an advance of 65 miles (105 km), captures were estimated to be "at least 25,000 prisoners and 260 guns".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2004181–183-53">[46]</a> Liddell Hart considered that important aspects of the operation had been the extent to which Ottoman commanders were denied intelligence on the British preparations for the attack through British air superiority and air attacks on their headquarters and telephone exchanges, which paralyzed attempts to react to the rapidly-deteriorating situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970435–438-46">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> Norman Stone detects early blitzkrieg operations in offensives by French Generals <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mangin" title="Charles Mangin">Charles Mangin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Eug%C3%A8ne_Debeney" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Eugène Debeney">Marie-Eugène Debeney</a> in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-55">[h]</a> However, French doctrine in the interwar years became defence-oriented. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> advocated concentration of armor and airplanes. His opinions appeared in his 1934 book Vers l'Armée de métier ("Towards the Professional Army"). Like von Seeckt, de Gaulle concluded that France could no longer maintain the huge armies of conscripts and reservists that had fought the First World War, and he sought to use tanks, mechanized forces and aircraft to allow a smaller number of highly trained soldiers to have greater impact in battle. His views endeared him little to the French high command, but, according to historian Henrik Bering, were studied with great interest by <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Gaulle2009-56">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_Soviet_Union">Russia and Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russia and Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> In 1916, General <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Brusilov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Brusilov">Alexei Brusilov</a> had used surprise and infiltration tactics during the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">Brusilov Offensive</a>. Later, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a> (1893–1937), <a href="/wiki/Georgii_Isserson" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgii Isserson">Georgii Isserson</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Иссерсон, Георгий Самойлович">ru</a>] (1898–1976) and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> developed a concept of <a href="/wiki/Deep_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep battle">deep battle</a> from the experience of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> of 1919–1920. Those concepts would guide the Red Army doctrine throughout the Second World War. Realising the limitations of infantry and cavalry, Tukhachevsky advocated mechanized formations and the large-scale industrialisation that they required. Robert Watt (2008) wrote that blitzkrieg has little in common with Soviet deep battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2008677–678-57">[49]</a> In 2002, H. P. Willmott had noted that deep battle contained two important differences from blitzkrieg by being a doctrine of total war, not of limited operations, and rejecting decisive battle in favour of several large simultaneous offensives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2002116-58">[50]</a> The Reichswehr and the Red Army began a secret collaboration in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to evade the Treaty of Versailles occupational agent, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Inter-Allied_Commission_of_Control" title="Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control">Inter-Allied Commission</a>. In 1926 <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">war games</a> and tests began at <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a>. The centers served to field-test aircraft and armored vehicles up to the battalion level and housed aerial- and armoured-warfare schools through which officers rotated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198923-59">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany">edit</a>]</div> After becoming <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> in 1933, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> ignored the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Within the Wehrmacht, which was established in 1935, the command for motorized armored forces was named the <a href="/wiki/Panzerwaffe" title="Panzerwaffe">Panzerwaffe</a> in 1936. The <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, the German air force, was officially established in February 1935, and development began on ground-attack aircraft and doctrines. Hitler strongly supported the new strategy. He read Guderian's 1937 book <a href="/wiki/Achtung_%E2%80%93_Panzer!" title="Achtung – Panzer!">Achtung – Panzer!</a> and upon observing armored field exercises at <a href="/wiki/Kummersdorf" title="Kummersdorf">Kummersdorf</a>, he remarked, "That is what I want – and that is what I will have".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuderian200146-60">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198924-61">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guderian">Guderian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Guderian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-139-1112-17,_Heinz_Guderian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-139-1112-17%2C_Heinz_Guderian.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-139-1112-17%2C_Heinz_Guderian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-139-1112-17%2C_Heinz_Guderian.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-139-1112-17%2C_Heinz_Guderian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-139-1112-17%2C_Heinz_Guderian.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-139-1112-17%2C_Heinz_Guderian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a></figcaption></figure> Guderian summarized combined-arms tactics as the way to get the mobile and motorized armored divisions to work together and support each other to achieve decisive success. In his 1950 book, <a href="/wiki/Panzer_Leader_(book)" title="Panzer Leader (book)">Panzer Leader</a>, he wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In this year, 1929, I became convinced that tanks working on their own or in conjunction with infantry could never achieve decisive importance. My historical studies, the exercises carried out in England and our own experience with mock-ups had persuaded me that the tanks would never be able to produce their full effect until the other weapons on whose support they must inevitably rely were brought up to their standard of speed and of cross-country performance. In such formation of all arms, the tanks must play primary role, the other weapons being subordinated to the requirements of the armor. It would be wrong to include tanks in infantry divisions; what was needed were armored divisions which would include all the supporting arms needed to allow the tanks to fight with full effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuderian200113-62">[54]</a></blockquote> Guderian believed that developments in technology were required to support the theory, especially by equipping armored divisions, tanks foremost, with wireless communications. Guderian insisted in 1933 to the high command that every tank in the German armored force must be equipped with a radio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuderian200120-63">[55]</a> At the start of World War II, only the German Army was thus prepared with all tanks being "radio-equipped". That proved critical in early tank battles in which German tank commanders exploited the organizational advantage over the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> that radio communication gave them. All Allied armies would later copy that innovation. During the Polish campaign, the performance of armored troops, under the influence of Guderian's ideas, won over a number of skeptics who had initially expressed doubt about armored warfare, such as von Rundstedt and Rommel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2011129-64">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rommel">Rommel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rommel">edit</a>]</div> According to David A. Grossman, by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Twelfth Battle of Isonzo</a> (October–November 1917), while he was conducting a light-infantry operation, Rommel had perfected his maneuver-warfare principles, which were the very same ones that were applied during the blitzkrieg against France in 1940 and were repeated in the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition</a> ground offensive against Iraq in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Gulf War">1991 Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1993316–335-65">[57]</a> During the Battle of France and against his staff advisor's advice, Hitler ordered that everything should be completed in a few weeks. Fortunately for the Germans, Rommel and Guderian disobeyed the General Staff's orders (particularly those of General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist">Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist</a>) and forged ahead making quicker progress than anyone had expected, on the way "inventing the idea of Blitzkrieg".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStroud201333–34-66">[58]</a> It was Rommel who created the new archetype of Blitzkrieg by leading his division far ahead of flanking divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrighton2008247-67">[59]</a> MacGregor and Williamson remark that Rommel's version of blitzkrieg displayed a significantly better understanding of combined-arms warfare than that of Guderian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMacGregor2001172-68">[60]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hermann Hoth</a> submitted an official report in July 1940 which declared that Rommel had "explored new paths in the command of Panzer divisions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter2006200-69">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_operations">Methods of operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Methods of operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schwerpunkt">Schwerpunkt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Schwerpunkt">edit</a>]</div> Schwerpunktprinzip was a <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a> device (conceptual tool or thinking formula) that was used in the German Army from the nineteenth century to make decisions from tactics to strategy about priority. Schwerpunkt has been translated as center of gravity, crucial, focal point and point of main effort. None of those forms is sufficient to describe the universal importance of the term and the concept of Schwerpunktprinzip. Every unit in the army, from the company to the supreme command, decided on a Schwerpunkt by schwerpunktbildung, as did the support services, which meant that commanders always knew what was the most important and why. The German army was trained to support the Schwerpunkt even when risks had to be taken elsewhere to support the point of main effort and to attack with overwhelming firepower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2017vi,_17-70">[62]</a> Schwerpunktbildung allowed the German Army to achieve superiority at the Schwerpunkt, whether attacking or defending, to turn local success at the Schwerpunkt into the progressive disorganisation of the opposing force and to create more opportunities to exploit that advantage even if the Germans were numerically and <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategically</a> inferior in general. In the 1930s, Guderian summarized that as Klotzen, nicht kleckern! (roughly "splash, don't spill")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200589–90,_156–157-71">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2002227-72">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pursuit">Pursuit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pursuit">edit</a>]</div> Having achieved a breakthrough of the enemy's line, units comprising the Schwerpunkt were not supposed to become decisively engaged with enemy front line units to the right and the left of the breakthrough area. Units pouring through the hole were to drive upon set objectives behind the enemy front line. During the Second World War, German Panzer forces used their motorized mobility to paralyze the opponent's ability to react. Fast-moving mobile forces seized the initiative, exploited weaknesses and acted before the opposing forces could respond. Central to that was the <a href="/wiki/Decision_cycle" title="Decision cycle">decision cycle</a> (tempo). Through superior mobility and faster decision-making cycles, mobile forces could act faster than the forces opposing them. <a href="/wiki/Mission-type_tactics" title="Mission-type tactics">Directive control</a> was a fast and flexible method of command. Rather than receiving an explicit order, a commander would be told of his <a href="/wiki/Commander%27s_intent" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander's intent">superior's intent</a> and the role that his unit was to fill in that concept. The method of execution was then a matter for the discretion of the subordinate commander. The staff burden was reduced at the top and spread among tiers of command with knowledge about their situation. Delegation and the encouragement of initiative aided implementation, and important decisions could be taken quickly and communicated verbally or with only brief written orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005344–346-73">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mopping-up">Mopping-up</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mopping-up">edit</a>]</div> The last part of an offensive operation was the destruction of unsubdued <a href="/wiki/Pocket_(military)" title="Pocket (military)">pockets</a> of resistance, which had been <a href="/wiki/Envelop" class="mw-redirect" title="Envelop">enveloped</a> earlier and bypassed by the fast-moving armored and motorized spearheads. The Kesselschlacht ("cauldron battle") was a <a href="/wiki/Concentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric">concentric</a> attack on such pockets. It was there that most losses were inflicted upon the enemy, primarily through the mass capture of prisoners and weapons. During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, huge encirclements in 1941 produced nearly 3.5 million Soviet prisoners, along with masses of equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1987265-74">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs-75">[i]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_power">Air power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Air power">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17,_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Ju 87 "Stuka"</a> dive-bomber was used in blitzkrieg operations.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a> was provided in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bomber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bomber</a>, which would support the focal point of attack from the air. German successes are closely related to the extent to which the German Luftwaffe could control the air war in early campaigns in Western and Central Europe and in the Soviet Union. However, the Luftwaffe was a broadly based force with no constricting central doctrine other than its resources should be used generally to support national strategy. It was flexible and could carry out both operational-tactical, and strategic bombing. Flexibility was the strength of the Luftwaffe in 1939 to 1941. Paradoxically, that became its weakness. While Allied Air Forces were tied to the support of the Army, the Luftwaffe deployed its resources in a more general operational way. It switched from <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> missions to medium-range interdiction, to strategic strikes to close support duties, depending on the need of the ground forces. In fact, far from it being a specialist panzer spearhead arm, less than 15 percent of the Luftwaffe was intended for close support of the army in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley1998126–127-76">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stimulants">Stimulants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stimulants">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a>, known as "pervitin," use is believed to have played a role in the speed of Germany's initial Blitzkrieg since military success with combined arms demanded long hours of continuous operations with minimal rest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreas2020-77">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_and_countermeasures">Limitations and countermeasures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Limitations and countermeasures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> The concepts associated with the term blitzkrieg (deep penetrations by armor, large encirclements, and combined arms attacks) were largely dependent upon terrain and weather conditions. Wherever the ability for rapid movement across "tank country" was not possible, armored penetrations often were avoided or resulted in failure. The terrain would ideally be flat, firm, unobstructed by natural barriers or fortifications, and interspersed with roads and railways. If it were instead hilly, wooded, marshy, or urban, armor would be vulnerable to infantry in close-quarters combat and unable to break out at full speed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Additionally, units could be halted by mud (<a href="/wiki/Thaw_(weather)" title="Thaw (weather)">thawing</a> along the Eastern Front regularly slowed both sides) or extreme snow. Operation Barbarossa helped confirm that armor effectiveness and the requisite aerial support depended on weather and terrain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters200189–96-78">[69]</a> The disadvantages of terrain could be nullified if surprise was achieved over the enemy by an attack in areas that had been considered natural obstacles, as occurred during the Battle of France in which the main German offensive went through the Ardennes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters200147–61-79">[70]</a> Since the French thought that the Ardennes unsuitable for massive troop movement, particularly for tanks, the area was left with only light defences, which were quickly overrun by the Wehrmacht. The Germans quickly advanced through the forest and knocked down the trees that the French had thought would impede them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005137–144-80">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_superiority">Air superiority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Air superiority">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawker_Typhoon_ExCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A British designed single engine ground attack aircraft equipped with cannon and rockets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hawker_Typhoon_ExCC.jpg/220px-Hawker_Typhoon_ExCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hawker_Typhoon_ExCC.jpg/330px-Hawker_Typhoon_ExCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hawker_Typhoon_ExCC.jpg/440px-Hawker_Typhoon_ExCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a>, especially when armed with eight <a href="/wiki/RP-3" title="RP-3">RP-3</a> rockets, posed a threat to German armour and motor vehicles during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> in 1944.