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class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 National Accord </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Accord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Indigenous issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Labor unrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Social initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decentralization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Decentralization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_terrorism_and_drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_terrorism_and_drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Fighting terrorism and drug trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_terrorism_and_drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.2 Bolivia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.3 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.4 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.5 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.6 Ecuador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.7 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.8 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peru_–_United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru_–_United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.8.1 Peru – United States Trade Promotion Agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru_–_United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(2006–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(2006–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Post-presidency (2006–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(2006–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency (2006–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(2006–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friends_of_Israel_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friends_of_Israel_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Friends of Israel Initiative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friends_of_Israel_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2011 Election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuit_over_corruption_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuit_over_corruption_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Lawsuit over corruption allegations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuit_over_corruption_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Relationship with the press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Electoral history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alejandro Toledo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88" title="أليخاندرو توليدو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أليخاندرو توليدو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo_Manrique" title="Alejandro Toledo Manrique – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alejandro Toledo Manrique" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Алехандра Таледа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алехандра Таледа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%BF" title="Αλεχάντρο Τολέδο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεχάντρο Τολέδο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88" title="الخاندرو تولدو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الخاندرو تولدو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%95%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C_%ED%86%A8%EB%A0%88%EB%8F%84" title="알레한드로 톨레도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알레한드로 톨레도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95" title="אלחנדרו טולדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלחנדרו טולדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="ალეხანდრო ტოლედო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალეხანდრო ტოლედო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Toledo" title="Alexander Toledo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Toledo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B" title="अलेहांद्रो तोलेदो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेहांद्रो तोलेदो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89)" title="اليخاندرو توليدو (اقتصادى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليخاندرو توليدو (اقتصادى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo_Manrique" title="Alejandro Toledo Manrique – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alejandro Toledo Manrique" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%89" title="アレハンドロ・トレド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレハンドロ・トレド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alejandro Toledo" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Толедо, Алехандро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Толедо, Алехандро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Peru from 2001 to 2006</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Argentine-born, UK-based musician, see <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo_(musician)" title="Alejandro Toledo (musician)">Alejandro Toledo (musician)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Alejandro Toledo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Alejandro_Toledo_2015_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alejandro_Toledo_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alejandro_Toledo_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alejandro_Toledo_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alejandro_Toledo_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alejandro_Toledo_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alejandro_Toledo_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2838" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Toledo in 2015</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">56th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 28 July 2001 – 28 July 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Da%C3%B1ino" title="Roberto Dañino">Roberto Dañino</a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Solari" title="Luis Solari">Luis Solari</a> <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_Merino" title="Beatriz Merino">Beatriz Merino</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ferrero" title="Carlos Ferrero">Carlos Ferrero</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data">1st Vice President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Diez_Canseco" title="Raúl Diez Canseco">Raúl Diez Canseco</a> (2001–2004) 2nd Vice President <a href="/wiki/David_Waisman" title="David Waisman">David Waisman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua" title="Valentín Paniagua">Valentín Paniagua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of <a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 March 1994 – 13 July 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Party established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Party dissolved</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique</div> (1946-03-28) 28 March 1946 (age 78) <a href="/wiki/Cabana,_Peru" title="Cabana, Peru">Cabana</a>, Peru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> (1994–2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eliane_Karp" title="Eliane Karp">Eliane Karp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a> (BA) <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (MA, PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Economist, politician, academic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[aleˈxandɾo toˈleðo]</a>; born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian former politician who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a>, from 2001 to 2006. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000. On October 21, 2024 he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for taking $35 million dollars in bribes to award the Brazilian company Odebrecht with a highway contract. He pursued his undergraduate and graduate education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. He originally joined the technical and academic field, from where he participated as an analyst on politics and economics on some occasions.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> He entered politics when he founded the <a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> party, participating for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Peruvian_general_election" title="1995 Peruvian general election">1995 Peruvian general election</a>. In 2000, he managed to become the largest opposition leader to the government of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>, before whom in the midst of a controversial and bumpy process, lost the election for a second time.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> After a transition stage, he participated for the third time in the <a href="/wiki/2001_Peruvian_general_election" title="2001 Peruvian general election">2001 Peruvian general election</a> against <a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Flores" title="Lourdes Flores">Lourdes Flores</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_Unity_(Peru)" title="National Unity (Peru)">National Unity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Aprista_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Aprista Party">Peruvian Aprista Party</a>; he competed with the latter in the second round, winning with 53.1% of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> His administration was characterized by macroeconomic boom, promoting foreign investment, the signing of free trade agreements, and the implementation of various investment projects in infrastructure and human development.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> At the same time, Toledo suffered a governance crisis, scandals in his personal life, and allegations of corruption against his inner circle, signs that hit his popularity until he fell to 8% of popular approval.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Subsequently, he would try to regain the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Peruvian_general_election" title="2011 Peruvian general election">2011 Peruvian general election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> placing fourth.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> He later placed eighth in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Peruvian_general_election" title="2016 Peruvian general election">2016 Peruvian general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Following his presidency, he served as a distinguished resident member of the Center for Advanced Study and Behavioral Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, and as visiting professor at the Center for Democracy, Development and Law Enforcement at the Freeman Spogli Institute.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Toledo has been a speaker at conferences in different countries on economics, social inclusion, and democracy, as well as a leader of his political party, the defunct Possible Peru.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In 2006, he founded the Global Center for Development and Democracy, an organization advocating sustainable democracies,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and between 2009 and 2010 he was a visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies">Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, and as professor of Foreign Policy at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> On 16 July 2019, Toledo was arrested in the United States for an extradition order to Peru, as reported by the Peruvian Public Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a> On 8 August, attorney Graham Archer, requested a request for release on bail before judge Thomas Hixson.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> On 12 September, the judge ruled his request for reconsideration inadmissible.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[21]</a> On 19 March 2020, he was released on bail.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[23]</a> On 28 September 2021, a U.S. District Court approved the extradition of Toledo, ruling that evidence presented in the case against Toledo were "sufficient to sustain the charges of collusion and money laundering" under the U.S. Peru Extradition Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[24]</a> On 23 April 2023, Toledo was extradited from the US to Peru.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Toledo was born into an impoverished peasant <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuan</a> family. He was the eighth oldest of sixteen brothers and sisters, seven of whom died in childhood.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-c16-28">[27]</a> He was born in the village of Ferrer, Bolognesi, but registered in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Cabana,_Peru" title="Cabana, Peru">Cabana</a>, Pallasca Province, <a href="/wiki/Ancash" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancash">Ancash Department</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Chimbote" title="Chimbote">Chimbote</a> when Toledo was six years old.<a href="#cite_note-c16-28">[27]</a> As a child he worked shining shoes and selling newspapers and lottery tickets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At age 11, Toledo finished grade school, his father expected him to leave school and get a job to support the family. With his teacher's encouragement, Toledo was able to continue his schooling by working nights and weekends, becoming the first person in his family to attend high school.<a href="#cite_note-alumni.stanford.edu-29">[28]</a> Toledo eventually found employment as a news correspondent for La Prensa in Chimbote, where he interviewed several high-ranking politicians.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-30">[29]</a> Toledo's prospects improved when two <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> volunteers, Joel Meister and Nancy Deeds, arrived in Chimbote looking for lodging and arrived at his family's door. The two Americans were drawn to Toledo by his "industriousness and charm," and his long conversations with them during the year that followed introduced Toledo to a world outside his small fishing village and inspired him to apply for a local civic group's scholarship to study in the United States. He was chosen to receive a one-year grant, and while in the United States, Deeds and Meister helped him get into the University of San Francisco's special program for non-English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-alumni.stanford.edu-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Toledo received a BA degree in economics and <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of business">business administration</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a> by obtaining a partial scholarship and working part-time pumping gas.<a href="#cite_note-regular-32">[31]</a> Starting in 1970 he attended <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, where he received a MA in education and a M.A. in Economics of Human Resources and, in 1993, a PhD in <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Stanford University Graduate School of Education">graduate school of education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-regular-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-fsi.stanford.edu-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> From 1981 to 1983, Toledo directed the Institute for Economic and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Labor Studies</a> in Lima, a subdivision of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development. During the same period, he also served as chairman of the Economic Advisory Committee to the president of the Central Reserve Bank and the labor minister. Throughout his academic and governmental career, Toledo worked as a consultant for various international organizations, including the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO), and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD). He led the 1989 UNDP/ILO mission for the evaluation of: "Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on Growth, Employment and Salaries", in six Central American countries.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Toledo has also been a full time professor at <a href="/wiki/ESAN_University" title="ESAN University">ESAN Graduate School of Business</a>, one of Peru's leading business schools, serving as its Director since 1986 to 1991 and remains in ESAN University as licensed professor. From 1991 to 1994, he was an affiliated researcher in the field of international development at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Institute_for_International_Development" title="Harvard Institute for International Development">Harvard Institute for International Development</a>. He has also been a guest professor at the <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">University of Waseda</a> in Tokyo and at the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Foundation" title="Japan Foundation">Japan Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stanford1-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_election">Presidential election</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidential election">edit</a>]</div> Toledo entered politics as an independent candidate for the presidency (winning 3% of the vote) in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Peruvian_general_election" title="1995 Peruvian general election">1995 election</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> was ultimately re-elected. Despite his loss, the party he founded in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%BA_Posible" class="mw-redirect" title="Perú Posible">Perú Posible</a>, gained popularity and influence over the next few years. Toledo declared his intent to run again in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Peruvian_national_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Peruvian national election">2000 election</a> and despite a constitutional controversy about his eligibility to serve a third term, Fujimori also announced his candidacy. Despite being a relatively low-profile politician, Toledo suddenly found himself the leader of the opposition to Fujimori's presidency. Toledo promised to uphold and strengthen the market program that had been put in place, while also mitigating inequality issues attributed to it. He promised to pursue democratic reforms and reinvigorate Peru's social infrastructure. During the campaign, he promised to raise the wages of civil servants, which had been stagnant under Fujimori, and to create 400,000 jobs a year through programs designed to encourage agriculture, tourism, and small business.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Toledo repeatedly called for the expansion of investigations into government, including investigations into allegations that the Fujimori administration had stolen billions from government coffers. Racial-ethnic themes also echoed throughout the campaign. Toledo was running to become Peru's first indigenous president. He referred to himself as El Cholo throughout his campaign, and many indigenous Peruvians hoped that as president he would bring greater attention to issues of importance to them. Toledo's background, engaging manner, and informal attitude made him an attractive candidate to both indigenous and non-indigenous Peruvians.