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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="تاريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tarix" title="Tarix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tarix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%80%94_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="История — Историци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История — Историци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historija" title="Historija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria" title="Història – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikiquote.org/wiki/Geschichte" title="Geschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikiquote.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historio" title="Historio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ajalugu" title="Ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="تاریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Histoire" title="Histoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikiquote.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem" title="Történelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Történelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Storia" title="Storia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikiquote.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikiquote.org/wiki/D%C3%AErok" title="Dîrok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîrok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Istorija" title="Istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Geschiedenis" title="Geschiedenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria" title="História – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Istorie" title="Istorie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istorie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria" title="História – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="História" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Zgodovina" title="Zgodovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0" title="చరిత్ర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చరిత్ర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประวัติศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tarih" title="Tarih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarih" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Історія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="تاریخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309#sitelinks-wikiquote" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/330px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/440px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption>History teaches us that a given view has been abandoned in favor of another by all men, or by all competent men, or perhaps by only the most vocal men; it does not teach us whether the change was sound or whether the rejected view deserved to be rejected. Only an impartial analysis of the view in question, an analysis that is not dazzled by the victory or stunned by the defeat of the adherents of the view concerned—could teach us anything regarding the worth of the view and hence regarding the meaning of the historical change. ~ <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" class="extiw" title="w:History">History</a></b> (from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, <i>historia</i>, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past, particularly how it relates to humans. It is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/umbrella_term" class="extiw" title="w:umbrella term">umbrella term</a> that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>. Events occurring prior to written record are considered <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>. </p> <div role="navigation" style="margin-left: 2em;"> <p>Arranged alphabetically by author or source:<br /><a href="#A">A</a> · <a href="#B">B</a> · <a href="#C">C</a> · <a href="#D">D</a> · <a href="#E">E</a> · <a href="#F">F</a> · <a href="#G">G</a> · <a href="#H">H</a> · <a href="#I">I</a> · <a href="#J">J</a> · <a href="#K">K</a> · <a href="#L">L</a> · <a href="#M">M</a> · <a href="#N">N</a> · <a href="#O">O</a> · <a href="#P">P</a> · <a href="#Q">Q</a> · <a href="#R">R</a> · <a href="#S">S</a> · <a href="#T">T</a> · <a href="#U">U</a> · <a href="#V">V</a> · <a href="#W">W</a> · <a href="#X">X</a> · <a href="#Y">Y</a> · <a href="#Z">Z</a> ·<a href="#Hoyt's_New_Cyclopedia_Of_Practical_Quotations"><i>Hoyt's New Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations</i></a>· <a href="#Misattributed">Misattributed</a> · <a href="#See_also">See also</a> · <a href="#External_links">External links</a> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg/220px-History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg/330px-History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg/440px-History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5126" data-file-height="2378" /></a><figcaption>Man is a history-making creature who can neither repeat his past nor leave it behind. ~ <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Human_Rights_Day_protest_march_against_war_and_against_deportations_(24109135727).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/International_Human_Rights_Day_protest_march_against_war_and_against_deportations_%2824109135727%29.jpg/220px-International_Human_Rights_Day_protest_march_against_war_and_against_deportations_%2824109135727%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/International_Human_Rights_Day_protest_march_against_war_and_against_deportations_%2824109135727%29.jpg/330px-International_Human_Rights_Day_protest_march_against_war_and_against_deportations_%2824109135727%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/International_Human_Rights_Day_protest_march_against_war_and_against_deportations_%2824109135727%29.jpg/440px-International_Human_Rights_Day_protest_march_against_war_and_against_deportations_%2824109135727%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>There have always been wars, <a href="/wiki/Tyrannies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannies">tyrannies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">privations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">Escapists</a> take refuge in <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliches</a> such as “Human nature will never change” and “History always repeats itself!” Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> is changing before our eyes, and quite new history is being made... It is a new procedure when a large and ever growing section of the public begins to take <a href="/wiki/Responsibility" title="Responsibility">responsibility</a> for the trend of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> to such purpose that the community is increasingly honeycombed with <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive movements</a> of every possible kind. This is the new element in history which constitutes a mighty landmark in the <a href="/wiki/Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Development">development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Humanity" title="Humanity">mankind</a>. ~ <a href="/wiki/Vera_Stanley_Alder" title="Vera Stanley Alder">Vera Stanley Alder</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>No honest historian can take part with--or against--the forces he has to study. To him even the extinction of the human race should be merely a fact to be grouped with other vital statistics. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a>, <i>The Education of Henry Adams</i> (1907), Chapter XXX</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is the sum total of things that could have been avoided. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (attributed), <i>Lend Me Your Ears: Oxford Dictionary of Political Quotations</i> (2010), 4th edition, edited by Antony Jay</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">Escapists</a> take refuge in <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliches</a> such as “<a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a> will never change” and “History always repeats itself!” Nevertheless, human nature is changing before our eyes, and quite new history is being made. This century has seen <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">world war</a> for the first time. It has seen a world <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> threatened with self-destruction, not only through war but through the exploitation of all <a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature" title="Mother Nature">the kingdoms in nature</a>. It has also seen the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Internationalism" title="Internationalism">international alignment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a>. It has seen the <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leaders</a> of the people struggling with great <a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">patience</a> to work out a new political approach from the ‘world’ angle. It has seen the people themselves taking increasing individual and collective <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">action</a> in order to obtain a world organization or government, a universal religion, or a universal language. Let us avoid being misled by the apparent irresponsibility of the crowd with its absorption in <a href="/wiki/Horror" title="Horror">crime films</a>, dog racing and <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, and its immorality and <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a>!... It is traditional for the outstanding <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leaders</a> of humanity to work for the shaping of history. It is a new procedure when a large and ever growing section of the public begins to take <a href="/wiki/Responsibility" title="Responsibility">responsibility</a> for the trend of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> to such purpose that the community is increasingly honeycombed with <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive movements</a> of every possible kind. This is the new element in history which constitutes a mighty landmark in the <a href="/wiki/Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Development">development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Humanity" title="Humanity">mankind.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Stanley_Alder" title="Vera Stanley Alder">Vera Stanley Alder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vera_Stanley_Alder#Humanity_Comes_of_Age,_A_study_of_Individual_and_World_Fulfillment_(1950)" title="Vera Stanley Alder"><i>Humanity Comes of Age, A study of Individual and World Fulfillment</i></a> (1950)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There are two ways of summing up world history, the inner way and the outer way. Both have been at the mercy of scribes and policies. We must use our divinely-given intuition in order to arrive near to the truth. Let us begin by realizing that the story of human evolution has progressed steadily from complete exclusiveness to an ever broadening inclusiveness. At first it was built up around the self-interest of the family unit. Later the ring-pass-not enlarged to include the tribe. The tribal communities finally produced the small state or nation. The aggressive self-interest of nations eventually produced Empires. Everything outside of the Empire was potential enemy or potential prey.<br /> Finally came the conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Unity" title="Unity">Federation</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>. This saw the emergence of a new concept of <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">co-operation</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, and of the rights of the individual instead of those of the autocrat. Nevertheless, even the most benign and powerful of these nation-groups had still to consider everything outside of itself as potential enemy, and therefore self-interest still ruled. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Stanley_Alder" title="Vera Stanley Alder">Vera Stanley Alder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vera_Stanley_Alder#Humanity_Comes_of_Age,_A_study_of_Individual_and_World_Fulfillment_(1950)" title="Vera Stanley Alder"><i>Humanity Comes of Age, A study of Individual and World Fulfillment</i></a> (1950)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The past is a pointer to the <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>. If we can understand the past and follow the trend of development throughout history we shall be more sure of where we are going. History tells us of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquests</a> and empires and <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutions</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Cities" title="Cities">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>, and of religions and persecutions. Yet actually it is a rather superficial survey. It leaves out almost entirely one vital part of the picture — the most important part. It has very little to say of man’s purpose in living, of his understanding of the reason of his existence and of his conception of life around him, and his interpretation of the mysteries of <a href="/wiki/Creation" title="Creation">creation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. So little does history say about this aspect of man — the mainspring and motive of his living — that we are left guessing about the most important part of the story — the extent of man’s actual knowledge throughout the ages... We are given superficial and rather materialistic details of the outward forms and the bitter strife which accompanied the development of the various religions as they were interpreted and practised by the people, much of which leaves us with an impression of brutal and bigoted primitiveness. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Stanley_Alder" title="Vera Stanley Alder">Vera Stanley Alder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vera_Stanley_Alder#Humanity_Comes_of_Age,_A_study_of_Individual_and_World_Fulfillment_(1950)" title="Vera Stanley Alder"><i>Humanity Comes of Age, A study of Individual and World Fulfillment</i></a> (1950)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences">sciences</a> we are familiar with have been installed in a number of great 'continents'. Before <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, two such continents had been opened up to scientific knowledge: the continent of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> and the continent of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>. The first by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a>), the second by <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> opened up a third continent to scientific knowledge: the continent of History. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>, "Philosophy as a Revolutionary Weapon" in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_and_Philosophy_and_Other_Essays" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays">Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays</a></i> (1968) as translated by Ben Brewster (Monthly Review Press: 1971), p. 4</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I was not speaking of minor ripples in the mainstream of history—certainly those are ruled by chance. But the broad current moves quite inexorably, I assure you. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>, <i>Cold Victory,</i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Scithers" class="extiw" title="w:George H. Scithers">George H. Scithers</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Schweitzer" class="extiw" title="w:Darrell Schweitzer">Darrell Schweitzer</a> (eds.) <i>Another Round at the Spaceport Bar,</i> p. 181. Originally appeared in <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_Science_Fiction">Venture Science Fiction</a>, May 1957</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History repeats itself.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous" title="Anonymous">Anonymous</a> proverb; popularized since the mid-1800s; already considered clichéd by 1865. "The most solemn humbug which does duty as a profound historical reflection is, that history repeats itself." Harper's, volume 30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tX8CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA124&dq=%22history+repeats+itself%22">p. 124</a>, 1865</li> <li>Widely attributed to various famous authors, who expressed similar sentiments – see <a href="#Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="#Hegel">Hegel</a> quotes below.</li> <li>An early attested form is "history repeats itself never" (reversing it), 1854, <a href="/wiki/William_Howitt" title="William Howitt">William Howitt</a> <i>The history of magic, Volume 2,</i> by Joseph Ennemoser, translation William Howitt, 1854, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zgXuzN2ZRtoC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=history%20repeats%20itself">p. 86</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is about the past. Yet it exists only in the present – the moment of its creation as history provides us with a narrative constructed after the events with which it is concerned. The narrative must then relate to the moment of its creation as much as its historical subject. History presents an historian with the task of producing a dialogue between the past and the present. But as these temporal co-ordinates cannot be fixed, history becomes a continuous interaction between the historian and the past. As such, history can be seen as a process of evaluation whereby the past is always coloured by the intellectual fashions and philosophical concerns of the present. This shifting perspective on the past is matched by the fluid status of the past itself. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Arnold" title="Dana Arnold">Dana Arnold</a>, <i>Reading Architectural History</i> (2002), Ch. 1 : Reading the past : What is architectural history?</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The recognition of the role and importance of subjectivity in the construction of histories does, by implication, negate the possibility for objectivity in the writing of history. But there will always be historical narrative and, consequently, a narrative voice, be it hidden in the syntactical structure of the writing by, for instance, the absence of first person or the use of simple past tense. But this is a sleight of hand which gives the reader a sense of immediate contact with the past without the presence of an interlocutor. This apparently ‘unmediated’ contact gives history a kind of privileged status of objective knowledge <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Arnold" title="Dana Arnold">Dana Arnold</a> <i>Reading Architectural History</i> (2002), Ch. 1 : Reading the past : What is architectural history?</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Historical reality is then a 'referential illusion', in which we try to grasp the reality (the referent of language) that we believe lies beyond the barrier of the linguistic construction of its narratives. In this way history becomes a <a href="/wiki/Mythology" title="Mythology">Myth</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> as it purports to be reality. Indeed, storytelling is often seen as one of the most important functions of writing histories and fundamental to the nature of the discipline. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Arnold" title="Dana Arnold">Dana Arnold</a>, <i>Reading Architectural History</i> (2002), Ch. 1 : Reading the past : What is architectural history?</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Man is a history-making creature who can neither repeat his past nor leave it behind. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <i>The Dyers Hand</i>, "D.H. Lawrence" (1962)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Political history is far too criminal and pathological to be a fit subject of study for the young. Children should acquire their heroes and villains from fiction. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <i>A Certain World</i> (1970)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>All things from eternity are of like forms and come round in a circle. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, <i>Meditations</i>, Bk. II, Ch. 14 (c. 121–180 AD)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Our prevailing notions of history are exceedingly narrow and exceedingly selective. And basically the process of selection is one that aims to reassure ourselves that the <a href="/wiki/Myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth">myths</a> that we believe in can be sustained. ... Recognize the <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">realities</a> that I want to and ignore the ones that I find inconvenient. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Andrew Bacevich</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal"> (May 27, 2023)"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0XjR1NXl7Q&t=760s">Bidding farewell to the American century | The Chris Hedges Report</a>". <i>The Real News Network, YouTube</i>.</cite> (quote at 12:40 of 32:51 in video)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Ghosts of my history will follow me there/And the winds of the old days will blow through my hair <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>, Winds of the Old Days 1975</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>People are trapped in history and history is trapped in them. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a> "Stranger in the Village," Harper's Magazine' (1953); republished in Notes of a Native Son (1955)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>You think your pain and your heartbreak are unprecedented in the history of the world, but then you read. It was <a href="/wiki/Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickens">Dickens</a> who taught me that the things that tormented me most were the very things that connected me with all the people who were alive, or who ever had been alive. Only if we face these open wounds in ourselves can we understand them in other people. An <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a> is a sort of emotional or spiritual historian. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a> As quoted in "Doom and glory of knowing who you are" by Jane Howard, in LIFE magazine, Vol. 54, No. 21 (May 24, 1963), p. 89</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is of two kinds—there is the official history taught in schools, a lying compilation <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_usum_Delphini" class="extiw" title="w:Ad usum Delphini">ad usum delphini</a></i>; and there is the secret history which deals with the real causes of events—a scandalous chronicle. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1639/1639-h/1639-h.htm"><i>Eve and David (Lost Illusions Part III)</i></a>, Translated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Marriage" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Ellen Marriage">Ellen Marriage</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> is the first rough draft of history.