</figcaption></figure> The influence of air forces over forces on the ground changed significantly over the course of the Second World War. Early German successes were conducted when Allied aircraft could not make a significant impact on the battlefield. In May 1940, there was near parity in numbers of aircraft between the Luftwaffe and the Allies, but the Luftwaffe had been developed to support Germany's ground forces, had liaison officers with the mobile formations and operated a higher number of sorties per aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne2002233-81">[72]</a> In addition, the Germans' air parity or superiority allowed the unencumbered movement of ground forces, their unhindered assembly into concentrated attack formations, aerial reconnaissance, aerial resupply of fast moving formations and close air support at the point of attack.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Allied air forces had no close air support aircraft, training or doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyne2002233-81">[72]</a> The Allies flew 434 French and 160 British sorties a day but methods of attacking ground targets had yet to be developed and so Allied aircraft caused negligible damage. Against the Allies' 600 sorties, the Luftwaffe on average flew 1,500 sorties a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDildy201436-82">[73]</a> On 13 May, Fliegerkorps VIII flew 1,000 sorties in support of the crossing of the Meuse. The following day the Allies made repeated attempts to destroy the German pontoon bridges, but German fighter aircraft, ground fire and Luftwaffe flak batteries with the panzer forces destroyed 56 percent of the attacking Allied aircraft, and the bridges remained intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine1998133–135-83">[74]</a> Allied air superiority became a significant hindrance to German operations during the later years of the war. By June 1944, the Western Allies had the complete control of the air over the battlefield, and their fighter-bomber aircraft were very effective at attacking ground forces. On D-Day, the Allies flew 14,500 sorties over the battlefield area alone, not including sorties flown over Northwestern Europe. Against them the Luftwaffe flew some 300 sorties on 6 June. Though German fighter presence over Normandy increased over the next days and weeks, it never approached the numbers that the Allies commanded. Fighter-bomber attacks on German formations made movement during daylight almost impossible. Subsequently, shortages soon developed in food, fuel and ammunition and severely hampered the German defenders. German vehicle crews and even flak units experienced great difficulty moving during daylight.<a href="#cite_note-85">[j]</a> Indeed, the final German offensive operation in the west, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wacht_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Wacht am Rhein">Operation Wacht am Rhein</a>, was planned to take place during poor weather to minimise interference by Allied aircraft. Under those conditions, it was difficult for German commanders to employ the "armored idea", if at all.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-tactics">Counter-tactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Counter-tactics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blitzkrieg" title="Special:EditPage/Blitzkrieg">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Blitzkrieg is vulnerable to an enemy that is robust enough to weather the shock of the attack and does not panic at the idea of enemy formations in its rear area. That is especially true if the attacking formation lacks the reserve to keep funnelling forces into the spearhead or the mobility to provide infantry, artillery and supplies into the attack. If the defender can hold the shoulders of the breach, it has the opportunity to counter-attack into the flank of the attacker and potentially to cut it off the van, as what happened to <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Peiper#Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Joachim Peiper">Kampfgruppe Peiper</a> in the Ardennes. During the Battle of France in 1940, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Armored_Division_(France,_1940)" title="4th Armored Division (France, 1940)">4th Armoured Division</a> (Major-General Charles de Gaulle) and elements of the 1st Army Tank Brigade <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">(British Expeditionary Force)</a> made probing attacks on the German flank and pushed into the rear of the advancing armored columns at times. That may have been a reason for Hitler to call a halt to the German advance. Those attacks combined with <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_tactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgehog tactic">hedgehog tactic</a> would become the major basis for responding to blitzkrieg attacks in the future. <a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Deployment in depth</a>, or permitting enemy or "shoulders" of a penetration, was essential to channelling the enemy attack; artillery, properly employed at the shoulders, could take a heavy toll on attackers. Allied forces in 1940 lacked the experience to develop those strategies successfully, which resulted in the French armistice with heavy losses, but those strategies characterized later Allied operations. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, the Red Army used a combination of defence in great depth, extensive minefields and tenacious defense of breakthrough shoulders. In that way, they depleted German combat power even as German forces advanced.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The reverse can be seen in the Russian summer offensive of 1944, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>, which resulted in the destruction of Army Group Center. German attempts to weather the storm and fight out of encirclements failed because of the Soviets' ability to continue to feed armored units into the attack, maintain the mobility and strength of the offensive and arrive in force deep in the rear areas faster than the Germans could regroup.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics">Logistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Logistics">edit</a>]</div> Although effective in quick campaigns against Poland and France, mobile operations could not be sustained by Germany in later years. Strategies based on maneuver have the inherent danger of the attacking force overextending its <a href="/wiki/Supply_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply line">supply lines</a> and can be defeated by a determined foe who is willing and able to sacrifice territory for time in which to regroup and rearm, as the Soviets did on the Eastern Front, as opposed to, for example, the Dutch, who had no territory to sacrifice. Tank and vehicle production was a constant problem for Germany. Indeed, late in the war, many panzer "divisions" had no more than a few dozen tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpkin200034-86">[76]</a> As the end of the war approached, Germany also experienced critical shortages in <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> stocks as a result of Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> and blockade. Although the production of Luftwaffe fighter aircraft continued, they could not fly because of lack of fuel. What fuel there was went to panzer divisions, and even then, they could not operate normally. Of the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger</a> tanks lost against the US Army, nearly half of them were abandoned for lack of fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester200218–25-87">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_operations">Military operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War">edit</a>]</div> German volunteers first used armor in live field-conditions during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939). Armor commitment consisted of Panzer Battalion 88, a force built around three companies of <a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a> tanks that functioned as a training cadre for Spain's Nationalists. The Luftwaffe deployed squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, dive-bombers and <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transport aircraft</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1989145-88">[78]</a> Guderian said that the tank deployment was "on too small a scale to allow accurate assessments to be made".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198925-89">[79]</a> (The true test of his "armored idea" would have to wait for the Second World War.) However, the Luftwaffe also provided volunteers to Spain to test both tactics and aircraft in combat, including the first combat use of the Stuka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal199715–17-90">[80]</a> During the war, the Condor Legion undertook the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a>, which had a tremendous psychological effect on the populations of Europe. The results were exaggerated,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> concluded that the "city-busting" techniques were now part of the German way in war. The targets of the German aircraft were actually the rail lines and bridges, but lacking the ability to hit them with accuracy (only three or four <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Ju 87s</a> saw action in Spain), the Luftwaffe chose a method of <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a>, resulting in heavy civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997200-91">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland,_1939">Poland, 1939</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Poland, 1939">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of Poland showing the German invasion from eastern Germany, East Prussia and German-occupied Czechoslovakia in September 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Poland2.jpg/220px-Poland2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Poland2.jpg/330px-Poland2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Poland2.jpg/440px-Poland2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>In Poland, fast-moving armies encircled Polish forces (blue circles) but not by independent armored operations. Combined tank, artillery, infantry and air forces were used.</figcaption></figure> Although journalists popularized the term Blitzkrieg during the September 1939 invasion of Poland, the historians Matthew Cooper and J. P. Harris have written that German operations during the campaign were consistent with traditional methods. The Wehrmacht strategy was more in line with <a href="/wiki/Vernichtungsgedanke" title="Vernichtungsgedanke">Vernichtungsgedanke</a>, a focus on envelopment to create pockets in broad-front annihilation. The German generals dispersed Panzer forces among the three German concentrations with little emphasis on independent use. They deployed tanks to create or destroy close pockets of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish forces</a> and to seize operational-depth terrain in support of the largely-unmotorized infantry, which followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995339-92">[82]</a> The Wehrmacht used available models of tanks, Stuka dive-bombers and concentrated forces in the Polish campaign, but the majority of the fighting involved conventional infantry and artillery warfare, and most Luftwaffe action was independent of the ground campaign. Matthew Cooper wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Throughout the Polish Campaign, the employment of the mechanised units revealed the idea that they were intended solely to ease the advance and to support the activities of the infantry.... Thus, any strategic exploitation of the armoured idea was still-born. The paralysis of command and the breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the... German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional maneuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the Luftwaffe, both of which had as their purpose the physical destruction of the enemy troops. Such was the Vernichtungsgedanke of the Polish campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997176-93">[83]</a></blockquote> John Ellis wrote that "there is considerable justice in Matthew Cooper's assertion that the panzer divisions were not given the kind of strategic mission that was to characterize authentic armored blitzkrieg, and were almost always closely subordinated to the various mass infantry armies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1990-94">[84]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Steven Zaloga</a> wrote, "Whilst Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the panzer and Stuka attacks, they have tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery on Polish units. Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any other branch of the Wehrmacht."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaMadej1985-95">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_Countries_and_France,_1940">Low Countries and France, 1940</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Low Countries and France, 1940">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">Battle of Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG/220px-16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG/330px-16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG/440px-16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>German advances during the Battle of Belgium</figcaption></figure> The German invasion of France, with subsidiary attacks on Belgium and the Netherlands, consisted of two phases, Operation Yellow (<a href="/wiki/Fall_Gelb" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Gelb">Fall Gelb</a>) and Operation Red (<a href="/wiki/Fall_Rot" title="Fall Rot">Fall Rot</a>). Yellow opened with a feint conducted against the Netherlands and Belgium by two armored corps and <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a>. Most of the German armored forces were placed in <a href="/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army" title="1st Panzer Army">Panzer Group Kleist</a>, which attacked through the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, a lightly defended sector that the French planned to reinforce if necessary before the Germans could bring up heavy and siege artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197073-96">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alphonse_Joseph_Georges_statement-97">[k]</a> There was no time for the French to send such reinforcement, as the Germans did not wait for siege artillery but reached the Meuse and achieved a breakthrough at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Battle of Sedan</a> in three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005145–182-98">[87]</a> Panzer Group Kleist raced to the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, reached the coast at <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a> and cut off the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">BEF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Army">Belgian Army</a> and some of the best-equipped divisions of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> in northern France. Armored and motorized units under Guderian, Rommel and others advanced far beyond the marching and horse-drawn infantry divisions and far in excess of what Hitler and the German high command had expected or wished. When the Allies counter-attacked at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a> by using the heavily armored British <a href="/wiki/Matilda_I_(tank)" title="Matilda I (tank)">Matilda I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a> tanks, a brief panic ensued in the German High Command. Hitler halted his armored and motorized forces outside the port of <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, which the Royal Navy had started using to evacuate the Allied forces. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> promised that the Luftwaffe would complete the destruction of the encircled armies, but aerial operations failed to prevent the evacuation of the majority of the Allied troops. In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Dynamo">Operation Dynamo</a>, some 330,000 French and British troops escaped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005291–310-99">[88]</a> Case Yellow surprised everyone by overcoming the Allies' 4,000 armored vehicles, many of which were better than their German equivalents in armor and gunpower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuderian200194-100">[89]</a> The French and British frequently used their tanks in the dispersed role of infantry support, rather than by concentrating force at the point of attack, to create overwhelming firepower. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4June-12June_Battle_of_France.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/4June-12June_Battle_of_France.PNG/220px-4June-12June_Battle_of_France.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/4June-12June_Battle_of_France.PNG/330px-4June-12June_Battle_of_France.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/4June-12June_Battle_of_France.PNG/440px-4June-12June_Battle_of_France.PNG 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>German advances during the Battle of France</figcaption></figure> The French armies were much reduced in strength and the confidence of their commanders shaken. With much of their own armor and heavy equipment lost in Northern France, they lacked the means to fight a mobile war. The Germans followed their initial success with Operation Red, a triple-pronged offensive. The XV Panzer Corps attacked towards <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/XIV_Panzer_Corps" title="XIV Panzer Corps">XIV Panzer Corps</a> attacked east of Paris, towards <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and the XIX Panzer Corps encircled the Maginot Line. The French, hard pressed to organise any sort of counter-attack, were continually ordered to form new defensive lines and found that German forces had already bypassed them and moved on. An armored counter-attack, organized by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, could not be sustained, and he had to retreat. Prior to the German offensive in May, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> had said, "Thank God for the French Army".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1969717-101">[90]</a> The same French Army collapsed after barely two months of fighting. That was in shocking contrast to the four years of trench warfare on which French forces had engaged during the First World War. French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a>, analyzed the collapse in a speech on 21 May 1940: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The truth is that our classic conception of the conduct of war has come up against a new conception. At the basis of this... there is not only the massive use of heavy armoured divisions or cooperation between them and airplanes, but the creation of disorder in the enemy's rear by means of parachute raids.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</blockquote> The Germans had not used paratroopry attacks in France and made only one large drop in the Netherlands to capture three bridges; some small glider-landings were conducted in Belgium to take bottlenecks on routes of advance before the arrival of the main force (the most renowned being the landing on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Eben-Emael">Fort Eben-Emael</a> in Belgium).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalgano202099–114-102">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Front,_1941–44">Eastern Front, 1941–44</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Eastern Front, 1941–44">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defensive_pincers_in_battle_of_Volkhov.