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hizi"><span>Matukio ya hivi karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:MabadalikoyaKaribuni" title="Orodha ya mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni katika Wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mabadiliko ya karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:UkurasawaBahati" title="Onyesha ukurasa wa bahati [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ukurasa wa bahati</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Mahali pa kueleweshwa."><span>Msaada</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Mwanzo" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sw.svg" width="117" height="10" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.625em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:Tafuta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Tafuta</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tafuta Wikipedia" aria-label="Tafuta Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Maalum:Tafuta"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tafuta</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Zana binafsi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Badilisha mandhari ya ukubwa, upana, na rangi ya fonti ya ukurasa" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mandhari" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mandhari</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw" class=""><span>Michango</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Utamaduni" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Unda akaunti</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Utamaduni" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ingia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ufafanuzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ufafanuzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ufafanuzi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ufafanuzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_ya_dhana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_ya_dhana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia ya dhana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia_ya_dhana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhana_za_karne_ya_19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhana_za_karne_ya_19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dhana za karne ya 19</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dhana_za_karne_ya_19-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dhana za karne ya 19 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dhana_za_karne_ya_19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ulimbwende_wa_Kijerumani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulimbwende_wa_Kijerumani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ulimbwende wa Kijerumani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulimbwende_wa_Kijerumani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulimbwende_wa_Kiingereza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulimbwende_wa_Kiingereza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ulimbwende wa Kiingereza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulimbwende_wa_Kiingereza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhana_za_karne_ya_20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhana_za_karne_ya_20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dhana za karne ya 20</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhana_za_karne_ya_20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimu_jamii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimu_jamii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Elimu jamii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimu_jamii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mafunzo_ya_kiutamaduni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mafunzo_ya_kiutamaduni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mafunzo ya kiutamaduni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mafunzo_ya_kiutamaduni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mabadiliko_ya_kitamaduni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mabadiliko_ya_kitamaduni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mabadiliko ya kitamaduni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mabadiliko_ya_kitamaduni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanbihi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanbihi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tanbihi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanbihi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Marejeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo_vya_nje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Viungo vya nje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Utamaduni</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 202 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 202</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Kijerumani cha Uswisi" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani cha Uswisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%8D" title="ባሕል – Kiamhari" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባሕል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Kiamhari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kiaragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Kiaragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="ثقافة – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܪܕܘܬܐ – Kiaramu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܕܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Kiaramu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87" title="ثقافه – Kiarabu cha Misri" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثقافه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu cha Misri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – Kiassam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Kiassam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Маданият – Kiavari" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Маданият" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Kiavari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yati" title="Yati – Kiaymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yati" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Kiaymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99t" title="Mədəniyyət – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəniyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مدنیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مدنیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82" title="Мәҙәниәт – Kibashkiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәҙәниәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Kibashkiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Kibali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Kibali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuitua" title="Kuitua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kuitua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolt%C5%ABra" title="Koltūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Koltūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култура – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संस्कृति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%84%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B8" title="ထာꩻယေန်ႏငဲး – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထာꩻယေန်ႏငဲး" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རིག་གནས། – Kitibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རིག་གནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Kitibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenadur" title="Sevenadur – Kibretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sevenadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Kibretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Соёл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Соёл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ng-hu%C3%A1" title="Ùng-huá – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-huá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kichebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Kichebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttura" title="Kuttura – Kichamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Kuttura" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Kichamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%84%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%B2" title="ᏄᏍᏛᎠᏁᎲ – Kicherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏄᏍᏛᎠᏁᎲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Kicherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="چاند – Kikurdi cha Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi cha Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeniyet" title="Medeniyet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Medeniyet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9ltura" title="Kùltura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kùltura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwylliant" title="Diwylliant – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwylliant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_ni_taada" title="Kaya ni taada – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kaya ni taada" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagon" title="Zagon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zagon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ސަގާފަތު – Kidivehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަގާފަތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Kidivehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Κουλτούρα – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουλτούρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult%C3%B9ra" title="Cultùra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cultùra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo" title="Kulturo – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltura" title="Coltura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Coltura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF" title="فرهنگ – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuuri" title="Kulttuuri – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Kifriulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Kifriulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuer" title="Kultuer – Kifrisia cha Magharibi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kultuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Magharibi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult%C3%BAr" title="Cultúr – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cultúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiltir" title="Kiltir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kiltir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultar" title="Cultar – Kigaeli cha Uskoti" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cultar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Kigaeli cha Uskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandupy" title="Arandupy – Kiguarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arandupy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Kiguarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultoor" title="Cultoor – Kimanx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cultoor" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Kimanx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27ada" title="Al'ada – Kihausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Al'ada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Kihausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9n-fa" title="Vùn-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%CA%BBomeheu" title="Moʻomeheu – Kihawai" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moʻomeheu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Kihawai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תרבות – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संस्कृति – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriti" title="Sanskriti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sanskriti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilti" title="Kilti – Kihaiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kilti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kihaiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C3%BAra" title="Kultúra – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Մշակույթ – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kiintalingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Kiintalingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – lugha ya kisayansi" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="lugha ya kisayansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Kiigbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Kiigbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kiilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Kiilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Kiingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Kiingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo" title="Kulturo – Kiido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kulturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Kiido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menning" title="Menning – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Menning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcha" title="Kolcha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kolcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulnu" title="kulnu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kulnu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Kijava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Kijava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კულტურა – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidles" title="Yidles – Kikabylia" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Yidles" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kikabylia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мәдениет – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәдениет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturi" title="Kulturi – Kikalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Kulturi" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kikalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C" title="វប្បធម៌ – Kikambodia" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វប្បធម៌" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kikambodia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="문화 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Kikarachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Kikarachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B3" title="سَنٛس – Kikashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَنٛس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kikashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87and" title="Çand – Kikurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çand" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonisogeth" title="Gonisogeth – Kikorni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gonisogeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kikorni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Маданият – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маданият" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kiladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Kiladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Kilasembagi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Kilasembagi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur" title="Cultur – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuwangwa_(Culture)" title="Ebyobuwangwa (Culture) – Kiganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuwangwa (Culture)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Kiganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B3" title="ວັດທະນະທຳ – Kilaosi" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັດທະນະທຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Kilaosi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C5%ABra" title="Kultūra – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C5%ABra" title="Kultūra – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%84u%E1%B8%8D%C3%A2j%C3%A2" title="Ḅuḍâjâ – Kimadura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ḅuḍâjâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Kimadura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolontsaina" title="Kolontsaina – Kimalagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolontsaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Kimalagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тӱвыра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱвыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budayo" title="Budayo – Kiminangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Budayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Kiminangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култура – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സംസ്കാരം – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Соёл – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соёл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="संस्कृती – Kimarathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Kimarathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kimalta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Kimalta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kimirandi" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Kimirandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှု – Kiburma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Kiburma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Культуранть мазычись – Kierzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Культуранть мазычись" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Kierzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="دب – Kimazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Kimazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kinapoli" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Kinapoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Kisaksoni" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Kisaksoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संस्कृति – Kinepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Kinepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF" title="तजिलजि – Kinewari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तजिलजि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Kinewari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulture" title="Kulture – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kulture" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul%27tuuru" title="Kul'tuuru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kul'tuuru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Культурæ – Kiosetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Культурæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Kiosetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kipapiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Kipapiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ثقافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DA%85%D9%88%D8%A8" title="هڅوب – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هڅوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_saphi" title="Kawsay saphi – Kikechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay saphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kikechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur%C4%83" title="Cultură – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култуура – Kisakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Култуура" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Kisakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Kisicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Kisicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur" title="Cultur – Kiskoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cultur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Kiskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ثقافت – Kisindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Kisindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සංස්කෘතිය – Kisinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංස්කෘතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Kisinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C3%BAra_(spolo%C4%8Densk%C3%A9_vedy)" title="Kultúra (spoločenské vedy) – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kultúra (spoločenské vedy)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ثقافت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuur" title="Kulttuur – Kisami cha Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kulttuur" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Kisami cha Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsika" title="Tsika – Kishona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Kishona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaqan" title="Dhaqan – Kisomali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhaqan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Kisomali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култура – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlonipho" title="Inhlonipho – Kiswati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Inhlonipho" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Kiswati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Kisunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Kisunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lalangawan" title="lalangawan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lalangawan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பண்பாடு – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="సంస్కృతి – Kitelugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంస్కృతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Kitelugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Фарҳанг – Kitajiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳанг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Kitajiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="วัฒนธรรม – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัฒนธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr" title="Kültür – Kiturukimeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Kiturukimeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99nij%C9%99t" title="Mədənijət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mədənijət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr" title="Kültür – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndzhavuko" title="Ndzhavuko – Kitsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ndzhavuko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Kitsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Мәдәният – Kitatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәдәният" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Kitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamer%C9%9B" title="Amamerɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amamerɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1" title="كۈلتۈر – Kiuyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۈلتۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Kiuyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ثقافت – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaniyat" title="Madaniyat – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madaniyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul%27tur" title="Kul'tur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kul'tur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a" title="Văn hóa – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuliv" title="Kuliv – Kivolapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kuliv" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Kivolapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzance" title="Tuzance – Kiwaloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tuzance" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Kiwaloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კულტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კულტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קולטור – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קולטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%E1%B9%A3%C3%A0" title="Àṣà – Kiyoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àṣà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Kiyoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzva" title="Vwnzva – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzva" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-h%C3%B2a" title="Bûn-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Utamaduni" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Makala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano:Utamaduni&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu makala (bado haujaandikwa) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Majadiliano</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Badilisha lahaja ya lugha" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kiswahili</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div 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za Wiki zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Viungo viungavyo ukurasa huu</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:RecentChangesLinked/Utamaduni" rel="nofollow" title="Mabadiliko ya karibuni ya katika kurasa zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Mabadiliko husika</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sw" title="Pakia picha, video, au sauti [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Pakia faili</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:KurasaMaalum" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote maalumu [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kurasa maalumu</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&oldid=1346120" title="Kiungo cha daima cha kufikisha pitio hili la ukurasa"><span>Kiungo cha daima</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kusanya&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Utamaduni"><span>Tunga kitabu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:DownloadAsPdf&page=Utamaduni&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pakua kama PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&printable=yes" title="Toleo linalochapika la ukurasa huu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Ukurasa wa kuchapika</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Miradi mingine </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11042" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata kifungu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mandhari</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ficha</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/220px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/330px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/440px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michoro_ya_miambani" title="Michoro ya miambani">Michoro ya miambani</a> huko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobustan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobustan (bado haujaandikwa)">Gobustan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=10000_KK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10000 KK (bado haujaandikwa)">10000 KK</a> ikionyesha utamaduni uliostawi.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg/220px-Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg/330px-Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg/440px-Musicians_and_dancers_on_fresco_at_Tomb_of_Nebamun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7160" data-file-height="4899" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Misri_ya_kale" class="mw-redirect" title="Misri ya kale">Misri ya kale</a>, <a href="/wiki/1400_KK" title="1400 KK">1400 KK</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/200px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/300px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/400px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dini" title="Dini">Dini</a> na <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">sanaa</a> ni sehemu muhimu ya utamaduni wa binadamu.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Utamaduni</b> ni jinsi <a href="/wiki/Binadamu" title="Binadamu">binadamu</a> anavyokabili <a href="/wiki/Maisha" title="Maisha">maisha</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Mazingira" title="Mazingira">mazingira</a> yake.<sup id="cite_ref-dict_cult_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict_cult-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiyo inajumlisha <a href="/wiki/Ujuzi" title="Ujuzi">ujuzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imani" title="Imani">imani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maadili" title="Maadili">maadili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria">sheria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desturi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desturi (bado haujaandikwa)">desturi</a> n.k. ambavyo mtu anajipatia kama mwanajamii.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kama sifa maalumu ya binadamu, inayomtofautisha na <a href="/wiki/Wanyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyama">wanyama</a>, utamaduni ni suala la msingi katika <a href="/wiki/Anthropolojia" title="Anthropolojia">anthropolojia</a>, ukihusisha yale yote yanayopokezwa katika jamii fulani, kama vile <a href="/wiki/Lugha" title="Lugha">lugha</a> inayounganisha watu wanaohusika nao, <a href="/wiki/Fasihi" title="Fasihi">fasihi</a>, mafungamano, <a href="/wiki/Ndoa" title="Ndoa">ndoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michezo" title="Michezo">michezo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibada" title="Ibada">ibada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayansi" title="Sayansi">sayansi</a> na <a href="/wiki/Teknolojia" title="Teknolojia">teknolojia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macionis,_Gerber_and_2010_53_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macionis,_Gerber_and_2010_53-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utamaduni ulioendelea unaitwa pia "<a href="/wiki/Ustaarabu" title="Ustaarabu">ustaarabu</a>". </p><p>Kila utamaduni unabadilikabadilika mfululizo: ndani ya watu husika, baadhi wanachangia na kuunga mkono mabadiliko, wakati wengine wanayakataa. Ujuzi mpya na teknolojia, pamoja na mahitaji ya <a href="/wiki/Uchumi" title="Uchumi">uchumi</a>, ni kati ya mambo yanayosukuma zaidi kubadili kiasi fulani utamaduni. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ufafanuzi">Ufafanuzi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Ufafanuzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ufafanuzi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neno la <a href="/wiki/Kilatini" title="Kilatini">Kilatini</a> lenye maana ya utamaduni ni <i>Cultura</i> ambalo lina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usuli (bado haujaandikwa)">usuli</a> wake katika neno <i>colere,</i> linalomaanisha "kulima, kustawisha".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neno hili linafafanuliwa namna nyingi. Kwa mfano, <a href="/wiki/Mwaka" title="Mwaka">mwaka</a> <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kroeber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Kroeber (bado haujaandikwa)">Alfred Kroeber</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Kluckhohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clyde Kluckhohn (bado haujaandikwa)">Clyde Kluckhohn</a> walikusanya orodha ya vijelezi 164 vya neno hilo katika kazi yao: <i>Culture:a Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hata hivyo linatumika kimsingi katika njia tatu zifuatazo: </p> <ul><li>Maonjo ya hali ya juu katika <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">sanaa</a>, vilevile hujulikana kama utamaduni wa juu</li> <li>Mkusanyo wa <a href="/wiki/Maarifa" title="Maarifa">maarifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itikadi" title="Itikadi">itikadi</a> na <a href="/wiki/Tabia" title="Tabia">tabia</a> ya binadamu ambao hutegemea sana uwezo wa kuwasilisha mawazo na mafunzo ya kijamii kwa njia ya <a href="/wiki/Ishara" title="Ishara">ishara</a></li> <li>Jumla ya mitazamo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaida (bado haujaandikwa)">kaida</a>, ma<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lengo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lengo (bado haujaandikwa)">lengo</a> na <a href="/wiki/Maadili" title="Maadili">maadili</a> yanayotambulisha <a href="/wiki/Asasi" title="Asasi">asasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirika" title="Shirika">shirika</a> au kikundi fulani</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_ya_dhana">Historia ya dhana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Historia ya dhana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia ya dhana"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dhana" title="Dhana">Dhana</a> hii ilipoibuka kwanza katika <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_18" title="Karne ya 18">karne ya 18</a> na <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_19" title="Karne ya 19">19</a> <a href="/wiki/Bara" title="Bara">barani</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulaya" title="Ulaya">Ulaya</a>, ilimaanisha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mchakato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mchakato (bado haujaandikwa)">mchakato</a> wa kulima au kuboresha <a href="/wiki/Kilimo" title="Kilimo">kilimo</a> au kilimo cha <a href="/wiki/Mboga" title="Mboga">mboga</a>. Katika karne ya 19 dhana hii ilimaanisha kuboreshwa kwa <a href="/wiki/Mja" class="mw-redirect" title="Mja">mja</a> kupitia <a href="/wiki/Elimu" title="Elimu">elimu</a> na hali kadhalika ilimaanisha kutekelezwa kwa maazimio au maadili ya kitaifa. </p><p>Katikati ya karne ya 19, <a href="/wiki/Wanasayansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanasayansi">wanasayansi</a> wengine walitumia dhana ya utamaduni kurejelea uwezo wa kiubia wa binadamu. </p><p>Katika <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_20" title="Karne ya 20">karne ya 20</a>, "utamaduni" ulijitokeza kama dhana ya msingi katika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somo (bado haujaandikwa)">somo</a> la <a href="/wiki/Anthropolojia" title="Anthropolojia">Anthropolojia</a>. "Utamaduni" ulihusisha mambo yote ya binadamu ambayo hayakufungamana na <a href="/wiki/Maumbile" class="mw-redirect" title="Maumbile">maumbile</a>. </p><p>Dhana ya utamaduni katika <a href="/wiki/Anthropolojia_ya_Kimarekani" title="Anthropolojia ya Kimarekani">Anthropolojia ya Kimarekani</a> ilikuwa na maana mbili: </p> <ul><li>(1) Uwezo wa binadamu wa kuainisha na kuwasilisha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajiriba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajiriba (bado haujaandikwa)">tajiriba</a> za kibinadamu kiishara na kutenda mambo kwa <a href="/wiki/Ubunifu" title="Ubunifu">ubunifu</a>; na</li> <li>(2) Namna mbalimbali ambazo watu wanaoishi katika sehemu mbalimbali <a href="/wiki/Ulimwengu" title="Ulimwengu">ulimwenguni</a> huainisha na kuwasilisha tajiriba zao za maisha na kutenda mambo kwa ubunifu. Kufuatia <a href="/wiki/Vita_vya_pili_vya_dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita vya pili vya dunia">vita vya pili vya dunia</a>, dhana hii ilipata umaarufu, ingawa kwa fafanuzi tofautitofauti katika <a href="/wiki/Taaluma" title="Taaluma">taaluma</a> kama vile <a href="/wiki/Sosholojia" title="Sosholojia">sosholojia</a>, mafunzo ya utamaduni, <a href="/wiki/Saikolojia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saikolojia">saikolojia</a> ya mipangilio na mafunzo ya <a href="/wiki/Usimamizi" title="Usimamizi">usimamizi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dhana_za_karne_ya_19">Dhana za karne ya 19</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Dhana za karne ya 19" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Dhana za karne ya 19"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg/170px-Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg/255px-Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg/340px-Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Johann G. Herder alitia maanani utamaduni wa kitaifa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Adolf_Bastian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Bastian.jpg/170px-Adolf_Bastian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Bastian.jpg/255px-Adolf_Bastian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Bastian.jpg/340px-Adolf_Bastian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Adolf Bastian alikuza mtazamo wa kimataifa.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulimbwende_wa_Kijerumani">Ulimbwende wa Kijerumani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Hariri sehemu: Ulimbwende wa Kijerumani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ulimbwende wa Kijerumani"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mwanafalsafa wa Ujerumani <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (<a href="/wiki/1724" title="1724">1724</a>-<a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>) aliibuka na ufafanuzi wa binafsi wa "<a href="/wiki/Falsafa_ya_mwangaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsafa ya mwangaza">Falsafa ya mwangaza</a>" akiulinganisha na dhana ya <i>bildung</i>: "kulingana naye, enzi ya nuru ni kule kutoka kwa binadamu katika hali ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchanga (bado haujaandikwa)">uchanga</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alielezea ya kwamba hali ya uchanga haitokani na kukosa kuelewa bali hutoka katika kukosa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujasiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ujasiri (bado haujaandikwa)">ujasiri</a> wa kufikiria huria. Kutokana na hali hii ya <a href="/wiki/Woga" title="Woga">woga</a> wa kiusomi, Kant alihimiza: <i>Sapere aude,</i> "thubuthu kuwa na <a href="/wiki/Hekima" title="Hekima">hekima</a>!" </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottfried_Herder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottfried Herder (bado haujaandikwa)">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> (<a href="/wiki/1744" title="1744">1744</a>-<a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a>) alielezea ubunifu wa binadamu kuwa muhimu kama kufikiria kwake ingawa hudhihirika katika njia mbalimbali. Herder alipendekeza namna ya pamoja ya <i>bildung</i>: "kulingana na Herder, bildung ni “jumla ya tajiriba ambazo hutoa utambulisho thabiti na dhana ya pamoja ya majaaliwa ya watu.”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnamo mwaka <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwanaisimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwanaisimu (bado haujaandikwa)">mwanaisimu</a> na mwanafalsafa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Von_Humboldt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Von Humboldt (bado haujaandikwa)">Wilhelm Von Humboldt</a> (<a href="/wiki/1767" title="1767">1767</a>-<a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a>) alitoa wito kuanzisha anthropolojia ambayo iunganishe mawazo ya Kant na Herder. Katika enzi ya Kilimbwende, wasomi wa Kijerumani, hasa wale walioshughulikia muungano wa kitaifa - kama vile mapambano ya kitaifa ya kuanzisha <a href="/wiki/Dola_la_Ujerumani" title="Dola la Ujerumani">dola la Ujerumani</a> kutoka kwa vidola vidogovidogo na mapambano ya kitaifa ya makabila madogo dhidi ya himaya ya <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungaria" title="Austria-Hungaria">Austria-Hungaria</a> - walikuza dhana ya utamaduni ya "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwonoulimwengu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwonoulimwengu (bado haujaandikwa)">mwonoulimwengu</a>". Kulingana na <a href="/wiki/Shule" title="Shule">shule</a> hii ya mawazo, kila <a href="/wiki/Kabila" title="Kabila">kabila</a> lina mwonoulimwengu wake ambao hauwezi kulinganishwa na mionoulimwengu ya makundi mengine ya watu. Ingawa maoni hayo yalikuwa husishi kuliko maoni ya hapo awali, mwelekeo huu kuhusu utamaduni bado ulikuwa na milinganisho ya "ustaarabu" na "ushenzi" au tamaduni za "kikabila". </p><p>Mnamo mwaka <a href="/wiki/1860" title="1860">1860</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Bastian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Bastian (bado haujaandikwa)">Adolf Bastian</a> (<a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a>-<a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a>) alipigania "umoja wa binadamu kisaikolojia". Alipendekeza