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Just minutes after the polls closed at 4:00 pm on 9 April 2000, major news networks rushed to announce that Toledo had garnered more votes than Fujimori. These announcements were based on projections from Peru's top polling firms, which base their numbers on exit polls. The prominent pollsters quickly modified projections based on samples of actual vote counts from selected polling places, better known as the "quick count". Shortly after receiving news of Toledo's encouraging performance in the initial stage of the vote count, supporters gathered in the streets around Toledo's hotel room. An enthusiastic Toledo walked out onto the balcony of his room wearing a red headband, reminiscent of ancient Inca warriors. He optimistically speculated that a first round victory might be within his grasp but still urged his supporters to wait for the results of the quick count. The second wave of quick count results reversed earlier projections, projecting a round one Fujimori plurality and possible majority. Fujimori had a projected lead of 48.73% to 41.03% later that evening. Fujimori was closing in on the 50% mark which would give him a victory in the first round, with no runoff necessary. Allegations of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> were made, and were not far-fetched. On the day preceding the election, Transparencia, the national election observation organization, reported that it had received information concerning a website with capabilities to hack into the ONPE (<a href="/wiki/National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes" title="National Office of Electoral Processes">Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales</a>) computer system. Eduardo Stein also claimed that ONPE had made no provisions for OAS technicians to monitor the vote count system in real time. Toledo claimed that a fraud had been perpetrated; other opposition candidates agreed and joined protests led by Toledo.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Though "the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> had supported Fujimori and his economic policies, it described the results of the 2000 elections as "invalid".<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Since no candidate had received a majority of the vote, a runoff was required, but Toledo refused to participate in a second round against Fujimori and withdrew from the race on 26 May 2000, two days before the runoff. He unsuccessfully petitioned to have the election annulled, and lobbied international organizations and foreign government to deny recognition to Fujimori's government.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> On 28 July 2000, <a href="/wiki/Fiestas_Patrias_(Peru)" title="Fiestas Patrias (Peru)">Peruvian Independence Day</a>, Fujimori began his third term as president. Toledo led a group of protesters towards Congress. The massive demonstration was peaceful at first, but violence broke out and a powerful explosion led to the death of six people.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> It was later discovered by the Peruvian judiciary that the explosion had been planned and carried out by the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)" title="National Intelligence Service (Peru)">National Intelligence Service</a>, run by <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a>, who had already been indicted on corruption and bribery charges. Montesinos fled to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, where he hid for several months before being captured and brought back to Peru. The charges against Montesinos ranged from bribery to drug trafficking to arranging death squads.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> But it was the release of the "Vladi-videos" that prompted retreat by Fujimori. The first of these incriminating videos showed Montesinos bribing a congressman with US$15,000 to switch to Fujimori's camp.<a href="#cite_note-google2006-43">[42]</a> In November 2000, amid growing allegations of fraud and corruption within his administration, Fujimori agreed to hold new elections in 2001, and not to stand as a candidate. While he was attending the <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> forum in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, Fujimori's party lost control of the Congress. Fujimori then flew to Japan, where he submitted his resignation and claimed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law" title="Japanese nationality law">Japanese citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> After the fall of Fujimori, the newly elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Congress">Peruvian Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua" title="Valentín Paniagua">Valentín Paniagua</a>, became interim president and oversaw the already planned new elections on 29 May 2001. Toledo won after a close <a href="/wiki/Run-off_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-off election">run-off election</a> against former President <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance" title="American Popular Revolutionary Alliance">APRA</a> party, with 52.23% of the vote, to Garcia's 47.77%. Toledo thereby became the first South American president of indigenous descent to be democratically elected in five hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(2001–2006)">Presidency (2001–2006)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidency (2001–2006)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_expectations">High expectations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High expectations">edit</a>]</div> During his campaign, Toledo promised Peruvians higher wages, a fight against poverty, anti-corruption measures, higher pensions, more employment, military reform, development of tourism, and industrialization. As <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> noted "Toledo comes after almost 30 years of either dictatorships or governments that weren't so democratic. People expect Toledo to solve all the problems of the last 30 years, which included an enormous increase in relative poverty."<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Toledo's inability to fulfill many of these promises created widespread dissatisfaction. His approval ratings were consistently low throughout his presidency, sometimes sinking into single digits. Toledo also promised open market free trade reforms, which reflected Peru's business interests while also promising to review <a href="/wiki/Fujimori%27s_privatization_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujimori's privatization programs">Fujimori's privatization programs</a>. Specifically, Toledo promised not to privatize any of Peru's public utilities. This promise, combined with lofty promises of reduced unemployment and poverty, caused Peru's rank and file to set the bar very high for his administration. Shortly after coming to office Toledo met with IMF officials and promised that he would raise $700 million in 2002, and almost one billion dollars in 2003, by selling state assets.<a href="#cite_note-google-47">[46]</a> To compound his problems, President Toledo faced a <a href="/wiki/2001_southern_Peru_earthquake" title="2001 southern Peru earthquake">devastating earthquake</a> in his first year in office. This natural disaster left much of Peru morally and fiscally devastated. With many homes and businesses destroyed, economic ills were exacerbated.<a href="#cite_note-google2006-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Accord">National Accord</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National Accord">edit</a>]</div> In November 2001, Toledo opened talks which concluded in the National Accord of 22 July 2002. In the accord, seven political parties and seven social organizations agreed upon a framework that would guide policy for the next twenty years. The accord set forth twenty-four policy goals divided into four categories: democracy and the rule of law, <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">equity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, economic competitiveness, and an institutional framework of efficiency, transparency, and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>. Initially, the accord opened up dialogue in Peru's political arena, but within a year, the public considered it to be less effective than had been hoped.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_issues">Indigenous issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indigenous issues">edit</a>]</div> Touting his heritage throughout his campaign, Toledo continued the efforts begun by Paniagua, who had brought together experts and indigenous leaders to discuss the needs of indigenous people throughout the country. Toledo's inauguration ceremony on <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> was attended by all the presidents of the neighboring Andean states who joined him in signing the "Declaration of Machu Picchu," promising to protect indigenous rights.<a href="#cite_note-Making_Indigenous_Citizens-49">[48]</a> Maria Elena García calls the years of Toledo's presidency a transition ripe with new opportunities for indigenous people, noting the "reframed state-indigenous interactions", "increase in NGO projects and social movements", and "proliferation of indigenous organizations."<a href="#cite_note-Making_Indigenous_Citizens-49">[48]</a> Toledo created and first lady <a href="/wiki/Eliane_Karp" title="Eliane Karp">Eliane Karp</a> headed a new agency for indigenous and Afro-Peruvian affairs, CONOPA (Commission for Amazonian, Andean, and Afro-Peruvian Peoples). The agency was meant to establish a development agenda for indigenous communities, provide representation of indigenous interests within the government, and lead the way for multicultural constitutional reforms. Some critics viewed these actions as a state co-optation of indigenous identity, mockingly dubbing the agency the "Karp Commission".<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>'s Martin Scurrah points out the agency's good work, noting that in addition to promoting a chapter on indigenous rights in the new constitution, Eliane Karp has "intervened on numerous occasions in support of or in defense of indigenous initiatives."<a href="#cite_note-Making_Indigenous_Citizens-49">[48]</a> As president, Toledo made it a priority to try to recover ancient Incan artifacts from Yale University's <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Peabody Museum of Natural History</a>. Some art historians claimed that such artifacts, found at Machu Picchu, could help the Peruvian people to gain knowledge of their ancestry. He also brought serious attention to bilingual education in indigenous schools, creating a new and well-staffed division within the Ministry of Education devoted to the issue. This effort gives advocates greater autonomy and opportunity to influence policy and work toward institutionalizing bilingual education.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Toledo's efforts at decentralization sought to give indigenous groups greater influence upon policy-making on a regional level. The first regional and local elections, held in November 2002, required that 15% of the candidates in regions with an indigenous presence must have indigenous backgrounds. However, decentralization has been viewed critically by some, who claim that in dividing up regions, administrators have at times ignored the distinctive cultural and historical factors that define different areas.<a href="#cite_note-The_Indigenous_World_2002–2003-52">[51]</a> In a speech to the Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America conference, Toledo expressed disappointment at the growing disparity between the incomes of indigenous people and other citizens. Despite the growth achieved by the Peruvian economy, the poverty gap has widened between the upper and lower classes. Toledo mentions the reintegration of the indigenous populations into the Peruvian social and political system as a key to sustainability and economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Advocates of indigenous rights have also criticized some of Toledo's efforts to jump-start the economy through investments, such as his support for the <a href="/wiki/Camisea_Gas_Project" title="Camisea Gas Project">Camisea natural gas project</a> and other projects that involved exploring or developing natural resources. These critics claim that companies buy land at unreasonable prices, force indigenous people off of land that is historically theirs, and exploit natural resources in ways that are harmful to communities and the environment. Peru is one of the largest producers of gold, silver, and zinc in Latin America, and some critics complain about the priority the Peruvian government gives to mining as opposed to industries like fishing and agriculture, with which indigenous peoples are more familiar. They note that mining companies may bring new jobs to rural areas, but that they are not jobs for which natives are well qualified.<a href="#cite_note-The_Indigenous_World_2002–2003-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_unrest">Labor unrest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Labor unrest">edit</a>]</div> Despite unprecedented, strong, and consistent economic growth under his leadership, Toledo dealt with much labor unrest during his presidency as workers demanded higher wages and the fulfillment of campaign promises. The crisis underlined a basic flaw in Peru's economy as pointed out by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, which noted that "some 70% of output falls within the grey or informal" economy, and thus escapes tax. Tax-collections, at below 12.1% of GDP, are stagnant, with most coming from a handful of large, formal companies. Evasion is widespread, particularly among better-paid independent professionals." Tax collections by Toledo's government could simply not cover the wages that had been promised to civil servants.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Even as the Peruvian government was taking in too little money to pay civil servants, the country saw its cost of living increase dramatically during the early years of Toledo's administration. These hardships, combined with increasing unemployment and stagnant wages caused the general public to doubt that Toledo was living up to lofty campaign promises. By 2003, Toledo's approval rating had fallen below 10%, the lowest of any South American president at the time.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_initiatives">Social initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social initiatives">edit</a>]</div> Toledo did implement some of his plans for investment in social infrastructure and institutions. The amount of paved roads increased by 20% during his presidency; medical attention to the poor doubled in rural areas, and public sector salaries increased (school teachers' pay rose by 87%) and over 100,000 new homes were built for poor Peruvians.<a href="#cite_note-elcomercio.pe-56">[55]</a> By 2004, Peru had a far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a> that included food programs serving 35 percent of the population, and work programs offering temporary employment to unskilled workers. The Cooperative Fund for Social Development funded projects to construct and improve schools, health clinics, rural roads, water and sanitation systems, and electric grids. Toledo placed food and infrastructure programs under the Ministry for Women and Social Development and urged that municipalities implement decentralization. Social safety-net spending in Peru remained well below the Latin American average under Toledo even as it covered a larger percentage of the population, which means that outlays were insufficient to lift many people up out of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Toledo inherited an educational system which had been plagued for decades by mediocrity, low completion rates, inadequate resources, and inequality between genders, classes, and races. Toledo launched Project Huascaran, which enabled primary and secondary-school classrooms to connect a nationwide computer network of learning systems. During his campaign, Toledo had promised to double teachers’ salaries, but ran into problems when the teachers unions successfully opposed an initiative to tie salary increases to improved skills and performance standards. In 2002, Toledo declared an emergency in education, stating four objectives to respond to it: <ul><li>Reverse the deterioration in quality of education</li> <li>Give priority to basic education</li> <li>emphasize teacher training and performance</li> <li>evaluate and upgrade schools</li></ul> Throughout his administration, enrollment rates in primary and secondary education remained high and private-school enrollment increased, but overall literacy and test scores improved only slightly. In an interview on his last day in office, Toledo expressed frustration that his administration had not done more to improve education.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> During his first year in office, Toledo replaced previous health-insurance programs aimed at the poor with a more comprehensive free insurance program, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seguro_Integral_de_Salud_(Per%C3%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seguro Integral de Salud (Perú) (page does not exist)">Seguro Integral de Salud</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguro_Integral_de_Salud_(Per%C3%BA)" class="extiw" title="es:Seguro Integral de Salud (Perú)">es</a>] (SIS). The program aimed to provide Peruvians without health insurance with improved access to health care. By the end of his term, SIS covered more than 11 million Peruvians living on the outskirts of cities or in rural areas. However, about a third of the country remained without health coverage.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> The program has been immensely popular. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">President García</a> expanded the program, which has been praised by neoliberal reformers for extending coverage to indigenous people and women. They also note that it has addressed with considerable success the fact that Peruvian women's healthcare costs are much higher than men's owing to higher rates of illness and reproductive issues. The legislature continues to build upon SIS, using it as a basis for what many hope will someday be universal healthcare coverage for all Peruvians.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Toledo also attempted to improve access to healthcare in the most remote places. His Juntos program awarded a monthly benefit to poor families who agreed to get vaccinations and screenings, attend school, and obtain birth registration documents. The Toledo administration also provided financial incentives to young doctors who were willing to spend the first few years of their practices in remote areas.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Housing">Housing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> Peru faced a major housing deficit in 2001, with the majority of its urban population living in slums. Toledo's administration sought to improve access to affordable housing through subsidies, loans, down payments, land titling, and encouraging financial institutions to reach further down-market. Most of these efforts were grouped under the Fondo Mivivienda, which was a program started in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decentralization">Decentralization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decentralization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tren_Urbano_Lima_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tren_Urbano_Lima_4.jpg/220px-Tren_Urbano_Lima_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tren_Urbano_Lima_4.jpg/330px-Tren_Urbano_Lima_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tren_Urbano_Lima_4.jpg/440px-Tren_Urbano_Lima_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>President Toledo with Lima mayor <a href="/wiki/Luis_Casta%C3%B1eda_Lossio" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Castañeda Lossio">Luis Castañeda Lossio</a></figcaption></figure> Under Toledo's predecessor, Fujimori, the governing authority in Peru was condensed and centralized. A Fujimori-dominated congress passed a new constitution in 1993, which consolidated the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral legislature</a> with a single national district. Under Fujimori local governments retained minimal legal authority including fees for utilities, basic civil registries, and management of public spaces and markets. Decentralization was among Toledo's most successful institutional reforms. In addition to announcing regional elections upon his inauguration, he charged a Decentralization and Regionalization Commission with developing proposals. In 2002, a constitutional amendment was approved which established three levels of government: local, regional, and national. Over the next few years, the congress gradually passed on resources and responsibilities to the regional and municipal governments including food programs, social development projects, and health and education programs.