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map depicting Allied breakthroughs of the German line. The German armour is held back and committed to seal the breakthrough." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Defensive_pincers_in_battle_of_Volkhov.png/220px-Defensive_pincers_in_battle_of_Volkhov.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Defensive_pincers_in_battle_of_Volkhov.png/330px-Defensive_pincers_in_battle_of_Volkhov.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Defensive_pincers_in_battle_of_Volkhov.png/440px-Defensive_pincers_in_battle_of_Volkhov.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>After 1941–1942, the Wehrmacht increasingly used armoured formations as a mobile reserve against Allied breakthroughs. The blue arrows depict armoured counter-attacks.</figcaption></figure> Use of armored forces was crucial for both sides on the Eastern Front. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, involved a number of breakthroughs and encirclements by motorized forces. Its goal, according to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives" title="List of Adolf Hitler's directives">Führer Directive 21</a> (18 December 1940), was "to destroy the Russian forces deployed in the West and to prevent their escape into the wide-open spaces of Russia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark196578-103">[92]</a> The Red Army was to be destroyed west of the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava (river)">Dvina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> rivers, which were about 500 kilometres (310 mi) east of the Soviet border, to be followed by a mopping-up operation. The surprise attack resulted in the near annihilation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily</a> (VVS, Soviet Air Force) by simultaneous attacks on airfields,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006487-104">[93]</a> allowing the Luftwaffe to achieve total air supremacy over all the battlefields within the first week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz201230–31-105">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardesty20129-106">[95]</a> On the ground, four German panzer groups outflanked and encircled disorganized Red Army units, and the marching infantry completed the encirclements and defeated the trapped forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz20127-107">[96]</a> In late July, after <a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Panzer Group">2nd Panzer Group</a> (commanded by Guderian) captured the watersheds of the Dvina and Dnieper rivers near Smolensk, the panzers had to defend the encirclement, because the marching infantry divisions remained hundreds of kilometers to the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006487-104">[93]</a> The Germans conquered large areas of the Soviet Union, but their failure to destroy the Red Army before the winter of 1941-1942 was a strategic failure and made German tactical superiority and territorial gains irrelevant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005351-108">[97]</a> The Red Army had survived enormous losses and regrouped with new formations far to the rear of the front line. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> (October 1941 to January 1942), the Red Army defeated the German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Center</a> and for the first time in the war seized the strategic initiative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005351-108">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2012192,_197-109">[98]</a> In the summer of 1942, Germany launched another offensive and this time focusing on <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Soviets again lost tremendous amounts of territory, only to counter-attack once more during winter. The German gains were ultimately limited because Hitler diverted forces from the attack on Stalingrad and drove towards the Caucasus oilfields simultaneously. The Wehrmacht became overstretched. Although it won operationally, it could not inflict a decisive defeat as the durability of the Soviet Union's manpower, resources, industrial base and aid from the Western Allies began to take effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005351-108">[97]</a> In July 1943, the Wehrmacht conducted Operation Zitadelle (Citadel) against a salient at <a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, which Soviet troop heavily defended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2012233-110">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995167-111">[100]</a> Soviet defensive tactics had by now hugely improved, particularly in the use of artillery and air support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995167-111">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse200463–64-112">[101]</a> By April 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> had learned of German intentions through intelligence supplied by front-line reconnaissance and <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> intercepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2012188,_190-113">[102]</a> In the following months, the Red Army constructed deep defensive belts along the paths of the planned German attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse200463–65-114">[103]</a> The Soviets made a concerted effort to disguise their knowledge of German plans and the extent of their own defensive preparations, and the German commanders still hoped to achieve operational surprise when the attack commenced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2012207-115">[104]</a> The Germans did not achieve surprise and could not outflank or break through into enemy rear areas during the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse200463-116">[105]</a> Several historians assert that Operation Citadel was planned and intended to be a blitzkrieg operation.<a href="#cite_note-Citadel_as_blitzkrieg-117">[l]</a> Many of the German participants who wrote about the operation after the war, including <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a>, make no mention of blitzkrieg in their accounts.<a href="#cite_note-German_participants_on_Citadel-118">[m]</a> In 2000, Niklas Zetterling and Anders Frankson characterised only the southern pincer of the German offensive as a "classical blitzkrieg attack".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterlingFrankson2000137-119">[106]</a> Pier Battistelli wrote that the operational planning marked a change in German offensive thinking away from blitzkrieg and that more priority was given to brute force and fire power than to speed and maneuver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattistelli20134,_6-120">[107]</a> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">David Glantz</a> stated that blitzkrieg was at Kursk for the first time defeated in summer, and the opposing Soviet forces mounted a successful counter-offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995167-111">[100]</a> The Battle of Kursk ended with two Soviet counter-offensives and the revival of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deep_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deep battle">deep operations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995167-111">[100]</a> In the summer of 1944, the Red Army destroyed Army Group Centre in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a> by using combined-arms tactics for armor, infantry and air power in a coordinated strategic assault, known as <a href="/wiki/Deep_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep operations">deep operations</a>, which led to an advance of 600 kilometres (370 mi) in six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006599–600,_636–637-121">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Front,_1944–1945">Western Front, 1944–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Western Front, 1944–1945">edit</a>]</div> Allied armies began using combined-arms formations and deep-penetration strategies that Germany had used in the opening years of the war. Many Allied operations <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">in the Western Desert</a> and on the Eastern Front, relied on firepower to establish breakthroughs by fast-moving armored units. The artillery-based tactics were also decisive in Western Front operations after 1944's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, and the British Commonwealth and American armies developed flexible and powerful systems for using artillery support. What the Soviets lacked in flexibility, they made up for in number of <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">rocket launchers</a>, guns and mortars. The Germans never achieved the kind of fire concentrations that their enemies were achieving 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan200548-122">[109]</a> After the Allied landings in <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">Normandy</a> (June 1944), the Germans began a counter-offensive to overwhelm the landing force with armored attacks, but they failed because of a lack of co-ordination and to Allied superiority in anti-tank defense and in the air. The most notable attempt to use deep-penetration operations in Normandy was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Luttich" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Luttich">Operation Luttich</a> at Mortain, which only hastened the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise Pocket</a> and the destruction of German forces in Normandy. The Mortain counter-attack was defeated by the American 12th Army Group with little effect on its own offensive operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan2005632–633-123">[110]</a> The last German offensive on the Western front, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> (Operation Wacht am Rhein), was an offensive launched towards the port of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in December 1944. Launched in poor weather against a thinly-held Allied sector, it achieved surprise and initial success as Allied air-power was grounded due to cloud cover. Determined defense by American troops in places throughout the Ardennes, the lack of good roads and German supply shortages caused delays. Allied forces deployed to the flanks of the German penetration, and as soon as the skies cleared, Allied aircraft returned to the battlefield. Allied counter-attacks soon forced back the Germans, who abandoned much equipment for lack of fuel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_controversy">Post-war controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Post-war controversy">edit</a>]</div> Blitzkrieg had been called a <a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_Military_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution in Military Affairs">Revolution in Military Affairs</a> (RMA), but many writers and historians have concluded that the Germans did not invent a new form of warfare but applied new technologies to traditional ideas of Bewegungskrieg (maneuver warfare) to achieve decisive victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECitino2005311-124">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Strategy">edit</a>]</div> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_O%27Neill_(historian)" title="Robert O'Neill (historian)">Robert O'Neill</a>, Professor of the History of War at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> produced an example of the popular view. In Doctrine and Training in the German Army 1919–1939, O'Neill wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What makes this story worth telling is the development of one idea: the blitzkrieg. The German Army had a greater grasp of the effects of technology on the battlefield, and went on to develop a new form of warfare by which its rivals when it came to the test were hopelessly outclassed.</blockquote> Other historians wrote that blitzkrieg was an operational doctrine of the German armed forces and a strategic concept on which the leadership of Nazi Germany based its strategic and economic planning. Military planners and bureaucrats in the war economy appear rarely, if ever, to have employed the term blitzkrieg in official documents. That the German army had a "blitzkrieg doctrine" was rejected in the late 1970s by Matthew Cooper. The concept of a blitzkrieg <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> in the late 1970s and by Williamson Murray in the mid-1980s. That Nazi Germany went to war on the basis of "blitzkrieg economics" was criticized by Richard Overy in the 1980s, and George Raudzens described the contradictory senses in which historians have used the word. The notion of a German blitzkrieg concept or doctrine survives in popular history and many historians still support the thesis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995333–348-125">[112]</a> Frieser wrote that after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a> in 1914, the German army concluded that decisive battles were no longer possible in the changed conditions of the twentieth century. Frieser wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> (OKW), which was created in 1938 had intended to avoid the decisive battle concepts of its predecessors and planned for a long war of exhaustion (Ermattungskrieg). It was only after the improvised plan for the Battle of France in 1940 was unexpectedly successful that the German General Staff came to believe that Vernichtungskrieg was still feasible. German thinking reverted to the possibility of a quick and decisive war for the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkan campaign</a> and Operation Barbarossa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005349–350-126">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Doctrine">edit</a>]</div> Most academic historians regard the notion of blitzkrieg as military doctrine to be a myth. Shimon Naveh wrote, "The striking feature of the blitzkrieg concept is the complete absence of a coherent theory which should have served as the general cognitive basis for the actual conduct of operations". Naveh described it as an "ad hoc solution" to operational dangers, thrown together at the last moment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1997128–129-127">[114]</a> Overy disagreed with the idea that Hitler and the Nazi regime ever intended a blitzkrieg war because the once-popular belief that the Nazi state organized its economy to carry out its grand strategy in short campaigns was false. Hitler had intended for a rapid unlimited war to occur much later than 1939, but Germany's aggressive <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> forced the state into war before it was ready. The planning of Hitler and the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> in the 1930s did not reflect a blitzkrieg method but the opposite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995233–235-128">[115]</a> J. P. Harris wrote that the Wehrmacht never used the word, and it did not appear in German army or air force field manuals. The word was coined in September 1939 by a Times newspaper reporter. Harris also found no evidence that German military thinking developed a blitzkrieg mentality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995333–336-129">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Karl-Heinz Frieser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a> reached similar conclusions to Overy and Naveh that the notions of blitzkrieg economy and strategy are myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200525–27-130">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006371–373-131">[118]</a> Frieser wrote that surviving German economists and General Staff officers denied that Germany went to war with a blitzkrieg strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005-132">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Citino" title="Robert M. Citino">Robert M. Citino</a> argues: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Blitzkrieg was not a doctrine, or an operational scheme, or even a tactical system. In fact, it simply doesn't exist, at least not in the way we usually think it does. The Germans never used the term Blitzkrieg in any precise sense, and almost never used it outside of quotations. It simply meant a rapid and decisive victory (lightning war)... The Germans didn't invent anything new in the interwar period, but rather used new technologies like tanks and air and radio-controlled command to restore an old way of war that they still found to be valid, Bewegungskrieg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerxa201111-133">[120]</a> </blockquote> Historian <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a> states that Blitzkrieg "played on the myth of German technological superiority and industrial dominance" and adds that German successes, particularly that of its Panzer divisions were "instead predicated on the poor preparation and morale of Germany's enemies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017363-134">[121]</a> Hanson also reports that at a Munich public address in November 1941, Hitler had "disowned" the concept of Blitzkrieg by calling it an "idiotic word".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017260-135">[122]</a> Further, successful Blitzkrieg operations were predicated on superior numbers, air support and were possible for only short periods of time without sufficient supply lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017280-136">[123]</a> For all intents and purposes, Blitzkrieg ended at the Eastern Front once the German forces had given up Stalingrad, after they faced hundreds of new T-34 tanks, when the Luftwaffe became unable to assure air dominance, and after the stalemate at Kursk. To that end, Hanson concludes that German military success was not accompanied by the adequate provisioning of its troops with food and materiel far from the source of supply, which contributed to its ultimate failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017280–281-137">[124]</a> Despite its later disappointments as German troops extended their lines at too great a distance, the very specter of armored Blitzkrieg forces initially proved victorious against the Polish, Dutch, Belgian and French Armies early in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017382-138">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> In the 1960s, Alan Milward developed a theory of blitzkrieg economics: Germany could not fight a long war and chose to avoid comprehensive rearmament and armed in breadth to win quick victories. Milward described an economy positioned between a full war economy and a peacetime economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200525-139">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995348-140">[127]</a> The purpose of the blitzkrieg economy was to allow the German people to enjoy high living standards in the event of hostilities and avoid the economic hardships of the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995260-141">[128]</a> Overy wrote that blitzkrieg as a "coherent military and economic concept has proven a difficult strategy to defend in light of the evidence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995207-142">[129]</a> Milward's theory was contrary to Hitler's and German planners' intentions. The Germans, aware of the errors of the First World War, rejected the concept of organizing its economy to fight only a short war. Therefore, focus was given to the development of armament in depth for a long war, instead of armament in breadth for a short war. Hitler claimed that relying on surprise alone was "criminal" and that "we have to prepare for a long war along with surprise attack". During the winter of 1939–1940, Hitler demobilized many troops from the army to return as skilled workers to factories because the war would be decided by production, not a quick "Panzer operation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200526-143">[130]</a> In the 1930s, Hitler had ordered rearmament programs that cannot be considered limited. In November 1937, he had indicated that most of the armament projects would be completed by 1943–1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995192,_195-144">[131]</a> The rearmament of the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> was to have been completed in 1949 and the Luftwaffe rearmament program was to have matured in 1942, with a force capable of strategic bombing with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bombers</a>. The construction and the training of motorized forces and a full mobilization of the rail networks would not begin until 1943 and 1944, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200529-145">[132]</a> Hitler needed to avoid war until these projects were complete but his misjudgements in 1939 forced Germany into war before rearmament was complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995195-146">[133]</a> After the war, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> claimed that the German economy achieved greater armaments output not because of diversions of capacity from civilian to military industry but by streamlining of the economy. Overy pointed out some 23 percent of German output was military by 1939. Between 1937 and 1939, 70 percent of investment capital went into the rubber, synthetic fuel, aircraft and shipbuilding industries. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> had consistently stated that the task of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Plan" title="Four Year Plan">Four Year Plan</a> was to rearm Germany for total war. Hitler's correspondence with his economists also reveals that his intent was to wage war in 1943–1945, when the resources of central Europe had been absorbed into Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995259,_263-147">[134]</a> Living standards were not high in the late 1930s. Consumption of consumer goods had fallen from 71 percent in 1928 to 59 percent in 1938. The demands of the war economy reduced the amount of spending in non-military sectors to satisfy the demand for the armed forces. On 9 September, Göring, as Head of the Reich Defense Council, called for complete "employment" of living and fighting power of the national economy for the duration of the war. Overy presents that as evidence that a "blitzkrieg economy" did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995261,_265-148">[135]</a> Adam Tooze wrote that the German economy was being prepared for a long war. The expenditure for the war was extensive and put the economy under severe strain. The German leadership were concerned less with how to balance the civilian economy and the needs of civilian consumption but to figure out how to best prepare the economy for total war. Once war had begun, Hitler urged his economic experts to abandon caution and expend all available resources on the war effort, but the expansion plans only gradually gained momentum in 1941. Tooze wrote that the huge armament plans in the pre-war period did not indicate any clear-sighted blitzkrieg economy or strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006335,_338,_372-149">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heer">Heer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Heer">edit</a>]</div> Frieser wrote that the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Heer</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈheːɐ̯]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Heer-150">[n]</a> was not ready for blitzkrieg at the start of the war. A blitzkrieg method called for a young, highly skilled mechanized army. In 1939–1940, 45 percent of the army was 40 years old and 50 percent of the soldiers had only a few weeks' training. The German Army, contrary to the blitzkrieg legend, was not fully motorized and had only 120,000 vehicles, compared to the 300,000 of the French Army. The British also had an "enviable" contingent of motorized forces. Thus, "the image of the German 'Blitzkrieg' army is a figment of propaganda imagination". During the First World War, the German army used 1.4 million horses for transport and in the Second World War 2.7 million horses. Only ten percent of the army was motorized in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200529-145">[132]</a> Half of the German divisions available in 1940 were combat ready, but they were less well-equipped than the British and French or the Imperial German Army of 1914. In the spring of 1940, the German army was semi-modern in which a small number of well-equipped and "elite" divisions were offset by many second and third rate divisions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200529–30,_33-151">[137]</a> In 2003, John Mosier wrote that while the French soldiers in 1940 were better trained than German soldiers, as were the Americans later and that the German Army was the least mechanized of the major armies, its leadership cadres were larger and better and that the high standard of leadership was the main reason for the successes of the German army in World War II, as it had been in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosier2003284–288-152">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Luftwaffe">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/James_Corum" title="James Corum">James Corum</a> wrote that it was a myth that the Luftwaffe had a doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Terror_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror bombing">terror bombing</a> in which civilians were attacked to break the will or aid the collapse of an enemy by the Luftwaffe in blitzkrieg operations. After the bombing of Guernica in 1937 and the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz</a> in 1940, it was commonly assumed that terror bombing was a part of Luftwaffe doctrine. During the interwar period, the Luftwaffe leadership rejected the concept of terror bombing in favour of battlefield support and <a href="/wiki/Interdiction" title="Interdiction">interdiction</a> operations:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum19977-153">[139]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The vital industries and transportation centers that would be targeted for shutdown were valid military targets. Civilians were not to be targeted directly, but the breakdown of production would affect their morale and will to fight. German legal scholars of the 1930s carefully worked out guidelines for what type of bombing was permissible under international law. While direct attacks against civilians were ruled out as "terror bombing", the concept of the attacking the vital war industries – and probable heavy civilian casualties and breakdown of civilian morale – was ruled as acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997240-154">[140]</a></blockquote> Corum continued: <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Walther_Wever_(general)" title="Walther Wever (general)">Walther Wever</a> compiled a doctrine known as The Conduct of the Aerial War. This document, which the Luftwaffe adopted, rejected <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Douhet" title="Giulio Douhet">Giulio Douhet</a>'s theory of terror bombing. Terror bombing was deemed to be "counter-productive", increasing rather than destroying the enemy's will to resist. Such bombing campaigns were regarded as diversion from the Luftwaffe's main operations; destruction of the enemy armed forces. The bombings of Guernica, Rotterdam and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a> were tactical missions in support of military operations and were not intended as strategic terror attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997143–144,_146,_7-155">[141]</a> J. P. Harris wrote that most Luftwaffe leaders from Goering through the general staff believed, as did their counterparts in Britain and the United States, that strategic bombing was the chief mission of the air force and that given such a role, the Luftwaffe would win the next war and that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nearly all lectures concerned the strategic uses of airpower; virtually none discussed tactical co-operation with the Army. Similarly in the military journals, emphasis centred on 'strategic' bombing. The prestigious Militärwissenschaftliche Rundschau, the War Ministry's journal, which was founded in 1936, published a number of theoretical pieces on future developments in air warfare. Nearly all discussed the use of strategic airpower, some emphasising that aspect of air warfare to the exclusion of others. One author commented that European military powers were increasingly making the bomber force the heart of their airpower. The manoeuvrability and technical capability of the next generation of bombers would be 'as unstoppable as the flight of a shell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995346-156">[142]</a></blockquote> The Luftwaffe ended up with an air force consisting mainly of relatively short-range aircraft, but that does not prove that the German air force was solely interested in "tactical" bombing. It happened because the German aircraft industry lacked the experience to build a long-range bomber fleet quickly and because Hitler was insistent on the very rapid creation of a numerically large force. It is also significant that Germany's position in the centre of Europe to a large extent obviated the need to make a clear distinction between bombers suitable only for "tactical" purposes and those necessary for strategic purposes in the early stages of a likely future war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995346–347-157">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuller_and_Liddell_Hart">Fuller and Liddell Hart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Fuller and Liddell Hart">edit</a>]</div> The British theorists <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Charles_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Charles Fuller">John Frederick Charles Fuller</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/Basil_Henry_Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Henry Liddell Hart">Basil Henry Liddell Hart</a> have often been associated with the development of blitzkrieg, but that is a matter of controversy. In recent years historians have uncovered that Liddell Hart distorted and falsified facts to make it appear as if his ideas has been adopted. After the war Liddell Hart imposed his own perceptions after the event by claiming that the mobile tank warfare has been practiced by the Wehrmacht was a result of his influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1997108-158">[144]</a> By manipulation and contrivance, Liddell Hart distorted the actual circumstances of the blitzkrieg formation, and he obscured its origins. By his indoctrinated idealization of an ostentatious concept, he reinforced the myth of blitzkrieg. Imposing retrospectively his own perceptions of mobile warfare upon the shallow concept of blitzkrieg, he "created a theoretical imbroglio that has taken 40 years to unravel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1997108–109-159">[145]</a> Blitzkrieg was not an official doctrine, and historians in recent times have come to the conclusion that it did not exist as such:<a href="#cite_note-misconception_of_blitzkrieg-13">[b]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was the opposite of a doctrine. Blitzkrieg consisted of an avalanche of actions that were sorted out less by design and more by success. In hindsight—and with some help from Liddell Hart—this torrent of action was squeezed into something it never was: an operational design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParetCraigGilbert1986585-160">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1997108-158">[144]</a></blockquote> The early 1950s literature transformed blitzkrieg into a historical military doctrine, which carried the signature of Liddell Hart and Guderian. The main evidence of Liddell Hart's deceit and "tendentious" report of history can be found in his letters to <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a>, Heinz Guderian, and the relatives and associates of <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>. Liddell Hart, in letters to Guderian, "imposed his own fabricated version of blitzkrieg on the latter and compelled him to proclaim it as original formula".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1997109-161">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchev1998239-162">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Macksey" title="Kenneth Macksey">Kenneth Macksey</a> found Liddell Hart's original letters to Guderian in the latter's papers. Liddell Hart requested Guderian to give him credit for "impressing him" with his ideas of armored warfare. When Liddell Hart was questioned about this in 1968 and the discrepancy between the English and German editions of Guderian's memoirs, "he gave a conveniently unhelpful though strictly truthful reply. ('There is nothing about the matter in my file of correspondence with Guderian himself except... that I thanked him... for what he said in that additional paragraph'.)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchev1998235–239-163">[149]</a> During the First World War, Fuller had been a staff officer attached to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="Royal Tank Regiment">new tank corps</a>. He developed <a href="/wiki/Plan_1919" title="Plan 1919">Plan 1919</a> for massive independent tank operations, which he claimed were subsequently studied by the German military. It is variously argued that Fuller's wartime plans and post-war writings were inspirations or that his readership was low and German experiences during the war received more attention. The German view of themselves as the losers of the war may be linked to the senior and experienced officers' undertaking a thorough review in studying and rewriting of all of their Army doctrine and training manuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum199239-164">[150]</a> Fuller and Liddell Hart were "outsiders". Liddell Hart was unable to serve as a soldier after 1916 after being gassed on the Somme, and Fuller's abrasive personality resulted in his premature retirement in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a244-165">[151]</a> Their views had limited impact in the British army; the War Office permitted the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Mechanized_Force" title="Experimental Mechanized Force">Experimental Mechanized Force</a> on 1 May 1927, composed of tanks, motorized infantry, <a href="/wiki/Birch_gun" title="Birch gun">self-propelled artillery</a> and motorized engineers but the force was disbanded in 1928 on the grounds that it had served its purpose. A new experimental brigade was intended for the next year and became a permanent formation in 1933, during the cuts of the 1932/33–1934/35 financial years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a197,_210–219,_220–221,_237-166">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuity">Continuity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Continuity">edit</a>]</div> It has been argued that blitzkrieg was not and that that the Germans did not invent something called blitzkrieg in the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECitino2005311-124">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005326–328-167">[153]</a> Rather, the German concept of wars of movement and concentrated force were seen in wars of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German Wars of Unification</a>. The first European general to introduce rapid movement, concentrated power and integrated military effort was Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. The appearance of the aircraft and tank in the First World War, called an RMA, offered the German military a chance to get back to the traditional war of movement as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Moltke_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Moltke the Elder">Moltke the Elder</a>. The so-called "blitzkrieg campaigns" of 1939 to around 1942 were well within that operational context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECitino2005311-124">[111]</a> At the outbreak of war, the German army had no radically new theory of war. The operational thinking of the German army had not changed significantly since the First World War or since the late 19th century. J. P. Harris and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Citino" title="Robert M. Citino">Robert M. Citino</a> point out that the Germans had always had a marked preference for short decisive campaigns but were unable to achieve short-order victories in First World War conditions. The transformation from the stalemate of the First World War into tremendous initial operational and strategic success in the Second World War was partly the employment of a relatively-small number of mechanized divisions, most importantly the Panzer divisions, and the support of an exceptionally powerful <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995344–345-168">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guderian_2">Guderian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Guderian">edit</a>]</div> Heinz Guderian is widely regarded as being highly influential in developing the military methods of warfare used by Germany's tank men at the start of the Second World War. That style of warfare brought the maneuver back to the fore and placed an emphasis on the offensive. Along with the shockingly-rapid collapse in the armies that opposed it, that came to be branded as blitzkrieg warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20057-17">[14]</a> After Germany's military reforms of the Guderian emerged as a strong proponent of mechanized forces. Within the Inspectorate of Transport Troops, Guderian and colleagues performed theoretical and field exercise work. Guderian met with opposition from some in the General Staff, who were distrustful of the new weapons and who continued to view the infantry as the primary weapon of the army. Among them, Guderian claimed, was Chief of the General Staff <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck">Ludwig Beck</a> (1935–1938), who he alleged was skeptical that armored forces could be decisive. That claim has been disputed by later historians. James Corum wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Guderian expressed a hearty contempt for General Ludwig Beck, chief of the General Staff from 1935 to 1938, whom he characterized as hostile to ideas of modern mechanised warfare: [Corum quoting Guderian] "He [Beck] was a paralysing element wherever he appeared.... [S]ignificantly of his way of thought was his much-boosted method of fighting which he called delaying defence". This is a crude caricature of a highly competent general who authored Army Regulation 300 (Troop Leadership) in 1933, the primary tactical manual of the German Army in World War II, and under whose direction the first three panzer divisions were created in 1935, the largest such force in the world of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1992140–141-169">[155]</a></blockquote> By Guderian's account, he single-handedly created the German tactical and operational methodology. Between 1922 and 1928 Guderian wrote a number of articles concerning military movement. As the ideas of making use of the combustible engine in a protected encasement to bring mobility back to warfare developed in the German army, Guderian was a leading proponent of the formations that would be used for this purpose. He was later asked to write an explanatory book, which was titled Achtung Panzer! (1937) in which he explained the theories of the tank men and defended them. Guderian argued that the tank would be the decisive weapon of the next war. "If the tanks succeed, then victory follows", he wrote. In an article addressed to critics of tank warfare, he wrote that "until our critics can produce some new and better method of making a successful land attack other than self-massacre, we shall continue to maintain our beliefs that tanks—properly employed, needless to say—are today the best means available for land attack". Addressing the faster rate at which defenders could reinforce an area than attackers could penetrate it during the First World War, Guderian wrote that "since reserve forces will now be motorized, the building up of new defensive fronts is easier than it used to be; the chances of an offensive based on the timetable of artillery and infantry co-operation are, as a result, even slighter today than they were in the last war." He continued, "We believe that by attacking with tanks we can achieve a higher rate of movement than has been hitherto obtainable, and—what is perhaps even more important—that we can keep moving once a breakthrough has been made".