kwamba, mlinganisho wa kisayansi wa jamii zote za binadamu udhihirishe mionoulimwengu tofauti inayojumuisha elementi sawa za kimsingi. Kulingana na Bastian, jamii zote za binadamu zina "mawazo sawa ya kimsingi" <i>(Elementargedanken)</i>; tamaduni sawa au tofauti za "mawazo ya jadi" <i>(Volkergedanken)</i>, haya ni mabadiliko ya kienyeji yanayofanyiwa mawazo ya kimsingi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ufafanuzi huu umechangia pakubwa kuelewa utamaduni siku hizi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Boaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Boaz (bado haujaandikwa)">Franz Boaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a>-<a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>) alipata mafunzo katika utamaduni huu na ndiye aliyeyapeleka mawazo haya <a href="/wiki/Marekani" title="Marekani">Marekani</a> alipohamia kutoka Ujerumani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulimbwende_wa_Kiingereza">Ulimbwende wa Kiingereza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Hariri sehemu: Ulimbwende wa Kiingereza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ulimbwende wa Kiingereza"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg/170px-Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg/255px-Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg/340px-Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mshairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mshairi">Mshairi</a> na <a href="/wiki/Mwandishi" title="Mwandishi">mwandishi</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Insha" title="Insha">insha</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Uingereza" title="Uingereza">Uingereza</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Arnold (bado haujaandikwa)">Matthew Arnold</a> alitumia neno "utamaduni" kumaanisha hali ya juu sana ya ubora wa binadamu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Katika karne ya 19, <a href="/wiki/Mshairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mshairi">mshairi</a> na <a href="/wiki/Mwandishi" title="Mwandishi">mwandishi</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Insha" title="Insha">insha</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Uingereza" title="Uingereza">Uingereza</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Arnold (bado haujaandikwa)">Matthew Arnold</a> (<a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a>-<a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a>) alitumia neno utamaduni kumaanisha hali ya juu sana ya ubora wa binadamu, bora zaidi iliyowahi kuwaziwa na kusemwa ulimwenguni."<sup id="cite_ref-anarchy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anarchy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhana hii ya utamaduni inaweza kulinganishwa na dhana ya <a href="/wiki/Kijerumani" title="Kijerumani">Kijerumani</a> ya bildung: “utamaduni ukiwa ndio hali ya kutafuta ubora kupitia njia ya kufahamu kuhusu masuala yote yanayotuhusu, yale bora ambayo yamewazwa na kusemwa ulimwenguni.”<sup id="cite_ref-anarchy_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anarchy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Kimsingi, utamaduni ulirejelea maadili ya juu ya kiusomi na ambayo yalihusishwa na <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muziki" title="Muziki">muziki</a> wa kale na <a href="/wiki/Upishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Upishi">upishi</a> wa hali ya juu. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kama fomu hizo zilikuwa Urbane yanayohusiana na maisha, "utamaduni" ilikuwa kutambuliwa kwa "ustaarabu" (kutoka lat. <i>civitas,</i> mji). Facet mwingine wa harakati alikuwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romantic (bado haujaandikwa)">Romantic</a> riba katika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore (bado haujaandikwa)">Folklore</a>, ambayo imesababisha kubaini "utamaduni" miongoni mwa wasio wasomi. Tofauti hii ni mara nyingi wanaotambuliwa kama kwamba kati ya "<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_utamaduni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High utamaduni (bado haujaandikwa)">high utamaduni</a>", yaani ile ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundi_tawala_kijamii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundi tawala kijamii (bado haujaandikwa)">kundi tawala kijamii</a>, na "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asili_utamaduni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asili utamaduni (bado haujaandikwa)">Asili utamaduni</a>". Kwa maneno mengine, dhana ya "utamaduni" kwamba maendeleo katika Ulaya wakati wa 18 na 19 mapema ya karne Ulaya speglas usawa ndani ya jamii.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matthew Arnold alilinganisha "utamaduni" na "fujo"; <a href="/wiki/Wazungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazungu">Wazungu</a> wengine wakiwaiga <a href="/wiki/Wanafalsafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanafalsafa">wanafalsafa</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> na <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> walilinganisha "utamaduni" na "hali ya maumbile au hali ya nyikani". Kulingana na Hobbes na Rousseau, <a href="/wiki/Waindio" title="Waindio">Waamerika asilia</a>, ambao walitawaliwa na Wazungu kutoka <a href="/wiki/Ulaya" title="Ulaya">Ulaya</a> kuanzia <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_16" title="Karne ya 16">karne ya 16</a>, walikuwa wakiishi katika hali ya kimaumbile, ndipo ikaleta mlinganisho wa "waliostaarabika" na "wasiostaarabika." Kwa mujibu wa mkabala huu wa mawazo unaweza kuainisha nchi na mataifa katika yale yaliyostaarabika kuliko mengine au watu waliostaarabika kuliko wengine. </p><p>Milinganisho hii ilichangia kuzua <a href="/wiki/Nadharia" title="Nadharia">nadharia</a> ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udarwin_wa_kijamii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udarwin wa kijamii (bado haujaandikwa)">Udarwin wa kijamii</a> (Social Darwinism) ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herhert_Spencer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herhert Spencer (bado haujaandikwa)">Herhert Spencer</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maendeleo_ya_utamaduni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maendeleo ya utamaduni (bado haujaandikwa)">Maendeleo ya utamaduni</a> (Cultural evolution) ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Henry_Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Henry Morgan (bado haujaandikwa)">Lewis Henry Morgan</a>. Jinsi baadhi ya wakosoaji wanavyosema, kutofautisha tamaduni za juu na za chini kwa kweli ni usemi wa mgogoro kati ya wasomi wa Ulaya na wasio wasomi, na kutofautisha watu wastaarabu na wasio wastaarabu kwa kweli ni usemi wa mgogoro kati ya madola ya <a href="/wiki/Ukoloni" title="Ukoloni">kikoloni</a> ya Ulaya na watawaliwa wao. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg/170px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg/255px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Mwanaanthropolojia wa Kiingereza kwa jina Edward Taylor ndiye aliyekuwa mtaalamu wa kwanza wa asili ya Uingereza kutumia neno utamaduni kwa usawa na kwa ubia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wahakiki wengine wa karne ya 19, wakifuata mfano wa Rosseau, wamekubali huu mgawiko wa utamaduni wa juu na wa chini; hata hivyo wameuona ubora na uchangamano wa utamaduni wa juu unaochugua na kuharibu hali halisi ya kimaumbile ya watu. Wahakiki hao walitilia mkazo muziki wa asili (jinsi unavyotolewa na watu wanaofanya kazi) uliotumiwa kuelezea hali halisi ya <a href="/wiki/Maisha" title="Maisha">maisha</a> kwa upande mwingine muziki wa zamani si wa halisi na umejaa uoza. Maoni hayo yaliwadhihirisha watu wa kiasilia kama washenzi na wasiostaarabika wanaoishi maisha halisi, ambayo si changamano, hayajabanangwa na mifumo ya <a href="/wiki/Tabaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabaka">kitabaka</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Ubepari" title="Ubepari">kiubepari</a> ya kimagharibi. </p><p>Mnamo mwaka <a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Taylor (bado haujaandikwa)">Edward Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a>-<a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a>) aliyatumia mawazo haya ya utamaduni wa juu na wa chini kupendekeza nadharia ya ukuaji wa dini. Kulingana na nadharia hiyo, dini hukua kutoka mfumo wa kuabudu <a href="/wiki/Miungu" title="Miungu">miungu</a> hadi <a href="/wiki/Ibada" title="Ibada">ibada</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Mungu" title="Mungu">Mungu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mmoja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mmoja (bado haujaandikwa)">mmoja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliielezea dini kama jumla ya shughuli zinazozitambulisha jamii za kibinadamu. Maoni hayo huchangia pakubwa kuelewa dhana ya utamaduni kwa sasa.</ref> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dhana_za_karne_ya_20">Dhana za karne ya 20</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Hariri sehemu: Dhana za karne ya 20" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Dhana za karne ya 20"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ingawa wanaanthropolojia ulimwenguni huurejelea ufafanuzi wa Taylor, katika karne ya 20 dhana ya utamaduni ilijitokeza kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mhimili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mhimili (bado haujaandikwa)">mhimili</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Anthropolojia_ya_Kimarekani" title="Anthropolojia ya Kimarekani">Anthropolojia ya Kimarekani</a>, ambapo utamaduni ulifafanuliwa kama uwezo wa kiubia wa binadamu wa kuainisha na kusimbika tajiriba zao kiishara na kuwasilisha kiishara tajiriba zilizosimbikwa kijamii. </p><p>Anthropolojia ya Kimarekani imepangiliwa katika mawanda manne. Kila mojawapo huchangia sana <a href="/wiki/Utafiti" title="Utafiti">utafiti</a> wa utamaduni. Mawanda yenyewe ni: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthropolojia_ya_kibiolojia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthropolojia ya kibiolojia (bado haujaandikwa)">anthropolojia ya kibiolojia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isimu" title="Isimu">isimu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthropolojia_ya_kiutamaduni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthropolojia ya kiutamaduni (bado haujaandikwa)">anthropolojia ya kiutamaduni</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Akiolojia" title="Akiolojia">akiolojia</a>. Utafiti katika mawanda haya umewaathiri kwa kiwango fulani wanaathropolojia wanaofanya kazi katika nchi zingine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elimu_jamii">Elimu jamii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Hariri sehemu: Elimu jamii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Elimu jamii"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosholojia_ya_utamaduni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosholojia ya utamaduni (bado haujaandikwa)">Sosholojia ya utamaduni</a> inajihusisha na utamaduni unavyojitokeza katika jamii, nao unaweza ama kutegemea ama kutotegemea <a href="/wiki/Mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata">mata</a> (yaani <a href="/wiki/Jengo" title="Jengo">majengo</a>, vifaa n.k. ama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunu (bado haujaandikwa)">tunu</a>, imani, taratibu n.k.).