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> He divided the single district up, called for regional elections, and eliminated the centralist Ministry of the Presidency that had been instituted under Fujimori.<a href="#cite_note-google2-58">[57]</a> However, when Peru Possible's rival political party APRA made significant gains in regional elections, the Toledo administration halted its decentralization program by withholding power in the areas of revenue and expenditure. This left many regionally elected governors confused as to how far their authority extended. Without strong fiscal plans to support his new policy of centralization, Toledo had to continue decentralizing power and recognizing more regions. Toledo continued to assert control of regional governments, however, by withholding funding.<a href="#cite_note-google2-58">[57]</a> Toledo's plan for decentralization enjoyed widespread popular support. Most of the opposition to his program came from, and most of the difficulty in implementing his proposals was owing to, politicians and bureaucratic agencies who were accustomed to a centralized form of government.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_terrorism_and_drug_trafficking">Fighting terrorism and drug trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fighting terrorism and drug trafficking">edit</a>]</div> The Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which had been implemented by interim president Paniagua, was tasked with examining largescale acts of violence and atrocities committed within Peru between 1980 and 2000, to assess responsibility and pave the way for reparations. The commission's final report to President Toledo was issued in 2003, and concluded that approximately 69,000 people had been killed by the Shining Path and other extremist groups, the bulk of the victims being innocent peasants.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In January of that year, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru" title="Constitutional Court of Peru">Constitutional Court</a> repealed several anti-terrorism measures enacted during Fujimori's administration.<a href="#cite_note-eluniverso-60">[59]</a> It was estimated that 54% of these victims were killed by the extremist guerrilla group Shining Path, 30% by the Peruvian Military and police forces, and the rest were by rural or peasant self-defense militias.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> These investigations were financed by a portion of the US$360 million discovered in foreign accounts which had been stolen by Fujimori officials.<a href="#cite_note-google2006-43">[42]</a> Toledo wasted no time in pursuing suspected terrorists, arresting 199 of them in 2002 alone.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In late 2001, the Directorate against Terrorism reported that the <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a>, a terrorist movement which has been active since the eighties, was organizing along new fronts and infiltrating protests, blocking highways, and organizing student marches. The government reacted by reestablishing five counterinsurgency bases, which soon assisted in destroying six Shining Path camps. But terrorist activity continued and in 2003, Toledo declared the first of several states of emergency due to the terrorist threat. Toledo walked a thin line in responding to both U.S. pressure to severely limit coca-production and protests by coca farmers against the eradication of coca production in poor, rural areas, where the majority of the population is involved in that business. The presumed link between the Shining Path and narcotics trafficking was unclear, because the coca farmers gave most of their crops to drug traffickers who then paid the Shining Path to operate within certain regions. Recognizing the drug trade as a threat to regional security, Toledo sought to create a common Andean approach to the drug war. He saw that revenue from drug trafficking funded terrorist activities, but also that U.S. insistence on the eradication of coca crops failed to address the problem. Alternative crop programs were also being resisted by coca farmers who depended on the coca trade for their livelihood. At a meeting of the 19-member Rio group in May 2003, Toledo proposed developing a joint strategy to deal with drug trafficking, but pressure from Washington, which preferred bilateral efforts, helped kill the notion.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bachelet_Jefes_Estado.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bachelet_Jefes_Estado.jpeg/230px-Bachelet_Jefes_Estado.jpeg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bachelet_Jefes_Estado.jpeg/345px-Bachelet_Jefes_Estado.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bachelet_Jefes_Estado.jpeg/460px-Bachelet_Jefes_Estado.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Toledo in Valparaíso, Chile</figcaption></figure> The Toledo administration was unusually active in foreign policy. Its major goals were promoting democracy outside Peru, addressing the struggle against poverty, encouraging economic development in the borderlands, reducing arms spending in the region, strengthening relations with Asia-Pacific countries, and integrating with the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> Peru also became an associate member of <a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a>, a free trade zone that would be established gradually. The objective was for signing nations to gradually build up an infrastructure that would ease trade with one another, to cooperate in the improvement of energy efficiency, and to commit to future agreements that would increase cross border investment by eliminating double taxation.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> The Toledo administration held free trade agreement talks with Singapore and Thailand, came to an agreement with Thailand on air transport, and signed an extradition treaty with South Korea. Foreign Minister García-Sayan visited China and discussed support for multilateralism and strengthening the UN. In 2004 China declared Peru an official tourist destination, and in 2005 the countries concluded several trade agreements.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> Toledo attended <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>’ inauguration in 2006, indicating a willingness to work with his administration, but Morales joined his mentor, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, in repeatedly making offensive comments about Toledo and his government, especially after the successful conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Peru%27s_free_trade_agreement_with_the_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Peru's free trade agreement with the U.S.">Peru's free trade agreement with the U.S.</a>, which soured official relations with Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lula_e_Alejandro_Toledo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lula_e_Alejandro_Toledo.jpeg/220px-Lula_e_Alejandro_Toledo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lula_e_Alejandro_Toledo.jpeg/330px-Lula_e_Alejandro_Toledo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lula_e_Alejandro_Toledo.jpeg/440px-Lula_e_Alejandro_Toledo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>Toledo and Brazil's President <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a>.</figcaption></figure> In conducting Peru's relations with Brazil, Toledo's goal was to reorient Peru from the Andean Community, toward the more economically active Brazil and MERCOSUR. In August 2003, Toledo met with former Brazilian president Lula. They committed to increased political and economic cooperation under the Initiative for Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America which invests in large-scale, debt-heavy projects, aimed at developing 10 economic axes or hubs throughout South America. Construction projects, including roads, discussed. President Lula also agreed to allow Peru access to two surveillance systems which Brazil had developed in the Amazon Basin to target legal and illegal activity.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> Concern for security and trafficking led the Toledo administration to prioritize the reinforcement of its border with Colombia and the improvement of police coordination. In 2003, with increased private and UN investment in the area, the two countries agreed to establish an integrated frontier zone which treats air travel between border cities as domestic travel and simplifies customs and tariff procedures.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chile">edit</a>]</div> Most of the Toledo administration's dealings with Chile involved concern over the latters procurement of arms. Despite Toledo's repeated call for regional arms reductions, Chile continued purchasing arms, including 10 <a href="/wiki/F-16_fighters" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 fighters">F-16 fighters</a> from the U.S. and one hundred <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopard 2 tank">Leopard 2 tanks</a> from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ecuador">edit</a>]</div> While Peru and Ecuador had been at peace for years, President Toledo worked to solidify and build upon that peace. During a 2001 visit to Ecuador, Toledo expressed support for the Brasília Accords, agreed to the demilitarization of the two countries’ common border, advocated reduced military spending, and agreed to greater energy, transportation, and police cooperation. Toledo joined Ecuadorian President Noboa at the International Advisory Committee of the Binational Development Plan, where they called for greater investment in their region, with Toledo putting forth a detailed program for international assistance. Economic activity in the region subsequently improved as the demining of the border continued, construction projects were completed, and military forces were reduced. By 2006, investment in the area had reached $1.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> Relations with Venezuela deteriorated during the latter half of the Toledo presidency owing to opposing philosophies and policies of presidents Toledo and Chávez. The issues contributing to the tension between the two countries included Venezuela's alleged shielding of Vladimiro Montesinos,<a href="#cite_note-MOntesinos_-_NYT-64">[63]</a> and Venezuelan interference in Peruvian politics. (157) This included Chávez's official endorsement, and unofficial financial backing of leftist candidate Ollanta Humala in Peru's 2006 presidential race, which was soon seconded by President Morales.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> President Toledo worked hard throughout his presidency on what became a very productive relationship with the U.S., and what Toledo described as a personal friendship with President Bush. He received lavish praise from the American president for his economic and domestic security policies. During a visit to Peru, Bush announced the establishment of an Andean Center of Excellence for Teacher Training, with a base in Peru, and a fellowship program to give Andean professionals access to education in information technology. In June 2002, the U.S. agreed to forgive $14 million of Peru's debt in exchange for a promise to invest $12 million in conservation projects. In September, Toledo secured a $300 million commitment from Bush to fund alternative-crop development in coca-producing areas. In 2003, the Peace Corps returned to Peru. Peru opposed U.S. efforts most visibly in the War in Iraq, refusing to support the intervention in any international arena.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Peru_–_United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement">Peru – United States Trade Promotion Agreement</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Peru – United States Trade Promotion Agreement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States – Peru Trade Promotion Agreement">United States – Peru Trade Promotion Agreement</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States – Peru Trade Promotion Agreement">United States – Peru Trade Promotion Agreement</a> (Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio Perú – Estados Unidos) is a bilateral <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a>, whose objectives are eliminating obstacles to trade, consolidating access to goods and services and fostering private investment in and between the United States and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Besides commercial issues, it incorporates economic, institutional, intellectual property, <a href="/wiki/Labor_relations" title="Labor relations">labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policies</a>, among others. The agreement was signed on 12 April 2006; ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Peru">Peruvian Congress</a> on 28 June 2006; by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> on 2 November 2007, and by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> on 4 December 2007. The agreement was implemented on 1 February 2009.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Peru looks to the agreement are to: <ul><li>Consolidate and extend the trade preferences under ATPDEA</li> <li>Attract foreign investment</li> <li>Generate employment</li> <li>Enhance the country's competitiveness within the region</li> <li>Increase workers' income</li> <li>Curb poverty levels</li> <li>Create and export sugar cane <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></li></ul> The United States looks to the agreement to: <ul><li>Improve access to goods and services</li> <li>Strengthen its investments</li> <li>Promote security and democracy</li> <li>Fight against drug trafficking</li></ul> The U.S.-Peru agreement has faced criticism. In Peru, the treaty was championed by Toledo, and supported to different extents by former President <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> and candidates <a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Flores" title="Lourdes Flores">Lourdes Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua" title="Valentín Paniagua">Valentín Paniagua</a>. Current President <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> has been its most vocal critic. Humala's <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Peru" title="Union for Peru">Union for Peru</a> won 45 of 120 seats in Congress in 2006, the largest share by a single party, prompting debate on ratification of the agreement before the new legislature was sworn in. Some Congressmen-elect interrupted the debate after forcibly entering Congress in an attempt to stop the agreement ratification.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> One controversial element of the agreement relates to land resources. Laura Carlsen, of the Center for International Policy, who is also a contributor to Foreign Policy in Focus notes that "Indigenous organizations warn that this ruling effectively opens up 45 million hectares to foreign investment and timber, oil, and mining exploitation."<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> However, most of the criticism of the agreement has focused on its potential impact on Peru's agricultural sector. By planting crops to similar to those subsidized by the U.S., Peru faced a competitive disadvantage in the production of agricultural products because poor farming families with inadequate tools, technology and techniques may not be able to produce crops at low enough prices to export. In response to these concerns, Peruvian lawmakers created a Compensation Fund which directed $34 million per year to cotton, maize/corn, and wheat producers for a five-year period to help them adjust to the new competitive pressures.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economic policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alejandro_Toledo_DAVOS2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alejandro_Toledo_DAVOS2003.jpg/220px-Alejandro_Toledo_DAVOS2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alejandro_Toledo_DAVOS2003.jpg/330px-Alejandro_Toledo_DAVOS2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alejandro_Toledo_DAVOS2003.jpg/440px-Alejandro_Toledo_DAVOS2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption>Toledo speaks in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, January 21, 2003.</figcaption></figure> Toledo's economic policies can be described as neoliberal or strongly pro free-trade. He inherited a national economy which in the previous decade had experienced an unstable GDP with periods of growth and shrinkage, as well as fiscal deficits frequently amounting to over 2% of GDP. Inflation had not dropped below 23% until 1995 and was still feared by many. In response, Toledo developed policies which focused on fighting poverty, generating employment, decentralizing government, and modernizing the state.<a href="#cite_note-google3-70">[69]</a> Among Toledo's initiatives designed to generate revenue and transform the economy were plans to privatize national industries. The first major effort of this kind was the $167 million sale of two state-owned electric companies. Protests in the city of Arequipa turned violent as Peruvians reacted with anger to the prospect of layoffs and higher priced electricity. They also recalled that billions of dollars earned from privatization under the Fujimori administration had ended up filling the president's personal bank accounts. Toledo decided not to carry out the sale of electric companies, but promised to continue privatization efforts, which were a key provision of a deal struck with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Toledo had promised to bring in US$700 million through privatization in 2001 and US$1 billion in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Although he failed to meet these goals, the IMF approved a $154 million disbursement to Peru in December 2002 and allowed the country to raise the fiscal deficit target in its agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Americas_Review_2003/2004-72">[71]</a> Although Toledo originally promised tax cuts, violent protests by civil servants prompted the increase in social sector spending that Toledo had also promised, which necessitated tax increases. To tackle tax reform in June 2003, he brought in Peru's first female prime minister, Beatriz Merino who quickly submitted proposals to the congress. Among the suggestions were pay cuts for higher-paid public-sector officials, including a 30% salary reduction for Toledo himself, a 5% across-the-board cut for all agencies and ministries, tax increases on beer, cigarettes and fuel, and an extension of the 18% sales and value-added tax to, among other things, long-distance bus journeys and live entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-lexis-73">[72]</a> The final package also included the elimination of tax breaks, the introduction of a minimum corporate tax, the closing of tax loopholes for the rich, and the strengthening of local government realestate tax regimes.