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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public Radio</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_Radio-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public Radio subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All_India_Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_India_Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>All India Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_India_Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Private radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_radio_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_radio_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Community radio stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_radio_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_radio_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_radio_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Amateur radio stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_radio_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Market share</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market_share-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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title="State Emblem of India">State Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of India">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femina_Miss_India" title="Femina Miss India">Miss India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_(India)" title="Monuments of National Importance (India)">Monuments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%; color:#FFF; background-color: #3E7C32;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(India)" title="Ministry of Tourism (India)">Ministry of Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_India" title="List of museums in India">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incredible_India" title="Incredible India">Incredible India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #3E7C32;border-bottom:1px solid #3E7C32;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_India" title="Template:Culture of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_India" title="Template talk:Culture of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a> began in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1922. The Government owned radio station <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> dominated broadcasting since 1936 but through privatization and deregulation has allowed commercial privately owned talk and music stations to reach large audiences. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_radio">Early radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio Broadcasting began in June 1923 during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> with programs by the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency_Radio_Club" title="Bombay Presidency Radio Club">Bombay Presidency Radio Club</a> and other radio clubs. According to an agreement on 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company Ltd (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations: the <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> station which began on 23 July 1927, and the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> station which followed on 26 August 1927. The company went into liquidation on 1 March 1930. The government took over the broadcasting facilities and began the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and permanently in May 1932 it then went on to become All India Radio on 8 June 1936. When India attained independence, there were six radio stations within Indian territory, at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, Bombay, Calcutta, <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>. <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a> began on 23 July 1977 in Madras.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, analog terrestrial radio broadcast in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is carried out in <a href="/wiki/Short_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Wave">Short Wave</a>(SW) (6–22 MHz), <a href="/wiki/Medium_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium Wave">Medium Wave</a>(MW) (526–1606 kHz)and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency Modulation">Frequency Modulation</a> (FM) (88–108 MHz). <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> the public service broadcaster – has established 467 radio stations encompassing 662 radio transmitters, which include 140 MW, 48 SW, and 474 FM transmitters for providing radio broadcasting services in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Private sector radio broadcasters transmit in FM mode only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_Radio">Public Radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_India_Radio">All India Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: All India Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>(AIR), officially known since 1956 as 'Akashvani' is the national public radio broadcaster of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It was established in 1936. <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> is the largest radio network in the world, and one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the number of languages broadcast and the spectrum of socio-economic and cultural diversity it serves. AIR's home service comprises 420 stations located across the country, reaching nearly 92% of the country's area and 99.19% of the total population. AIR originates programming in 23 languages and 179 dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_radio">Private radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Private radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private participation wasn't allowed until 1993 when the government experimented with a daily, two-hour private show slot on the FM channels in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. In 2001 the first phase of private sector participation (FM Phase I) India's radio sector began and the government conducted open auctions r a radio licenses. Of the 108 licenses issued, only 22 became operational in 12 cities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_(Indian_radio_station)" title="Radio City (Indian radio station)">Radio City</a> Bangalore, which started on July 3, 2001, is India's first private FM radio station.<sup id="cite_ref-SAGE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAGE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second development phase of radio privatization was in 2005(FM Phase II) with 338 <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> slots up for auction. 245 frequencies were taken up in the auction and the government earned US$295 million in one-time entry fees. In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)</a> had sought <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_India" title="Telecom Regulatory Authority of India">Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</a>'s recommendation on reserve prices for auctions of radio frequencies in 283 cities to expand private FM radio across the country. This includes 23 existing cities where the government has auctioned private FM radio frequencies in the previous batches, while 260 cities will see auctions of private FM radio for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 April TRAI had issued recommendations on reserve price for auction of FM radio channels under FM Phase III policy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major private radio players in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> are <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Network_India_Limited" title="Entertainment Network India Limited">Entertainment Network India Limited</a> which hosts <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_FM_(Indian_radio_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big FM (Indian radio station)">BIG FM 92.7</a>, Jagran Prakashan Group's, Music Broadcast Limited which hosts Radio City (Indian radio station), <a href="/wiki/D_B_Corp_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="D B Corp Ltd.">D B Corp Ltd.</a> which hosts My FM & <a href="/wiki/Sun_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Network">Sun Network</a> which in turn hosts <a href="/wiki/Red_FM_(India)" title="Red FM (India)">Red FM</a>. Currently, there are 371 private FM stations operating across 107 cities in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Out of these, 31 are operated by micro, small & medium enterprises (<a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">MSMEs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_radio_stations">Community radio stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Community radio stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">government of India</a> approved policy for the grant of licenses for setting up of <a href="/wiki/Community_radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Community radio station">community radio stations</a> to well-established educational institutions including IITs/IIMs. On 1 February 2004, Anna FM was launched as India's first campus “community” radio station by Dr. Sreedher Ramamurthy, the then Director of its Audio visual Research centre of the <a href="/wiki/Anna_University" title="Anna University">Anna University</a>. He is regarded as the father of community radio in India. </p><p>In 2006, the government of India amended the community radio policy which allowed the agricultural universities, educational institutions and civil society institutions such as NGOs to apply for a community radio broadcasting license under the FM band 88–108 MHz. First NGO operated community Radio in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was Sangham Radio licensed to Deccan Development Society which started broadcasting on 2008 in Pastapur village, Medak district, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of January 2024, there are 481 Community Radio Stations in India.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving farmer, tribal, coastal communities, ethnic minorities and special interests.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_radio_stations">Amateur radio stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amateur radio stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921, and by the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the establishment of illegal pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s. India has around 16,000 licensed users of <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_in_India" title="Amateur radio in India">Amateur radio in India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_share">Market share</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Market share"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2020, as per a survey by AZ Research PPL, commissioned by the Association of Radio Operators for India, radio listenership in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> touched a peak of 51 million.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising_revenue">Advertising revenue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Advertising revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2019 report by FICCI-EY, the radio industry grew 7.5% in 2018. It contributes 4.2% to the overall advertising revenues of the media and entertainment sector.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio advertising revenue in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is estimated to almost double in the next five years, to ₹ 3,900 crore from ₹ 2,000 crore in 2015, rating agency <a href="/wiki/CRISIL" title="CRISIL">CRISIL</a> said in a report released in March 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in India">List of radio stations in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612212622/http://allindiaradio.org/milestone.html">"Milestones of AIR"</a>. 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