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> t. </p><p>Kutokana na athari ya watu kama <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a> na <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, aina hii ya sosholojia ilitokea kwanza <a href="/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani">Ujerumani</a> (<a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>–<a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>), ambapo wataalamu kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Weber (bado haujaandikwa)">Alfred Weber</a> walitunga neno <i>Kultursoziologie</i> (kwa <a href="/wiki/Kiingereza" title="Kiingereza">Kiingereza</a> cultural sociology), halafu katika nchi za lugha ya Kiingereza, hasa <a href="/wiki/Miaka_ya_1960" title="Miaka ya 1960">miaka ya 1960</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mafunzo_ya_kiutamaduni">Mafunzo ya kiutamaduni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Hariri sehemu: Mafunzo ya kiutamaduni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Mafunzo ya kiutamaduni"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nchini Uingereza, wanasosholojia na wasomi wengine walioathiriwa na Umarx, kama vile Stuart Hall na Raymond Williams, walianzisha mafunzo ya kitamaduni. Wakifuata nyayo za Walimbwende wa karne ya 19 walihusisha utamaduni na matumizi ya bidhaa na mambo ya ziada (kama vile sanaa, muziki, filamu, chakula, michezo na mavazi). Hata hivyo walielewa mitindo ya kula na ya anasa inaamuliwa na mahusiano ya uzalishaji ambayo iliwafanya kuangazia zaidi mahusiano ya kitabaka na mpangilio wa uzalishaji.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nchini Marekani mafunzo ya kitamaduni yaliangazia pakubwa juu ya uchunguzi wa utamaduni pendwa yaani maana ya kijamii ya uzalishaji kwa wingi wa bidhaa za matumizi na anasa. Dhana hii ilibuniwa na Richard Hggart mnamo mwaka wa 1964 alipoanzisha mjini Birmingham Kituo cha mafunzo ya kisasa ya kitamaduni.(Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies/CCCS).Tokea hapo kituo hicho kimehusishwa sana na Stuart Hall ambaye alichukua mahali pa Hoggart kama mkurugenzi. </p><p>Kuanzia <a href="/wiki/Miaka_ya_1970" title="Miaka ya 1970">miaka ya 1970</a> na kuendelea, kazi aliyoasisi Stuart Hall pamoja na wenzake Paul Wills, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson na Angela McRobbie, waliunda muungano wa kiusomi wa kimataifa. Uwanja huu ulipokua kuungana mawanda mengine kama vile siasa ya kiuchumi,mawasiliano,sosholojia,nadharia ya kijamii,nadharia ya kifasihi,nadharia ya vyombo vya habari,mafunzo ya filamu/video,anthropolojia ya kitamaduni,falsafa,mafunzo ya makavazi, na sanaa ya historia ili kuchunguza matukio ya kitamaduni au matini za kitamaduni. Katika uwanja huu watafiti wanajikita juu ya namna tukio fulani linavyohusiana na masuala ya itikadi, utaifa, ukabila, tabaka la kijamii, na/au jinsia. Mafunzo ya kitamaduni yanahusisha maana na matendo ya kila siku ya maisha. Matendo haya yanahusisha namna watu wanavyofanya vitu fulani( kama vile kutazama runinga, au kula) katika utamaduni fulani. Uwanja huu huchunguza maana na matumizi watu huwekea vifaa na matendo fulani. Hivi karibuni ,vile ubepari umeenea kote duniani(mchakato uitwao utandawazi),mafunzo ya kitamaduni yameanza kuchanganua njia za kienyeji na za kilimwengu za kupinga kutawaliwa na Magharibi. </p><p>Katika muktadha wa mafunzo ya kitamaduni,wazo la matini halihusishi tu lugha iliyoandikwa bali huhusisha filamu,picha,fesheni, au mitindo ya nywele:matini za mafunzo ya kitamaduni hujumuisha sanaa-baki za maana za utamaduni. Vilevile uwanja huu hupanua dhana ya "utamaduni". "Utamaduni" kwa mtafiti wa mafunzo ya kitamaduni hujumuisha utamaduni asilia wa juu( utamaduni wa makundi tawala ya jamii)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na utamaduni pendwa na maana na matendo ya kila siku. Mawili ya mwisho ndiyo yanayotiliwa maanani na mafunzo ya kitamaduni. Mwelekeo zaidi na sasa ni mafunzo ya utamaduni linganishi unaotokana na uwanja wa fasihi linganishi na mafunzo ya kitamaduni. </p><p>Wasomi nchini Uingereza na Marekani walibuni aina tofauti za mafunzo ya kitamaduni baada ya kuasisiwa kwa taaluma hii miaka ya mwishoni mwa 1970. Aina ya mafunzo ya kitamaduni ya Uingereza yalianzishwa miaka ya 1950 na 1960 kutokana na athari ya kwanza Richard Hoggart,E.P.Thompson na Raymond Williams na baadaye Stuart Hall na wengineo katika kituo cha mafunzo ya kisasa ya utamaduni katika chuo kikuu cha Birmingham. Hii ilihusisha maoni ya kisiasa ya mrengu wa kushoto na shutuma dhidi ya utamaduni pendwa kuwa ulikuwa utamaduni wa umati wa kibepari. Ilijumuisha baadhi ya mawazo ya tahakiki ya Shule ya Frankfurt ya kiwanda cha utamaduni.(yaani utamaduni wa umati). Hii inajitokeza katika maandishi ya wasomi wa mwanzoni wa Uingereza wa mafunzo ya kitamaduni na athari zao: tazama (kwa mfano) kazi za Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis na Paul Gilroy. </p><p>Nako nchini Marekani Lindlof na Taylor wanasema ya kwamba mafunzo ya kitamaduni yalikitwa katika utamaduni wa kiprigmatiki wa uliberali wa wingi".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aina ya mafunzo ya utamaduni ya Marekani mwanzoni yalijihusisha zaidi na kuelewa namna hadhira ingechukulia matumizi ya utamaduni wa umati.Kwa mfano wakereketwa wa mafunzo ya utamaduni Marekani waliandika kuhusu vipengele vya kiliberali vya fandom. Tofauti baina ya mitazamo ya Marekani na Uingereza sasa imefifia. Watafiti wengine hasa katika mafunzo ya mwanzoni ya utamaduni Uingereza wanatumia ruwaza za kimarx katika taaluma hii. Huu mtindo wa kufikiria una athari kutoka kwa Shule ya Frankfurt,lakini athari kubwa inatoka kwa umarx muundo wa Louis Althusser na wengineo. Mkazo wa umarx asili ni juu ya maana ya <i>uzalishaji</i> . Ruwaza hii huchukua uzalishaji kwa wingi na hutambua uwezo/mamlaka huwa miongoni mwa wale wanaotoa sanaa baki. Katika mtazamo wa kimarx,wale wanaothibiti njia za uzalishaji (<i>msingi</i> wa uchumi) kimsingi ndiyo hutawala utamaduni. Mielekeo mingine kuhusu mafunzo ya utamaduni kama vile mafunzo ya ufeministi ya utamaduni,na maendeleo ya kimarekani katika taaluma yanajitenga na wazo hili. Wanashutumu umarx kwa maana moja ya utamaduni ambayo inaaminiwa na wote. Mielekeo isiyo ya umarx inapendekeza njia mbalimbali za kushughulikia utamaduni wa sanaa-baki huathiri maana ya zao. Wazo hili linaelezewa vizuri katika kitabu cha Paul du Gay na wengine, <i>Doing Cultural Studies: The case of Sony Walkman</i>, ambacho kinapinga wazo kwamba wale wanaozalisha bidhaa huthibiti maana ambazo watu huhusisha nazo. Mchanganuzi wa kifeministi wa utamaduni, mwananadharia na mwanahistoria wa sanaa Griselda Pollock alichangia katika mafunzo ya utamaduni akitumia mitazamo ya sanaa historia,saikolojiachanganuzi. Mwandishi Julia Kristeva ana ushawishi mkubwa akichangia kwa mafunzo ya kitamaduni kupitia taaluma za sanaa na saikolojia changanuzi ya <a href="/wiki/Ufeministi" title="Ufeministi">ufeministi</a> wa Kifaransa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mabadiliko_ya_kitamaduni">Mabadiliko ya kitamaduni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Hariri sehemu: Mabadiliko ya kitamaduni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Mabadiliko ya kitamaduni"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Indig2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Indig2.jpg/220px-Indig2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Indig2.jpg/330px-Indig2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Indig2.jpg/440px-Indig2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8230" data-file-height="10041" /></a><figcaption>Picha ya karne ya 19 inayoonyesha wakazi wa Australia wakipinga kuwasili kwa Kapteni James Cook mwaka 1770</figcaption></figure> <p>Uvumbuzi wa utamaduni unaamanisha uvumbuzi wowote mpya na unaopatikana kuwa wa manufaa kwa kikundi cha watu na unaelezewa katika tabia zao lakini haupo kama kitu kinachoonekana. Watu wako katika ulimwengu unaoharakisha mabadiliko ya utamaduni kiwakati,wakisukumwa na kupanuka kwa biashara kimataifa,vyombo vya habari,na kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa mambo mengine. </p><p>Tamaduni zinaathiriwa na nguvu zinazoleta mabadiliko na zile zinazopinga mabadiliko. Nguvu hizi zina uhusiano na miundo ya kijamii na matukio halisi na zinajihusisha katika kuendeleza mawazo na matendo ya kitamaduni ndani ya miundo ya sasa ambayo nayo inabadilika<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. (Tazama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umuundo.)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umuundo.) (bado haujaandikwa)">umuundo.)