<a href="#cite_note-Americas_Review_2003/2004-72">[71]</a> During Toledo's five years as president, Peru's economy experienced 47 consecutive months of growth and grew at an average rate of 6% per year while inflation averaged 1.5% and the deficit sank as low as 0.2% of GDP. Between 2004 and 2006, employment grew at an average rate of 6%,<a href="#cite_note-fsi.stanford.edu-33">[32]</a> the percentage of people living in poverty fell, and food consumption by the poorest segments of the population rose dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-elcomercio.pe-56">[55]</a> Much of this growth has been credited to the free trade agreements signed with the United States, China, Thailand, Chile, Mexico, and Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-ustr-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In an attempt to increase remittances from Peruvians abroad, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Toledo sought to strengthen the link between Peruvian migrants and their homeland through the creation of advisory councils. The issue is especially important for a country which experienced a massive emigration of professionals under Fujimori and which still has 10% of its population living abroad. The councils were also part of an effort by the first Minister of Foreign Affairs, García Sayan, to professionalize the foreign service.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(2006–present)">Post-presidency (2006–present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Post-presidency (2006–present)">edit</a>]</div> Toledo was unable to run for reelection in 2006; after he took office, the constitution was amended to restore the pre-1995 ban on immediate reelection. After his presidency, Toledo went to the United States, where he served as a Distinguished Scholar in Residence at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, during the 2006–2008 academic years.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-77">[76]</a> Toledo was named a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> from 2006 to 2009, and in 2007–2008 was a Payne Distinguished Visiting Lecturer at Stanford University's <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Spogli_Institute_for_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies">Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies</a> and a CDDRL (Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law) <a href="/wiki/Visiting_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Visiting Scholar">Visiting Scholar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-77">[76]</a> While at Stanford, Toledo founded and continues to serve as the president of the Global Center for Development and Democracy, based in Latin America, <a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">the United States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> which 'aims to help Peru and Latin American countries build institutional bases for greater stability, with a wide political commitment to democracy, that is decentralized and equal to all".<a href="#cite_note-cgdd-78">[77]</a> In 2007, following the closing of media outlet RCTV in Venezuela, Toledo published an op-ed in The New York Times condemning the action of President Hugo Chávez's government as a violation of free speech. Toledo called for intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, citing its commitment to protecting the development of democratic institutions, including the press. He also called for "continent-wide solidarity" on the grounds that the repression of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> in a country is felt beyond the country itself. He warned that if Venezuela were allowed to silence its press without repercussions, this would encourage similar repression in the rest of Latin America, because "[w]hen one voice is silenced, we all become mute. When one thought is eliminated, we all lose some awareness. And when a space for the expression of ideas becomes closed, we all become trapped in the dungeons of dictatorship."<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In 2009, Toledo joined the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> as a nonresident senior fellow. His works on the Latin America Initiative, a joint effort of the Global Economy and Development and Foreign Policy programs at Brookings. The initiative focuses on the most critical economic, political and social issues facing the region. Research activities are concerned with a wide range of topics, including the challenges that a changing world economy poses for Latin America, the impact of organized crime on democratic institutions and economic prosperity, trade and investment policies, strategies to tackle poverty and inequality, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combating climate change</a>, and Cuba's political transition.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Toledo is also a member of the United Nations Steering Committee on the Human Development Report for Latin America, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Madrid" title="Club of Madrid">Club of Madrid</a>, and a member of the International Board of Governors of the <a href="/wiki/Peres_Center_for_Peace" title="Peres Center for Peace">Peres Center for Peace</a> in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-stanford1-35">[34]</a> Toledo attended the San Francisco Freedom Forum in 2011 to discuss democracy in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Toledo created the Global Center for Development and Democracy. The center works with low income individuals in developing countries with the goal of helping them become self-sufficient entrepreneurs, along with governments and other organizations to help combat institutionalized poverty.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friends_of_Israel_Initiative">Friends of Israel Initiative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Friends of Israel Initiative">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, Toledo joined the Spanish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a>, Northern Irish <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Unionist</a> politician <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a>, Italian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pera" title="Marcello Pera">Marcello Pera</a>, former United States Ambassador to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a>, British historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a>, and others in forming the <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Israel_Initiative" title="Friends of Israel Initiative">Friends of Israel Initiative</a>. The project's aim is to counter efforts to delegitimize the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> and its right to live in peace within safe and defensible borders. The initiative consists of non-Jewish members who want Israel to continue to be accepted as part of the western world and who recognize it as a full-fledged democracy with the right to defend itself.<a href="#cite_note-friendsofisraelinitiative-84">[83]</a> In a 2011 article entitled "How Not to have a Palestinian State," Toledo and his co-writers argued that Obama's call for a return to talks based on the pre-1967 boundaries is a "clumsily concealed delegitimization device,"<a href="#cite_note-friendsofisraelinitiative1-85">[84]</a> as Palestine does not meet the internal and external requirements to become a state. The only way forward, the argued, is not unilateral action by the UN General assembly but a bilateral agreement between the Palestinians and the Israelis, in which each party agrees to recognize the other as a legitimate state.<a href="#cite_note-friendsofisraelinitiative1-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_Election">2011 Election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2011 Election">edit</a>]</div> In December 2010, Toledo announced his candidacy in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Peruvian_general_election" title="2011 Peruvian general election">2011 presidential election</a>. Telling the Peruvian Times that "Garcia (the incumbent) is governing for the rich and not the poor", he said that when he left office, with 1 sol (approximately $0.34) bought 10 loaves bread; now it bought you five. "President Alan García (must) realize that Peru is much greater, much deeper, more generous and more warlike than the rich friends that surround him."<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The general election, which took place on 10 April 2011, Toledo won 15.62% of the vote putting him behind leftist former army officer <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> (with 31.75%), <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a>, daughter of the former president (with 23.5%), and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (with 18.52%), and ahead of Luis Castaneda (with 9.84%).<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> After the initial round, Fujimori received the support of candidate and former president <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>, while Toledo supported Humala, calling him the lesser of two evils.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-miamiherald1-89">[88]</a> However, Toledo's support came with conditions, and he threatened to mobilize protests if Humala's presidency did not live up to Toledo's standards in terms of protecting democratic institutions, human rights, and stimulating the economy.<a href="#cite_note-miamiherald1-89">[88]</a> Just before the election, an email was released revealing that the socialist president of Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, had given financial support to Humala's 2006 campaign. It also emerged that Humala's wife, Nadine Heredia, had been well-paid for consulting work at a pro-Chávez newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In the final tally, Humala won 51.6% of the vote to Fujimori's 48.4%.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The day after the final vote, the Peruvian stock market plunged out of concern for the state of Peru's neo-liberal economic policies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Drawing on his close relations with Evo Morales, President-elect Humala visited Bolivia shortly after the election and suggested the possibility of reunification of the two countries, a proposal which Toledo explicitly rejected, warning that he would not "allow Peru to become another Venezuela or Nicaragua."<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Amidst worries that Humala's election represented a shift too far to the left, Peru Posible, under the leadership of Toledo, announced the month after the election that its members would not accept ministerial positions within the administration and would limit its support of Humala's government to backing on some issues in the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuit_over_corruption_allegations">Lawsuit over corruption allegations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lawsuit over corruption allegations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Operation Car Wash</a></div> In April 2016, Toledo was summoned to court on charges of <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> over the purchase of several properties via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecoteva_Consulting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecoteva Consulting (page does not exist)">Ecoteva Consulting</a>, a real estate company owned by Israeli businessman <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Maiman" title="Yossi Maiman">Yossi Maiman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-perureportsperuformerpresidentoledo-95">[94]</a> Toledo is accused of taking bribes from the Brazilian companies <a href="/wiki/Camargo_Corr%C3%AAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Camargo Corrêa">Camargo Corrêa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odebrecht" title="Odebrecht">Odebrecht</a> for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Highway" title="Interoceanic Highway">Interoceanic Highway</a>, and using the money to pay off personal mortgages and buy luxury real estate in the name of his mother in law.<a href="#cite_note-perureportsperuformerpresidentoledo-95">[94]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Financial_Market_Supervisory_Authority" title="Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority">Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority</a> said the money went from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Confiado_International_Corp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confiado International Corp (page does not exist)">Confiado International Corp</a>, a Panama-based company, to Costa Rica.<a href="#cite_note-larepublicadenuncianatoledo-96">[95]</a> Meanwhile, Maiman denied the allegations, comparing them to a "smear campaign".<a href="#cite_note-republicasobreecoteva-97">[96]</a> In 2016, Odebrecht stated as part of a plea agreement that the company had paid approximately $800 million in bribes in several Latin American countries, including $29 million in Peru from 2001 to 2006, the presidencies of Toledo and his two successors, all of whom have denied the charge of receiving bribes. On 9 February 2017, a Peruvian judge ordered Toledo's arrest over allegations that he took $20m (£16m) in bribes from Odebrecht in return for awarding public works contracts, a reward was offered for his capture, and <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> was alerted. <a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Toledo was arrested by US authorities in July 2019 after a formal request by Peru for his extradition. He was released on bail in 2020 and was living in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. On 20 April 2023, federal judge <a href="/wiki/Beryl_Howell" title="Beryl Howell">Beryl Howell</a> denied his last motion to delay his extradition and ordered his arrest.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> On 21 April 2023, Toledo surrendered himself to US authorities in <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_California" title="San Mateo, California">San Mateo, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> On 23 April 2023, Toledo was extradited to Peru, where he was transferred to Peruvian police.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On 21 October 2024, Toledo was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment by the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru" title="Superior Courts of Justice of Peru">National Superior Court of Specialized Criminal Justice</a> for taking bribes as part of the Odebrecht case.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_press">Relationship with the press</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Relationship with the press">edit</a>]</div> From the beginning of Toledo's presidency, the press took an aggressive stance, scrutinizing the personal and public lives of Toledo and his advisors. Many news outlets were determined to expose corruption. Others wished to prove their independence from the government. Ironically, it was Toledo's commitment to maintaining a free press that allowed these attacks to occur.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> Charges of corruption, nepotism, and graft aimed at Toledo, his family, members of his administration and fellow PP members plagued his presidency. These stories led to many resignations and were the most significant reason for Toledo's low approval ratings. Those ratings bottomed out in 2004, following the resignation of his Minister of Agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tren_Urbano_Lima_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tren_Urbano_Lima_3.jpg/220px-Tren_Urbano_Lima_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tren_Urbano_Lima_3.jpg/330px-Tren_Urbano_Lima_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tren_Urbano_Lima_3.jpg/440px-Tren_Urbano_Lima_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The subscribing of the convention for metro extension</figcaption></figure> On 7 May 2005, he received the Order of the Athir, one of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(Algeria)" title="National Order of Merit (Algeria)">National Order of Merits</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. In 2006, UCSD's Institute of the Americas honored President Toledo with its Award for Democracy and Peace for his efforts in promoting economic growth and strengthening democracy.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> "It is the force of his personality that has led this country to understand that in this globalized world, there is no alternative to regional integration, to free trade, to sane economic policies," said <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Davidow" title="Jeffrey Davidow">Jeffrey Davidow</a>, the institute's president.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Toledo has received honorary doctorates from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Winnipeg-106">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Andes_Peruvian_University" title="Los Andes Peruvian University">Los Andes Peruvian University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-UPLA-107">[106]</a> and 50 other universities around the world—for a total of 52. He has lectured in more than thirty countries on issues of poverty, economic growth, and democracy, as well as on the benefits of human-capital investment. 28 July 2011, was the tenth anniversary of Toledo's inauguration, an event catalogued in the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>'s "Highlights in History" for that day.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In October 2011, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a> awarded an honorary doctorate to Toledo "for his special role in establishing and developing relations between Peru and Georgia."<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Despite the largely negative press coverage of his presidency, many of Toledo's harshest critics recognize the high premium that Toledo put on democratic processes and safeguards. In recognition of his efforts to preserve the freedom of the press Enrique Zileri, President of the Peruvian Press Council, affirmed in May 2003 that there were no problems with press freedom in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48">[47]</a> Toledo received the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint-Charles">Order of Saint-Charles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> Among Toledo's publications are works on economic growth and structural reforms. His latest book, Las Cartas sobre la Mesa (The Cards on the Table), recounts his political career and the founding of <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%BA_Posible" class="mw-redirect" title="Perú Posible">Perú Posible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stanford1-35">[34]</a> <ul><li>Cartas Sobre la Mesa, Instituto de Investigacion para el Desarrollo, segunda edicion, 2003, Lima, Peru.</li> <li>"The Challenge of Growth and Social Investment in the 90s" (Chap. 1), Co- author in Alessandro Pio, Economic Adjustment and Social Development: Complementary or Conflict, Milan, Italy, ISLA, Instituto di Economia "Ettore Bocconi", Universidad L. Bocconi, E.G.E.A., SPA, 1992.</li> <li>The Other Faces of Informal Society (Ed. with Alain Chanlat), Lima, IDE/ESAN and HEC (Ecole de Hautes Etudes Commerciales), University of Montreal, Canada. September 1991.</li> <li>Peru and Latin America in Crisis: How to Finance Growth (editor), Instituto de Desarrollo Economico, ESAN, Lima, Peru. (Second Edition, 1990).</li> <li>Economic Stabilization and social adjustment: evaluation of the first 90 days Peru Economic Program of 1990; technical forum (editor) Lima, ESAN/IDE, December 1990.</li> <li>“Can Education Policy Equalize Income Distribution in Latin America? The cases of Brazil, Mexico and Peru” (with M. Carnoy, I. Velloso, and J. Lobo). Saxon House, England, 1979.