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Originally stated in slightly different forms “News/The press [is the] … first rough draft of history”, this form dates at least to the 1940s, and was most likely popularized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barth" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Alan Barth">Alan Barth</a>, as an editorial writer for the <i>Washington Post</i> in the 1940s. The sentiment appears several times in the editorial pages of the <i>Post</i> in that era, with the earliest citation from Barth being 1943:<sup id="cite_ref-shafer2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shafer2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>News is only the first rough draft of history. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barth" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Alan Barth">Alan Barth</a>, review of <i>The Autobiography of a Curmudgeon</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Republic" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:New Republic">New Republic</a>,</i> 1943, collected in <i>The New Republic,</i> Volume 108, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cDgQAAAAIAAJ&q=%22draft+of+history%22">p. 677</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>This quote is generally incorrectly credited to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_L._Graham" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Philip L. Graham">Philip L. Graham</a>, in an address to <i>Newsweek</i> correspondents in London (1963):<sup id="cite_ref-shafer2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shafer2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>The great event of this period, the great trauma, is this decline of strong referentials, these death pangs of the real and of the rational that open onto an age of simulation. Whereas so many generations, and particularly the last, lived in the march of history, in the euphoric or catastrophic expectation of a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>—today one has the impression that history has retreated, leaving behind it an indifferent nebula, traversed by currents, but emptied of references. It is into this void that the phantasms of a past history recede, the panoply of events, ideologies, retro fashions—no longer so much because people believe in them or still place some <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a> in them, but simply to resurrect the period when <i>at least</i> there was history, at least there was <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> (albeit <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a>), when at least <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> were at stake.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>, <i>Simulacra and Simulation</i> (1981), pp. 43—44</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The end of history is, alas, also the end of the dustbins of history. There are no longer any dustbins for disposing of old ideologies, old regimes, old values. Where are we going to throw <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, which actually invented the dustbins of history? (Yet there is some justice here since the very people who invented them have fallen in.) Conclusion: if there are no more dustbins of history, <i>this is because History itself has become a dustbin.</i> It has become its own dustbin, just as the planet itself is becoming its own dustbin. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>, <i>The Illusion of the End</i> (1992), "The Event Strike", p. 26.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Take one of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s swift shining shafts of wit: "History is after all only a pack of tricks we play on the dead." Ah, yes, how true it is, we say; and we are astonished that Voltaire could have been so profound. Then we realize that he did not really mean it. To him it was a witticism intended to brand dishonest historians, whereas we perceive that it formulated, in the neatest possible way, a profound truth — the truth that all historical writing, even the most honest, is unconsciously subjective, since every age is bound, in spite of itself, to make the dead perform whatever tricks it finds necessary for its own peace of mind. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Becker" title="Carl L. Becker">Carl L. Becker</a>, <i>The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers</i> (1932), Ch. II. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971, pp. 43–4.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Mrs. Lintott</b>: Now. How do you define history, Mr. Rudge?<br /><b>Rudge</b>: Can I speak freely, Miss? Without being hit?<br /><b>Mrs. Lintott</b>: I will protect you.<br /><b>Rudge</b>: How do I define history? It's just one fucking thing after another. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_Boys" class="mw-disambig" title="The History Boys">The History Boys</a></i> (2006)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History must not be written with bias, and both sides must be given, even if there is only one side. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>, <i>First and Last Loves</i> (1952)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>HISTORY, <i>n.</i> An account mostly false, of events mostly unimportant, which are brought about by rulers, mostly knaves, and <a href="/wiki/Soldiers" title="Soldiers">soldiers</a>, mostly fools. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cynicswordbook00bier/page/160/mode/2up"><i>The Cynic's Word Book</i></a> (1906); republished as <i>The Devil's Dictionary</i> (1911).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If we disown history we are at its mercy. To have a reasonable knowledge of the past is to possess an anchor which is likely to prevent us from being swept towards false ideas about the present and future. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>, <i>The Great Seesaw: A New View of the Western World, 1750-2000</i> (1988)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Unpredictable events, or the coincidence of vital events happening side by side, play their part in history. In the emerging of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">South American</a> nations, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> the unforeseen mixture of events was especially powerful in the final decades of the 18th century. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>, <i>A Short History of the World</i> (2000)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The essence of studying history is that, as best we can, we try to wear the shoes and put on the spectacles worn by people of the past. We try to see the obstacles and dilemmas they struggled against or evaded. We also hope that the future will try to understand why we made blunders, and learn from failures and achievements of our era. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/no-point-in-ignoring-facts-and-history/news-story/aaf4faf43dfb6c31bcecb635fba09e2c">"No point in ignoring facts and history"</a>, <i>The Australian</i> (June 14, 2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>With all regimes, there is what might be called an official interpretation of the past that makes it appear defective or just a step on the way to the present regime. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> (New York: 1988), p. 249</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I have read somewhere or other, in Dionysius of Halicarnassus, I think, that <b>history is <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> teaching by examples.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a>, <i>On the Study and Use of History</i>, Letter 2. Also quoted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i>Essays</i>, <i>History</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The dignity of history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a>, <i>On the Study and Use of History</i>. Letter V. Fielding, <i>Tom Jones</i>, Book XI, Chapter II.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is not to serve as the handmaid of a particular school of thought. History must be impartial and objective. To rewrite the history, according to the views which are popular or which are necessary for bolstering up nationalistic egoism or <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoism</a> is perversion of history. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a>, August 2, 1965, from its judgment in the case of <i>Anant Janardhan Karandikar vs. State</i>. Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theleaflet.in/gandhi-predicted-communal-discord-would-poison-education-distort-history/">"Gandhi predicted communal discord would poison education, distort history"</a>, <i>The Leaflet </i>, September 5, 2021.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>On September 20, 1792, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> (who had accompanied the Duke of Weimar on a military expedition to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>) saw the finest army of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> inexplicably <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" class="extiw" title="w:Battle of Valmy">repulsed at Valmy</a> by some <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> militiamen, and said to his disconcerted friends, “In this place and on this day, a new epoch in the history of the world is beginning, and we shall be able to say that we have been present at its origin.” Since that time historic days have been numerous, and one of the tasks of the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a> has been to fabricate them or to simulate them with an abundance of preconditioning <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> followed by relentless publicity. <ul><li>The Modesty of History by Jorge Luis Borges from Borges, a reader: a selection from the writings of Jorge Luis Borges by Borges p. 246</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Always the victor writes the history of the vanquished. He who beats distorts the faces of the beaten. The weaker depart from this world and the lies remain. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial_of_Lucullus" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:The Trial of Lucullus">The Trial of Lucullus</a></i> (1940), <i>Brecht Collected Plays</i>, vol. 4, p. 386.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Papa <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> he say that all we learn from history is that we learn nothing from history. <i>I</i> know people who can't even learn from what happened this morning. Hegel must have been taking the long view. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brunner" title="John Brunner">John Brunner</a>, <i>Stand on Zanzibar</i> (1968)</li> <li>See <a href="#Hegel">Hegel quote</a>, below.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is much more the product of <a href="/wiki/Chaos" title="Chaos">chaos</a> than of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">conspiracy</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="extiw" title="w:The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, January 18, 1981 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/18/nyregion/quotation-of-the-day-227621.html?scp=28&sq=Brzezinski&st=nyt">Quotation of the Day</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History gives us a kind of chart, and we dare not surrender even a small rushlight in the darkness. The hasty reformer who does not remember the past will find himself condemned to repeat it. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a>, general introduction to <i>The Nations of Today</i>, a series of popular histories published in 1923–1924 under Buchan's editorship. Each work contained Buchan's introduction. Reported in <i>Great Britain</i> (1923), vol. 1, p. 12.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What we learn from history is that people don't learn from history — and you certainly see that in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market" class="extiw" title="w:Financial market">financial markets</a> all the time. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal"> (August 2, 2018)"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cayxcPyQoAc">Warren Buffett: 2004 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting Part 1</a>". <i>Hioim, YouTube</i>.</cite> (quote at 1:24:47 of 2:33:25)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is on every occasion the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" class="extiw" title="w:Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a>, <i>Judgements on History and Historians</i> (1929), Section 84: Introduction to the History of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What want these outlaws conquerors should have<br />But History's purchased page to call them great? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</a></i>, Canto III (1816), Stanza 48.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>And history with all her volumes vast,<br />Hath but one page. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</a></i>, Canto IV (1818), Stanza 108.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>History does not always repeat itself. Sometimes it just yells, 'Can't you remember anything I told you?' and lets fly with a club. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John W. Campbell</a>, <i>Analog Science Fiction/Fact magazine</i>(1965)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History, a distillation of <a href="/wiki/Rumors" title="Rumors">rumor</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i>The French Revolution, A History</i> (1837), Part I, Book VII, Chapter V.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Happy the people whose annals are tiresome. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i>The French Revolution, A History</i> (1837), Part I, Book II, Chapter I.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>No great man lives in vain. The history of the world is but the biography of great men. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_and_The_Heroic_in_History" class="extiw" title="w:On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History">Heroes and Hero Worship</a></i>, "The Hero as Divinity"</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Histories are as perfect as the Historian is wise, and is gifted with an eye and a soul. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i>Cromwell's Letters and Speeches</i>, Introduction, Chapter I.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is the essence of innumerable Biographies. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i>Essays</i>, On History.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History, as it lies at the root of all science, is also the first distinct product of man's spiritual nature; his earliest expression of what can be called Thought. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i>Essays</i>, On History.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>All history … is an inarticulate Bible. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, Latter Day Pamphlets. 405.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>All history is a Bible—a thing stated in words by me more than once. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i>Quoted in Froude's Early Life of Carlyle</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Happy the People whose Annals are blank in History-Books. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, Life of Frederick the Great, Book XVI, Chapter I.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and the facts of history are necessary to one another. The historian without his facts is rootless and futile; the facts without their historian are dead and meaningless. My first answer therefore to the question, What is History?, is that it is a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the past. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a>, <i>What is History?</i> (1961)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The historian, then, is an individual human being. Like other individuals, he is also a social phenomenon, both the product and the conscious or unconscious spokesman of the society to which he belongs; it is in this capacity that he approaches the facts of the historical past. We sometimes speak of the course of history as a ‘moving procession’. The metaphor is fair enough, provided it does not tempt the historian to think of himself as an eagle surveying the scene from a lonely crag or as a V.I.P. at the saluting base. Nothing of the kind! The historian is just another dim figure trudging along in another part of the procession. And as the procession winds along, swerving now to the right and now to the left, and sometimes doubling back on itself, the relative positions of different parts of the procession are constantly changing, so that it may make perfectly good sense to say, for example, that we are nearer today to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> than were our great-grandfathers a century ago, or that the age of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> is nearer to us than the age of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>. New vistas, new angles of vision, constantly appear as the procession – and the historian with it – moves along. The historian is part of history. The point in the procession at which he finds himself determines his angle of vision over the past. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a>, <i>What is History?</i> (1961)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History therefore is a process of selection in terms of historical significance. To borrow <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a>’s phrase once more, history is ‘a selective system’ not only of cognitive, but of causal, orientations to reality. Just as from the infinite ocean of facts the historian selects those which are significant for his purpose, so from the multiplicity of sequences of cause and effect he extracts those, and only those, which are historically significant; and the standard of historical significance is his ability to fit them into his pattern of rational explanation and interpretation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a>, <i>What is History?</i> (1961)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History consists of a corpus ascertained facts. The facts are available to the historian in documents, inscriptions and so on, like fish in the fishmonger's slab. The historian collects them, takes them home, and cooks and serves them in whatever style appeals to him. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a>, <i>What is History?</i> (1961)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>'s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species-man-acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> Silent Spring (1962)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The history of every country begins in the heart of a man or woman. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Pioneers!" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:O Pioneers!">O Pioneers!</a></i>, Pt. I, Ch. 5 (1913)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>"Woe to the vanquished" (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vae_victis">Vae victis</a>) in history as on the battle-field.</b> <ul><li>Emanuele Celesia, <i>The Conspiracy of Gianluigi Fieschi: or, Genoa in the Sixteenth Century.</i> (1866), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dHsKAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Woe%20to%20the%20vanquished%20in%20history%20as%20on%20the%20battle-field.%22&pg=PR24#v=onepage&q=%22Woe%20to%20the%20vanquished%20in%20history%20as%20on%20the%20battle-field.%22&f=false">p.xxiv</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The one-sided class war of the last 40 years is becoming two-sided. <b>The population is actually beginning to participate instead of just accepting the hammer blows. </b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lauraflanders.org/2021/10/aoc-noam-chomsky/">AOC & Noam Chomsky: The Way Forward + transcript</a> (October 28, 2021)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We should recognize that <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white male supremacy</a> is a deep current in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>. It’s not gonna go away immediately. But there have been dents, significant ones. So for example, even in the mainstream, when the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> ran the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1619_Project" class="extiw" title="w:The 1619 Project">1619 Project</a>, it couldn’t have happened a couple of years earlier. And it’s because of changes in general <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a>. Of course, there was an immediate backlash, strong backlash, and you’re gonna expect that, white male supremacy is a deep part of American history and culture. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lauraflanders.org/2021/10/aoc-noam-chomsky/">AOC & Noam Chomsky: The Way Forward + transcript</a> (October 28, 2021)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a> is serious enough but it's worth recalling that there is a much greater horror approaching, we are racing to the edge of disaster, far worse than anything that's ever happened in human history.... <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> & his minions are in the lead, in racing to the abyss. In fact there are two immense threats that we are facing. One is the growing threat of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" title="Nuclear war">Nuclear war</a>, which has exacerbated it by the tearing what's left of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/arms_control" class="extiw" title="w:arms control">arms control regime</a> and the other of course is the growing threat of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. Both threats can be dealt with but there isn't a lot of time... the corona virus is a horrible... can have terrifying consequences but there will be recovery, while the others won't be recovered, it's finished. If we don't deal with them we're done. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-N3In2rLI4">Coronavirus - What is at stake?</a> | <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe_Movement_2025" class="extiw" title="w:Democracy in Europe Movement 2025"><i>Democracy in Europe Movement 2025</i> (DiEM25) </a> Mar 28, 2020</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidency of Donald Trump">current administration</a> had ample <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States#Reports_predicting_global_pandemics" class="extiw" title="w:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">warning about a likely pandemic</a>. In fact, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Health_Security#Event_201" class="extiw" title="w:Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security">a high-level simulation</a> was run as recently as last October. Trump has reacted during his years in office in the manner to which we have become accustomed: by defunding and dismantling every relevant part of government and assiduously implementing the instructions of his <a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">corporate masters</a> to eliminate the regulations that impede profits while saving lives — and leading the race to the abyss of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_catastrophe" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:environmental catastrophe">environmental catastrophe</a>, by far his greatest <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> — in fact, the greatest crime in history when we consider the consequences. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <i>Chomsky: Ventilator Shortage Exposes the Cruelty of Neoliberal Capitalism</i>, Interview with C.J. Polychroniou, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://truthout.org/articles/chomsky-ventilator-shortage-exposes-the-cruelty-of-neoliberal-capitalism/">Chomsky: Ventilator Shortage Exposes the Cruelty of Neoliberal Capitalism</a></i> (April 1, 2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If you look over the history of <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a> — railroad regulation, financial regulation and so on — you find that, quite commonly, it's either initiated by the economic concentrations that are being regulated, or it's supported by them. And the reason is because they know that, sooner or later, they can take over the regulators and essentially run what they do. They can offer what amounts to <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribes</a> — offer them jobs or whatever it may be — it's an advantage to the regulators to accommodate themselves to the will of the powerful. It happens naturally in many ways, and ends up with what's called “regulatory capture.” The business being regulated is in fact running the regulators. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billmoyers.com/story/noam-chomskys-requiem-american-dream/"><i>In His New Book, Noam Chomsky Takes a Look at Income Inequality,</i></a> (11 May 2017)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The threat of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is not military. The threat of China is they can't be intimidated... <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> you can intimidate. When the US tries to get people to stop investing in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, European companies pull out, China disregards it. You look at history and understand why — they've been around for 4,000 years, they have contempt for the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>, they just don't give a damn... of all the major powers, they've been the least aggressive militarily. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, Discussion with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trivers" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a>, September 6, 2006</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>, they all carried out mass murder, but they didn't think that that was what they were doing - nor does <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a>. You know, they were defending <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> from greater evils. And in fact I think you'd find it hard to discover a mass murderer in history who didn't think that. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/wp-content/uploads/20040917.pdf">interview by Wallace Shawn</a> , October 19, 2004</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There's a good reason why nobody studies history. It just teaches you too much. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, KGNU benefit, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="extiw" title="w:University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a>, April 5, 2003</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There's one white powder which is by far the most lethal known. It's called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" class="extiw" title="w:Sugar">sugar</a>. If you look at the history of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, a lot of it has to do with that. A lot of the imperial conquest, say in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" class="extiw" title="w:Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, set up a kind of a network... The Caribbean back in the 18th century was a soft drug producer: sugar, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>. And in order to do it, they had to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslave</a> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africans</a>, and it was done largely to pacify working people in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> who were being driven into awful circumstances by the early <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial revolution</a>. That's why so many wars took place around the Caribbean. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpftx.org/archive.htm">Talk at the University of Houston</a>, Texas, October 18, 2002</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armies</a> usually aren't interested in wars. They like preparation for war. But they have an understandable reluctance to fight a war. So I think if you look at, at least the history that I know, <b>it's usually the civilian leadership who is pushing the military to do something. It was the case in the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, Interview by Hugh Gusterson, November 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210055017/http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/2002----.pdf">[1]</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Before there were any suicide bombers, it was also reported by the same sources that <b><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was giving $10,000 to the families of anyone who was killed by <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> atrocities, and there were plenty of them.</b> Well, should he've been doing that? So let's take the first month of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada" class="extiw" title="w:Second Intifada">current intifada</a>. I'm just relying now on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" class="extiw" title="w:Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> sources. What they say is, that in the first few days of the intifada, the Israeli army fired a million bullets. One of the high military officers said 'that means one bullet for every child'. Within the first month of the intifada, they killed about 70 people. Using U.S. helicopters, and in fact <b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> shipped new helicopters to Israel as soon as they started using them against civilians.</b> That's just the first month. And it goes on, no suicide bombers. <b>At the time, it was reported that Saddam Hussein was giving $10,000 to every family. Well, is that supporting terror? It seems to me, sending helicopters to Israel when they're using them to attack apartment complexes, that's supporting terror.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NoamChomsky-2002-11-04-WhyIraqincludesShortDebateWithTedSorensen">"Why Iraq?"</a> talk at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" class="extiw" title="w:Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, November 4, 2002</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Pointing to the massive amounts of propaganda spewed by government and institutions around the world, observers have called our era the age of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a>. But the fact is that Orwell was a latecomer on the scene. <b>As early as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, American historians offered themselves to President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to carry out a task they called "historical engineering," by which they meant designing the facts of history so that they would serve state policy.</b> In this instance, the U.S. government wanted to silence opposition to the war. This represents <b>a version of Orwell's <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">1984</a></i>, even before Orwell was writing.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, in: Wendy McElroy, ‎Carl Watner (1987) <i>The Voluntaryist,</i> Nr. 23-41 (1987), p. 120; Republished in: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zpub.com/un/chomsky.html">Propaganda Review, 1987</a>," at <i>zpub.com,</i> accessed May 23, 2014.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Every year thousands of people, mostly children and poor farmers, are killed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_of_Jars" class="extiw" title="w:Plain of Jars">Plain of Jars</a> in Northern Laos, the scene of the heaviest bombing of civilian targets in history it appears, and arguably the most cruel: <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>'s furious assault on a poor peasant society had little to do with its wars in the region. The worst period was from 1968, when Washington was compelled to undertake negotiations (under popular and business pressure), ending the regular bombardment of North Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a>-<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> then decided to shift the planes to bombardment of Laos and Cambodia. The deaths are from "bombies," tiny anti-personnel weapons, far worse than land-mines: they are designed specifically to kill and maim, and have no effect on trucks, buildings, etc. The Plain was saturated with hundreds of millions of these criminal devices, which have a failure-to-explode rate of 20%-30% according to the manufacturer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell" class="extiw" title="w:Honeywell">Honeywell</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/199903__/">The Current Bombings: Behind the Rhetoric</a> March 1999</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Yet to enter approved memory is the "finale" described in the official <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> history, a 1000-plane raid on civilian targets organized by General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">"Hap" Arnold</a> to celebrate the war's end, five days after <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. According to survivors, leaflets were dropped among the bombs announcing the surrender. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> Z Magazine, July 1995 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001002121936/http://zena.secureforum.com/Znet/zmag/articles/chommemories.htm">[2]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Want of foresight, unwillingness to act when action would be simple and effective, lack of clear <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thinking</a>, confusion of counsel until the emergency comes, until self-preservation strikes its jarring gong—these are the features which constitute the endless repetition of history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, speech, House of Commons (May 2, 1935); in Robert Rhodes James, ed., <i>Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963</i> (1974), vol. 6, p. 5592. Quoted by Senator John Tower in an address delivered before the American Defense Preparedness Association (April 14, 1983); <i>Congressional Record</i> (April 20, 1983), vol. 129, p. S4989 (daily edition).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nescire autem quid ante quam natus sis acciderit, id est semper esse puerum.</i> <ul><li><b>Not to know what happened before you were born is to remain forever a child.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i>M. Tulli Ciceronis Orator Ad M. Brutum</i> (46 B.C.).</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Isn't history ultimately the result of our fear of boredom? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a>, <i>Histoire et utopie</i> ("History and Utopia") (1960)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I turn to the past to learn its story without any preconceived opinion what that story may be. I do not assume that one period or one line of study is more instructive than another, but I am ready to recognise the real identity of man's aspiration at all times. Some episodes in history are regarded as profoundly modern; others are dismissed contemptuously as concerned with trifles. In some ages there are great heroes, in others the actors are sunk in indolence and sloth. For my own part I do not recognise this great distinction. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandell_Creighton" title="Mandell Creighton">Mandell Creighton</a>, <i>The teaching of ecclesiastical history</i>, Inaugural lecture, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Professor_of_Ecclesiastical_History" class="extiw" title="w:Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History">Dixie Chair of Ecclesiastical History</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" class="extiw" title="w:University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (23 January 1885).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The value of history ... is that it teaches us what man has done and thus what man is. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" class="extiw" title="w:R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a>, <i>The Idea of History</i> (1946)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Every <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">decade</a> or so, the world is tested by a crisis so grave that it breaks the mould: one so horrific and inhumane that the response of politicians to it becomes emblematic of their generation —their moral <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cowardice" title="Cowardice">cowardice</a>, their resolution or incompetence. It is how history judges us. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Cox" title="Jo Cox">Jo Cox</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/opinion/jo-cox-don-t-leave-syria-to-become-a-graveyard-this-generation-s-responsibility-to-the-world-1-7512876">Don’t leave Syria to become a graveyard — this generation’s responsibility to the world</a></i> (13 October 2015)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Those who cannot forget the past, are doomed to repeat it.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a>, <i>Days of War, Nights of Love</i> (2001)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>When we say, “That’s history,” it’s a pejorative. Well, the rest of the world takes history pretty seriously. <ul><li>Ryan Crocker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-frontline-interview-ryan-crocker/">"The FRONTLINE Interview: Ryan Crocker"</a>, <i>Frontline</i>, <i>PBS</i>, (February 20, 2018)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>While we read history we make history... Every great crisis of human history is a pass of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" class="extiw" title="w:Battle of Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, and there is always a <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas</a> and his three hundred to die in it, if they can not conquer. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Curtis" title="George William Curtis">George William Curtis</a>, <i>The Call of Freedom</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inundation_of_the_Nile_(4904849744).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Inundation_of_the_Nile_%284904849744%29.jpg/220px-Inundation_of_the_Nile_%284904849744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Inundation_of_the_Nile_%284904849744%29.jpg/330px-Inundation_of_the_Nile_%284904849744%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Inundation_of_the_Nile_%284904849744%29.jpg/440px-Inundation_of_the_Nile_%284904849744%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2915" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>History has been too often a picture of the bloody stream. The history of civilization is a record of what happened on the banks. ~ <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Historians usually focus their attention on the past of countries that still exist, writing hundreds and thousands of books on <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> history, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> history, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> history, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> history, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> history, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> history, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> history, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> history or whatever. Whether consciously or not, they are seeking the roots of the present, thereby putting themselves in danger of reading history backwards. As soon as great powers arise, whether the United States in the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">twentieth century</a> or China in the <a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">twenty-first,</a> the call goes out for offerings on American History or Chinese History, and siren voices sing that today’s important countries are also those whose past is most deserving of examination, that a more comprehensive spectrum of historical knowledge can be safely ignored. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies" class="extiw" title="w:Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i>Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe</i> (2011)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Whoever writes on world history, but not as a forensic history, becomes thereby an accomplice. <ul><li>Karlheinz Deschner <i>Bissige Aphorismen</i>, S. 54</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is easy to argue persuasively the truism that the lessons of history are best derived from what actually happened, rather than from what nearly happened. It should be added, however, that what happened becomes more fully comprehensible in the light of the contending forces that existed at moments of decision. Understanding of the total historical setting is bound to contribute to a clearer view of the actual course of affairs. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de:Harold_C._Deutsch" class="extiw" title="w:de:Harold C. Deutsch">Harold C. Deutsch</a>, introduction to <i>What If? Strategic Alternatives of WWII</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> <a href="/wiki/Teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching">teaching</a> by <a href="/wiki/Examples" class="mw-redirect" title="Examples">examples</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" class="extiw" title="w:Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, <i>Ars rhetorica (The Art of Rhetoric)</i>, XI:2</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The contact with manners then is education; and this Thucydides appears to assert when he says history is philosophy learned from examples. <ul><li>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, <i>Ars Rhetorica</i>, XI. 2, p. 212. (Tauchnitz Ed.) See Thucydides, <i>Works</i>, I. 22</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination" class="extiw" title="w:Assassination">Assassination</a> has never changed the history of the world. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, Addressing the House of Commons after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (1 May 1865)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> in his apology for <a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure mathematics</a> placed high among his arguments that the subject was "harmless". I can – alas – make no such plea for history. The correct use of historical study may be debatable, but the consequences of its abuse have been made plain for all the world to see. The propagandist use of history in the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> of yesterday, in the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> of today, is a fact of incalculable importance to the future fate of the world. An ignorance of history inviting its fabrications by the unscrupulous cannot be regarded simply as an innocuous academic failure. It has affected all our lives. It has led directly to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" class="extiw" title="w:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Belsen</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" class="extiw" title="w:Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre" class="extiw" title="w:Katyn massacre">Katyn Wood</a>. It has contributed its full share to two major European disasters. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Douglas" title="David C. Douglas">David C. Douglas</a>, 'The Seamless Robe: An Historian's Apology', in <i>Time and the Hour: Some Collected Papers of David C. Douglas</i> (1977), p. 14</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I claim for students of history that their study – if properly conducted – can strip the mind of illusions, leading them from heady abstraction back to men and women in their infinite diversity – warning them, by reference to actuality, against this or that ideology which oversimplifies the past under a single formula or promises the millenium the day after tomorrow. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Douglas" title="David C. Douglas">David C. Douglas</a>, 'The Seamless Robe: An Historian's Apology', in <i>Time and the Hour: Some Collected Papers of David C. Douglas</i> (1977), p. 23</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We can only understand the present by continually referring to and studying the past; when any one of the intricate phenomena of our daily life puzzles us; when there arises religious problems, political problems, race problems, we must always remember that while their solution lies in the present, their cause and their explanation lie in the past. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. B. DuBois">W. E. B. DuBois</a>, “The Beginnings of Slavery,” <i>Voice of the Negro</i>, vol. 2 (1905), p. 104, as cited in James B. Stewart, “The Field and Function of Black Studies,” in <i>The African American Studies Reader</i>, edited by Nathaniel Norment, Jr. (Carolina Academic Press: 2007), p. 45.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The difference of development, North and South, is explained as a sort of working out of cosmic social and economic law. ... In this sweeping mechanistic interpretation, there is no room for the real plot of the story, for the clear mistake and guilt of building a new slavery of the working class in the midst of a fateful experiment in democracy. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, <i>Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880</i> (1935), pp. 714-715</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The historian always oversimplifies, and hastily selects a manageable minority of facts and faces out of a crowd of souls and events whose multitudinous complexity he can never quite embrace or comprehend. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a>, <i>The Age of Faith</i> (1950)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Perhaps the cause of our contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimism</a> is our tendency to view history as a turbulent stream of conflicts — between individuals in economic life, between groups in politics, between creeds in religion, between states in war.</b> This is the more dramatic side of history; it captures the eye of the historian and the interest of the reader. But if we turn from that <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> of strife, hot with hate and dark with blood, to look upon the banks of the stream, we find quieter but more inspiring scenes: <a href="/wiki/Women" title="Women">women</a> rearing <a href="/wiki/Children" title="Children">children</a>, men building <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">homes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> drawing food from the soil, artisans making the conveniences of life, statesmen sometimes organizing <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teachers" title="Teachers">teachers</a> forming savages into <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musicians</a> taming our hearts with harmony and rhythm, scientists patiently accumulating knowledge, philosophers groping for truth, saints suggesting the wisdom of love. <b>History has been too often a picture of the bloody stream. The history of civilization is a record of what happened on the banks.