</a> </p><p>Mizozo ya kijamii na maendeleo ya kiteknolojia yanaweza kusababisha mabadiliko katika jamii kwa kubadili mikikimikiki ya kijamii kwa kukuza ruwaza mpya za utamaduni kwa kuwezesha tukio zalishi. Hii mihamisho ya kijamii huweza kuandamana na mihamisho ya kiitkadi na aina nyingine za mabadiliko ya kitamaduni. Kwa mfano muungano wa kifeministi wa Kimarekani ulihusisha matendo mapya yaliyosababisha uhamisho katika mahusiano ya kijinsia,kubadilisha jinsia na miundo ya kiuchumi. Hali ya kimazingira inaweza kuchangia. Mabadiliko huhusisha kufuata nguli wa kienyeji katika filamu. Kwa mfano,misitu ya kitropika ilirejea tena mwishoni mwa enzi ya theluji.mimea iliyofaa kwa kufugwa ilikuwepo,ikasababisha kuvumbuliwa kwa kilimo,ambacho kilisababisha uvumbuzi wa kitamaduni na mihamisho ya mikikimikiki ya kijamii<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Gorskii_04412u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gorskii_04412u.jpg/220px-Gorskii_04412u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gorskii_04412u.jpg/330px-Gorskii_04412u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gorskii_04412u.jpg/440px-Gorskii_04412u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="2643" /></a><figcaption>Picha kamili ya mwanamke wa Turkman,akisimama kwenye zulia katika mlango wa yurt,akiwa amevalia nguo za kitamaduni pamoja na virembesho</figcaption></figure> <p>Tamaduni huathirika kutoka nje kupitia kwa mwingiliano baina ya jamii,ambazo pia zinaweza kutoa—au kuzuia---mihamisho ya kijamii na mabadiliko katika matendo ya kitamaduni. Vita au ushindani juu ya rasilimali unaweza kuathiri maendeleo ya kiteknolojia na mikikimikiki ya kijamii. Kuongezea,mawazo ya kitamaduni yanaweza kuhama kutoka jamii moja hadi nyingine kupitia kwa kuenea na kwa mabadiliko ya uigaji wa utamaduni Fulani. Katika kuenea hali ya kitu(siyo lazima maana yake) hutoka utamaduni mmoja hadi mwingine. Kwa mfano,hamburgers ambazo ni za kawaida Marekani,zilionekana kuwa ngeni zilipoanzishwa Uchina. "Kuenea kunakoacha athari” (kubadilishana mawazo) hurejelea elementi za utamaduni mmoja kusababisha kuwepo kwa uvumbuzi au kusambazwa.kwa mwingine. "Ukopaji wa moja kwa moja” kwa upande mwingine hurejelea kuenea kwa kiteknolojia au kuenea kunakoonekana kutoka utamaduni mmoja hadi mwingine. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadharia_ya_kuenea_kwa_uvumbuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadharia ya kuenea kwa uvumbuzi (bado haujaandikwa)">Nadharia ya kuenea kwa uvumbuzi</a> huwasilisha ruwaza ya utafiti ya kwa nini na lini watu na tamaduni huasilisha mawazo mapya,matendo na bidhaa. </p><p>Kuiga utamaduni fulani kuna maana tofauti lakini katika muktadha huu hurejelea kubadilishwa kwa tabia Fulani za utamaduni na utamaduni mwingine.Haya yamefanyika kwa makabila fulani ya Amerika na kwa makundi asilia ya watu kote ulimwenguni enzi za ukoloni. Michakato ya karibu kwa kiwango cha binadamu inahusisha usilimisho (binadamu kuasilisha utamaduni fulani) na kuwa na tamaduni nyingi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanbihi">Tanbihi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Hariri sehemu: Tanbihi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Tanbihi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dict_cult-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dict_cult_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/culture">"Meaning of "culture"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">Julai 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+%22culture%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fbritish%2Fculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUtamaduni" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFJameswith_MageeScerriSteger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_James_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul James (academic) (bado haujaandikwa)">James, Paul</a>; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_"><i>Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability</i></a>. London: Routledge. uk. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Sustainability+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+Circles+of+Sustainability&rft.place=London&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=with+Magee%2C+Liam&rft.au=Scerri%2C+Andy&rft.au=Steger%2C+Manfred+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9294719%2FUrban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUtamaduni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macionis,_Gerber_and_2010_53-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Macionis,_Gerber_and_2010_53_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMacionis,_Gerber2010" class="citation book cs1">Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). <i>Sociology 7th Canadian Ed</i>. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc. uk. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+7th+Canadian+Ed&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Pearson+Canada+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Macionis%2C+Gerber&rft.aufirst=John%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUtamaduni" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Harper, Douglas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=culture">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kroeber, AL na C. Kluckhohn, 1952. <i>Culture: A Critical Review wa Concepts na Definitions.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Immanuel Kant 1974 "Kujibu Swali: Ni nini Kutaalamika?" (Kwa <a href="/wiki/Kijerumani" title="Kijerumani">Kijerumani</a>: "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?") <i>Berlinische Monatsschrift,</i> Desemba (Berlin Monthly)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Eldridge, "The Kijerumani Bildung Mapokeo" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/SAAP/USC/pbt1.html">UNC Charlotte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20090123162257/http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/SAAP/USC/pbt1.html">Archived</a> 23 Januari 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Adolf Bastian", <i>Sayansi Leo katika Historia;</i> "Adolf Bastian", <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_Britannica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica (bado haujaandikwa)"><i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i></a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anarchy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-anarchy_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-anarchy_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold, Mathayo. 1869. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_all.html"><i>Utamaduni na Anarchy.</i> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20170106012655/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_all.html">Archived</a> 6 Januari 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Williams (1983), p.90. Cited katika Shuker, Roy (1994). <i>Kuelewa Popular Music,</i> p.5. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0415107237" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-10723-7</a>. anasema kwamba kisasa fasili ya utamaduni kuanguka katika uwezekano tatu au mchanganyiko wa tatu zifuatazo: <ul><li>"mchakato jumla ya kiakili, kiroho, na estetiska maendeleo"</li> <li>"njia fulani ya maisha, kama ya watu, muda, au kundi"</li> <li>"matendo na mazoea ya kitaaluma na hasa shughuli kisanaa". </li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bakhtin 1981, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> McClenon, p.528-529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Macionis, J., and Gerber, L. (2010). Sociology, 7th edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> jina = "Williams"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Williams (bado haujaandikwa)">Raymond Williams</a> (1976) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keywords:_A_Vocabulary_of_Culture_and_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (bado haujaandikwa)">Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</a> Rev Ed. (Newyork: Oxford UP, 1983), uk. 87-93 na 236-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Yohana Berger, Peter Smith Pub. Inc, (1971) <i>Njia za Ukiangalia</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bakhtin, Mikhail 1981. <i>The Dialogic Imagination.</i> Austin, TX: UT Press, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> (Lindlof & Taylor, 2002, p.60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neil, D. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm">"Mchakato wa Change".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20161027181934/http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm">Archived</a> 27 Oktoba 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, H. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/neolithic_agriculture.htm">The Slow kuzaliwa ya Kilimo.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20110101201656/http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/neolithic_agriculture.htm">Archived</a> 1 Januari 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Sayansi</i> 282: 1446.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo">Marejeo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li>"Adolf Bastian". <i>Leo katika Historia Sayansi.</i> 27 Januari 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayinsci.com/B/Bastian_Adolf/Bastian_Adolf.htm">Leo katika Historia Sayansi</a></li> <li>"Adolf Bastian", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55606/Adolf-Bastian">Encyclopaedia Britannica Online,</a> 27 Januari 2009</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFAnkerl2000" class="citation book cs1">Ankerl, Guy (2000) [2000]. <i>Global communication without universal civilization, vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western</i>. INU societal research. Geneva: INU Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/2-88155-004-5" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/2-88155-004-5"><bdi>2-88155-004-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+communication+without+universal+civilization%2C+vol.1%3A+Coexisting+contemporary+civilizations%3A+Arabo-Muslim%2C+Bharati%2C+Chinese%2C+and+Western&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=INU+societal+research&rft.pub=INU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-88155-004-5&rft.aulast=Ankerl&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUtamaduni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Arnold, Mathayo. 1869. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html"><i>Utamaduni na Anarchy.</i> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20171118211142/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html">Archived</a> 18 Novemba 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Macmillan. Toleo la tatu, 1882, inapatikana online. Retrieved: 2006/06/28.