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuderian200139–46-170">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[o]</a> Guderian additionally required for tactical radios to be widely used to facilitate coordination and command by having one installed in all tanks. Guderian's leadership was supported, fostered and institutionalized by his supporters in the Reichswehr General Staff system, which worked the Army to greater and greater levels of capability through massive and systematic Movement Warfare war games in the 1930s. Guderian's book incorporated the work of theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Eimannsberger" title="Ludwig von Eimannsberger">Ludwig Ritter von Eimannsberger</a>, whose book, The Tank War (Der Kampfwagenkrieg) (1934) gained a wide audience in the German Army. Another German theorist, Ernst Volckheim, wrote a huge amount on tank and combined arms tactics and was influential to German thinking on the use of armored formations, but his work was not acknowledged in Guderian's writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1992139-172">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirLand_Battle" title="AirLand Battle">AirLand Battle</a>, blitzkrieg-like doctrine of US Army in 1980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Shock and awe</a>, the 21st century US military doctrine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernichtungsgedanke" title="Vernichtungsgedanke">Vernichtungsgedanke</a>, or "annihilation concept".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission-type_tactics" title="Mission-type tactics">Mission-type tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Battle">Deep Battle</a>, Soviet Red Army Military Doctrine from the 1930s often confused with blitzkrieg.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleplan" title="Battleplan">Battleplan</a> (documentary TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_annihilation" title="Battle of annihilation">Vernichtungsschlacht</a>, Battle of annihilation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈblɪtskriːɡ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BLITS-kreeg</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈblɪtskʁiːk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e0\/De-blitzkrieg.ogg\/De-blitzkrieg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-blitzkrieg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/De-blitzkrieg.ogg/De-blitzkrieg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-blitzkrieg.ogg" title="File:De-blitzkrieg.ogg">ⓘ</a>; from Blitz "lightning" and Krieg "war". Also known as Bewegungskrieg. </li> <li id="cite_note-misconception_of_blitzkrieg-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-misconception_of_blitzkrieg_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-misconception_of_blitzkrieg_13-1">b</a> Some of the historians that have addressed the misconception of the originality and formalisation of blitzkrieg in their works are: Shimon Naveh (<a href="#CITEREFNaveh1997">Naveh 1997</a>, pp. 107–108), John Paret (<a href="#CITEREFParetCraigGilbert1986">Paret, Craig & Gilbert 1986</a>, p. 587), <a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Karl-Heinz Frieser</a> (<a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, pp. 28–32), Richard Overy (<a href="#CITEREFOvery1995">Overy 1995</a>, pp. 233–235), <a href="/wiki/Mungo_Melvin" title="Mungo Melvin">Mungo Melvin</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMelvin2011">Melvin 2011</a>, pp. 137), and Steven Mercatante (<a href="#CITEREFMercatante2012">Mercatante 2012</a>, pp. 4–5). </li> <li id="cite_note-casual_usage_of_blitzkrieg-16"><a href="#cite_ref-casual_usage_of_blitzkrieg_16-0">^</a> These are some of the many notable historians that have casually used the term blitzkrieg—including some who have written on its misconception—to describe several Wehrmacht military operations that were spearheaded by a <a href="/wiki/Force_concentration" title="Force concentration">dense concentration</a> of armoured and motorised formations with the aim of delivering a breakthrough, and exploiting it with speed to paralyse and encircle the enemy: David Glantz (<a href="#CITEREFGlantz2010">Glantz 2010</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2009">Glantz 2009</a>, p. 164; <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001b">Glantz 2001b</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">Jonathan House</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse1999">Glantz & House 1999</a>, pp. 254, 269; <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse1995">Glantz & House 1995</a>, pp. 61, 125, 167, 226, 274, 286, 288), Lloyd Clark (<a href="#CITEREFClark2012">Clark 2012</a>, pp. 22–27, 187), Antony Beevor (<a href="#CITEREFBeevor1999">Beevor 1999</a>, pp. 13, 148; <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 157), Mungo Melvin (<a href="#CITEREFMelvin2011">Melvin 2011</a>, pp. 46, 79–80, 199), <a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">John Erickson</a> (<a href="#CITEREFErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, pp. 558, 567) and Steven Mercatante (<a href="#CITEREFMercatante2012">Mercatante 2012</a>, pp. 65, 77, 91, 301). </li> <li id="cite_note-terror_bombing-20"><a href="#cite_ref-terror_bombing_20-0">^</a> Nothing appeared in Luftwaffe 'doctrine' stipulating "terror" as a major operational factor. The method of "terror", was denied to German aerial operations (and strategic bombing methods) by the Luftwaffe field manual The Conduct of Air Operations, Regulation 16, issued in 1935 (<a href="#CITEREFCorum1992">Corum 1992</a>, pp. 167–169). Regulation 16 denied "terror" operations against civilians, and it was not until 1942 when indiscriminate "terror" operations, in which terror and civilian casualties become the primary target, took place (<a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, pp. 7, 143). </li> <li id="cite_note-Junker_sirens-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Junker_sirens_21-0">^</a> As far as the Ju 87 is concerned, it is thought the sirens were suggested to the Junkers company by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a> to undermine the morale of enemy forces (<a href="#CITEREFGriehl2001">Griehl 2001</a>, p. 31). </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Those two examples were: von Schwichow, 'Die Ernärungswirtschaft als Wehrproblem', Deutsche Wehr XVIII (39) (2 May 1935), pp. 257–260, and Oberleutnant D. Braun, 'Der strategische Uberfall', Militär-Wochenblatt XVIII (1938), pp. 1134–1136. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz63329.html">https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz63329.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Now came the riposte – a counter-attack […] from the forest of Villers-Cotterets [...]. The French had developed a light and fast-moving tank. Two generals, Debeney on the British right, and Mangin, to his right, began the tactics that were to become famous in 1940 as Blitzkrieg – tanks, fast-moving infantry, and aircraft flying low to keep the German gunners' heads down. Three hundred tanks (Renault) and eighteen divisions, two of them American, struck in open cornfield, entirely by surprise, and went five miles forward. With the whole of the German force in the Marne salient threatened by a cut-off, Ludendorff pulled back from it, back to Chemin des Dames. By 4 August the French had taken 30,000 prisoners and 600 guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2008170–171-54">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs_75-0">^</a> 58 percent of prisoners died through neglect, starvation, or other causes associated with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse1995">Glantz & House 1995</a>, p. 57). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> The historian H.P. Willmott wrote, "Many examples of the experiences and losses suffered by German formations moving up to the front are well known. Panzer Lehr, for instance, on 7 June alone lost 84 half-tracks, prime movers and self propelled guns, 40 fuel bowsers, 90 soft-skinned vehicles and five tanks as it made its way from Le Mans to Caen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott198489,_94-84">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alphonse_Joseph_Georges_statement-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Alphonse_Joseph_Georges_statement_97-0">^</a> General <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Joseph_Georges" title="Alphonse Joseph Georges">Alphonse Joseph Georges</a> wrote, "Crediting our enemies with our own procedure we had imagined that they would not attempt the passage of the Meuse until after they had brought up ample artillery. The five or six days necessary for that would have easily given us time to reinforce our own dispositions" (<a href="#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1970">Liddell Hart 1970</a>, p. 73). </li> <li id="cite_note-Citadel_as_blitzkrieg-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Citadel_as_blitzkrieg_117-0">^</a> Some of the military historians who consider Operation Citadel, or at least the southern pincer, as envisioning a blitzkrieg attack or state it was intended as such are: Lloyd Clark (<a href="#CITEREFClark2012">Clark 2012</a>, p. 187), Roger Moorhouse (<a href="#CITEREFMoorhouse2011">Moorhouse 2011</a>, p. 342), Mary Kathryn Barbier (<a href="#CITEREFBarbier2002">Barbier 2002</a>, p. 10), David Glantz (; <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2004">Glantz & House 2004</a>, pp. 63, 78, 149, 269, 272, 280), Jonathan House (<a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2004">Glantz & House 2004</a>, pp. 63, 78, 149, 269, 272, 280), Hedley Paul Willmott (<a href="#CITEREFWillmott1990">Willmott 1990</a>, p. 300), Oscar Pinkus (<a href="#CITEREFPinkus2005">Pinkus 2005</a>, p. 35) and others. </li> <li id="cite_note-German_participants_on_Citadel-118"><a href="#cite_ref-German_participants_on_Citadel_118-0">^</a> Many of the German participants of Operation Citadel made no mention of blitzkrieg in their characterisation of the operation. Several German officers and commanders involved in the operation wrote their account of the battle after the war, and some of these postwar accounts were collected by the US Army. Some of these officers are: Theodor Busse (<a href="#CITEREFNewton2002">Newton 2002</a>, pp. 3–27), Erhard Raus (<a href="#CITEREFNewton2002">Newton 2002</a>, pp. 29–64), Friedrich Fangohr (<a href="#CITEREFNewton2002">Newton 2002</a>, pp. 65–96), Peter von der Groeben (<a href="#CITEREFNewton2002">Newton 2002</a>, pp. 97–144), Friedrich Wilhelm von Mellenthin (<a href="#CITEREFMellenthin1956">Mellenthin 1956</a>, pp. 212–234), Erich von Manstein (<a href="#CITEREFManstein1983">Manstein 1983</a>, pp. 443–449), and others. </li> <li id="cite_note-Heer-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Heer_150-0">^</a> Heer is the generic German word for army; the armies of the German states which existed before Nazi rule (1933–1945) are commonly referred to as: the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">Imperial German Army</a> (1871–1918) and <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> (1919–1935). The Heer under the Nazis was a component of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Wehrmacht</a> – the German Armed Forces (1935–1946). </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Guderian's remarks are from an unnamed article published in the National Union of German Officers, 15 October 1937 as quoted in Panzer Leader, pp. 39–46. Italics removed </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20056-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser20056_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201222-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201222_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201222_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2012">Clark 2012</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanning1997283–287-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFanning1997283–287_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFanning1997283–287_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFanning1997">Fanning 1997</a>, pp. 283–287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337–338-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337–338_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337–338_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995">Harris 1995</a>, pp. 337–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1987260-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1987260_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan1987">Keegan 1987</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan198954-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan198954_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan1989">Keegan 1989</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054–5-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054–5_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054–5_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054–5_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1969ch._29–31-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1969ch._29–31_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1969ch._29–31_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1969">Shirer 1969</a>, ch. 29–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2014254-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2014254_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2014">Reynolds 2014</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200534-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser200534_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005329–330-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005329–330_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, pp. 329–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercatante20124–5-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMercatante20124–5_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMercatante2012">Mercatante 2012</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20057-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser20057_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser20057_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan2005109-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan2005109_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan2005109_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan2005">Keegan 2005</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995334–336-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995334–336_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995">Harris 1995</a>, pp. 334–336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriehl200131,_64–65-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriehl200131,_64–65_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriehl2001">Griehl 2001</a>, pp. 31, 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005345-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005345_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmesStrachanBellamyBicheno2001135-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmesStrachanBellamyBicheno2001135_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolmesStrachanBellamyBicheno2001">Holmes et al. 2001</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995337_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995">Harris 1995</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeist2003282-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeist2003282_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeist2003">Deist 2003</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeist2003281-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeist2003281_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeist2003">Deist 2003</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995338–339-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995338–339_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995">Harris 1995</a>, pp. 338–339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995336–338-31"><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017363-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017363_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanson2017">Hanson 2017</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017260-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017260_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanson2017">Hanson 2017</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017280-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017280_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanson2017">Hanson 2017</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017280–281-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017280–281_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanson2017">Hanson 2017</a>, pp. 280–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017382-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017382_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanson2017">Hanson 2017</a>, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200525-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser200525_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995348-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995348_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995">Harris 1995</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995260-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery1995260_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1995">Overy 1995</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995207-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery1995207_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1995">Overy 1995</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200526-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser200526_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995192,_195-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery1995192,_195_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1995">Overy 1995</a>, pp. 192, 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200529-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser200529_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser200529_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995195-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery1995195_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1995">Overy 1995</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995259,_263-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery1995259,_263_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1995">Overy 1995</a>, pp. 259, 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995261,_265-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery1995261,_265_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1995">Overy 1995</a>, pp. 261, 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006335,_338,_372-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006335,_338,_372_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, pp. 335, 338, 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser200529–30,_33-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser200529–30,_33_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, pp. 29–30, 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosier2003284–288-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosier2003284–288_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosier2003">Mosier 2003</a>, pp. 284–288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum19977-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorum19977_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997240-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorum1997240_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997143–144,_146,_7-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorum1997143–144,_146,_7_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1997">Corum 1997</a>, pp. 143–144, 146, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995346-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995346_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995">Harris 1995</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995346–347-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995346–347_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995">Harris 1995</a>, pp. 346–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1997108-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaveh1997108_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaveh1997108_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaveh1997">Naveh 1997</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1997108–109-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaveh1997108–109_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaveh1997">Naveh 1997</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParetCraigGilbert1986585-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParetCraigGilbert1986585_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParetCraigGilbert1986">Paret, Craig & Gilbert 1986</a>, p. 