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a>, as quoted in "The Gentle Philosopher" (2006) by John Little at Will Durant Foundation.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>LOVE one another ... my final lesson of history, ... is the same as that of Jesus. . . . just try it. Love is the most practical thing in the world. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a>, cited in <i>Love—The “Surpassing Way”</i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Watchtower" class="extiw" title="w:The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i> magazine, 4/15, 1980.<br />Note: A 92-year-old historian summed up his long study of human events by giving that short piece of advice. When asked, at the age of 92, if he could summarize the lessons of history into a single sentence. As quoted in "Durants on History from the Ages, with Love," by Pam Proctor, <i>Parade</i> (6 August 1978) p. 12. Durant is quoting The Gospel of John from Gospel of John 13:34, here, and might also be quoting Jiddu Krishnamurti: "Love is the most practical thing in the world. To love, to be kind, not to be greedy, not to be ambitious, not to be influenced by people but to think for yourself — these are all very practical things, and they will bring about a practical, happy society."</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History smiles at all attempts to force its flow into theoretical patterns or logical grooves; it plays havoc with our generalizations, breaks all our rules; history is baroque. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" class="extiw" title="w:Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a>, <i>The Age of Reason Begins</i> (1950)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History repeats itself, but only in outline and in the large. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" class="extiw" title="w:Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lessons_of_History" class="extiw" title="w:The Lessons of History">The Lessons of History</a></i> (1968)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>No one man, however brilliant or well-informed, can come in one lifetime to such fullness of understanding as to safely judge and dismiss the customs or institutions of his society, for these are the wisdom of generations after centuries of experiment in the laboratory of history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" class="extiw" title="w:Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lessons_of_History" class="extiw" title="w:The Lessons of History">The Lessons of History</a></i> (1968)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>To those of us who study history not merely as a warning reminder of man’s follies and crimes, but also as an encouraging remembrance of generative souls, the past ceases to be a depressing chamber of horrors; it becomes a celestial city, a spacious country of the mind, wherein a thousand saints, statesmen, inventors, scientists, poets, artists, musicians, lovers, and philosophers still live and speak, teach and carve and sing. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" class="extiw" title="w:Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lessons_of_History" class="extiw" title="w:The Lessons of History">The Lessons of History</a></i> (1968)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> is one of the constants of history ... and has not diminished with <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" class="extiw" title="w:Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a>, cited in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Watchtower" class="extiw" title="w:The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i> 2004, 4/1, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2004241?q=durant&p=par">Identifying the Wild Beast and Its Mark</a></i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Que voulez-vous de plus? Il a inventé l'histoire.</i> <ul><li>What more would you have? He has invented history.</li> <li>Madame Du Deffand of Voltaire, who was accused by critics of lack of invention. See Fourier, <i>L'Esprit dans Histoire</i>, p. 141.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is an endless repetition of the wrong way of living. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell" title="Lawrence Durrell">Lawrence Durrell</a>, <i>The Listener</i> (1978)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>History teaches us that <a href="/wiki/Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Men">men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nations" title="Nations">nations</a> behave <a href="/wiki/Wisely" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisely">wisely</a> once they have exhausted all other alternatives. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Eban" title="Abba Eban">Abba Eban</a>, Speech in London (16 December 1970); as quoted in The Times [London] (17 December 1970) and in Great Jewish Quotations (1996) by Alfred J. Kolatch, p. 115.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> has a long <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>, but only a short history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Ebbinghaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Ebbinghaus">Herman Ebbinghaus</a>, cited in: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Boring" title="Edwin Boring">Edwin Boring</a> (1929) <i>A History of Experimental Psychology</i> p. ix.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We are inclined to overemphasize the material influences in history. The <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russians</a> especially make this mistake. Intellectual values and ethnic influences, tradition and emotional factors are equally important. If this were not the case, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> would today be a federated state, not a madhouse of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/wp-content/uploads/satevepost/what_life_means_to_einstein.pdf">"What Life Means to Einstein: An Interview by George Sylvester Viereck"</a>, <i>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post" class="extiw" title="w:Saturday Evening Post">Saturday Evening Post</a></i> (26 October 1929)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History does not long entrust the care of <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Weak" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak">weak</a> or the timid. We must acquire proficiency in defense and display stamina in <a href="/wiki/Purpose" title="Purpose">purpose</a>. We must be willing, individually and as a <a href="/wiki/Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation">Nation</a>, to accept whatever <a href="/wiki/Sacrifices" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifices">sacrifices</a> may be required of us. A people that values its <a href="/wiki/Privileges" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileges">privileges</a> above its <a href="/wiki/Principles" title="Principles">principles</a> soon loses both.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, in his First Inaugural address (20 January 1953)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>While a modern man, though regarding himself as the result of the course of Universal History, does not feel obliged to know the whole of it, the man of the archaic societies is not only obliged to remember mythical history but also to re-enact a large part of it periodically. It is here that we find the greatest difference between the man of the archaic societies and modern man: the irreversibility of events, which is the characteristic trait of History for the latter, is not a fact to the former. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <i>Myth and Reality</i> (1963), p. 13</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>After such knowledge, what forgiveness? Think now</li></ul> <dl><dd>History has many cunning passages, contrived corridors</dd> <dd>And issues, deceives with whispering ambitions,</dd> <dd>Guides us by vanities. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontion" class="extiw" title="w:Gerontion">Gerontion</a></i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>We, as we <a href="/wiki/Read" class="mw-redirect" title="Read">read</a>, must become <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyr">martyr</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executioner" class="extiw" title="w:Executioner">executioner</a>, must fasten these <a href="/wiki/Images" class="mw-redirect" title="Images">images</a> to some <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> in our <a href="/wiki/Secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret">secret</a> <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>, or we shall <a href="/wiki/See" class="mw-redirect" title="See">see</a> <a href="/wiki/Nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing">nothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learn" class="mw-redirect" title="Learn">learn</a> nothing, keep nothing. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, “History”</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>When a <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> becomes a thought to me, when a truth that fired the soul of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">St. John</a>, fires mine, <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> is no more. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, “History”</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There is properly no history, only biography. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <i>Essays</i>, History.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichsparteitag_1935_Gro%C3%9Fer_Appell_28-1121M_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Reichsparteitag_1935_Gro%C3%9Fer_Appell_28-1121M_original.jpg/220px-Reichsparteitag_1935_Gro%C3%9Fer_Appell_28-1121M_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Reichsparteitag_1935_Gro%C3%9Fer_Appell_28-1121M_original.jpg/330px-Reichsparteitag_1935_Gro%C3%9Fer_Appell_28-1121M_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Reichsparteitag_1935_Gro%C3%9Fer_Appell_28-1121M_original.jpg/440px-Reichsparteitag_1935_Gro%C3%9Fer_Appell_28-1121M_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="2951" /></a><figcaption>History’s darkest moments can be a tipping point for change. ~ Travis Fickett</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Foner,_New_York_City,_New_York,_September_15,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eric_Foner%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York%2C_September_15%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Eric_Foner%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York%2C_September_15%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eric_Foner%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York%2C_September_15%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Eric_Foner%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York%2C_September_15%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eric_Foner%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York%2C_September_15%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Eric_Foner%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York%2C_September_15%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>History, however, is not a linear narrative of progress. Rights may be won and taken away; gains are never complete or uncontested, and popular movements generate their own countervailing pressures. ~ <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/220px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/330px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/440px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>Good history is a good foundation for a better present and future. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" class="extiw" title="w:John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Le bon historien n'est d'aucun temps ni d'aucun pays: quoiqu'il aime sa patrie, il ne la flatte jamais en rien.</i> <ul><li>The good historian is not for any time or any country: while he loves his fatherland, he never flatters it in anything.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a>, Lettre sur les Occupations de l'Académie Française, sect. 8, cited from Œuvres de Fénelon (Paris: Lefèvre, 1835) vol. 3, p. 240; translation by Patrick Riley, from Hans Blom et al. (eds.) Monarchisms in the Age of Enlightenment (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007) p. 86.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History’s darkest moments can be a tipping point for change.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Picard" title="Jean-Luc Picard">Jean-Luc Picard</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Stewart" title="Patrick Stewart">Patrick Stewart</a>) in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Picard" class="extiw" title="w:Star Trek: Picard">Star Trek: Picard</a></i> Watcher (March 24, 2022) by Juliana James & Jane Maggs (Teleplay) as well as by Travis Fickett & Juliana James (Story)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History, however, is not a linear narrative of <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>. Rights may be won and taken away; gains are never complete or uncontested, and popular movements generate their own countervailing pressures.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ericfoner.com/articles/121002nation.html">"The Century: A Nation's-Eye View"</a> (10 December 2002), <i>The Nation</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I don't know much about history, and I wouldn't give a nickel for all the history in the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>. It means <a href="/wiki/Nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing">nothing</a> to me. <b>History is more or less bunk.</b> It's <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>. We don't want tradition. We want to live in the <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a> and the only history that is worth a tinker's damn is the history we make <a href="/wiki/Today" title="Today">today</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, interview in <i>Chicago Tribune</i> (25 May 1916).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The whole point about historians is that we are really communing with the dead. It's very restful – because you read. There's some sociopathic problem that makes me prefer it to human interaction. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2010/07/interview-iran-gaza-concerned">"The NS Interview: Niall Ferguson"</a>, <i>The New Statesman</i> (23 July 2010)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Economic history is not politically correct. Many on the left therefore struggle with its findings. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/on-being-called-a-racist">"On being called a racist"</a>, <i>The Spectator</i> (17 December 2011)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A defining feature of history is that there are many more black swans — not to mention what <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Sornette" class="extiw" title="w:Didier Sornette">Didier Sornette</a> calls “dragon kings,” events so large in scale that they lie beyond even a power-law distribution — than a normally distributed world would lead us to expect. All such events lie in the realm of uncertainty, not of calculable risk. Moreover, the world we have built has, over time, become an increasingly complex system prone to all kinds of random behavior, nonlinear relationships and “fat-tailed” distributions. A disaster such as a pandemic is not a single, discrete event. It invariably leads to other forms of disaster — economic, social and political. There can be, and often are, cascades or chain reactions of disaster. The more networked the world becomes, the more we see this. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-05-09/niall-ferguson-the-next-global-disaster-is-already-on-its-way">"The Next Global Disaster Is on Its Way, and We Aren’t Ready"</a>, <i>Bloomberg</i> (9 May 2021)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I disbelieve in both cycles of history and ends of history. History is the interaction of many complex systems. There are certain long-run processes (notably exponential gains in productivity through the development of technology and the “suprasecular” decline of nominal and real interest rates as a result of capital accumulation) punctuated by, well, one disaster after another. These disasters are either randomly distributed or follow a power law (i.e. there are lots of little <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a> or <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a>, but a few cataclysmic ones). At unpredictable intervals, the global system is tipped into a major transition by a disturbance that can be quite small, if not quite as small as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Lorenz</a>’s famous butterfly in the Amazon setting off a tornado in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia’s war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — destructive certainly, but still a relatively small conflict by 20th-century standards — can be enough to trigger a “conflict avalanche.” <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-05-20/niall-ferguson-america-china-russia-and-the-avalanche-of-history">"America, China, Russia and the Avalanche of History"</a>, <i>Bloomberg</i> (20 May 2022)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Today" title="Today">Today</a> is <a href="/wiki/Yesterday" title="Yesterday">Yesterday</a>'s Pupil. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack">Poor Richard's Almanack</a></i> (1751).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>"[T]his historian who seeks to mine the various quarries of the past in the belief that <b>good history is a good foundation for a better present and future.</b>” <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a>, Preface to <i>Race and History: Selected Essays 1938-1988,</i> Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, c1989. As quoted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Hope_Franklin.aspx">encyclopedia.com (2005): Franklin, John Hope 1915– by Thomson Gale</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, or the passing of a particular period of <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">post-war history</a>, but the end of history as such … That is, the end point of mankind's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" class="extiw" title="w:Sociocultural evolution">ideological evolution</a> and the universalization of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" class="extiw" title="w:Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> as the final form of human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" class="extiw" title="w:List of forms of government">government</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" class="extiw" title="w:The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> (1992)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogrod_Saski_Historia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ogrod_Saski_Historia.jpg/220px-Ogrod_Saski_Historia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="459" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ogrod_Saski_Historia.jpg/330px-Ogrod_Saski_Historia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ogrod_Saski_Historia.jpg/440px-Ogrod_Saski_Historia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>History does not belong to us, we belong to it. ~ <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>History does not belong to us, we belong to it. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a>, <i>Truth and Method</i>, p. 276.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>“It can’t make things any worse.”<br />“If there’s one thing that a study of history has taught us, it is that things can always get worse,” said my friend. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, ‘’<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Study_in_Emerald" class="extiw" title="w:A Study in Emerald">A Study in Emerald</a>’’ in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Guran" class="extiw" title="w:Paula Guran">Paula Guran</a> (ed.), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_anthology" class="extiw" title="w:Cthulhu Mythos anthology">New Cthulhu: The Recent Weird</a>,</i> p. 205 (originally published in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_Over_Baker_Street" class="extiw" title="w:Shadows Over Baker Street">Shadows Over Baker Street</a>,</i> 2003)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There are moments in history when brooding tragedy and its dark shadows can be lightened by recalling great moments of the past. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, Letter to Richard Nixon (December 15, 1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/07/03/stories/2005070300090100.htm">[3]</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We tend to view history not as it was, but as we think it should have been. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._Garcia_y_Robertson" title="R. Garcia y Robertson">R. Garcia y Robertson</a>, in the preface to his collection <i>The Moon Maid and Other Fantastic Adventures</i> (1998), <small> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9655901-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9655901-8-6">ISBN 0-9655901-8-6</a>, </small> p. x</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History never looks like history when you are living through it. It always looks confusing and messy, and it always feels uncomfortable. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Gardner" title="John W. Gardner">John W. Gardner</a>, <i>No Easy Victories</i> (1968)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History can reach no unchallengeable conclusions on so many-sided a character, on a life so dominated, so profoundly agitated, by the circumstances of the time. For that I bear history no grudge. To expect from history those final conclusions, which may perhaps be obtained in other disciplines, is, in my opinion, to misunderstand its nature. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Pieter Geyl</a>, <i>Napoleon For and Against</i> (1949), p. 15</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[I]t is the historian's task to deal with the individual in relation to the community. Furthermore his task is a very different one from that of the novelist. Though the historian cannot do without imagination, he remains tied to the event, to data, to testimonies, and he lacks the omniscience which enables the poet to plumb his characters to the most secret places of their hearts. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Pieter Geyl</a>, <i>Napoleon For and Against</i> (1949), p. 181</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The reign of Antoninus is marked by the rare advantage of furnishing very few materials for history, which is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, Ch. III (1776), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume1/chap3.htm">Vol. 1, Ch. 3 "Of the Constitution of the Roman Empire, in the Age of the Antonines"</a></li> <li>This has often been paraphrased: <b>History is indeed little more than the register of crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind.</b></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is not the past but a map of the past, drawn from a particular point of view, to be useful to the modern traveller. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Glassie" class="extiw" title="w:Henry Glassie">Henry Glassie</a>, <i>Passing the Time in Ballymenone</i> (1982)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History teaches, but it has no pupils.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, Letter from Prison (21 June 1919), translated by Hamish Henderson, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Student_Publications" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Edinburgh University Student Publications">Edinburgh University Student Publications</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is at once <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necessity" title="Necessity">necessity</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <i>Selections from the Prison Notebooks</i> (1971).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionaries">Revolutionaries</a> see history as a creation of their own <a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <i>Selections from the Prison Notebooks</i> (1971).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>And read their history in a <a href="/wiki/Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation">nation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eyes" title="Eyes">eyes</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gray" title="Thomas Gray">Thomas Gray</a>, <i>Elegy in a Country Churchyard</i>, Stanza 16.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The great Russian dissident <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> said that the first step a tyrant takes toward enslaving a people is to steal their history, for in that case, no one has anything from the past with which to compare the present, and any horror can be normalized. ... It was once said, as a commercial joke, that it’s not nice to fool <a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature" title="Mother Nature">Mother Nature</a>. The same is true in this case, but not as a joke: It’s not nice to fool with history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Allen C. Guelzo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/05/new-york-times-1619-project-narrative-of-despair/">"1619 and the Narrative of Despair"</a> (11 May 2020), <i>National Review</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History, if it should serve its purpose of stirring emotion, instigating inquiry and directing thought, must first of all be exciting. Is it impossible to be both truthful and warm-hearted, both factual and moving? Are imagination and conscience necessarily enemies to each other? In reconciling them is the art of the true historian. The flow of the story must be swift, vivid, vibrant. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D.V._Gundappa" class="mw-redirect" title="D.V. Gundappa">D.V. Gundappa</a>, ‘The Classical Age’, All India Radio, Mysore, 26 July 1954. Reprinted in Triveni Journal, October 1954. quoted from Balakrishna, S. Invaders and infidels: From Sindh to Delhi : the 500- year journey of Islamic invasions. New Delhi : Bloomsbury, 2021.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAHeinlein_autographing_Midamericon_ddb-371-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAHeinlein_autographing_Midamericon_ddb-371-14.jpg/220px-RAHeinlein_autographing_Midamericon_ddb-371-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAHeinlein_autographing_Midamericon_ddb-371-14.jpg/330px-RAHeinlein_autographing_Midamericon_ddb-371-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAHeinlein_autographing_Midamericon_ddb-371-14.jpg/440px-RAHeinlein_autographing_Midamericon_ddb-371-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>A generation which ignores history has no past — and no future. ~ <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Artes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Artes.jpg/220px-Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Artes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Artes.jpg/330px-Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Artes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Artes.jpg/440px-Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Artes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>History is not simply the study of the past. It is an explanation of the present. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hemingson" class="extiw" title="w:David Hemingson">David Hemingson</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span id="Hegel"></span> What experience and history teach is this — that nations and governments have never learned anything from history, or acted upon any lessons they might have drawn from it. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <i>Lectures on the Philosophy of History</i> (1832), Introduction, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#Volume_1" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Volume 1</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>A generation which ignores history has no past — and no future.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Enough_For_Love" class="extiw" title="w:Time Enough For Love">Time Enough for Love</a></i> (1973).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There's nothing new in human experience, Mr. Tully. Each generation thinks it invented debauchery or suffering or rebellion, but man's every impulse and appetite from the disgusting to the sublime is on display right here all around you. So, before you dismiss something as boring or irrelevant, remember, <b>if you truly want to understand the present or yourself, you must begin in the past. You see, history is not simply the study of the past. It is an explanation of the present.</b> <ul><li>Spoken by Paul Hunham (played by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Giamatti" class="extiw" title="w:Paul Giamatti">Paul Giamatti</a>) to Angus Tully (played by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Sessa" class="extiw" title="w:Dominic Sessa">Dominic Sessa</a> in the Boston <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" class="extiw" title="w:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holdovers" title="The Holdovers">The Holdovers</a></i> (October 27, 2023) written by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hemingson" class="extiw" title="w:David Hemingson">David Hemingson</a>. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhKLpJmHhIg&t=1m44s">The middle</a> of Youtube Video "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhKLpJmHhIg">THE HOLDOVERS - Official Trailer [HD</a> - In Select Theaters October 27, Everywhere November 10]" (17.07.2023) by user "Focus Features".</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The expansion of Europe was the transforming force in human history of the last 500 years, and yet the modern academy looks for reasons not to study it. In the era of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a> the new nations want to stress their indigenous roots and sympathetic scholars explain that European influence was not overwhelming, but that it was used and subverted by locals for local purposes. To concentrate on Europe is criticised as '<a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentric</a>'. But to ignore Europe makes the history of any part of the globe unintelligible. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hirst" title="John Hirst">John Hirst</a>, <i>Sense and Nonsense in Australian History</i> (2005)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is not the neutrals or the lukewarm who make history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, Speech in Berlin (23 April 1933)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In this valley of trees and river and crystal,<br />the fault lines of history broke. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hogan_(writer)" title="Linda Hogan (writer)">Linda Hogan (writer)</a> Dark. Sweet.: New & Selected Poems (2014)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In the end, <a href="/wiki/Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Young">young</a> people are at risk of being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance" class="extiw" title="w:Inheritance">disinherited</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> if that community lacks the <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">confidence</a> to teach its history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> Australia Day Address, (25 January 2006)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Most historical facts are unpleasant. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i>, (1932), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huxley.net/bnw/one.html">ch.2</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>That men do not learn very much from the lessons of history is the most important of all the lessons that history has to teach. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, <i>Collected Essays</i> (1958)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>What we know of the past is mostly not worth knowing. What is worth knowing is mostly uncertain. Events in the past may roughly be divided into those which probably never happened and those which do not matter. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Inge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Inge">Dean Inge</a>, <i>Assessments and Anticipations</i>, "Prognostications" (1929)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History does not relate any true revolution which came from power. All began with education and meant in essence a moral summons. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Islamic_Declaration" class="extiw" title="w:The Islamic Declaration">The Islamic Declaration</a></i> (1970), p. 53.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Today's banalities apparently gain in profundity if one states that the wisdom of the past, for all its virtues, belongs to the past. The arrogance of those who come later preens itself with the notion that the past is dead and gone. … The modern mind can no longer think thought, only can locate it in time and space. The activity of thinking decays to the passivity of classifying. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a>, <i>Social Amnesia</i> (1975), p. 1.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It takes a great deal of history to produce a little <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <i>Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne</i>, Ch. I: The Early Years (1879).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>I like the <a href="/wiki/Dreams" title="Dreams">dreams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a> better than the history of the <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>, — so <a href="/wiki/Good" class="mw-redirect" title="Good">good</a> <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a>!</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, Letter to <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1 August 1816).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>"History," Stephen said, "is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake." <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>, Ch. 2: Nestor (1922)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/220px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/330px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/440px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>It is the profound tendencies of history and not the passing excitements that will shape our future. ~ <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/220px-Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/330px-Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/440px-Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption>Every great age is marked by innovation and daring--by the ability to meet unprecedented problems with intelligent solutions. In a time of turbulence and change, it is more true than ever that knowledge is power; for only by true understanding and steadfast judgment are we able to master the challenge of history. If this is so, we must strive to acquire knowledge--and to apply it with wisdom. ~ <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_F._Kennedy_1964.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_F._Kennedy_1964.jpeg/220px-Robert_F._Kennedy_1964.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_F._Kennedy_1964.jpeg/330px-Robert_F._Kennedy_1964.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_F._Kennedy_1964.jpeg/440px-Robert_F._Kennedy_1964.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="8819" /></a><figcaption>There are people in every time and every land who want to stop history in its tracks. They fear the future, mistrust the present, and invoke the security of a comfortable past which, in fact, never existed. ~ <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kierkegaard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kierkegaard.jpg/220px-Kierkegaard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Kierkegaard.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>It goes against the grain for me to do what so often happens, to speak inhumanly about the great as if a few millennia were an immense distance. I prefer to speak humanly about it, as if it happened yesterday, and let only the greatness itself be the distance. ~ <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>History is just as much a <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. It has its own <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">laws</a>, it has its own <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kara-Murza" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Kara-Murza">Vladimir Kara-Murza</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815162641/https://time.com/7011351/vladimir-evgenia-kara-murza-interview">"‘Russia Will Be Democratic.’ Vladimir and Evgenia Kara-Murza on the Fight for a Free Russia"</a> (15 August 2024), by Yasmeen Serhan, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" class="extiw" title="w:Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, New York City: Time USA, LLC</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is shaped by people operating as people do, making choices with their consciousness limited by material reality and by their perceptions of material reality. This means by their perceptions of possibility too. Simply put, if people don't think <a href="/wiki/Change" title="Change">change</a> is possible, they won't try. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Kaye/Kantrowitz" title="Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz">Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz</a> “Nine Suggestions For Radicals, or Lessons From the Gulf War” in The Issue is Power: Essays on Women, Jews, Violence and Resistance (1992)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I sometimes think that we are too much impressed by the clamor of daily events. The newspaper headlines and the television screens give us a short view. They so flood us with the stop-press details of daily stories that we lose sight of one of the great movements of history. Yet <b>it is the profound tendencies of history and not the passing excitements that will shape our future.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, Address at the University of California at Berkeley (March 23, 1962). Delivered at Memorial Stadium at the University of California in Berkeley, California. Source: Address at the University of California at Berkeley, March 23, 1962. Boston: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624192125/https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/university-of-california-berkeley-19620323">Archived</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://From">from</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/university-of-california-berkeley-19620323">the original</a> on June 24, 2024.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Beyond the drumfire of daily crisis</b>, therefore, <b>there is arising the outlines of a robust and vital world community, founded on nations secure in their own independence, and united by their allegiance to world peace. It would be foolish to say that this world will be won tomorrow, or the day after. The processes of history are fitful and uncertain and aggravating. There will be frustrations and setbacks. There will be times of anxiety and gloom. The specter of thermonuclear war will continue to hang over mankind; and we must heed the advice of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a> of "freedom leaning on her spear" until all nations are wise enough to disarm safely and effectively. Yet we can have a new confidence today in the direction in which history is moving. Nothing is more stirring than the recognition of great public purpose. Every great age is marked by innovation and daring--by the ability to meet unprecedented problems with intelligent solutions. In a time of turbulence and change, it is more true than ever that knowledge is power; for only by true understanding and steadfast judgment are we able to master the challenge of history. If this is so, we must strive to acquire knowledge--and to apply it with wisdom.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, Address at the University of California at Berkeley (March 23, 1962). Delivered at Memorial Stadium at the University of California in Berkeley, California. Source: Address at the University of California at Berkeley, March 23, 1962. Boston: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624192125/https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/university-of-california-berkeley-19620323">Archived</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://From">from</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/university-of-california-berkeley-19620323">the original</a> on June 24, 2024.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>To say that the future will be different from the present is, to <a href="/wiki/Scientists" title="Scientists">scientists</a>, hopelessly self-evident.</b> I observe regretfully that in politics, however, it can be <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. It can be denounced as <a href="/wiki/Radicalism" title="Radicalism">radicalism</a>, or branded as subversion. <b>There are people in every time and every land who want to stop history in its tracks. They fear the future, mistrust the present, and invoke the security of a comfortable past which, in fact, never existed.</b> It hardly seems necessary to point out in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> - of all States -- that change, although it involves risks, is the law of life. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/01/20/06-08-1964.pdf"><i>The Opening to the Future</i> Adress at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California</a> (8 June 1964)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It goes against the grain for me to do what so often happens, to speak inhumanly about the great as if a few millennia were an immense distance. I prefer to speak humanly about it, as if it happened yesterday, and let only the greatness itself be the distance. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, <i>Fear and Trembling</i> (1843), S. Walsh, trans. (2006), p. 28.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I think of myself as a historian more than as a statesman. As a historian, you have to be conscious of the fact that every civilization that has ever existed has ultimately collapsed. History is a tale of efforts that failed, of aspirations that weren't realized, of wishes that were fulfilled and then turned out to be different from what one expected. So, as a historian, one has to live with a sense of the inevitability of tragedy. As a statesman, one has to act on the assumption that problems must be solved. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, as quoted in an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/13/archives/partial-transcript-of-an-interview-with-kissinger-on-the-state-of.html">interview with the <i>New York Times</i> (13 October 1974)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The study of history offers no manual of instructions that can be applied automatically; history teaches by analogy, shedding light on the likely consequences of comparable situations. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, <i>Diplomacy</i> (1994)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purpose" title="Purpose">Purpose</a> has no place in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, but history has no meaning without it. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Kubler" title="George Kubler">George Kubler</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shape_of_Time" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:The Shape of Time">The Shape of Time</a>,</i> 1982, p. 8</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>"...<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> told us this a long time ago, and I can still hear that voice crying through the vista of time, saying, "<i>Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, pray for them that despitefully use you.</i>" And there is still a voice saying to every potential Peter, "<i>Put up your sword</i>." History is replete with the bleached bones of nations, history is cluttered with the wreckage of communities that failed to follow this command." <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>. <small> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_speech_at_the_great_march_on_detroit/">Speech delivered at the Great March on Detroit</a>, 23 June 1963. King was alluding to the words of Christ in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" class="extiw" title="w:Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> (Matthew 5:44) and during His arrest (on Matthew 26:52)</small></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The history books, which had almost completely ignored the contribution of the Negro in American history, only served to intensify the Negroes' sense of worthlessness and to augment the anachronistic doctrine of white supremacy. All too many Negroes and whites are unaware of the fact that the first American to shed blood in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">revolution which freed this country from British oppression</a> was a black seaman named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" class="extiw" title="w:Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a>. Negroes and whites are almost totally oblivious of the fact that it was a Negro physician, Dr. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hale_Williams" class="extiw" title="w:Daniel Hale Williams">Daniel Hale Williams</a>, who performed the first successful operation on the heart in America. Another Negro physician, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles Drew</a>, was largely responsible for developing the method of separating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma" class="extiw" title="w:Blood plasma">blood plasma</a> and storing it on a large scale, a process that saved thousands of lives in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and has made possible many of the important advances in postwar <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. History books have virtually overlooked the many Negro scientists and inventors who have enriched American life. Although a few refer to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a>, whose research in agricultural products helped to revive the economy of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> when the throne of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cotton" class="extiw" title="w:King Cotton">King Cotton</a> began to totter, they ignore the contribution of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Rillieuz" class="extiw" title="w:Norbert Rillieuz">Norbert Rillieuz</a>, whose invention of an evaporating pan revolutionized the process of sugar refining. How many people know that multimillion-dollar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Shoe_Machinery_Company" class="extiw" title="w:United Shoe Machinery Company">United Shoe Machinery Company</a> developed from the shoe-lasting machine invented in the last century by a Negro from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Guiana" class="extiw" title="w:Dutch Guiana">Dutch Guiana</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Matzelinger" class="extiw" title="w:Jan Matzelinger">Jan Matzelinger</a>; or that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_T._Woods" class="extiw" title="w:Granville T. Woods">Granville T. Woods</a>, an expert in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motors" class="extiw" title="w:Electric motors">electric motors</a>, whose many patents speeded the growth and improvement of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railroads</a> at the beginning of this century, was a Negro?<br />Even the Negroes' contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> of America is sometimes overlooked in astonishing ways. In 1965 my oldest son and daughter entered an <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrated</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. A few months later my wife and I were invited to attend a program entitled "Music that has made America great." As the evening unfolded, we listened to the folk songs and melodies of the various immigrant groups. We were certain that the program would end with the most original of all American music, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_spiritual" class="extiw" title="w:Negro spiritual">Negro spiritual</a>. But we were mistaken. Instead, all the students, including our children, ended the program by singing "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie" class="extiw" title="w:Dixie">Dixie</a>". <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, as quoted in Carson, Clayborne. 2001. <i>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.</i>, Grand Central Publishing. Cap: Black Power.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Snake" class="extiw" title="w:Solid Snake">Solid Snake</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a> isn't just about passing on your <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a>. We can leave behind much more than just <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Movies">movies</a>... what we've <a href="/wiki/Seen" class="mw-redirect" title="Seen">seen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heard" class="mw-redirect" title="Heard">heard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felt" class="mw-redirect" title="Felt">felt</a>... <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">joy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorrow" title="Sorrow">sorrow</a>... these are the things I will pass on. That's what I live for. We need to pass the torch, and let our <a href="/wiki/Children" title="Children">children</a> read our messy and <a href="/wiki/Sad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sad">sad</a> history by its <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. We have all the <a href="/wiki/Magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic">magic</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_age" class="extiw" title="w:Digital age">digital age</a> to do that with. The <a href="/wiki/Human_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Human race">human race</a> will probably come to an <a href="/wiki/End" title="End">end</a> sometime, and new <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> may rule over this <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> may not be <a href="/wiki/Forever" class="mw-redirect" title="Forever">forever</a>, but we still have the <a href="/wiki/Responsibility" title="Responsibility">responsibility</a> to leave what traces of life we can. Building the <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a> and keeping the <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a> <a href="/wiki/Alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Alive">alive</a> are one and the same thing. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Snake" class="extiw" title="w:Solid Snake">Solid Snake</a> as interpreted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hayter" class="extiw" title="w:David Hayter">David Hayter</a> in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:_Sons_of_Liberty" class="extiw" title="w:Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty">Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty</a></i>, (November 13, 2001), written by <a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kojima" title="Hideo Kojima">Hideo Kojima</a> and Tomokazu Fukushima</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Time in its irresistible and ceaseless flow carries along on its flood all created things, and drowns them in the depths of obscurity, no matter if they be quite unworthy of mention, or most noteworthy and important, and thus, as the tragedian says, "he brings from the darkness all things to the birth, and all things born envelops in the night." <b>But</b> <b>the tale of history forms a very strong bulwark against the stream of time, and to some extent checks its irresistible flow, and, of all things done in it, as many as history has taken over, it secures and binds together, and does not allow them to slip away into the abyss of oblivion.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Komnene" class="extiw" title="w:Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Alexiad/Preface" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Alexiad/Preface">The Alexiad</a></i> (c. 1148)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History,_Memory,_and_the_Law_(August_2002)"><span id="History.2C_Memory.2C_and_the_Law_.28August_2002.29"></span><i>History, Memory, and the Law</i> (August 2002)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History, Memory, and the Law (August 2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small> Thomas R. Kearns (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_9YVh0QmUQC"><i>History, Memory, and the Law</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. </small> </p> <ul><li>Generally when scholars talk about the relationship between history, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, the latter is thought of solely as a passive object of historical change. Legal history is regarded as the study of the forces that have shaped law. It is the history of the evolution of law with law perpetually lagging behind society and being pushed and pulled from the outside. This view, as rich and productive as it is, ignores what might be called an “internal” perspective, one that would examine law for the way it uses and writes history as well as for the ways in which it also become a site of memory and commemoration. <ul><li>Austin Sarat and Thomas R. Kearns, “Writing History and Registering Memory in Legal Decisions and Legal Practices: An Introduction”, pp.1-2</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>While law responds to <a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Change" title="Change">change</a>, it also makes history. Law <a href="/wiki/Writes" class="mw-redirect" title="Writes">writes</a> the <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>, not just its own past, but the past for those over whom law seeks to exercise its <a href="/wiki/Dominion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion">dominion</a>. Law constructs a that it wants to present as <a href="/wiki/Authoritative" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritative">authoritative</a>, when, as Laura Kalman argues, no historian “considers the past authoritative.” And law uses history to tell us who we are. <ul><li>Laura Kalman, “Strange Career”, 180; quoted in as quoted in Thomas R. Kearns (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_9YVh0QmUQC">“History, Memory, and the Law”</a>. University of Michigan Press. p.3</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I think every historian's dream is to uncover a great treasure that no one else has seen and bring it to light. <ul><li>Melissa Kravetz, Associate Professor of History at Longwood University, as quoted in <i>Longwood</i> magazine by Sabrina Brown (editor), Spring 2024 edition, p. 12</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>“History serves a specific and indispensable rhetorical role” <ul><li>Eisgruber, (“Living Hand,” 1622). Footnote 12, p.4</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Kelly, “Clio and the Court,” 122; also Frederick Shauer, “Precedent,” Stanford Law Review 39 (1987): 571. Peter Burke asks, “What is the function of social memory?” He speculates that if a lawyer were asked, “[H]e or she might well discuss the importance of custom and precedent, the justification or legitimation of actions in the present with reference to the past.” History as Social Memory” in Memory History, Culture and the Mind, ed. Thomas Butler (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 105. <ul><li>Footnote 13, p.4</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>While there is contest about the meaning of the past, of the precise relevance of law’s history, to its present, there is little dispute about the place of an historical sensibility in legal decision making. Yet as we turn from history to memory this consensus disappears. To turn from history to memory is to move from the disciplined effort to marshal evidence about the “truth” of the past to the slippery terrain on which individuals and groups invent traditions and record partisan versions of the past on the basis of which they seek to construct particular conditions in the present. “Memory,” Pierre Nora writes, <br /> is life, borne by living societies founded in its name. It remains in permanent evolution, open to the dialectic of remembering and forgetting, unconscious of its successive deformations, vulnerable to manipulation and appropriation. . . . [H]istory on the other hand, is the reconstruction . . . of what is no longer. . . . History, because it is an intellectual and secular production, calls for analysis and criticism. . . . At the heart of history is a critical discourse that is antithetical to . . . memory. <ul><li>Pierre Nora as quoted on pp.9-10; Pierre Nora, “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire,” “Representation 26 (1989): 8-9. But see Natalie Zemn Davis and Randolph Starn: “Rather than insisting on the opposition between memory and history . . . we want to emphasize their interdependence’ (“Introduction,” “Representations” 26 [1989]: 5). Or, as burke argues, “Both history and memory are coming to appear increasingly problematic. Remembering the past and writing about it no longer seem like the innocent activities they were once taken to be. Neither memories nor histories seem objective any longer. . . . In both cases . . . selection, interpretation and distortion is socially condition” (“History as Social memory,” 97-98). Footnote 51, p.10</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The essays in this book also inquire about the way history is mobilized in legal decision making, the rhetorical techniques for marshaling and for overcoming precedent, and the different histories that are written in and through the legal process. Among the questions that they address are, How are the histories and memories created by law different by virtue of the site of their creation? Through what representational practices are the seeming continuities between past and present that are necessary to legitimize legal decisions constructed and preserved? Whose histories and memories “count” in law? What does history do to and for, law, and what does law do to history? Under what conditions do legal institutions, such as courts or prisons, becomes sites of memory? <ul><li>p.14 quoting Lucie White, “Why Do You Treat Us So Badly?’ On Loss, Remembrance, and Responsibility,” Cumberland Law Review 26 (1996): 812; Id., 813</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The essays in “History, Memory, and the Law” deploy a wide range of theories in diverse contexts to show law’s role in commemoration and the ways it constructs its own history. Yet each illuminates the limits of law as a site of memory and as a reader and interpreter of history. Each also highlights it flexibility, responsiveness, and adaptability. No memory, no matter how important or powerful it would seem to be, reliably can be preserved in and through legal decisions and institutions. No memory, no matter how powerful or important it would seem to be, reliably can make its presence felt to open up, to correct, or to control law. And similarly, the history that law constructs, as well as the techniques used to construct, cannot ensure a certain outcome. Law’s history and its hermeneutics are neither linear nor immune to improvisations, inventions, and ingeniously artful readings. To study history and memory in law, then, is to be reminded of law’s almost inexhaustible capacity to be, and do, many complex and contradictory things, all the while denying the contradictions and plausibly proclaiming its “formal existence.” <ul><li>p.24 quoting Fish, “Law Wishes to Have a Formal Existence,” in The Fate of Law, ed. Austin Sarat and Thomas R. Kearns (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historybooks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Historybooks.JPG/220px-Historybooks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Historybooks.JPG/330px-Historybooks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Historybooks.JPG/440px-Historybooks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>I started to think why <a href="/wiki/People" class="mw-redirect" title="People">people</a> feel <a href="/wiki/Comfortable" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfortable">comfortable</a> <a href="/wiki/Disrespecting" class="mw-redirect" title="Disrespecting">disrespecting</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_people" class="extiw" title="w:Latino people">us</a> in a way that’s just not <a href="/wiki/Normal" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal">normal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural">natural</a>. And I started to think that it's because our contributions aren't in history <a href="/wiki/Textbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Textbooks">textbooks</a>. ~ <a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frozen_river_in_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frozen_river_in_Alaska.jpg/220px-Frozen_river_in_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frozen_river_in_Alaska.jpg/330px-Frozen_river_in_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frozen_river_in_Alaska.jpg/440px-Frozen_river_in_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>What is the use trying to describe the flowing of a <a href="/wiki/River" class="mw-redirect" title="River">river</a> at any one <a href="/wiki/Moment" title="Moment">moment</a>, and then at the next moment, and then at the next, and the next, and the next? You wear out. You say: There is a great river, and it flows through this <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, and we have named it History. ~ <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban_Zhao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ban_Zhao.jpg/220px-Ban_Zhao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="546" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ban_Zhao.jpg/330px-Ban_Zhao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ban_Zhao.jpg/440px-Ban_Zhao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel" class="extiw" title="w:Time travel">Time travel</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" class="extiw" title="w:Drama">dramas</a> are becoming a hot theme for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a>. But the content and exaggerated performance style are questionable. <br /> Many <a href="/wiki/Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Stories">stories</a> are totally made up and are made to strain for an effect of novelty. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producer" class="extiw" title="w:Producer">Producers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers">writers</a> are treating <a href="/wiki/Serious" class="mw-redirect" title="Serious">serious</a> history in a frivolous way, which should by no means be encouraged anymore. ~ Li Jingsheng</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Historians as a rule follow the main lines of history—the wars, the politics, the rise and fall of empires—yet the true history is that of the people themselves: where they lived, their ways of making a living, their inventions, discoveries, problem-solving, business dealings, and their relations with each other. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour" title="Louis L'Amour">Louis L'Amour</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CzMGUCMtFMoC&q=historians#v=snippet&q=historian&f=false">The Sackett Companion: The Facts Behind the Fiction</a></i>. Random House Publishing. 19 February 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307490384" title="Special:BookSources/9780307490384">ISBN 9780307490384</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sackett+Companion%3A+The+Facts+Behind+the+Fiction&rft.date=19+February+2009&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.isbn=9780307490384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCzMGUCMtFMoC%26q%3Dhistorians%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dhistorian%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We hope, plan, execute; will it be vain?<br />Or will the future be the past again? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, <i>Romance and Reality</i> (1831), Vol I., Chapter 15.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History hath but few pages—soon is told<br />Man’s ordinary life,<br />Labour, and care, and strife,<br />Make up the constant chronicle of old. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, <i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835</i> (1834), 'Hindoo and Mahommedan Buildings'.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is nothing whatever but a record of what living persons have done in the past. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a>, <i>Give Me Liberty</i> (1936).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is only true for the time being; each new generation of scholars rewrites the work of its predecessors. But such revisers rarely go back to the beginning and start from scratch. Instead they build uncritically on “generally accepted” foundations laid down by their predecessors. These traditional, established truths of history have a large symbolic component of which their exponents are usually unaware. <ul><li>Sir Edmund Leach. Aryan invasions over four millennia. In Culture through Time, Anthropological Approaches, edited by E. Ohnuki-Tierney, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1990, pp. 232</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There was a little bit of improvement in my <a href="/wiki/Son" class="mw-redirect" title="Son">son</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American" class="extiw" title="w:Latin American">Latin American</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a> contributions—and I don’t mean to lump us together—were nonexistent in my <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school" class="extiw" title="w:Public school">public school</a>. Even when I went to <a href="/wiki/College" class="mw-redirect" title="College">college</a>, there was <a href="/wiki/Nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing">nothing</a>. When I was <a href="/wiki/Studying" title="Studying">studying</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, there was nothing about everything we did, not one mention of any participation or contribution, ever. And it would’ve <a href="/wiki/Changed" class="mw-redirect" title="Changed">changed</a> my <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/article/john-leguizamo-latin-history-morons">"John Leguizamo Is Here to Explain Latino History for You"</a>, Patricia Garcia, <i>Vogue</i>, (April 6, 2017)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I started to think why <a href="/wiki/People" class="mw-redirect" title="People">people</a> feel <a href="/wiki/Comfortable" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfortable">comfortable</a> <a href="/wiki/Disrespecting" class="mw-redirect" title="Disrespecting">disrespecting</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_people" class="extiw" title="w:Latino people">us</a> in a way that’s just not <a href="/wiki/Normal" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal">normal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural">natural</a>. And I started to think that it's because our contributions aren't in history <a href="/wiki/Textbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Textbooks">textbooks</a>. <ul><li>John Leguizamo in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/nbc-latino-john-leguizamo-n795796">"#NBCLatino20: Broadway's Professor, John Leguizamo"</a>, by Raul A. Reyes, Marshall Crook and Geraldine Cols Azócar, <i>NBC News</i>, (Sept. 14, 2017).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What is the use trying to describe the flowing of a <a href="/wiki/River" class="mw-redirect" title="River">river</a> at any one <a href="/wiki/Moment" title="Moment">moment</a>, and then at the next moment, and then at the next, and the next, and the next? You wear out. You say: There is a great river, and it flows through this <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, and we have named it History. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, "A Man of the People", in <i>Four Ways to Forgiveness</i> (1995), p. 108.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is the art of making an argument about the past by telling a story accountable to evidence. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Lepore" class="extiw" title="w:Jill Lepore">Jill Lepore</a>, "Story of America: essays on origins", (2014), p. 15.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel" class="extiw" title="w:Time travel">Time travel</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" class="extiw" title="w:Drama">dramas</a> are becoming a hot theme for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a>. But the content and exaggerated performance style are questionable. <br /> Many <a href="/wiki/Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Stories">stories</a> are totally made up and are made to strain for an effect of novelty. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producer" class="extiw" title="w:Producer">Producers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers">writers</a> are treating <a href="/wiki/Serious" class="mw-redirect" title="Serious">serious</a> history in a frivolous way, which should by no means be encouraged anymore. <ul><li>Li Jingsheng, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_of_Press,_Publication,_Radio,_Film_and_Television" class="extiw" title="w:State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television">SARFT</a> conference, (April 1, 2011); as qtd. in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/14/china-time-travel-dramas">"China censors want to consign time travel dramas to past"</a>, by Tania Branigan, <i>The Guardian</i>, (4/14/2011).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What has once happened, will invariably happen again, when the same circumstances which combined to produce it, shall again combine in the same way. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, speech on the sub-Treasury, in the hall of the House of Representatives, Springfield, Illinois (December 26, 1839); in Roy P. Basler, ed., <i>The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln</i> (1953), vol. 1, p. 165.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Maybe if we tell the <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> about the past, we can tell the truth about the present. <ul><li>Ken Loach, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/29/movies/29cann.html">Cannes Festival Awards 2006</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg/220px-Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="618" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg/330px-Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg/440px-Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption>Lives of great men all remind us<br />We can make our lives sublime,<br />And departing, leave behind us<br />Footprints on the sands of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>; ~ <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Lives of great men all remind us<br />We can make our lives sublime,<br />And departing, leave behind us<br />Footprints on the sands of time; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Psalm_of_Life" class="extiw" title="wikisource:A Psalm of Life">A Psalm of Life</a></i> (1839), St. 7.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History casts its <a href="/wiki/Shadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow">shadow</a> far into the <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> of <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <i>Outre-Mer</i>, <i>Ancient Spanish Ballads</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>They who live in history only seemed to walk the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a> again. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <i>The Belfry of Bruges</i>, Stanza 9.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We are making the future as well as bonding to survive the enormous pressures of the present, and that is what it means to be a part of history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>, <i>Learning from the 60s</i>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Outsider" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Sister Outsider">Sister Outsider</a>: Essays and Speeches</i>. Crossing Press. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89594-142-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89594-142-8">ISBN 978-0-89594-142-8</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5B%3Awikipedia%3ASister+Outsider%7CSister+Outsider%5D%5D%3A+Essays+and+Speeches&rft.date=1984&rft.pub=Crossing+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-89594-142-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>I shall cheerfully bear the reproach of having descended below the dignity of history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay</a>, <i>History of England</i>, Volume I, Chapter I.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There can be no one historical narrative that renders perfect justice (just as perhaps there is no judicial outcome that can capture the complexity of history)… <ul><li>Charles Maier <sup title="Needs citation">[<a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:Citing_sources" title="Wikiquote:Citing sources"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>After all, history is no respecter of the feelings of persons and communities, and one cannot alter the facts of history. <ul><li>R.C. Majumdar History Of The Freedom Movement In India, vol I. (xviii)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Firstly, that history is no respecter of persons or communities; secondly, that its sole aim is to find out the truth by following the canons commonly accepted as sound by all historians; and thirdly, to express the truth, without fear, envy, malice, passion, or prejudice, and irrespective of all extraneous considerations, both political and humane. In judging any remark or opinion expressed in such a history, the question to be asked is not whether it is pleasant or unpleasant, mild or strong, impolitic or imprudent, but simply whether it is true or false, just or unjust, and above all, whether it is or is not supported by the evidence at our disposal. (xxx) <ul><li>R. C. Majumdar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar">Volume 6</a>: <i>The Delhi Sultanate [1300-1526]</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is experimental politics. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>, <i>Against Rousseau</i> (1795), p. 21</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Let us all remember: history makes us and we the people make history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Martinez" title="Elizabeth Martinez">Elizabeth Martinez</a> <i>Letters from Mississippi: Reports from Civil Rights Volunteers and Freedom School Poetry of the 1964 Freedom Summer</i> (2007 edition)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The problem of locating photos often confirms the indifference to women’s presence in history, as reflected in the media, books, historical records, museums, university libraries. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Martinez" title="Elizabeth Martinez">Elizabeth Martinez</a> 500 Years of Chicana Women's History/500 Años de la Mujer Chicana (2008)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span id="Marx"></span> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> remarks somewhere that all facts and personages of great importance in world history occur, as it were, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second as farce.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon" (1852), part 1, in <i>On Revolution</i> (vol. 1 of The Karl Marx Library), ed. and trans. Saul K. Padover, p. 245 (1971).<br />See <a href="#Hegel">Hegel quote</a>, above.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>To seek to abolish history is the ambition of a fool. For a land without history is a barren island in an uncharted sea. To tear up the roots is to destroy the tree. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, Melbourne Scots - 'Father and Son' Night address (1968), as cited in <i>Menzies In His Own Words: A Collection of Quotes</i> (2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The tales spun around the betrayal at Isstvan III filled entire wings of the Gallery of Pergamum. This was where the canker at the heart of the Legions was first revealed, where the Legions had first spilled the blood of their brothers in open warfare. Magnus had despatched cabal after cabal seeking truths from those who had fought in that battle, desiring to unravel its root causes. It seemed to Vistario to be a thankless task, for every adept of the Corvidae knew that <b>nothing ever really began. There could be no single moment from which this or any other event sprang; the threads could always be followed to some earlier moment and the actions that preceded them. To attempt to pin any event's origin to a single moment in time would drive a mind to insanity.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_McNeill" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Graham McNeill">Graham McNeill</a>, <i>The Ancient Awaits</i> (2018)</li> <li>Context: <i>The Ancient Awaits</i> is a short story set in the <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000" title="Warhammer 40,000">Warhammer 40,000</a></i> universe, and the Corvidae were tasked with researching in-universe history and cause-and-effect.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a> admits no <a href="/wiki/Rules" title="Rules">rules</a>, only outcomes.</b> What precipitates outcomes? Vicious acts & virtuous acts. What precipitates acts? <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Mitchell_(author)" title="David Mitchell (author)">David Mitchell</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(novel)" class="extiw" title="w:Cloud Atlas (novel)">Cloud Atlas</a></i> (2004), "The Pacific Journal of Adam Ewing", p. 528.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The history of the world, or, as it is called, "Universal History," has laid open new avenues of thought, and it has enriched our language with a word which never passed the lips of Socrates or Plato, or Aristotle—mankind. Where the Greek saw barbarians, we see brethren; where the Greek saw heroes and demigods, we see our parents and ancestors; where the Greek saw nations, we see mankind, toiling and suffering, separated by oceans, divided by language, and severed by national enmity,— yet evermore tending, under a divine control, towards the fulfilment of that inscrutable purpose for which the world was created, and man placed in it, bearing the image of God. History, therefore, with its dusty and mouldering pages, is to us as sacred a volume as the book of nature. In both we read, or we try to read, the reflex of the laws and thoughts of a Divine Wisdom. <ul><li>Max Muller,quoted in Arvidsson, Stefan (2006), Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science, translated by Sonia Wichmann, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. (72) **F. M. Müller 1867-75. a :sf</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>To be a history in the true sense of the word, the work must be the story of the people inhabiting a country. It must be a record of their life from age to age presented through the life and achievements of men whose exploits become the beacon-lights of tradition; through the characteristic reaction of the people to physical and economic conditions; through political changes and vicissitudes which create the forces and conditions which operate upon life; through characteristic social institutions, beliefs and forms; through literary and artistic achievements; through the movements of thought which from time to time helped or hindered the growth of collective harmony; through those values which the people have accepted or reacted to and which created or shaped their collective will; through efforts of the people to will themselves into an organic unity. The central purpose of a history must, therefore, be to investigate and unfold the values which, age after age, have inspired the inhabitants of a country to develop their collective will and to express it through the manifold activities of their life. <ul><li>K. M. Munshi, in History and Culture of the Indian People <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mughulempire00bhar">Volume 7</a>: <i>The Mughul Empire [1526-1707]</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If Napoleon had nuclear subs, we'd all be speaking French. So, the history thing can be oversold. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Murphy_(political_consultant)" title="Mike Murphy (political consultant)">Mike Murphy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/mike-murphy-ii/">interview with Bill Kristol</a> (7 February 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/mike-murphy-ii-transcript/">transcript</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[O]ne's political ideology is inextricable from one's view of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">history</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">Brian Reynolds Myers</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2018/08/27/heaven-is-helping-us-more-from-the-nationalist-left-b-r-myers/">"'Heaven is Helping Us': More from the Nationalist Left"</a> (27 August 2018), <i>Sthele Press</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The relations of groups of men to plots of land, of organised communities to units of territory, form the basic content of political history. The conflicting territorial claims of communities constitute the greater part of conscious international history; social stratifications and convulsions, primarily arising from the relationship of men to land, make the greater, not always fully conscious part of the domestic history of nations—and even under urban and industrial conditions ownership of land counts for more than is usually supposed. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Namier" title="Lewis Namier">Lewis Namier</a>, <i>England in the Age of the American Revolution</i> (1930), p. 18</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Too much history is written by don-bred dons with no knowledge or understanding of the practical problems of statecraft. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Namier" title="Lewis Namier">Lewis Namier</a> to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (14 February 1939), quoted in Julia Namier, <i> Lewis Namier: A Biography</i> (1971), p. 230</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What then is, generally speaking, the truth of history? A fable agreed upon. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <i>Mémorial de Sainte Hélène</i>, v. 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=945jAAAAMAAJ&vq=%22fable%20agreed%20upon%22&pg=PA251">p. 251</a>. However, the phrase predates Napoleon. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" class="extiw" title="w:Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a> attributes it to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" class="extiw" title="w:Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle">Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle</a>, <i>De l'esprit</i> (1758), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=N7g8AAAAcAAJ&vq=%22fable%20convenue%22&pg=RA1-PA443">p. 443</a>,</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The more complex the world situation becomes, the more <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> and rational analysis you have to have, the less you can do with simple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capital" class="extiw" title="w:Social capital">good will</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimentality" class="extiw" title="w:Sentimentality">sentiment</a>. Nonetheless, the human situation is so, and this is why I think that the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian faith</a> is right as against simple forms of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>. That it believes that there is in man a radical <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, and this freedom is <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> but it is also <a href="/wiki/Destruction" title="Destruction">destructive</a> — and there's nothing that prevents this from being both creative and destructive. That's why history is not an answer to our problem, because history complicates, enlarges every problem of human existence. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15878coll90/id/57/rec/56">The Mike Wallace Interview</a> (1958)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We must know the right time to forget as well as the right time to remember, and instinctively see when it is necessary to feel historically and when unhistorically. <ul><li>Friedrich Nietzsche <sup title="Needs citation">[<a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:Citing_sources" title="Wikiquote:Citing sources"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian-nmaahc-outside-20160720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smithsonian-nmaahc-outside-20160720.jpg/220px-Smithsonian-nmaahc-outside-20160720.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smithsonian-nmaahc-outside-20160720.jpg/330px-Smithsonian-nmaahc-outside-20160720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smithsonian-nmaahc-outside-20160720.jpg/440px-Smithsonian-nmaahc-outside-20160720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>History helps us recognize the <a href="/wiki/Mistakes" title="Mistakes">mistakes</a> that we’ve made and the <a href="/wiki/Dark" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark">dark</a> corners of the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a> that we need to guard against. ~ <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_up_of_Hand_Cut_Jigsaw_Puzzle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Close_up_of_Hand_Cut_Jigsaw_Puzzle.JPG/220px-Close_up_of_Hand_Cut_Jigsaw_Puzzle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Close_up_of_Hand_Cut_Jigsaw_Puzzle.JPG/330px-Close_up_of_Hand_Cut_Jigsaw_Puzzle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Close_up_of_Hand_Cut_Jigsaw_Puzzle.JPG/440px-Close_up_of_Hand_Cut_Jigsaw_Puzzle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>[I]f kids are taught an incomplete history, they'll either never get the full story, or when they do, they don't have the framework to understand how the pieces fit together. ~ <a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">John Oliver</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The great historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" class="extiw" title="w:John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a>, who helped to get this museum started, once said, “Good history is a good foundation for a better present and future.” He understood <b>the best history doesn’t just sit behind a glass case; it helps us to understand what’s outside the case. The best history helps us recognize the mistakes that we’ve made and the dark corners of the human spirit that we need to guard against. And, yes, a clear-eyed view of history can make us uncomfortable, and shake us out of familiar narratives. But it is precisely because of that discomfort that we learn and grow and harness our collective power to make this nation more perfect.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/09/24/remarks-president-dedication-national-museum-african-american-history"><i>Remarks by the President at the Dedication of the National Museum of African American History and Culture at the National Mall in Washington, D.C.</i></a> (24 September 2016)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>To tell the <a href="/wiki/Story" title="Story">story</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a> so as to portray an inevitable <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a> is, for <a href="/wiki/Humankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Humankind">humankind</a>, a need as universal as tool-making. To that extent, we may say that a human being is, by nature, historicus. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethwell_Allan_Ogot" title="Bethwell Allan Ogot">Bethwell Allan Ogot</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_as_Destiny_and_History_as_Knowle/uFJyAAAAMAAJ?hl=en-419&gbpv=1&bsq=%22to+tell+the+story+of+a+past+so+as+to+portray+an+inevitable+destiny+is,+for+humankind,+a+need+as+universal+as+tool-making%22&dq=%22to+tell+the+story+of+a+past+so+as+to+portray+an+inevitable+destiny+is,+for+humankind,+a+need+as+universal+as+tool-making%22&printsec=frontcover">History as Destiny and History as Knowledge: Being Reflections on the Problems of Historicity and Historiography</a></i>. Anyange Press. 2005. p. 8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+as+Destiny+and+History+as+Knowledge%3A+Being+Reflections+on+the+Problems+of+Historicity+and+Historiography&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B8&rft.pub=Anyange+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FHistory_as_Destiny_and_History_as_Knowle%2FuFJyAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den-419%26gbpv%3D1%26bsq%3D%2522to%2Btell%2Bthe%2Bstory%2Bof%2Ba%2Bpast%2Bso%2Bas%2Bto%2Bportray%2Ban%2Binevitable%2Bdestiny%2Bis%2C%2Bfor%2Bhumankind%2C%2Ba%2Bneed%2Bas%2Buniversal%2Bas%2Btool-making%2522%26dq%3D%2522to%2Btell%2Bthe%2Bstory%2Bof%2Ba%2Bpast%2Bso%2Bas%2Bto%2Bportray%2Ban%2Binevitable%2Bdestiny%2Bis%2C%2Bfor%2Bhumankind%2C%2Ba%2Bneed%2Bas%2Buniversal%2Bas%2Btool-making%2522%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Kids can understand that things can be <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> and also other things. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> can be revolutionary, and also racist. <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Movies</a> can be romantic and also racist. Children's books can be charming, and also racist. Broadcasters can be incredibly successful and also racist. And if kids are taught an incomplete history, they'll either never get the full story, or when they do, they don't have the framework to understand how the pieces fit together. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">John Oliver</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsxukOPEdgg">“U.S. History”</a>, <i>Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</i>, (Aug 3, 2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History, when taught well, shows us how to improve the world. But history when taught poorly falsely claims there is nothing to improve… <ul><li>John Oliver, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsxukOPEdgg">“U.S. History”</a>, <i>Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</i>, (Aug 3, 2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_(Portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg/220px-Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg/330px-Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg/440px-Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>If we don't care about our past we can't have very much hope for our future. ~ <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>If we don’t care about our past we can’t have very much hope for our future.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a>, press conference held at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" class="extiw" title="w:Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>’s famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Oyster_Bar_%26_Restaurant" class="extiw" title="w:Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant">Oyster Bar</a> in 1975 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Source: Angela Serratore (June 26, 2018 ): <i>History: The Preservation Battle of Grand Central</i>. In: Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109190220/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/preservation-battle-grand-central-180969446/">Archived</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/zvtoR">from</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/preservation-battle-grand-central-180969446/">the original</a> on January 9, 2023.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Man is no thing, but a drama... Man, in a word, has no nature; what he has is... history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a>, <i>History as a System</i> (1935)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949), Chapter III.