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Office </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Type </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Main opponent </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan="4">Votes for Toledo </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Result </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">Total </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">% </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;"><abbr title="Position">P</abbr>. </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>±% </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">1995 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td style="background-color:#007244;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">CODE - Possible Country</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF8C00;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Change_90_-_New_Majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Change 90 - New Majority">Change 90 - New Majority</a> </td> <td>241,598 </td> <td>3.24% </td> <td>4th </td> <td>N/A </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td colspan="2">N/A<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">2000 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td style="background-color:#007244;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF5800;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru_2000" title="Peru 2000">Peru 2000</a> </td> <td>4,406,812 </td> <td>40.24% </td> <td>2nd </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td colspan="2">N/A<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">2000 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> </td> <td>General (second round) </td> <td style="background-color:#007244;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF5800;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru_2000" title="Peru 2000">Peru 2000</a> </td> <td>2,086,208 </td> <td>25.66% </td> <td>2nd </td> <td>+14.58% </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td colspan="2">N/A<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">2001 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td style="background-color:#007244;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#DF0101;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Aprista_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Aprista Party">Peruvian Aprista Party</a> </td> <td>3,871,167 </td> <td>36.51% </td> <td>1st </td> <td>+10.85% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td colspan="2">N/A<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">2001 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> </td> <td>General (second round) </td> <td style="background-color:#007244;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#DF0101;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Aprista_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Aprista Party">Peruvian Aprista Party</a> </td> <td>5,548,556 </td> <td>53.07% </td> <td>1st </td> <td>+16.56% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Won </td> <td style="background-color:#007244;"> </td> <td>Gain<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">2011 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td style="background-color:#007244;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru_Electoral_Alliance" title="Possible Peru Electoral Alliance">Possible Peru Electoral Alliance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#E34234;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Nationalist_Party" title="Peruvian Nationalist Party">Peruvian Nationalist Party</a> </td> <td>2,289,561 </td> <td>15.64% </td> <td>4th </td> <td>N/A </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td colspan="2">N/A<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">2016 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td style="background-color:#007244;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#E9511B;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force" title="Popular Force">Popular Force</a> </td> <td>200,012 </td> <td>1.30% </td> <td>8th </td> <td>N/A </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td colspan="2">N/A<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics of Peru</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is Toledo and the second or maternal family name is Manrique. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Revista GENTE, 16 de julio de 1987. Entrevista SI FUERA MINISTRO a Alejandro Toledo. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-38883570">¿Cómo pasó Alejandro Toledo de ser el líder de la batalla contra Fujimori en Perú a estar acusado de corrupción?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905234433/https://www.comunicacionesaliadas.com/elecciones-recuerdan-a-fraude-del-2000/">"PERÚ: Elecciones recuerdan a fraude del 2000"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comunicacionesaliadas.com/elecciones-recuerdan-a-fraude-del-2000/">the original</a> on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PER%C3%9A%3A+Elecciones+recuerdan+a+fraude+del+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comunicacionesaliadas.com%2Felecciones-recuerdan-a-fraude-del-2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/internacional/2001/06/02/actualidad/991432806_850215.amp.html">Toledo gana las elecciones presidenciales de Perú con el 52,76% de los votos</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestion.pe/v/s/gestion.pe/peru/politica/alejandro-toledo-perfil-lider-peru-posible-108812-noticia/%3foutputType=amp&_js_v=0.1&usqp=mq331AQEKAFwAQ%253D%253D#ampf=">Alejandro Toledo, el perfil del líder de Perú Posible</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/noticias/act503222/.html">http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/noticias/act503222/.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414064118/http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/noticias/act503222/.html">Archived</a> 14 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Popularidad de Toledo baja al 8 % </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191940/http://www.americaeconomica.com/numeros4/245/noticias/mecaetoledolu.htm">"La popularidad de Toledo cae al 8%"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaeconomica.com/numeros4/245/noticias/mecaetoledolu.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+popularidad+de+Toledo+cae+al+8%25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaeconomica.com%2Fnumeros4%2F245%2Fnoticias%2Fmecaetoledolu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp/archivo.elcomercio.pe/amp/politica/gobierno/alejandro-toledo-confirmo-que-postulara-presidencia-proximo-ano-noticia-666961">Alejandro Toledo confirmó que postulará a la presidencia de la República para "luchar por un Perú más justo y próspero"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725030806/https://www.americaeconomia.com/politica-sociedad/politica/alejandro-toledo-anuncia-que-sera-candidato-presidencial-2011">"Alejandro Toledo anuncia que será candidato presidencial 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americaeconomia.com/politica-sociedad/politica/alejandro-toledo-anuncia-que-sera-candidato-presidencial-2011">the original</a> on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alejandro+Toledo+anuncia+que+ser%C3%A1+candidato+presidencial+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaeconomia.com%2Fpolitica-sociedad%2Fpolitica%2Falejandro-toledo-anuncia-que-sera-candidato-presidencial-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peru21.pe/amp/politica/alejandro-toledo-elegido-candidato-presidencial-peru-posible-205289">Alejandro Toledo fue elegido candidato presidencial de Perú Posible</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725015211/https://amp.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/article46979540.html">"Alejandro Toledo elegido candidato presidencial del partido Perú Posible"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/article46979540.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alejandro+Toledo+elegido+candidato+presidencial+del+partido+Per%C3%BA+Posible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.elnuevoherald.com%2Fnoticias%2Fmundo%2Famerica-latina%2Farticle46979540.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Peru/pres2011_1.html">Resultados: Elecciones de Perú 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.rpp.pe/politica/elecciones/elecciones-2016-garcia-y-toledo-le-dicen-adios-a-las-urnas-noticia-952689">Elecciones 2016: García y Toledo dicen adiós a las urnas</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.larepublica.pe/politica/840767-alejandro-toledo-aclara-soy-profesor-visitante-en-la-universidad-de-stanford/">Alejandro Toledo aclara: "Soy profesor visitante en la Universidad de Stanford"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.rpp.pe/politica/judiciales/alejandro-toledo-participara-en-una-conferencia-este-miercoles-en-nueva-york-noticia-1052624">Alejandro Toledo participará en una conferencia este miércoles en Nueva York</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peruvianworld.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1282:centro-global-para-el-desarrollo-y-la-democracia&catid=61:noticias&Itemid=86">Centro Global para el Desarrollo y la Democracia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetadelibros.com.pe/autor/alejandro-toledo/000043813">Alejandro Toledo, postpresidencia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/amp/politica/alejandro-toledo-arrestado-estados-unidos-mandato-extradicion-noticia-nndc-655960">Alejandro Toledo es arrestado en EE.UU. "por mandato de extradición"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laindustria.pe/nota/9534-expresidente-alejandro-toledo-pedir-salir-en-libertad-bajo-fianza">Expresidente Alejandro Toledo pedirá salir en libertad bajo fianza</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/amp/politica/alejandro-toledo-vivo-juez-define-libertad-fianza-jueves-noticia-ecpm-670693">Alejandro Toledo seguirá detenido en cárcel de Estados Unidos</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exitosanoticias.pe/v1/justicia-estadounidense-determina-que-alejandro-toledo-permanezca-detenido/amp/">Justicia estadounidense determina que Alejandro Toledo permanezca detenido</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/conceden-libertad-bajo-fianza-a-alejandro-toledo-por-riesgo-de-covid-19-noticia/">"Conceden libertad bajo fianza a Alejandro Toledo por riesgo de Covid-19 | PERU"</a>. 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conceden+libertad+bajo+fianza+a+Alejandro+Toledo+por+riesgo+de+Covid-19+%26%23124%3B+PERU&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgestion.pe%2Fperu%2Fpolitica%2Fconceden-libertad-bajo-fianza-a-alejandro-toledo-por-riesgo-de-covid-19-noticia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-24"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/politica/alejandro-toledo-libertad-bajo-fianza-por-riesgo-de-contagiarse-de-coronavirus-corte-estados-unidos-noticia/">"Alejandro Toledo saldrá en libertad bajo fianza por riesgo a contagiarse de coronavirus"</a>. 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Kim Clark and Marc Becker (2007)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNNpBW8xPkwC&q=toledo&pg=PA241">Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador</a> Retrieved 27 July 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4336-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4336-5">978-0-8229-4336-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Anne Marie-deMejia (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNAhecncTBwC&dq=alejandro+toledo&pg=PA15">Bilingual Education in South America</a>, Retrieved 1 June 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853598197" title="Special:BookSources/9781853598197">9781853598197</a>/ </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Indigenous_World_2002–2003-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indigenous_World_2002–2003_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Indigenous_World_2002–2003_52-1">b</a> Diana Vinding (2003)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RomJxg75MZMC&q=toledo&pg=PA142">The Indigenous World 2002–2003</a>, Retrieved 30 May 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-90730-74-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-90730-74-1">978-87-90730-74-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311225511/http://cddrl.stanford.edu/news/former_peruvian_president_links_ethnicity_to_poverty_20120507/">"Former Peruvian President links ethnicity to poverty"</a>. article. Standord University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cddrl.stanford.edu/news/former_peruvian_president_links_ethnicity_to_poverty_20120507/">the original</a> on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=article&rft.atitle=Former+Peruvian+President+links+ethnicity+to+poverty&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcddrl.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2Fformer_peruvian_president_links_ethnicity_to_poverty_20120507%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/1878504">Peru: Running Out of Options.</a>" The Economist 26 July 2005. Retrieved 27 June 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Sara Benson, Paul Hellander, and Rafael Wlodarski (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INCgSn3BRwwC&dq=alejandro+toledo&pg=PA39">Peru</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A1xima+corte+peruana+anul%C3%B3+leyes+antiterroristas+de+Fujimori+%E2%80%93+ENE.+04%2C+2003+%E2%80%93+Internacionales+%E2%80%93+Historicos+%E2%80%93+EL+UNIVERSO&rft.pub=eluniverso.com&rft.date=2003-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniverso.com%2F2003%2F01%2F04%2F0001%2F14%2F08055D28C90D46AC8417AEE8A1480BEA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> MacLean, Iain S. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FBKQ1NtSTnEC&dq=alejandro+toledo+truth+and+reconciliation+commission&pg=PA23">Reconciliation, Nations, and Churches in Latin America</a>. 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Retrieved 21 October 2016. <q>Eva Fernenbug y Josef Maiman y la Cooperación Internacional Suiza han indicado que ese dinero provenía de cuentas en ese país de la empresa Confiado International Corp, que pasaron por Panamá, hasta llegar a Costa Rica.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Denuncian+a+Toledo%2C+su+esposa%2C+su+amigo+Maiman+y+su+ex+seguridad+Dan+On&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2F28-03-2015%2Fdenuncian-a-toledo-su-esposa-su-amigo-maiman-y-su-ex-seguridad-dan-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-republicasobreecoteva-97"><a href="#cite_ref-republicasobreecoteva_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022022849/http://larepublica.pe/politica/359531-josef-maiman-sobre-ecoteva-es-una-manera-de-atacar-alejandro-toledo">"Josef Maiman sobre Ecoteva: "Es una manera de atacar a Alejandro Toledo""</a>. 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Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgian+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Former+President+of+Peru+Visiting+TSU&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedianews.ge%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F87921%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Nomination by Sovereign Ordonnance <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/100ab120e52ceb84c12568ce002f2909/d6fb3a08e5f1fda8c1256def00342a0a!OpenDocument">n° 16063 of 21 November 2003 (French)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627034948/http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/100ab120e52ceb84c12568ce002f2909/d6fb3a08e5f1fda8c1256def00342a0a!OpenDocument">Archived</a> 27 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-generales-1995-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_8MCLSVVX8ug=CV">""ELECCIONES GENERALES 1995 - PRESIDENCIAL""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22ELECCIONES+GENERALES+1995+-+PRESIDENCIAL%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfogob.jne.gob.pe%2FEleccion%2FFichaEleccion%2Felecciones-generales-1995-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_8MCLSVVX8ug%3DCV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-generales-2000-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_yny1iTkPazM=yT">""ELECCIONES GENERALES 2000 - PRESIDENCIAL""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22ELECCIONES+GENERALES+2000+-+PRESIDENCIAL%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfogob.jne.gob.pe%2FEleccion%2FFichaEleccion%2Felecciones-generales-2000-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_yny1iTkPazM%3DyT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/segunda-vuelta-de-la-elecci%C3%B3n-presidencial-2000_normativa_r+6hROwHBIQ=6O">""SEGUNDA VUELTA DE LA ELECCIÓN PRESIDENCIAL 2000 - 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PRESIDENCIAL""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22ELECCIONES+GENERALES+2016+-+PRESIDENCIAL%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfogob.jne.gob.pe%2FEleccion%2FFichaEleccion%2Felecciones-generales-2016-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_LY8odlbsty4%3D8l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bruce_St._John" title="Ronald Bruce St. John">Ronald Bruce St. John</a>, Toledo's Peru: Vision and Reality. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro_Toledo2015" class="citation book cs1">Alejandro Toledo (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXbeBgAAQBAJ">The Shared Society: A Vision for the Global Future of Latin America</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9565-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9565-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-9565-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shared+Society%3A+A+Vision+for+the+Global+Future+of+Latin+America&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9565-4&rft.au=Alejandro+Toledo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXbeBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlejandro+Toledo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Toledo&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" class="extiw" title="commons:Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alejandro_Toledo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alejandro Toledo">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705145305/http://www.alejandrotoledo.org/">www.AlejandroToledo.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/alejandro_toledo_manrique">Biography by CIDOB</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gci275.com/peru/toledo.shtml">Alejandro Toledo: President of Peru</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2021029.html">Peace Corps: Alejandro Toledo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomcollection.org/interviews/alejandro_toledo/">Alejandro Toledo</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Collection" title="Freedom Collection">Freedom Collection</a> interview</li> <li>Alejandro Toledo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwTgPFJPIqA">"Latin America in the World Economy,"</a> Stanford Graduate School of Business, 3 December 2012. —Video.