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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soemerisch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 81 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Ашумер бызшәа – Abchazisch" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ашумер бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abchazisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeries" title="Sumeries – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sumeries" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة سومرية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة سومرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغه سومريه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه سومريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sumeriu" title="Idioma sumeriu – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma sumeriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Шумер мацӀ – Avarisch" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Шумер мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eumer_dili" title="Şumer dili – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şumer dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سومر دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سومر دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шумерская мова – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шумерская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шумерски език – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шумерски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumereg" title="Sumereg – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sumereg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer%C5%A1tina" title="Sumerština – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumerština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Шумер чĕлхи – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шумер чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swmereg" title="Swmereg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swmereg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerisk_(sprog)" title="Sumerisk (sprog) – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumerisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerische_Sprache" title="Sumerische Sprache – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumerische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σουμεριακή γλώσσα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουμεριακή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sumerian language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumera_lingvo" title="Sumera lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sumera lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sumerio" title="Idioma sumerio – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma sumerio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri_keel" title="Sumeri keel – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sumeri keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerrera" title="Sumerrera – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumerrera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان سومری – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سومری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9rien" title="Sumérien – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumérien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeerisk_spriak" title="Sumeerisk spriak – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sumeerisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBmearysk" title="Sûmearysk – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûmearysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSuim%C3%A9iris" title="An tSuiméiris – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSuiméiris" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sumeria" title="Lingua sumeria – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua sumeria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שומרית – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שומרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सुमेरी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुमेरी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerski_jezik" title="Sumerski jezik – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumerski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer_nyelv" title="Sumer nyelv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sumer nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Շումերերեն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շումերերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sumeria" title="Bahasa Sumeria – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Сумерой мотт – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сумерой мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmerska" title="Súmerska – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súmerska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sumera" title="Lingua sumera – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua sumera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="シュメール語 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュメール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შუმერული ენა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუმერული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%96%B4" title="수메르어 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수메르어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_sumer%C3%AE" title="Zimanê sumerî – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê sumerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Шумер тили – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шумер тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Sumerica" title="Lingua Sumerica – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Sumerica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemerisch" title="Soemerisch – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Soemerisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umer%C5%B3_kalba" title="Šumerų kalba – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šumerų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umeru_valoda" title="Šumeru valoda – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šumeru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_someriana" title="Fiteny someriana – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny someriana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сумерски јазик – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сумерски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sumeria" title="Bahasa Sumeria – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सुमेरी भाषा – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुमेरी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerisk" title="Sumerisk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sumerisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerisk" title="Sumerisk – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumerisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian" title="Sumerian – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sumerian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_sumeryjski" title="Język sumeryjski – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język sumeryjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_sum%C3%A9ria" title="Língua suméria – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua suméria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sumerian%C4%83" title="Limba sumeriană – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba sumeriană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шумерский язык – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шумерский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шумер тыла – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Шумер тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeru" title="Sumeru – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sumeru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeragiella" title="Sumeragiella – Noord-Samisch" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sumeragiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerski_jezik" title="Sumerski jezik – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sumerski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer%C4%8Dina" title="Sumerčina – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sumerčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Sumerščina – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sumerščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_sumere" title="Gjuha sumere – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha sumere" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сумерски језик – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумерски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeriska" title="Sumeriska – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumeriska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சுமேரிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமேரிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาซูเมอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาซูเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Sumeryo" title="Wikang Sumeryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Sumeryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmerce" title="Sümerce – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sümerce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Шумер теле – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шумер теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шумерська мова – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шумерська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سومری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سومری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumer_tili" title="Shumer tili – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shumer tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Sumer" title="Tiếng Sumer – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Sumer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeryano" title="Sumeryano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sumeryano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏美尔语 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏美尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შუმერული ნინა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შუმერული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:O.0173_color-sharpen_obv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/O.0173_color-sharpen_obv.jpg/200px-O.0173_color-sharpen_obv.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/O.0173_color-sharpen_obv.jpg/300px-O.0173_color-sharpen_obv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/O.0173_color-sharpen_obv.jpg/400px-O.0173_color-sharpen_obv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Stenen spijkerschrifttablet met Soemerisch inscriptie daterend uit de 2de Dynastie van Ur (ca. 2430-2400), bewaard aan de Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis, Brussel</figcaption></figure> <p>Het <b>Soemerisch</b> was de taal die gesproken werd door de <a href="/wiki/Soemeri%C3%ABrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Soemeriërs">Soemeriërs</a>, de bewoners van het zuidelijke deel van <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a>. Het is met geen enkele andere bekende taal verwant en geldt daarom als een <a href="/wiki/Isolaat_(taalkunde)" title="Isolaat (taalkunde)">isolaat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kenmerken">Kenmerken</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soemerisch&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kenmerken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soemerisch&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kenmerken"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Soemerisch was een <a href="/wiki/Agglutinatie_(taalkunde)" title="Agglutinatie (taalkunde)">agglutinerende</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ergatief-absolutieve_taal" title="Ergatief-absolutieve taal">ergatieve taal</a> die met zekerheid vanaf het late vierde millennium tot ca. 2000 v.Chr. gesproken werd. Met betrekking tot de proto-literaire spijkerschriftteksten uit de <a href="/wiki/Urukperiode" title="Urukperiode">Urukperiode</a> is er nog steeds wetenschappelijk debat over de vraag in hoeverre deze teksten reeds attestaties zijn van de Soemerische taal. In dat geval is het Soemerisch de oudst bekende taal uit het verleden van de mens, overgeleverd dankzij het feit dat het neergeschreven werd in het spijkerschrift vanaf het late vierde millennium. De taal op zich is uiteraard ouder, alleen daar zijn geen materiële bewijzen voor. De Uruk-teksten kunnen echter wellicht ook gezien worden als een pictografisch/ideografisch schrift, onafhankelijk te gebruiken van een specifieke taal. </p><p>Het Soemerisch is een van de eerste talen of misschien wel de eerste taal waarvoor een <a href="/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift">schrift</a> ontwikkeld is en die kan bogen op een uitgebreide <a href="/wiki/Soemerische_literatuur" title="Soemerische literatuur">literatuur</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verdwijnen_van_de_taal">Verdwijnen van de taal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soemerisch&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verdwijnen van de taal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soemerisch&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verdwijnen van de taal"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na ongeveer 2000 v.Chr. werd het Soemerisch als gesproken taal voorgoed verdrongen door de nieuw in Mesopotamië geïntroduceerde <a href="/wiki/Semitische_talen" title="Semitische talen">Semitische</a> talen, het <a href="/wiki/Akkadisch" title="Akkadisch">Akkadisch</a>. Het Soemerisch bleef daarna echter nog wel in gebruik als cultuurtaal en voor beleving van de godsdienstige tradities. Pas in de <a href="/wiki/1e_eeuw_v.Chr." title="1e eeuw v.Chr.">eerste eeuw v.Chr.</a> kwam ook daar definitief een eind aan. Al die tijd werd het Soemerisch neergeschreven in het <a href="/wiki/Spijkerschrift" title="Spijkerschrift">spijkerschrift</a> maar toen in Mesopotamië eerst het <a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Aramees</a> en later het <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a> met hun respectievelijke alfabetten de dominant gebruikte talen werden, verdrongen ze het spijkerschrift, waardoor ook het Soemerisch verdween. Vele generaties geleerden uit het oude Mesopotamië hebben zich daarom deze taal eigen moeten maken als onderdeel van hun opleiding tot schrijver. De bewaard gebleven woordenlijsten die voor dat doel gebruikt werden, zijn van onschatbare waarde geweest voor het moderne wetenschappelijke onderzoek. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1887/16107">A.H. Jagersma: <i>Descriptive grammar of Sumerian</i>. Proefschrift Universiteit Leiden, 2010</a></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soemerisch&oldid=63656241">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soemerisch&oldid=63656241</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Dode_taal" title="Categorie:Dode taal">Dode taal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Isolaat" title="Categorie:Isolaat">Isolaat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mesopotamische_oudheid" title="Categorie:Mesopotamische oudheid">Mesopotamische oudheid</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 16 jan 2023 om 11:34.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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