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakhtin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakhtin (bado haujaandikwa)">Bakhtin</a>, MM (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JKZztxqdIpgC"><i>The Dialogic Imagination: Essays Nne.</i> </a> Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Press. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780252064456" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-252-06445-6</a>.</li> <li>Barzilai, Gadi. 2003. <i>Jamii na Sheria: Politics and Cultures of Legal utambulisho</i> wa Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0472113151" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-472-11315-1</a></li> <li>Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. <i>Bendera ya Nadharia ya Mazoezi.</i> Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780521291644" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-29164-4</a></li> <li>Kohen, Anthony P. 1985. <i>Mfano wa Ujenzi wa Jumuiya.</i> Routledge: New York,</li> <li>Dawkiins, R. 1982. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Extended_Phenotype:_The_Long_Lete_ya_Gene.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Extended Phenotype: The Long Lete ya Gene. (bado haujaandikwa)">The Extended Phenotype: The Long Lete ya Gene.</a></i> Paperback ed., 1999. Oxford Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780192880512" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-288051-2</a></li> <li>Findley & Rothney. <i>Ishirini-Century World</i> (Houghton Mifflin, 1986)</li> <li>Forsberg, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~aforsber/ccsf/culture_defined.html">Definitions ya utamaduni</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070701005026/http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~aforsber/ccsf/culture_defined.html">Archived</a> 1 Julai 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CCSF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCSF (bado haujaandikwa)">CCSF</a> Jiografia Utamaduni kozi anabainisha. Retrieved: 2006/06/29.</li> <li>Geertz, Clifford. 1973. <i>Tafsiri ya Cultures: Selected Essays.</i> New York. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780465097197" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-465-09719-7</a>.</li> <li>- 1957. "Ritual and Social Change: A Kijava Mfano", <i>American mwanaanthropolojia,</i> Vol. 59, No 1.</li> <li>Goodall, J. 1986. <i>The Chimpanzees wa Gombe: mifumo ya Behavior.</i> Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press ya Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780674116498" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-674-11649-8</a></li> <li>Hoult, TF, ed. 1969. <i>Dictionary of Modern Sociology.</i> Totowa, New Jersey, United States: Littlefield, Adams & Co</li> <li>Jary, D. na J. Jary. 1991. <i>The HarperCollins Dictionary of Sociology.</i> New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0062715437" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-06-271543-7</a></li> <li>Keiser, R. Lincoln 1969. <i>Makamu Mabwana: Warriors wa mitaani.</i> Holt, Rinehart, na Winston. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780030803611" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-03-080361-1</a>.</li> <li>Kroeber, AL na C. Kluckhohn, 1952. <i>Utamaduni: A Critical Review wa Concepts na Definitions.</i> Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum</li> <li>Kim, Uichol (2001). "Utamaduni, sayansi na wazawa psychologies: An jumuishi uchambuzi." Katika D. Matsumoto (Ed.), <i>Handbook ya utamaduni na saikolojia.</i> Oxford: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li>McClenon, James. "Tylor, Edward B (urnett)". <i>Huru ya Dini na Jamii.</i> Ed. William Swatos na Petro Kivisto. Walnut Creek: AltaMira, 1998. 528-29.</li> <li>Middleton, R. 1990. <i>Studying Popular Music.</i> Philadelphia: Open University Press. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780335152759" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-335-15275-9</a>.</li> <li>O'Neil, D. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm">Cultural Anthropology Tutorials,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20041204152854/http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm">Archived</a> 4 Desemba 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Behavioral Idara ya Sayansi, Palomar College, San Marco, California. Retrieved: 2006/07/10.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reagan,_Ronald.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reagan, Ronald. (bado haujaandikwa)">Reagan, Ronald.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm">"Final Radio Adress kwa taifa",</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20160130224216/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm">Archived</a> 30 Januari 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=14_Januari_1989.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14 Januari 1989. (bado haujaandikwa)">14 Januari 1989.</a> Rudishwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=3_Juni_2006.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3 Juni 2006. (bado haujaandikwa)">3 Juni 2006.</a></li> <li>Reese, WL 1980. <i>Dictionary wa Falsafa na Dini: Mashariki na Magharibi Thought.</i> New Jersey Marekani, Sussex, Uingereza: Humanities Press.</li> <li>Tylor, EB 1974. <i>Primitive utamaduni: tafiti katika maendeleo ya Mythology, falsafa, dini, sanaa na desturi.</i> New York: Gordon Press. Kwanza iliyochapishwa mwaka 1871. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780879680916" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87968-091-6</a></li> <li>UNESCO. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/imld_2002/unversal_decla.shtml">Azimio la utamaduni,</a> imetolewa juu ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siku_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Lugha_ya_Mama,_21_Februari_2002.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siku ya Kimataifa ya Lugha ya Mama, 21 Februari 2002. (bado haujaandikwa)">Siku ya Kimataifa ya Lugha ya Mama, 21 Februari 2002.</a> Retrieved: 2006/06/23.</li> <li>White, L. 1949. <i>Ya Sayansi ya Utamaduni: Utafiti wa mtu na ustaarabu.</i> New York: Farrar, Straus na Giroux.</li> <li>Wilson, Edward M. (1998). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consilience:_The_Unity_of_Knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (bado haujaandikwa)">Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge</a></i> Vintage: New York. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780679768678" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-679-76867-8</a>.</li> <li>Wolfram, Stephen. 2002 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline"><i>A New Kind ya Sayansi.</i> </a> Wolfram Media, Inc <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9781579550080" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-57955-008-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viungo_vya_nje">Viungo vya nje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Hariri sehemu: Viungo vya nje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Viungo vya nje"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cfsi-icse/cil-cai/home-en.asp">Kituo cha interkulturell Kujifunza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20090202090600/http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cfsi-icse/cil-cai/home-en.asp">Archived</a> 2 Februari 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301/definitions_of_culture.html">Undani makala kuhusu kufafanua utamaduni</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20100626142906/http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301/definitions_of_culture.html">Archived</a> 26 Juni 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-73">Kamusi ya Historia ya Ideas</a> "utamaduni" na "ustaarabu" katika nyakati za kisasa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global-culture.org/">Global Utamaduni</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20090831124037/http://global-culture.org/">Archived</a> 31 Agosti 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Insha juu ya masuala ya kimataifa na madhara yao utamaduni</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/299pare.htm">Reflections juu ya Siasa ya Utamaduni</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Parenti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Parenti (bado haujaandikwa)">Michael Parenti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_culture/culture-index.html">Utamaduni ni nini? - Washington State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defineculture.com">Define Utamaduni</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20211201075935/http://defineculture.com/">Archived</a> 1 Desemba 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Compilation ya 100 + user lade ufafanuzi wa utamaduni kutoka duniani kote</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rudishwa kutoka "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&oldid=1346120">https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utamaduni&oldid=1346120</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:Jamii" title="Maalum:Jamii">Jamii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:Pages using the JsonConfig extension (bado haujaandikwa)">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 maint: date auto-translated</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Sayansi_ya_Jamii" title="Jamii:Sayansi ya Jamii">Sayansi ya Jamii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Utamaduni" title="Jamii:Utamaduni">Utamaduni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Historia" title="Jamii:Historia">Historia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Saikolojia" title="Jamii:Saikolojia">Saikolojia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Jamii iliofichwa: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Jamii:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho tarehe 2 Agosti 2024, saa 08:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Maandishi yanapatikana chini ya leseni ya <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; matakwa mengine yanaweza kutakiwa. 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