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">New political party </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of <a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> 1994–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Party dissolved </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> nominee for President of Peru <a href="/wiki/1995_Peruvian_general_election" title="1995 Peruvian general election">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_Peruvian_general_election" title="2000 Peruvian general election">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_Peruvian_general_election" title="2001 Peruvian general election">2001</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Rafael Belaúnde Aubry</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Rafael Belaúnde Aubry</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a> nominee for President of Peru <a href="/wiki/2011_Peruvian_general_election" title="2011 Peruvian general election">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016_Peruvian_general_election" title="2016 Peruvian general election">2016</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Party dissolved </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">New political alliance </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru_Electoral_Alliance" title="Possible Peru Electoral Alliance">Possible Peru Electoral Alliance</a> nominee for President of Peru 2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Alliance dissolved </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua" title="Valentín Paniagua">Valentín Paniagua</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Peru">President of Peru</a> 2001–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Peru" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">Presidents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_de_Luna_Pizarro" title="Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro">Luna Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Mar" title="José de la Mar">La Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_y_Portocarrero,_Marquis_of_Torre_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle">Bernardo de Tagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva_Ag%C3%BCero" title="José de la Riva Agüero">Riva Agüero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_y_Portocarrero,_Marquis_of_Torre_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle">Bernardo de Tagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Salazar_y_Baqu%C3%ADjano" title="Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano">Salazar y Baquíjano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Mar" title="José de la Mar">La Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_la_Fuente" title="Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente">Gutiérrez de la Fuente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Gamarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_de_Luna_Pizarro" title="Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro">Luna Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_de_Orbegoso" title="Luis José de Orbegoso">Orbegoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Pedro Pablo Bermúdez">Bermúdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Santiago_Salaverry" title="Felipe Santiago Salaverry">Salaverry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Gamarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Torrico" title="Juan Crisóstomo Torrico">Torrico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_Vidal" title="Juan Francisco de Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Figuerola" title="Justo Figuerola">Figuerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ignacio_de_Vivanco" title="Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco">Vivanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Nieto" title="Domingo Nieto">Nieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_El%C3%ADas" title="Domingo Elías">Elías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Figuerola" title="Justo Figuerola">Figuerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rufino_Echenique" title="José Rufino Echenique">Echenique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_San_Rom%C3%A1n" title="Miguel de San Román">San Román</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet" title="Juan Antonio Pezet">Pezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet" title="Juan Antonio Pezet">Pezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Balta" title="José Balta">Balta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Tomás Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Diez_Canseco" title="Francisco Diez Canseco">F. Diez Canseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Herencia_Zevallos" title="Mariano Herencia Zevallos">Zevallos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Pardo_(politician)" title="Manuel Pardo (politician)">Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Piérola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Francisco García Calderón">García Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizardo_Montero_Flores" title="Lizardo Montero Flores">Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Iglesias" title="Miguel Iglesias">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Arenas" title="Antonio Arenas">Arenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigio_Morales_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Remigio Morales Bermúdez">Morales Bermúdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justiniano_Borgo%C3%B1o" title="Justiniano Borgoño">Borgoño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Candamo" title="Manuel Candamo">Candamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Piérola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Roma%C3%B1a" title="Eduardo López de Romaña">Romaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Candamo" title="Manuel Candamo">Candamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapio_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Serapio Calderón">S. Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pardo_y_Barreda" title="José Pardo y Barreda">Pardo y Barreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa" title="Augusto B. Leguía">Leguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Billinghurst" title="Guillermo Billinghurst">Billinghurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_R._Benavides" title="Óscar R. Benavides">Benavides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pardo_y_Barreda" title="José Pardo y Barreda">Pardo y Barreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa" title="Augusto B. Leguía">Leguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Ponce_Brousset" title="Manuel María Ponce Brousset">Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Sánchez Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Leoncio_El%C3%ADas_Arias" title="Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias">Elías Arias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Gustavo Jiménez">Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Samanez_Ocampo" title="David Samanez Ocampo">Samanez Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Sánchez Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_R._Benavides" title="Óscar R. Benavides">Benavides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Prado Ugarteche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bustamante_y_Rivero" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bustamante y Rivero">Bustamante y Rivero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_Noriega_Ag%C3%BCero" title="Zenón Noriega Agüero">Noriega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Prado Ugarteche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_P%C3%A9rez_Godoy" title="Ricardo Pérez Godoy">Pérez Godoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lindley_L%C3%B3pez" title="Nicolás Lindley López">Lindley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Belaúnde Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Morales-Berm%C3%BAdez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Morales-Bermúdez">Morales-Bermúdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Belaúnde Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua" title="Valentín Paniagua">Paniagua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Kuczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Vizcarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Merino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Sagasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Boluarte</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Seal of the Republic of Peru"><img alt="Grand Seal of the Republic of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/100px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/150px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/200px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operation_Car_Wash" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operation_Car_Wash" title="Template:Operation Car Wash"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operation_Car_Wash" title="Template talk:Operation Car Wash"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operation_Car_Wash" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operation Car Wash"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Car_Wash" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Operation Car Wash</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Operation_Car_Wash" title="Phases of Operation Car Wash">Phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoots_of_Operation_Car_Wash" title="Offshoots of Operation Car Wash">Offshoots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoots_of_Operation_Car_Wash_outside_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshoots of Operation Car Wash outside Brazil">Offshoots abroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odebrecht_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Odebrecht Case">Odebrecht Case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_Brazil" title="List of scandals in Brazil">other scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_protests_in_Brazil" title="2015–2016 protests in Brazil">2015–2016 protests in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANCOOP_case" title="BANCOOP case">BANCOOP case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_cost" title="Brazil cost">Brazil cost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Car_Wash_controversies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Car Wash controversies (page does not exist)">Controversies</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controv%C3%A9rsias_envolvendo_a_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lava_Jato" class="extiw" title="pt:Controvérsias envolvendo a Operação Lava Jato">pt</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spoofing" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Spoofing">Operation Spoofing</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Spoofing" class="extiw" title="pt:Operação Spoofing">pt</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Rede_Globo#Operation_Car_Wash" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Rede Globo">Criticism of Rede Globo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Brazil" title="Electricity sector in Brazil">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">History since 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaza_Jato" title="Vaza Jato">Leaked conversations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leniency_agreements_in_Operation_Car_Wash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leniency agreements in Operation Car Wash (page does not exist)">Leniency agreements offered</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordos_de_dela%C3%A7%C3%A3o_premiada_na_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lava_Jato" class="extiw" title="pt:Acordos de delação premiada na Operação Lava Jato">pt</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odebrecht%E2%80%93Car_Wash_leniency_agreement" title="Odebrecht–Car Wash leniency agreement">Odebrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JBS%E2%80%93Car_Wash_leniency_agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JBS–Car Wash leniency agreement (page does not exist)">JBS</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_da_JBS_na_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lava_Jato" class="extiw" title="pt:Delações da JBS na Operação Lava Jato">pt</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensal%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensalão">Mensalão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_companies_involved_in_Operation_Car_Wash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of companies involved in Operation Car Wash (page does not exist)">Companies involved</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_empresas_envolvidas_na_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lava_Jato" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de empresas envolvidas na Operação Lava Jato">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_involved_in_Operation_Car_Wash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people involved in Operation Car Wash (page does not exist)">People involved</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_pessoas_envolvidas_na_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lava_Jato" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de pessoas envolvidas na Operação Lava Jato">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_convicted_in_Operation_Car_Wash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people convicted in Operation Car Wash (page does not exist)">People convicted</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_pessoas_condenadas_na_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lava_Jato" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de pessoas condenadas na Operação Lava Jato">pt</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Brazil" title="Penal Code of Brazil">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaza_Jato" title="Vaza Jato">Vaza Jato</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Montagem_Lava_Jato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Montagem_Lava_Jato.jpg/130px-Montagem_Lava_Jato.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Montagem_Lava_Jato.jpg/195px-Montagem_Lava_Jato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Montagem_Lava_Jato.jpg/260px-Montagem_Lava_Jato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Investi- gators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecutors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athayde_Ribeiro_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athayde Ribeiro Costa (page does not exist)">Athayde Ribeiro Costa</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athayde_Ribeiro_Costa" class="extiw" title="pt:Athayde Ribeiro Costa">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Fernando_dos_Santos_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Fernando dos Santos Lima (page does not exist)">Carlos Fernando dos Santos Lima</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Fernando_dos_Santos_Lima" class="extiw" title="pt:Carlos Fernando dos Santos Lima">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltan_Dallagnol" title="Deltan Dallagnol">Deltan Dallagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogo_Castor_de_Mattos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diogo Castor de Mattos (page does not exist)">Diogo Castor de Mattos</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo_Castor_de_Mattos" class="extiw" title="pt:Diogo Castor de Mattos">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erika_Marena" title="Erika Marena">Erika Marena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Rom%C3%A1rio_de_Paula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Romário de Paula (page does not exist)">Igor Romário de Paula</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Rom%C3%A1rio_de_Paula" class="extiw" title="pt:Igor Romário de Paula">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabel_Groba_Vieira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabel Groba Vieira (page does not exist)">Isabel Groba Vieira</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Groba_Vieira" class="extiw" title="pt:Isabel Groba Vieira">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerusa_Burmann_Viecili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerusa Burmann Viecili (page does not exist)">Jerusa Burmann Viecili</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusa_Burmann_Viecili" class="extiw" title="pt:Jerusa Burmann Viecili">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Tessler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Tessler (page does not exist)">Laura Tessler</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Tessler" class="extiw" title="pt:Laura Tessler">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Martello_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlando Martello Júnior (page does not exist)">Orlando Martello Júnior</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Martello_J%C3%BAnior" class="extiw" title="pt:Orlando Martello Júnior">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Roberto_Galv%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Roberto Galvão (page does not exist)">Paulo Roberto Galvão</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Roberto_Galv%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:Paulo Roberto Galvão">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberson_Pozzobon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberson Pozzobon (page does not exist)">Roberson Pozzobon</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberson_Pozzobon" class="extiw" title="pt:Roberson Pozzobon">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raquel_Dodge" title="Raquel Dodge">Raquel Dodge</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Janot" title="Rodrigo Janot">Rodrigo Janot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Moraes" title="Alexandre de Moraes">Alexandre de Moraes</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_L%C3%BAcia_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Lúcia (justice)">Carmen Lúcia</a> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolina_Lebbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carolina Lebbos (page does not exist)">Carolina Lebbos</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Lebbos" class="extiw" title="pt:Carolina Lebbos">pt</a>] </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_de_Mello" class="mw-redirect" title="Celso de Mello">Celso de Mello</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dias_Toffoli" title="Dias Toffoli">Dias Toffoli</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edson_Fachin" title="Edson Fachin">Edson Fachin</a> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Fischer (page does not exist)">Felix Fischer</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Fischer" class="extiw" title="pt:Felix Fischer">pt</a>] </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriela_Hardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriela Hardt (page does not exist)">Gabriela Hardt</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Hardt" class="extiw" title="pt:Gabriela Hardt">pt</a>] </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmar_Mendes" title="Gilmar Mendes">Gilmar Mendes</a> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_Gebran_Neto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Pedro Gebran Neto (page does not exist)">João Pedro Gebran Neto</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_Gebran_Neto" class="extiw" title="pt:João Pedro Gebran Neto">pt</a>] </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leandro_Paulsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leandro Paulsen (page does not exist)">Leandro Paulsen</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_Paulsen" class="extiw" title="pt:Leandro Paulsen">pt</a>] </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Roberto_Barroso" title="Luís Roberto Barroso">Luís Roberto Barroso</a> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luiz_Ant%C3%B4nio_Bonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luiz Antônio Bonat (page does not exist)">Luiz Antônio Bonat</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Ant%C3%B4nio_Bonat" class="extiw" title="pt:Luiz Antônio Bonat">pt</a>] </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_Fux" title="Luiz Fux">Luiz Fux</a> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Bretas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcelo Bretas (page does not exist)">Marcelo Bretas</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Bretas" class="extiw" title="pt:Marcelo Bretas">pt</a>] </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Aur%C3%A9lio_Mello" title="Marco Aurélio Mello">Marco Aurélio Mello</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lewandowski" title="Ricardo Lewandowski">Ricardo Lewandowski</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Weber" title="Rosa Weber">Rosa Weber</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Moro" title="Sergio Moro">Sergio Moro</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_Zavascki" title="Teori Zavascki">Teori Zavascki</a> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallisney_de_Souza_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallisney de Souza Oliveira (page does not exist)">Vallisney de Souza Oliveira</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallisney_de_Souza_Oliveira" class="extiw" title="pt:Vallisney de Souza Oliveira">pt</a>] </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Luiz_dos_Santos_Laus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Luiz dos Santos Laus (page does not exist)">Victor Luiz dos Santos Laus</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Luiz_dos_Santos_Laus" class="extiw" title="pt:Victor Luiz dos Santos Laus">pt</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">Federal Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)">Public Prosecutor's Office</a> (MPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minist%C3%A9rio_P%C3%BAblico_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministério Público Federal">Federal Public Ministry</a> (MPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Regional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Regional Court">Federal Regional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abreu_and_Lima_Refinery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abreu and Lima Refinery (page does not exist)">Abreu and Lima Refinery</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinaria_Abreu_e_Lima" class="extiw" title="pt:Refinaria Abreu e Lima">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camargo_Correa" class="mw-redirect" title="Camargo Correa">Camargo Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construtora_OAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construtora OAS (page does not exist)">Construtora OAS</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construtora_OAS" class="extiw" title="pt:Construtora OAS">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engevix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engevix (page does not exist)">Engevix</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engevix" class="extiw" title="pt:Engevix">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galv%C3%A3o_Engenharia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galvão Engenharia (page does not exist)">Galvão Engenharia</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galv%C3%A3o_Engenharia" class="extiw" title="pt:Galvão Engenharia">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IESA_%C3%93leo_e_G%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IESA Óleo e Gás (page does not exist)">IESA Óleo e Gás</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IESA_%C3%93leo_e_G%C3%A1s" class="extiw" title="pt:IESA Óleo e Gás">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBS_S.A." title="JBS S.A.">JBS S.