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1997109-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaveh1997109_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaveh1997">Naveh 1997</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchev1998239-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchev1998239_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanchev1998">Danchev 1998</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchev1998235–239-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchev1998235–239_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanchev1998">Danchev 1998</a>, pp. 235–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum199239-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorum199239_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1992">Corum 1992</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a244-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a244_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995a">Harris 1995a</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a197,_210–219,_220–221,_237-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995a197,_210–219,_220–221,_237_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995a">Harris 1995a</a>, pp. 197, 210–219, 220–221, 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005326–328-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005326–328_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser2005">Frieser 2005</a>, pp. 326–328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995344–345-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1995344–345_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1995">Harris 1995</a>, pp. 344–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1992140–141-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorum1992140–141_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1992">Corum 1992</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuderian200139–46-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuderian200139–46_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuderian2001">Guderian 2001</a>, pp. 39–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1992139-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorum1992139_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum1992">Corum 1992</a>, p. 139. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2002" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Bevin (2002) [1993]. How Great Generals Win (repr. ed.). London: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32316-0"><bdi>978-0-393-32316-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Great+Generals+Win&rft.place=London&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32316-0&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Bevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattistelli2013" class="citation book cs1">Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2013). Panzer Divisions: The Eastern Front 1941–43. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0002-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0002-2"><bdi>978-1-4728-0002-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzer+Divisions%3A+The+Eastern+Front+1941%E2%80%9343&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0002-2&rft.aulast=Battistelli&rft.aufirst=Pier+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbier2002" class="citation book cs1">Barbier, Mary Kathryn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurskgreatesttan0000barb">Kursk: The Greatest Tank Battle, 1943</a>. Zenith Imprint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-760312-54-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-760312-54-4"><bdi>978-0-760312-54-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk%3A+The+Greatest+Tank+Battle%2C+1943&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-760312-54-4&rft.aulast=Barbier&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurskgreatesttan0000barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1999" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev">Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege</a>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87095-0"><bdi>978-0-670-87095-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+Fateful+Siege&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-670-87095-0&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingrad00beev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto">The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939</a>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303765-1"><bdi>978-0-14-303765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303765-1&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleforspainsp00anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyne2002" class="citation book cs1">Boyne, Walter (2002). Air Warfare. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-345-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Warfare&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-345-2&rft.aulast=Boyne&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrighton2008" class="citation book cs1">Brighton, Terry (2008). Patton, Montgomery, Rommel: Masters of War. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40011-497-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40011-497-9"><bdi>978-1-40011-497-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patton%2C+Montgomery%2C+Rommel%3A+Masters+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-40011-497-9&rft.aulast=Brighton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1998" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, John (1998). Air Power in the Age of Total War. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-589-5"><bdi>978-1-85728-589-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+in+the+Age+of+Total+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-589-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Clark" title="Alan Clark">Clark, Alan</a> (1965). Barbarossa: The Russian–German Conflict, 1941–45. New York: Quill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56865-712-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56865-712-7"><bdi>978-1-56865-712-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarossa%3A+The+Russian%E2%80%93German+Conflict%2C+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Quill&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-1-56865-712-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Lloyd (2012). Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943. London: Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-3639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-3639-5"><bdi>978-0-7553-3639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk%3A+The+Greatest+Battle%3A+Eastern+Front+1943&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7553-3639-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitino2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Citino" title="Robert M. Citino">Citino, Robert M.</a> (2005). The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years' War to the Third Reich. Lawrence, KN: University of Kansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1624-4"><bdi>978-0-7006-1624-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Way+of+War%3A+From+the+Thirty+Years%27+War+to+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KN&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1624-4&rft.aulast=Citino&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1997" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Matthew (1997). The German Army, 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure. Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-8519-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-8519-4"><bdi>978-0-8128-8519-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army%2C+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+Its+Political+and+Military+Failure.&rft.place=Chelsea%2C+MI&rft.pub=Scarborough+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-8519-4&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondellZabecki2008" class="citation book cs1">Condell, Bruce; Zabecki, David T. (2008). On the German Art of War—Truppenführung: German Army Manual for Unit Command in World War II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81173-552-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81173-552-0"><bdi>978-0-81173-552-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+German+Art+of+War%E2%80%94Truppenf%C3%BChrung%3A+German+Army+Manual+for+Unit+Command+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-81173-552-0&rft.aulast=Condell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Zabecki%2C+David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum1992" class="citation book cs1">Corum, James S. (1992). The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform. Modern War Studies. Lawrence, KN: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0541-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0541-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-0541-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Blitzkrieg%3A+Hans+von+Seeckt+and+German+Military+Reform&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KN&rft.series=Modern+War+Studies&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0541-5&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum1997" class="citation book cs1">Corum, James S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luftwaffecreatin00coru">The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940</a>. Lawrence, KN: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0836-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe%3A+Creating+the+Operational+Air+War%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KN&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0836-2&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluftwaffecreatin00coru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanchev1998" class="citation book cs1">Danchev, Alex (1998). Alchemist of War: The Life of Basil Liddell Hart. London.: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81621-8"><bdi>978-0-297-81621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchemist+of+War%3A+The+Life+of+Basil+Liddell+Hart&rft.place=London.&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-297-81621-8&rft.aulast=Danchev&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeist2003" class="citation book cs1">Deist, Wilhhelm (2003). "War Preparations in Nazi Germany". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster (eds.). The Shadows of Total War: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919–1939. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52181-236-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52181-236-8"><bdi>978-0-52181-236-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+Preparations+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.btitle=The+Shadows+of+Total+War%3A+Europe%2C+East+Asia%2C+and+the+United+States%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-52181-236-8&rft.aulast=Deist&rft.aufirst=Wilhhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDildy2014" class="citation book cs1">Dildy, Douglas (2014). Fall Gelb 1940: Panzer Breakthrough in the West. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-644-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-644-2"><bdi>978-1-78200-644-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+Gelb+1940%3A+Panzer+Breakthrough+in+the+West&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-644-2&rft.aulast=Dildy&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomarus1973" class="citation book cs1">Domarus, Max, ed. (1973). Hitler. Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945. Kommentiert von einem deutschen Zeitgenossen [Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945. Commentary by a Contemporary German]. Vol. II. Wiesbaden: R. Löwit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-927068-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-927068-00-1"><bdi>978-3-927068-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler.+Reden+und+Proklamationen+1932%E2%80%931945.+Kommentiert+von+einem+deutschen+Zeitgenossen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=R.+L%C3%B6wit&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-3-927068-00-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1989" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Roger (1989). Panzer, a Revolution in Warfare: 1939–1945. London/New York: Arms and Armour/Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-932-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-932-4"><bdi>978-0-85368-932-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzer%2C+a+Revolution+in+Warfare%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour%2FSterling&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85368-932-4&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1990" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, John (1990). <a href="/wiki/Brute_Force_(Ellis_book)" title="Brute Force (Ellis book)">Brute Force</a>. New York: Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-80773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-80773-4"><bdi>978-0-670-80773-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brute+Force&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-670-80773-4&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, John (2001) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luftwaffecreatin00coru">The Soviet High Command: a Military-political History, 1918–1941</a> (3rd Frank Cass, London ed.). 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Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2. Part II. 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Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany 1919–1945. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19160-826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19160-826-1"><bdi>978-0-19160-826-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raising+Churchill%27s+Army%3A+The+British+Army+and+the+War+Against+Germany+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19160-826-1&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieser2005" class="citation book cs1">Frieser, Karl-Heinz (2005). The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West [Blitzkrieg-legende: der westfeldzug 1940]. trans. J. T. Greenwood. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-294-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-294-2"><bdi>978-1-59114-294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blitzkrieg+Legend%3A+The+1940+Campaign+in+the+West&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-294-2&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalgano2020" class="citation book cs1">Galgano, Francis A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-32173-4_8">"Fort Eben-Emael: Geographic Pivot of the Western Front, 1940"</a>. In Guth, Peter L. (ed.). Military Geoscience. Advances in Military Geosciences. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 99–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-32173-4_8">10.1007/978-3-030-32173-4_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32173-4"><bdi>978-3-030-32173-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226639825">226639825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fort+Eben-Emael%3A+Geographic+Pivot+of+the+Western+Front%2C+1940&rft.btitle=Military+Geoscience&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Advances+in+Military+Geosciences&rft.pages=99-114&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226639825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-32173-4_8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-32173-4&rft.aulast=Galgano&rft.aufirst=Francis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-32173-4_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse2004" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (2004) [1999]. The Battle of Kursk. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1335-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-1335-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Kursk&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1335-9&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2012" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (2012) [2001]. Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6070-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-6070-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Barbarossa%3A+Hitler%27s+Invasion+of+Russia+1941&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6070-3&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2009" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (2009). To the gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April–August 1942. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1630-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1630-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-1630-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+gates+of+Stalingrad%3A+Soviet-German+Combat+Operations%2C+April%E2%80%93August+1942&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1630-5&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse1995" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Modern war studies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0717-4"><bdi>978-0-7006-0717-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468566904">468566904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.series=Modern+war+studies&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468566904&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0717-4&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse1999" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1999). The Battle of Kursk. Modern war studies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0978-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0978-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-0978-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41338011">41338011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Kursk&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.series=Modern+war+studies&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41338011&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0978-9&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2010" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (November 2010). Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, 10 July – 10 September 1941: The German Advance to Smolensk, the Encirclement Battle and the First and Second Soviet Counter-Offensives, 10 July – 24 August 1941. Vol. I. Solihull: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906033-72-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906033-72-9"><bdi>978-1-906033-72-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarossa+Derailed%3A+The+Battle+for+Smolensk%2C+10+July+%E2%80%93+10+September+1941%3A+The+German+Advance+to+Smolensk%2C+the+Encirclement+Battle+and+the+First+and+Second+Soviet+Counter-Offensives%2C+10+July+%E2%80%93+24+August+1941&rft.place=Solihull&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-1-906033-72-9&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriehl2001" class="citation book cs1">Griehl, Manfred (2001). Junker Ju 87 Stuka. London/Stuttgart: Airlife Publishing/Motorbuch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-198-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-198-7"><bdi>978-1-84037-198-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Junker+Ju+87+Stuka&rft.place=London%2FStuttgart&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing%2FMotorbuch&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84037-198-7&rft.aulast=Griehl&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman1993" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, David A. (1993). "Maneuver Warfare in the Light Infantry-The Rommel Model". In Hooker, Richard D. (ed.). Maneuver Warfare. Novato, CA: Presidio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-499-5"><bdi>978-0-89141-499-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maneuver+Warfare+in+the+Light+Infantry-The+Rommel+Model&rft.btitle=Maneuver+Warfare&rft.place=Novato%2C+CA&rft.pub=Presidio&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-499-5&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuderian2001" class="citation book cs1">Guderian, Heinz (2001) [1952]. Panzer Leader. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80689-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80689-6"><bdi>978-0-306-80689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzer+Leader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80689-6&rft.aulast=Guderian&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2017" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Victor Davis (2017). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-46506-698-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-46506-698-8"><bdi>978-0-46506-698-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-46506-698-8&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardesty2012" class="citation book cs1">Hardesty, Von (2012). Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1828-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1828-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Phoenix+Rising%3A+The+Soviet+Air+Force+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1828-6&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1995a" class="citation book cs1">Harris, John Paul (1995a). Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903–1939. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4814-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4814-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-4814-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men%2C+Ideas+and+Tanks%3A+British+Military+Thought+and+Armoured+Forces%2C+1903%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4814-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1978" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Alec (1978). Chauvel of the Light Horse – A Biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel GCMG KCB. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84146-6"><bdi>978-0-522-84146-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chauvel+of+the+Light+Horse+%E2%80%93+A+Biography+of+General+Sir+Harry+Chauvel+GCMG+KCB&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84146-6&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler1942" class="citation book cs1">Hitler, Adolf (1942). Jochmann, Werner (ed.). Monologe im Fuhrerhauptquartier 1941–1944. Die Aufzeichnungen Heinrich Heims [Monologues in the Fuhrer's Headquarters 1941–1944. The Records of Heinrich Heim] (1980 ed.). Hamburg: Knaus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8135-0796-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8135-0796-6"><bdi>978-3-8135-0796-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monologe+im+Fuhrerhauptquartier+1941%E2%80%931944.+Die+Aufzeichnungen+Heinrich+Heims&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.edition=1980&rft.pub=Knaus&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-3-8135-0796-6&rft.aulast=Hitler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesStrachanBellamyBicheno2001" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard; Strachan, Hew; Bellamy, Chris; Bicheno, Hugh (2001). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866209-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866209-9"><bdi>978-0-19-866209-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866209-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Strachan%2C+Hew&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Chris&rft.au=Bicheno%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1969" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Alistair (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tolosebattlefran00horn">To Lose a Battle: France 1940</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5258">5258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Lose+a+Battle%3A+France+1940&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5258&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftolosebattlefran00horn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2004" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Matthew (2004). Allenby in Palestine The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby June 1917 – October 1919. Publications of the Army Records Society. Vol. 22. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd for the Army Records Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3841-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3841-9"><bdi>978-0-7509-3841-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allenby+in+Palestine+The+Middle+East+Correspondence+of+Field+Marshal+Viscount+Allenby+June+1917+%E2%80%93+October+1919&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Army+Records+Society&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd+for+the+Army+Records+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3841-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1987" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maskofcommand00keeg_0">The Mask of Command</a>. New York: Viking Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011406-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011406-5"><bdi>978-0-14-011406-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mask+of+Command&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-14-011406-5&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaskofcommand00keeg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1989" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1989). The Second World War. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303573-2"><bdi>978-0-14-303573-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303573-2&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan2005" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (2005). The Oxford Companion to World War II. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280666-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280666-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280666-6&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstwo00lidd">History of the First World War</a>. London: Pan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-23354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-23354-5"><bdi>978-0-330-23354-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-330-23354-5&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffirstwo00lidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManstein1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Manstein, Erich von</a> (1983) [1955]. <a href="/wiki/Verlorene_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlorene Siege">Verlorene Siege</a> [Lost Victories] (in German). München: Monch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5051-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5051-1"><bdi>978-3-7637-5051-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verlorene+Siege&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Monch&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-3-7637-5051-1&rft.aulast=Manstein&rft.aufirst=Erich+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercatante2012" class="citation book cs1">Mercatante, Steven (2012). Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39592-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39592-5"><bdi>978-0-313-39592-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Germany+Nearly+Won%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Europe&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39592-5&rft.aulast=Mercatante&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2011" class="citation book cs1">Melvin, Mungo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mansteinhitlersg00melv">Manstein: Hitler's greatest general</a>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-56312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-56312-7"><bdi>978-0-312-56312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manstein%3A+Hitler%27s+greatest+general&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books%2FSt.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-312-56312-7&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Mungo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmansteinhitlersg00melv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellenthin1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Mellenthin" title="Friedrich von Mellenthin">Mellenthin, Friedrich von</a> (1956). <a href="/wiki/Panzerschlachten" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzerschlachten">Panzerschlachten</a> [Panzer Battles]. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-578-5"><bdi>978-1-56852-578-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzerschlachten&rft.place=Old+Saybrook%2C+CT&rft.pub=Konecky+%26+Konecky&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-1-56852-578-5&rft.aulast=Mellenthin&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksche2006" class="citation book cs1">Miksche, Ferdinand Otto (2006) [1941]. Blitzkrieg: The German Method 1939-1941 (reprint ed.). Military Library Research Service Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905696147" title="Special:BookSources/9781905696147"><bdi>9781905696147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitzkrieg%3A+The+German+Method+1939-1941&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Military+Library+Research+Service+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781905696147&rft.aulast=Miksche&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouse2011" class="citation book cs1">Moorhouse, Roger (2011). Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler's Capital, 1939–45. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-955189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-955189-8"><bdi>978-0-09-955189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+at+War%3A+Life+and+Death+in+Hitler%27s+Capital%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-09-955189-8&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosier2003" class="citation book cs1">Mosier, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blitzkriegmythho00mosi_0">The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II</a>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-000976-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-000976-2"><bdi>978-0-06-000976-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blitzkrieg+Myth%3A+How+Hitler+and+the+Allies+Misread+the+Strategic+Realities+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-000976-2&rft.aulast=Mosier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblitzkriegmythho00mosi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMacGregor2001" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson; MacGregor, Knox (2001). The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300–2050. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52180-079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52180-079-2"><bdi>978-0-52180-079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Military+Revolution%2C+1300%E2%80%932050&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-52180-079-2&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+Knox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2011" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson (2011). Military Adaptation in War: With Fear of Change. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13991-586-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13991-586-1"><bdi>978-1-13991-586-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Adaptation+in+War%3A+With+Fear+of+Change&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-13991-586-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaveh1997" class="citation book cs1">Naveh, Shimon (1997). In Pursuit of Military Excellence: The Evolution of Operational Theory. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4727-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-4727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+Military+Excellence%3A+The+Evolution+of+Operational+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4727-2&rft.aulast=Naveh&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2002" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Steven (2002). Kursk: The German View. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81150-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81150-0"><bdi>978-0-306-81150-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk%3A+The+German+View&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81150-0&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (1995). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820599-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820599-9"><bdi>978-0-19-820599-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Economy+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820599-9&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParetCraigGilbert1986" class="citation book cs1">Paret, John; Craig, Gordon; Gilbert, Felix (1986). Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820097-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820097-0"><bdi>978-0-19-820097-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Modern+Strategy%3A+From+Machiavelli+to+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820097-0&rft.aulast=Paret&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Craig%2C+Gordon&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett1983" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Bryan (1983). A History of Blitzkrieg. New York: Jove Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-515-10234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-515-10234-5"><bdi>978-0-515-10234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Blitzkrieg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Jove+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-515-10234-5&rft.aulast=Perrett&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkus2005" class="citation book cs1">Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2054-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-2054-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Aims+and+Strategies+of+Adolf+Hitler&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2054-4&rft.aulast=Pinkus&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2014" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, David (2014). The Long Shadow:The Great War and the Twentieth Century (Second ed.). London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85720-637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85720-637-4"><bdi>978-0-85720-637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Shadow%3AThe+Great+War+and+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+UK+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-85720-637-4&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Sheffield_(historian)" title="Gary Sheffield (historian)">Sheffield, G.</a> (2011). The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-691-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-691-8"><bdi>978-1-84513-691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief%3A+Douglas+Haig+and+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84513-691-8&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1969" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William (1969). <a href="/wiki/The_Collapse_of_the_Third_Republic:_An_Inquiry_into_the_Fall_of_France_in_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940">The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20337-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20337-5"><bdi>978-0-671-20337-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Third+Republic%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Fall+of+France+in+1940&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-671-20337-5&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter2006" class="citation book cs1">Showalter, Dennis (2006). Patton and Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-42520-663-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-42520-663-8"><bdi>978-0-42520-663-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patton+and+Rommel%3A+Men+of+War+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-42520-663-8&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2017" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2017). Fighting the Somme: German Challenges, Dilemmas & Solutions. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47388-199-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47388-199-0"><bdi>978-1-47388-199-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+the+Somme%3A+German+Challenges%2C+Dilemmas+%26+Solutions&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-47388-199-0&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpkin2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Simpkin" title="Richard Simpkin">Simpkin, Richard</a> (2000) [1985]. Race to the Swift: Thoughts on Twenty-First Century Warfare. Future Warfare. Vol. I. London: Brassey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85753-135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85753-135-0"><bdi>978-1-85753-135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+to+the+Swift%3A+Thoughts+on+Twenty-First+Century+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.series=Future+Warfare&rft.pub=Brassey&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85753-135-0&rft.aulast=Simpkin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2008" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Norman (2008). World War One: A Short History. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14104-095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14104-095-0"><bdi>978-0-14104-095-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+One%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14104-095-0&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroud2013" class="citation book cs1">Stroud, Rick (2013). The Phantom Army of Alamein: The Men Who Hoodwinked Rommel. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40883-128-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40883-128-1"><bdi>978-1-40883-128-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+Army+of+Alamein%3A+The+Men+Who+Hoodwinked+Rommel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-40883-128-1&rft.aulast=Stroud&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine1998" class="citation book cs1">Terraine, John (1998). The Right of the Line. Wordsworth Military Library. Ware, Herts: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-683-6"><bdi>978-1-85326-683-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+of+the+Line&rft.place=Ware%2C+Herts&rft.series=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-683-6&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy</a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9566-4"><bdi>978-0-7139-9566-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWavell1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell, Field Marshal Earl</a> (1968) [1933]. "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). A Short History of the British Army (4th ed.). London: Constable. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35621223">35621223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Palestine+Campaigns&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35621223&rft.aulast=Wavell&rft.aufirst=Field+Marshal+Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeal1997" class="citation book cs1">Weal, John (1997). Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41. Oxford, UK: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-636-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-636-1"><bdi>1-85532-636-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Junkers+Ju+87+Stukageschwader+1937%E2%80%9341&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85532-636-1&rft.aulast=Weal&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1980" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1980) [1954]. Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-06864-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-06864-5"><bdi>0-333-06864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nemesis+of+Power%3A+The+German+Army+in+Politics+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-333-06864-5&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2002" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSUgAAAAMAAJ">When Men Lost Faith in Reason: Reflections on War and Society in the Twentieth Century</a>. Studies in Military History and International Affairs. Westport, CN: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31307-009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31307-009-9"><bdi>978-0-31307-009-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Men+Lost+Faith+in+Reason%3A+Reflections+on+War+and+Society+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.series=Studies+in+Military+History+and+International+Affairs&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-31307-009-9&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSUgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott1984" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSUgAAAAMAAJ">June 1944</a>. New York: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1446-3"><bdi>978-0-7137-1446-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=June+1944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-1446-3&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSUgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinters2001" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Harold A. (2001). Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War. London and Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80186-648-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80186-648-7"><bdi>978-0-80186-648-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battling+the+Elements%3A+Weather+and+Terrain+in+the+Conduct+of+War&rft.place=London+and+Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-80186-648-7&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Harold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2006" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, David R. (2006). Hell in the Holy Land World War I in the Middle East. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2383-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2383-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-2383-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+in+the+Holy+Land+World+War+I+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2383-7&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott1990" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, Hedley Paul (1990). The Great Crusade: A new complete history of the Second World War. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-934715-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-934715-7"><bdi>978-0-02-934715-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Crusade%3A+A+new+complete+history+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-02-934715-7&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=Hedley+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalogaMadej1985" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven; Madej, W. V. (1985). The Polish Campaign 1939. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88254-994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88254-994-1"><bdi>978-0-88254-994-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Campaign+1939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88254-994-1&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Madej%2C+W.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterlingFrankson2000" class="citation book cs1">Zetterling, Niklas; Frankson, Anders (2000). Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis. Cass Series on the Soviet (Russian) Study of War. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8103-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-8103-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk+1943%3A+A+Statistical+Analysis&rft.place=London&rft.series=Cass+Series+on+the+Soviet+%28Russian%29+Study+of+War&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8103-0&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.au=Frankson%2C+Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences">Conferences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Conferences">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2001b" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David</a> (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218155036/http://sti.clemson.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&Itemid=310&gid=189">The Soviet-German War 1941–1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay</a>. A Paper Presented as the 20th Anniversary Distinguished Lecture at the Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs. no ISBN. Clemson, SC: Clemson University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sti.clemson.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=189&Itemid=310">the original</a> on 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Soviet-German+War+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Myths+and+Realities%3A+A+Survey+Essay&rft.place=Clemson%2C+SC&rft.pub=Clemson+University&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsti.clemson.edu%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_details%26gid%3D189%26Itemid%3D310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001b" class="citation journal cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2001b). "Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War". Contributions in Military Studies (201). Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-6884">0883-6884</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43481698">43481698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+in+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Ordered+to+Die%3A+A+History+of+the+Ottoman+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.issue=201&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43481698&rft.issn=0883-6884&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fanning, William Jr. (April 1997). "The Origin of the term "Blitzkrieg": Another View". Journal of Military History. 61 (2): 283–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2953968">10.2307/2953968</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953968">2953968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+term+%22Blitzkrieg%22%3A+Another+View&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-302&rft.date=1997-04&rft.issn=0899-3718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2953968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2953968&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=William+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1995" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, John Paul (November 1995). "The Myth of Blitzkrieg". War in History. II: 335–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096834459500200306">10.1177/096834459500200306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-3445">0968-3445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159933010">159933010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Blitzkrieg&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=335-352&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159933010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0968-3445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096834459500200306&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Watt, Robert (2008). "Feeling the Full Force of a Four Point Offensive: Re-Interpreting The Red Army's 1944 Belorussian and L'vov-Przemyśl Operations". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Slavic_Military_Studies" title="The Journal of Slavic Military Studies">The Journal of Slavic Military Studies</a>. XXI (4). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518040802497564">10.1080/13518040802497564</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046">1351-8046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143413006">143413006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Feeling+the+Full+Force+of+a+Four+Point+Offensive%3A+Re-Interpreting+The+Red+Army%27s+1944+Belorussian+and+L%27vov-Przemy%C5%9Bl+Operations&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143413006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-8046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518040802497564&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2002" class="citation journal cs1">Winchester, Charles (20 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405033900/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/articles/world_war_2/demodernization_german_army_in_world_war_/">"Advancing Backwards: The Demodernization of the German Army in World War 2"</a>. Military Journal. 2 (1). Osprey: 18–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-041-4"><bdi>978-1-84176-041-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-1379">1467-1379</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ospreypublishing.com/articles/world_war_2/demodernization_german_army_in_world_war_/">the original</a> on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Journal&rft.atitle=Advancing+Backwards%3A+The+Demodernization+of+the+German+Army+in+World+War+2&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-25&rft.date=2002-01-20&rft.issn=1467-1379&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-041-4&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ospreypublishing.com%2Farticles%2Fworld_war_2%2Fdemodernization_german_army_in_world_war_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYerxa2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Yerxa" title="Donald A. Yerxa">Yerxa, Donald</a> (June 2011). "Military History at the Operational Level: An Interview with Robert M. Citino". Historically Speaking. 12 (3): 10–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0039">10.1353/hsp.2011.0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162320393">162320393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historically+Speaking&rft.atitle=Military+History+at+the+Operational+Level%3A+An+Interview+with+Robert+M.+Citino&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=10-12&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162320393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yerxa&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Andreas, Peter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5752114/nazi-military-drugs/">"How Methamphetamine Became a Key Part of Nazi Military Strategy (January 7, 2020)"</a>. Time. Time USA, LLC. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Methamphetamine+Became+a+Key+Part+of+Nazi+Military+Strategy+%28January+7%2C+2020%29&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Andreas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5752114%2Fnazi-military-drugs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Gaulle2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Gaulle, Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525062421/http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/dossiers-thematiques/1890-1940-la-genese/un-officier-non-conformiste/analyses/charles-de-gaulle-au-sgdn-1931-1937.php">"1890–1940: un officier non-conformiste"</a> [1890–1940: An Unorthodox Officer]. charles-de-gaulle.org (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/dossiers-thematiques/1890-1940-la-genese/un-officier-non-conformiste/analyses/charles-de-gaulle-au-sgdn-1931-1937.php">the original</a> on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=charles-de-gaulle.org&rft.atitle=1890%E2%80%931940%3A+un+officier+non-conformiste&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=De+Gaulle&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charles-de-gaulle.org%2Fpages%2Fl-homme%2Fdossiers-thematiques%2F1890-1940-la-genese%2Fun-officier-non-conformiste%2Fanalyses%2Fcharles-de-gaulle-au-sgdn-1931-1937.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddington1971" class="citation book cs1">Addington, Larry H. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blitzkriegerager0000addi">The Blitzkrieg Era and the German General Staff, 1865-1941</a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-0704-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-0704-9"><bdi>0-8135-0704-9</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blitzkrieg+Era+and+the+German+General+Staff%2C+1865-1941&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-8135-0704-9&rft.aulast=Addington&rft.aufirst=Larry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblitzkriegerager0000addi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutlack1941" class="citation book cs1">Cutlack, F. M. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069925/">The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914–1918</a>. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. VIII (11th [online] ed.). Canberra, ACT: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/271462416">271462416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Flying+Corps+in+the+Western+and+Eastern+Theatres+of+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Canberra%2C+ACT&rft.series=Official+History+of+Australia+in+the+War+of+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.edition=11th+%5Bonline%5D&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F271462416&rft.aulast=Cutlack&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1069925%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieser1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frieser, Karl-Heinz (1995). Blitzkrieg-Legende: Der Westfeldzug 1940 Operationen des Zweiten Weltkrieges (in German). München: R. Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56124-1"><bdi>978-3-486-56124-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitzkrieg-Legende%3A+Der+Westfeldzug+1940+Operationen+des+Zweiten+Weltkrieges&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=R.+Oldenbourg&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-486-56124-1&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuderian1999" class="citation book cs1">Guderian, Heinz (1999) [1937]. Achtung-Panzer: The Development of Tank Warfare. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35285-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35285-2"><bdi>978-0-304-35285-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Achtung-Panzer%3A+The+Development+of+Tank+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+Military+Paperbacks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35285-2&rft.aulast=Guderian&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse1984" class="citation thesis cs1">House, Jonathan M. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/house.pdf">Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th-Century Tactics, Doctrine and Organization</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Research survey (Combat Studies Institute). Fort Leavenworth/Washington: US Army Command and General Staff College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/784210725">784210725</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/house.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Toward+Combined+Arms+Warfare%3A+A+Survey+of+20th-Century+Tactics%2C+Doctrine+and+Organization&rft.inst=US+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F784210725&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Fcac2%2Fcgsc%2Fcarl%2Fdownload%2Fcsipubs%2Fhouse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Knudsen, Harold (2011). General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Modern General (2nd ed.). Girard, IL: USA Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9826592-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9826592-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9826592-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+James+Longstreet%3A+The+Confederacy%27s+Most+Modern+General&rft.place=Girard%2C+IL&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=USA+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9826592-0-5&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlitzkrieg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Raudzens, George. "Blitzkrieg Ambiguities: Doubtful Usage of a Famous Word." <a href="/wiki/War_%26_Society" title="War & Society">War & Society</a> 7.2 (1989): 77–94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1179/106980489790305551">https://doi.org/10.1179/106980489790305551</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blitzkrieg&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.448107">Armstrong, G. P. The Controversy over Tanks in the British Army 1919 to 1933 (PhD 1976)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227081958/http://pages.prodigy.net/mpsinesi/Modern%20Bewegungskrieg.doc">Sinesi, Michael. Patrick. Modern Bewegungskrieg: German Battle Doctrine, 1920–1940 (2001)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/123/">Vardi, Gil-Li. The Enigma of German Operational Theory: the Evolution of Military Thought in Germany, 1919–1938 (PhD 2008)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-nazi-death-machine-hitler-s-drugged-soldiers-a-354606.html">Spiegel Online: The Nazi Death Machine, Hitler's Drugged Soldiers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 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