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%26F_Investimentos" title="J&F Investimentos">J&F Investimentos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendes_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendes Júnior (page does not exist)">Mendes Júnior</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendes_J%C3%BAnior" class="extiw" title="pt:Mendes Júnior">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odebrecht" title="Odebrecht">Odebrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queiroz_Galv%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queiroz Galvão (page does not exist)">Queiroz Galvão</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queiroz_Galv%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:Queiroz Galvão">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UTC_Engenharia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UTC Engenharia (page does not exist)">UTC Engenharia</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC_Engenharia" class="extiw" title="pt:UTC Engenharia">pt</a>]</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cemig" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemig">Cemig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnas" title="Furnas">Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor de Mello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Cabral_Filho" title="Sérgio Cabral Filho">Sérgio Cabral Filho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Filho" title="Renan Filho">Renan Filho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Faria" title="Robinson Faria">Robinson Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%A3o_Viana" title="Tião Viana">Tião Viana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dirceu" title="José Dirceu">José Dirceu </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9cio_Neves_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aécio Neves da Cunha">Aécio Neves da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Anastasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Anastasia">Antônio Anastasia </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ssio_Cunha_Lima" title="Cássio Cunha Lima">Cássio Cunha Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciro_Nogueira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciro Nogueira">Ciro Nogueira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%ADrio_Beber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalírio Beber">Dalírio Beber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Lob%C3%A3o" title="Edison Lobão">Edison Lobão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Amorim_(politician)" title="Eduardo Amorim (politician)">Eduardo Amorim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Braga" title="Eduardo Braga">Eduardo Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eun%C3%ADcio_Oliveira" title="Eunício Oliveira">Eunício Oliveira </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bezerra_Coelho" title="Fernando Bezerra Coelho">Fernando Bezerra Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Alves_Filho" title="Garibaldi Alves Filho">Garibaldi Alves Filho </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Costa" title="Humberto Costa">Humberto Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Cassol" title="Ivo Cassol">Ivo Cassol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Viana" title="Jorge Viana">Jorge Viana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agripino_Maia" title="José Agripino Maia">José Agripino Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Serra" title="José Serra">José Serra </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1tia_Abreu" title="Kátia Abreu">Kátia Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADdice_da_Mata" title="Lídice da Mata">Lídice da Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_Farias" title="Lindbergh Farias">Lindbergh Farias </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_do_Carmo_Alves" title="Maria do Carmo Alves">Maria do Carmo Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Suplicy" title="Marta Suplicy">Marta Suplicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Aziz" title="Omar Aziz">Omar Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Rocha_(Brazilian_politician)" title="Paulo Rocha (Brazilian politician)">Paulo Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Calheiros" title="Renan Calheiros">Renan Calheiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Ferra%C3%A7o" title="Ricardo Ferraço">Ricardo Ferraço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romero_Juc%C3%A1" title="Romero Jucá">Romero Jucá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdir_Raupp" title="Valdir Raupp">Valdir Raupp </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Grazziotin" title="Vanessa Grazziotin">Vanessa Grazziotin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Nascimento_(politician)" title="Alfredo Nascimento (politician)">Alfredo Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Britto" title="Antônio Britto">Antônio Britto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Chinaglia" title="Arlindo Chinaglia">Arlindo Chinaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Russomano" class="mw-redirect" title="Celso Russomano">Celso Russomano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Almeida" title="Daniel Almeida">Daniel Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Faria_(politician)" title="Fábio Faria (politician)">Fábio Faria (politician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarbas_Vasconcelos" title="Jarbas Vasconcelos">Jarbas Vasconcelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carneiro" class="mw-redirect" title="José Carneiro">José Carneiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Lorenzoni" title="Onyx Lorenzoni">Onyx Lorenzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinho_da_For%C3%A7a" title="Paulinho da Força">Paulinho da Força</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paulo_Teixeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Paulo Teixeira (page does not exist)">Pedro Paulo Teixeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Garcia_(politician)" title="Rodrigo Garcia (politician)">Rodrigo Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Maia" title="Rodrigo Maia">Rodrigo Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeda_Crusius" title="Yeda Crusius">Yeda Crusius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Brito" title="Antonio Brito">Antonio Brito</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betinho_Gomes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betinho Gomes (page does not exist)">Betinho Gomes</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betinho_Gomes" class="extiw" title="pt:Betinho Gomes">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cac%C3%A1_Le%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cacá Leão (page does not exist)">Cacá Leão</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cac%C3%A1_Le%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:Cacá Leão">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Zarattini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Zarattini (page does not exist)">Carlos Zarattini</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Zarattini" class="extiw" title="pt:Carlos Zarattini">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Vilela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Vilela (page does not exist)">Daniel Vilela</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Vilela" class="extiw" title="pt:Daniel Vilela">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimas_Toledo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimas Toledo (page does not exist)">Dimas Toledo</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimas_Toledo" class="extiw" title="pt:Dimas Toledo">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Maia_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felipe Maia (politician) (page does not exist)">Felipe Maia</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Maia" class="extiw" title="pt:Felipe Maia">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Her%C3%A1clito_Fortes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heráclito Fortes (page does not exist)">Heráclito Fortes</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%A1clito_Fortes" class="extiw" title="pt:Heráclito Fortes">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_Bacelar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Carlos Bacelar (page does not exist)">João Carlos Bacelar</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_Bacelar" class="extiw" title="pt:João Carlos Bacelar">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vaccari_Neto" title="João Vaccari Neto">João Vaccari Neto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BAlio_Lopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Júlio Lopes (page does not exist)">Júlio Lopes</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Lopes" class="extiw" title="pt:Júlio Lopes">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BAcio_Vieira_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lúcio Vieira Lima (page does not exist)">Lúcio Vieira Lima</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Vieira_Lima" class="extiw" title="pt:Lúcio Vieira Lima">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1rio_Negromonte_Jr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mário Negromonte Jr (page does not exist)">Mário Negromonte Jr</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Negromonte_Jr" class="extiw" title="pt:Mário Negromonte Jr">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Monti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton Monti (page does not exist)">Milton Monti</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Monti" class="extiw" title="pt:Milton Monti">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson_Pellegrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelson Pellegrino (page does not exist)">Nelson Pellegrino</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Pellegrino" class="extiw" title="pt:Nelson Pellegrino">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Lustosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Lustosa (page does not exist)">Paulo Lustosa</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Lustosa" class="extiw" title="pt:Paulo Lustosa">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vander_Loubet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vander Loubet (page does not exist)">Vander Loubet</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vander_Loubet" class="extiw" title="pt:Vander Loubet">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_C%C3%A2ndido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente Cândido (page does not exist)">Vicente Cândido</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_C%C3%A2ndido" class="extiw" title="pt:Vicente Cândido">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeca_Dirceu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeca Dirceu (page does not exist)">Zeca Dirceu</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeca_Dirceu" class="extiw" title="pt:Zeca Dirceu">pt</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public figures and politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Eduardo_Alves" title="Henrique Eduardo Alves">Henrique Eduardo Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Calheiros" title="Renan Calheiros">Renan Calheiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romero_Juc%C3%A1" title="Romero Jucá">Romero Jucá</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eron_Bezerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eron Bezerra (page does not exist)">Eron Bezerra</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron_Bezerra" class="extiw" title="pt:Eron Bezerra">pt</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oligarchs & top execs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldemir_Bendine" title="Aldemir Bendine">Aldemir Bendine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eike_Batista" title="Eike Batista">Eike Batista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eron_Bezerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eron Bezerra (page does not exist)">Eron Bezerra</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron_Bezerra" class="extiw" title="pt:Eron Bezerra">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Eduardo_Alves" title="Henrique Eduardo Alves">Henrique Eduardo Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Calheiros" title="Renan Calheiros">Renan Calheiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romero_Juc%C3%A1" title="Romero Jucá">Romero Jucá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Odebrecht" title="Marcelo Odebrecht">Marcelo Odebrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Soares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Soares (page does not exist)">Fernando Soares</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Soares" class="extiw" title="pt:Fernando Soares">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Roberto_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Roberto Costa (page does not exist)">Paulo Roberto Costa</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Roberto_Costa" class="extiw" title="pt:Paulo Roberto Costa">pt</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9cio_Neves" title="Aécio Neves">Aécio Neves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Youssef" title="Alberto Youssef">Alberto Youssef</a> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Habib_Chater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Habib Chater (page does not exist)">Carlos Habib Chater</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Habib_Chater" class="extiw" title="pt:Carlos Habib Chater">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Cunha" title="Eduardo Cunha">Eduardo Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelma_Kodama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelma Kodama (page does not exist)">Nelma Kodama</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelma_Kodama" class="extiw" title="pt:Nelma Kodama">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Henrique_Srour" title="Raul Henrique Srour">Raul Henrique Srour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Panama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Fonseca_Mora" title="Ramón Fonseca Mora">Ramón Fonseca Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli" title="Ricardo Martinelli">Ricardo Martinelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alejandro Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis" title="2014 Brazilian economic crisis">2014 Brazilian economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Michel_Temer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest of Michel Temer">Arrest of Michel Temer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Anti-Corruption_Act" title="Brazilian Anti-Corruption Act">Anti-Corruption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrest_of_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrest of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (page does not exist)">Arrest of Lula</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pris%C3%A3o_de_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" class="extiw" title="pt:Prisão de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pension_fund_inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pension fund inquiry (page does not exist)">Pension fund inquiry</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPI_dos_Fundos_de_Pens%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:CPI dos Fundos de Pensão">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrobras_inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrobras inquiry (page does not exist)">Petrobras inquiry</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPI_da_Petrobras" class="extiw" title="pt:CPI da Petrobras">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Removal_of_A%C3%A9cio_Neves_from_the_Senate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Removal of Aécio Neves from the Senate (page does not exist)">Removal of Aécio Neves</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afastamento_de_A%C3%A9cio_Neves_do_Senado_Federal" class="extiw" title="pt:Afastamento de Aécio Neves do Senado Federal">pt</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_2016_leaks_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May 2016 leaks crisis (page does not exist)">May 2016 leaks crisis</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_dos_vazamentos_de_maio_de_2016" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise dos vazamentos de maio de 2016">pt</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment in Brazil">Impeachments</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_of_Andr%C3%A9_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impeachment of André Vargas (page does not exist)">André Vargas</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_de_cassa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Andr%C3%A9_Vargas" class="extiw" title="pt:Processo de cassação de André Vargas">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_of_Delc%C3%ADdio_do_Amaral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impeachment of Delcídio do Amaral (page does not exist)">Delcídio do Amaral</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_de_cassa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Delc%C3%ADdio_do_Amaral" class="extiw" title="pt:Processo de cassação de Delcídio do Amaral">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_and_removal_of_Eduardo_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impeachment and removal of Eduardo Cunha (page does not exist)">Eduardo Cunha</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afastamento_e_cassa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Eduardo_Cunha" class="extiw" title="pt:Afastamento e cassação de Eduardo Cunha">pt</a>]</li></ul></li> <li>Media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police:_The_Law_Is_for_Everyone" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Police: The Law Is for Everyone">Federal Police: The Law Is for Everyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mechanism_(TV_series)" title="The Mechanism (TV series)">The Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrilh%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrilhão (page does not exist)">Quadrilhão (terminologia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraty_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraty plane crash">Paraty plane crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Eduardo_Cunha" title="Removal of Eduardo Cunha">Removal of Eduardo Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaza_Jato" title="Vaza Jato">Vaza Jato</a></li> <li>Abroad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian political crisis (2017–present)">Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="First impeachment of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">First impeachment of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#acordo_de_leniência" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">acordo de leniência</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#active_corruption" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">active corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#Brazil_cost" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">Brazil cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#caixa_2" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">caixa 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#condução_coercitiva" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">condução coercitiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#colaboração_premiada" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">colaboração premiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#crédito_consignado" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">crédito consignado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#delação_premiada" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">delação premiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#desembargador" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">desembargador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#dólar-cabo" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">dólar-cabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#doleiro" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">doleiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#passive_corruption" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">passive corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#prisão_preventiva" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">prisão preventiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#prisão_temporária" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">prisão temporária</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#rewarded_collaboration" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">rewarded collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#rewarded_whistleblowing" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">rewarded whistleblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#setor_propina" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">setor propina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#superfaturamento" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">superfaturamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brazil_investigative_terms#undue_advantage" title="Glossary of Brazil investigative terms">undue advantage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lava_Jato" class="extiw" title="pt:Categoria:Operação Lava Jato">Pt category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016–present)" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peruvian_political_crisis" title="Template:Peruvian political crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peruvian_political_crisis" title="Template talk:Peruvian political crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peruvian_political_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peruvian political crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori#Presidency_(1990–2000)" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori regime (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Peruvian_general_election" title="2006 Peruvian general election">2006 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Peruvian_general_election" title="2011 Peruvian general election">2011 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ollanta_Humala" title="Presidency of Ollanta Humala">Presidency of Ollanta Humala</a> <ul><li>Censure of <a href="/wiki/Ana_Jara" title="Ana Jara">Ana Jara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Operation Car Wash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Peruvian_general_election" title="2016 Peruvian general election">2016 elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatun_Asha_ambush" title="Hatun Asha ambush">Hatun Asha ambush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacancy_due_to_moral_incapacity_(Peru)" title="Vacancy due to moral incapacity (Peru)">Vacancy due to moral incapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Peru" title="Corruption in Peru">Corruption in Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Kuczynski</a> Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo#2017_teachers'_strike" title="Pedro Castillo">2017 teachers' strike</a></li> <li>Censure of the <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Zavala" title="Fernando Zavala">Zavala Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="First impeachment of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">First impeachment of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Alberto_Fujimori" title="Pardon of Alberto Fujimori">Pardon of Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Mulder#Mulder_Bill" title="Mauricio Mulder">Mulder bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Peruvian_agrarian_strike" title="2018 Peruvian agrarian strike">2018 agrarian strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanivideos_scandal" title="Mamanivideos scandal">Mamanivideos scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Second impeachment of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Second impeachment of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Resignation of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Vizcarra</a> Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inauguration of Martin Vizcarra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNM_Audios" class="mw-redirect" title="CNM Audios">CNM Audios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori#Arrest_and_temporary_imprisonment" title="Keiko Fujimori">Arrest of Keiko Fujimori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum" title="2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum">2018 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa#Suicide" title="Alan García">Death of Alan García</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arrest of Alejandro Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis" title="2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Peruvian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Peruvian parliamentary election">2020 legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra#Cisneros_tapes" title="First impeachment of Martín Vizcarra">Cisneros tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="First impeachment of Martín Vizcarra">First impeachment of Martín Vizcarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_and_removal_of_Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Second impeachment and removal of Martín Vizcarra">Second impeachment and removal of Martín Vizcarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Merino</a> presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inauguration of Manuel Merino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Peruvian_protests" title="2020 Peruvian protests">2020 Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muerte_de_Brian_Pintado_e_Inti_Sotelo" class="extiw" title="es:Muerte de Brian Pintado e Inti Sotelo">Deaths of Brian Pintado and Inti Sotelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Manuel_Merino" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Manuel Merino">Resignation of Manuel Merino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Sagasti</a> Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Peruvian_agrarian_strike" title="2020–2021 Peruvian agrarian strike">2020–2021 Peruvian agrarian strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacunagate" title="Vacunagate">Vacunagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election" title="2021 Peruvian general election">2021 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election#Overturn_attempts" title="2021 Peruvian general election">Electoral crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a> presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inauguration of Pedro Castillo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo#November–December_2021_impeachment_attempt" title="Pedro Castillo">First impeachment attempt of Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo#February_2022_impeachment_and_acquittal" title="Pedro Castillo">Second impeachment attempt of Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_economic_protests" title="2022 Peruvian economic protests">2022 Anti-Castillo protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Peruvian_mining_protests" title="2021–2022 Peruvian mining protests">2021–2022 mining protests</a> <ul><li>Ayacucho mining conflict</li></ul></li> <li>Status of Bolivia's access to the sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_impeachment_and_removal_of_Pedro_Castillo" title="Third impeachment and removal of Pedro Castillo">Third impeachment and removal of Pedro Castillo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">2022 self-coup attempt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Boluarte</a> presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Peruvian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 Peruvian protests">2022–2023 Peruvian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2022%E2%80%932023_Peruvian_protests" title="Timeline of the 2022–2023 Peruvian protests">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Apur%C3%ADmac_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 Apurímac insurgency">2022–2023 Apurímac insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_massacre" title="Ayacucho massacre">Ayacucho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliaca_massacre" title="Juliaca massacre">Juliaca massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Parties_to_the_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parties to the conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Pro-<a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of the Republic of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorists</a></li> <li>Government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Manuel Merino</a></li> <li>Government of <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru" title="Constitutional Court of Peru">Constitutional Court of Peru</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia (page does not exist)">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li></ul> Supporting Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force" title="Popular Force">Popular Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Renewal" title="Popular Renewal">Popular Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance" title="American Popular Revolutionary Alliance">Peruvian Aprista Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_on_Country_%E2%80%93_Social_Integration_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Go on Country – Social Integration Party">Go on Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Action_(Peru)" title="Popular Action (Peru)">Popular Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress_(Peru)" title="Alliance for Progress (Peru)">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Peru)" title="Christian People's Party (Peru)">Christian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_People%27s_Front_of_Peru" title="Agricultural People's Front of Peru">FREPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru_Secure_Homeland" title="Peru Secure Homeland">Peru Secure Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podemos_Per%C3%BA" title="Podemos Perú">Podemos Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Peru" title="Union for Peru">Union for Peru</a> (2018-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Peru" title="We Are Peru">We Are Peru</a> (at times since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Victory" title="National Victory">National Victory</a> (at times)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru_First" title="Peru First">Peru First</a> (at times since 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Pro-<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government of Peru</a></li> <li>Government of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a></li> <li>Government of <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a></li> <li>Government of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Francisco Sagasti</a></li> <li>Government of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondas_campesinas" title="Rondas campesinas">Rondas campesinas</a> (since 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_to_Keiko" title="No to Keiko">No to Keiko</a></li></ul> Supporting Parties Before 2021: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_for_Change" title="Peruvians for Change">Peruvians for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contigo_(political_party)" title="Contigo (political party)">Contigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Party" title="Purple Party">Purple Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambio_21_(political_party)" title="Cambio 21 (political party)">Change 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Peru" title="We Are Peru">We Are Peru</a> (at times)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress_(Peru)" title="Alliance for Progress (Peru)">Alliance for Progress</a> (at times)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Victory" title="National Victory">National Victory</a> (at times)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru_First" title="Peru First">Peru First</a></li></ul> After 2021: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Peru" title="Free Peru">Free Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Together_for_Peru" title="Together for Peru">Together for Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_(Peru)" title="Broad Front (Peru)">Broad Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Peru" title="Union for Peru">Union for Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Nationalist_Party" title="Peruvian Nationalist Party">Peruvian Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Party" title="Purple Party">Purple Party</a> (at times)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Peru" title="We Are Peru">We Are Peru</a> (at times until 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Pro-Congress figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_L%C3%B3pez_Aliaga" title="Rafael López Aliaga">Rafael López Aliaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Manuel Merino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_Polar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando de Soto Polar">Hernando de Soto Polar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Galarreta" title="Luis Galarreta">Luis Galarreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Ar%C3%A1oz" title="Mercedes Aráoz">Mercedes Aráoz</a> (2019-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ot%C3%A1rola" title="Alberto Otárola">Alberto Otárola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Williams" title="José Williams">José Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Angulo_Arana" title="Pedro Angulo Arana">Pedro Angulo Arana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Urresti" title="Daniel Urresti">Daniel Urresti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ntero_Flores_Ar%C3%A1oz" title="Ántero Flores Aráoz">Ántero Flores Aráoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Acu%C3%B1a" title="César Acuña">César Acuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Martha Chávez">Martha Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Mulder" title="Mauricio Mulder">Mauricio Mulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Édgar Alarcón">Édgar Alarcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luna" title="José Luna">José Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricarmen_Alva" title="Maricarmen Alva">Maricarmen Alva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Valer" title="Héctor Valer">Héctor Valer</a> (until 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antauro_Humala" title="Antauro Humala">Antauro Humala</a> (until 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Salaverry" title="Daniel Salaverry">Daniel Salaverry</a> (until 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Pro-Government figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Before 2021: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Francisco Sagasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Ar%C3%A1oz" title="Mercedes Aráoz">Mercedes Aráoz</a> (until 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nika_Mendoza" title="Verónika Mendoza">Verónika Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Zeballos" title="Vicente Zeballos">Vicente Zeballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Julio Guzmán">Julio Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Zavala" title="Fernando Zavala">Fernando Zavala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_del_Solar" title="Salvador del Solar">Salvador del Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Heresi" title="Salvador Heresi">Salvador Heresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cateriano" title="Pedro Cateriano">Pedro Cateriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_San_Rom%C3%A1n" title="Máximo San Román">Máximo San Román</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bruce" title="Carlos Bruce">Carlos Bruce</a> (Until 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Forsyth_(footballer)" title="George Forsyth (footballer)">George Forsyth</a> (Until 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Martos" title="Walter Martos">Walter Martos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Acu%C3%B1a" title="César Acuña">César Acuña</a> (at times)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonhy_Lescano" title="Yonhy Lescano">Yonhy Lescano</a> (at times)</li></ul> After 2021: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cerr%C3%B3n" title="Vladimir Cerrón">Vladimir Cerrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Torres" title="Aníbal Torres">Aníbal Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Bellido" title="Guido Bellido">Guido Bellido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betssy_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Betssy Chávez">Betssy Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Valer" title="Héctor 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