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Oceania was at war with Eurasia: therefore Oceania had always been at war with Eurasia. The enemy of the moment always represented absolute evil, and it followed that any past or future agreement with him was impossible... If the Party could thrust its hand into the past and say of this or that event, it never happened — that, surely, was more terrifying than mere torture and death? And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed -if all records told the same tale — then the lie passed into history and became truth. Who controls the past,' ran the Party slogan, 'controls the future: who controls the present controls the past. And yet the past, though of its nature alterable, never had been altered. Whatever was true now was true from everlasting to everlasting. It was quite simple. All that was needed was an unending series of victories over your own memory. 'Reality control', they called it: in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspeak" class="extiw" title="w:Newspeak">Newspeak</a>, 'doublethink'... <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949), Chapter III.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The past, he reflected, had not merely been altered, it had been actually destroyed. For how could you establish even the most obvious fact when there existed no record outside your own memory?... To know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them, to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to believe that democracy was impossible and that the Party was the guardian of democracy, to forget whatever it was necessary to forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment when it was needed, and then promptly to forget it again: and above all, to apply the same process to the process itself... That was the ultimate subtlety: consciously to induce unconsciousness, and then, once again, to become unconscious of the act of hypnosis you had just performed. Even to understand the word ‘doublethink’ involved the use of doublethink. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949), Chapter III.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We've always been at war with Eastasia. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949), Chapter IX.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Gower_world_Vox_Clamantis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/John_Gower_world_Vox_Clamantis.jpg/220px-John_Gower_world_Vox_Clamantis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/John_Gower_world_Vox_Clamantis.jpg/330px-John_Gower_world_Vox_Clamantis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/John_Gower_world_Vox_Clamantis.jpg/440px-John_Gower_world_Vox_Clamantis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>History always has a few tricks up its frayed sleeve. It's been around a long time. ~ <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Typical-orb-web-photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Typical-orb-web-photo.jpg/220px-Typical-orb-web-photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Typical-orb-web-photo.jpg/330px-Typical-orb-web-photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Typical-orb-web-photo.jpg/440px-Typical-orb-web-photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Such is the unity of all history that anyone who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet" class="extiw" title="w:Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet">Frederick Pollock</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>[I]f you don’t think history, you’re not thinking. You’re just not thinking if you cannot see a generation back. And if you do not think about the circumstances in their lives, then you don’t know what you’re thinking about. There’s no truth in the present moment. Now simply doesn’t exist without then at all. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Paley" title="Grace Paley">Grace Paley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bostonreview.net/articles/grace-paley-interview-gail-pool-shirley-roses/">Interview</a> with Boston Review (1976)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History is a graveyard of <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracies</a>.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a>, <i>Theory of Derivations</i>, Section 2053</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is impossible to write ancient history because we do not have enough sources, and impossible to write modern history because we have far too many. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P%C3%A9guy" title="Charles Péguy">Charles Péguy</a>, <i>Clio</i> (1931)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Men write history for many reasons; to try to understand the forces which impel mankind along its strange course; to justify a religion, a nation, or a class; to make money; to fulfil ambition; to assuage obsession; and a few, the true creators, to ease the ache within. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Plumb" title="J. H. Plumb">J. H. Plumb</a>, <i>Studies in Social History</i> (1955), p. xiii</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Just as geographers, O Sossius Senecio, crowd on to the outer edges of their maps the parts of the earth which elude their knowledge, with explanatory notes that "What lies beyond is sandy desert without water and full of wild beasts," or "blind marsh," or "Scythian cold," or "frozen sea," so in the writing of my Parallel Lives, now that I have traversed those periods of time which are accessible to probable reasoning and which afford basis for a history dealing with facts, <b>I might well say of the earlier periods: "What lies beyond is full of marvels and unreality, a land of poets and fabulists, of doubt and obscurity.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>The Life of Theseus</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The past is just one long, smelly error until we get to the car, computer and iPod. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Penny" title="Laura Penny">Laura Penny</a>, <i>More Money Than Brains</i>, p. 23.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>This moment<br />I am keener on the stories of valour<br />washed away by this year's monsoon floods<br />than the abstract shapes<br />glued to myths, history and stories. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suman_Pokhrel" title="Suman Pokhrel">Suman Pokhrel</a>, <i>Before Buddha’s Statue in the Rain</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Such is the unity of all history that anyone who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet" class="extiw" title="w:Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet">Frederick Pollock</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish01poll/page/n48/mode/1up">The history of English law before the time of Edward I</a></i>, p. 1.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Had previous chroniclers neglected to speak in praise of History in general, it might perhaps have been necessary for me to recommend everyone to choose for study and welcome such treatises as the present, since men have no more ready corrective of conduct than knowledge of the past.</b> But all historians, one may say without exception, and in no half-hearted manner, but making this the beginning and end of their labour, have impressed on us that the soundest education and training for a life of active politics is the study of History, and that surest and indeed the only method of learning how to bear bravely the vicissitudes of fortune, is to recall the calamities of others. Evidently therefore no one, and least of all myself, would think it his duty at this day to repeat what has been so well and so often said. For the very element of unexpectedness in the events I have chosen as my theme will be sufficient to challenge and incite everyone, young and old alike, to peruse my systematic history. For who is so worthless or indolent as not to wish to know by what means and under what system of polity the Romans in less than fifty-three years have succeeded in subjecting nearly the whole inhabited world to their sole government — a thing unique in history? Or who again is there so passionately devoted to other spectacles or studies as to regard anything as of greater moment than the acquisition of this knowledge? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" class="extiw" title="w:The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>There is no history of mankind, there is only an indefinite number of histories of all kinds of aspects of human life. And one of these is the history of political power. This is elevated into the history of the world. But this, I hold, is an offence against every decent conception of mankind.</b> It is hardly better than to treat the history of embezzlement or of robbery or of poisoning as the history of mankind. For <i>the history of power politics is nothing but the history of international crime and mass murder</i> (including it is true, some of the attempts to suppress them). This history is taught in schools, and some of the greatest criminals are extolled as heroes. <ul><li>Variant: <b>There is no history of mankind, there are only many histories of all kinds of aspects of human life. And one of these is the history of political power. This is elevated into the history of the world.</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" class="extiw" title="w:The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i>, Vol 2, Ch. 25 "Has History any Meaning?" (1945)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History always has a few tricks up its frayed sleeve. It's been around a long time.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort" class="extiw" title="w:Mort">Mort</a></i> (1987).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History, the proverb says, is made at night. The European civil servant normally sleeps at night. What waits in his IN basket to confront him at nine in the morning is history.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V." class="extiw" title="w:V.">V.</a></i> (1963).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Whenever you start digging into history, history is re-written all over again. The more you dig, the more you gain, and the more you lose faith from history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapan_Kumar_Pradhan" title="Tapan Kumar Pradhan">Tapan Kumar Pradhan</a> in <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poemfull.com/tapan-kumar-pradhan/skeleton-of-neruda/index.html">Skeleton of Neruda</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skeleton+of+Neruda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoemfull.com%2Ftapan-kumar-pradhan%2Fskeleton-of-neruda%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History has always changed its course, changed its stance, swaying to the tunes, pendulum like, between a Ruling Party and an Opposition Party. <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFPradhan2019"><a href="/wiki/Tapan_Kumar_Pradhan" title="Tapan Kumar Pradhan">Pradhan, Dr Tapan Kumar</a> (2019). <i>Wind in the Afternoon</i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-17-987978-9-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-17-987978-9-1">ISBN 978-17-987978-9-1</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+in+the+Afternoon&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Dr+Tapan+Kumar&rft.au=Pradhan%2C+Dr+Tapan+Kumar&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-17-987978-9-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell,_3rd_Earl_Russell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell%2C_3rd_Earl_Russell.jpg/220px-Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell%2C_3rd_Earl_Russell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell%2C_3rd_Earl_Russell.jpg/330px-Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell%2C_3rd_Earl_Russell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell%2C_3rd_Earl_Russell.jpg/440px-Bertrand_Arthur_William_Russell%2C_3rd_Earl_Russell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>When a man writes his autobiography he is expected to show a certain modesty; but when a nation writes its autobiography there is no limit to its boasting and vainglory. ~ <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>[History] hath triumphed over Time, which besides it, nothing but Eternity hath triumphed over. <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, <i>The History of the World</i>, Preface.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In a word, we may gather out of history a policy no less wise than eternal; by the comparison and application of other men's forepassed miseries with our own like errors and ill deservings. <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, <i>History of the World</i>, Preface, Par, IX</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>To history has been attributed the function to judge the past, to instruct ourselves for the advantage of the future. Such a lofty function the present work does not attempt. It aims merely to show how it actually took place. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a>, ‘Gesch. der Röm. und Germ. Völker’, p. vii, quoted in Edward Gaylord Bourne, ‘Leopold Von Ranke’, <i>The Sewanee Review</i>, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Aug., 1896), p. 390</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Rigorous presentation of the facts, however conditional and lacking in beauty they may be, is without question the supreme law. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a>, ‘Gesch. der Röm. und Germ. Völker’, p. vii, quoted in Edward Gaylord Bourne, ‘Leopold Von Ranke’, <i>The Sewanee Review</i>, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Aug., 1896), p. 390</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The ultimate aim of historical writing is the bringing before us the whole truth. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a>, statement quoted in Edward Gaylord Bourne, ‘Leopold Von Ranke’, <i>The Sewanee Review</i>, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Aug., 1896), p. 392</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Classical history is concerned with political life, as lived in the Greek city states and the Roman republic and empire. <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFIsabel_Rivers2003">Isabel Rivers (2 September 2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhGIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">Classical and Christian Ideas in English Renaissance Poetry</a></i>. Routledge. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-84417-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-84417-3">ISBN 978-1-134-84417-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+and+Christian+Ideas+in+English+Renaissance+Poetry&rft.aulast=Isabel+Rivers&rft.au=Isabel+Rivers&rft.date=2+September+2003&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B55&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-1-134-84417-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhGIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is the story of mankind, of what it has done, suffered or enjoyed. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" class="extiw" title="w:John Roberts (historian)">J. M. Roberts</a>, <i>The Penguin History of the World</i> (1976)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History till now has been like <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">women's periods</a>, a little egg of possibility, hidden in the ordinary material of life, with tiny barbarian hordes maybe charging in, trying to find it, failing, fighting each other—finally a bloody mess ends that chance, and everything has to start all over. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>, Book 9: "Nsara"", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Years_of_Rice_and_Salt" class="extiw" title="w:The Years of Rice and Salt">The Years of Rice and Salt</a></i> (2002)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The history of all peoples is full of bloody and revolting pages. So much blood has been spilled for every new construction, every new teaching or religion! That is why humanity urgently must learn the two great concepts — <a href="/wiki/Tolerance" title="Tolerance">Tolerance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a>. On these two foundations the <a href="/wiki/New_Epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch">New Epoch</a> will be built. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a>, <i>Letters I</i>, 6 June 1935</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The lessons of history, confirmed by the evidence immediately before me, show conclusively that continued dependence upon relief induces a spiritual and moral disintegration fundamentally destructive to the national fiber. To dole out relief in this way is to administer a narcotic, a subtle destroyer of the human spirit. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-congress-3">Annual Message to Congress</a>, 4 January 1935</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I know that all things pass away but history. History never dies. It is what defines us as a civilization, and we live out our collective histories every day, in ways both good and evil... History dies hard. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rusesabagina" class="extiw" title="w:Paul Rusesabagina">Paul Rusesabagina</a>, <i>An Ordinary Man</i> (2006), Chapters 10–11</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Elementary education, in all advanced countries, is in the hands of the State. Some of the things taught are known to be false by the officials who prescribe them, and many others are known to be false, or at any rate very doubtful, by every unprejudiced person. Take, for example, the teaching of history. Each nation aims only at self-glorification in the school text-books of history. When a man writes his autobiography he is expected to show a certain modesty; but when a nation writes its autobiography there is no limit to its boasting and vainglory. When I was young, school books taught that the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> were wicked and the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> virtuous; now they teach the opposite. In neither case is there the slightest regard for truth. German school books, dealing with the battle of Waterloo, represent <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a> as all but defeated when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" class="extiw" title="w:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Blücher</a> saved the situation; English books represent Blücher as having made very little difference. The writers of both the German and the English books know that they are not telling the truth. American school books used to be violently anti-British; since the War they have become equally pro-British, without aiming at truth in either case (see The Freeman, Feb. 15, 1922, p. 532). Both before and since, one of the chief purposes of education in the United States has been to turn the motley collection of immigrant children into “good Americans.” Apparently it has not occurred to any one that a “good American,” like a “good German” or a “good Japanese,” must be, pro tanto, a bad human being. A “good American” is a man or woman imbued with the belief that America is the finest country on earth, and ought always to be enthusiastically supported in any quarrel. It is just possible that these propositions are true; if so, a rational man will have no quarrel with them. But if they are true, they ought to be taught everywhere, not only in America. It is a suspicious circumstance that such propositions are never believed outside the particular country which they glorify. Meanwhile the whole machinery of the State, in all the different countries, is turned on to making defenceless children believe absurd propositions the effect of which is to make them willing to die in defence of sinister interests under the impression that they are fighting for truth and right. This is only one of countless ways in which education is designed, not to give true knowledge, but to make the people pliable to the will of their masters. Without an elaborate system of deceit in the elementary schools it would be impossible to preserve the camouflage of democracy. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <i>Free Thought and Official Propaganda</i> (1922)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is true that numerous instances are not always necessary to establish a law, provided the essential and <a href="/wiki/Relevant" class="mw-redirect" title="Relevant">relevant</a> circumstances can easily be disentangled. But, in history, so many circumstances of a small and accidental nature are relevant, that no broad and simple uniformities are possible. Where our main endeavour is to discover general laws, we regard these as intrinsically more valuable than any of the facts which they inter-connect. In astronomy, the law of gravitation is plainly better worth knowing than the position of a particular planet on a particular night, or even on every night throughout a year. There are in the law a splendour and simplicity and sense of mastery which illuminate a mass of otherwise uninteresting details. ... But in history the matter is far otherwise... <b>Historical facts, many of them, have an intrinsic value, a profound interest on their own account, which makes them worthy of study, quite apart from any possibility of linking them together by means of causal laws.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <i>On History</i> (1904).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The past alone is truly real: the present is but a painful, struggling birth into the immutable being of what is no longer. Only the dead exist fully. The lives of the living are fragmentary, doubtful, and subject to change; but the lives of the dead are complete, free from the sway of Time, the all but omnipotent lord of the world. Their failures and successes, their hopes and fears, their joys and pains, have become eternal—our efforts cannot now abate one jot of them. Sorrows long buried in the grave, tragedies of which only a fading memory remains, loves immortalized by Death's hallowing touch these have a power, a magic, an untroubled calm, to which no present can attain. ... On the banks of the river of Time, the sad procession of human generations is marching slowly to the grave; in the quiet country of the Past, the march is ended, the tired wanderers rest, and the weeping is hushed. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <i>On History</i> (1904).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A land without ruins is a land without memories—a land without memories is a land without history. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Joseph_Ryan" class="extiw" title="w:Abram Joseph Ryan">Abram Joseph Ryan</a>, "A Land Without Ruins", Preface quoting an unnamed source. Edd Winfield Parks, <i>Southern Poets</i> (1936), p. 165.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classics_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Classics_Hall.jpg/220px-Classics_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Classics_Hall.jpg/330px-Classics_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Classics_Hall.jpg/440px-Classics_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Our understanding of the thought of the past is liable to be the more adequate, the less the historian is convinced of the superiority of his own point of view, or the more he is prepared to admit the possibility that he may have to learn something, not merely about the thinkers of the past, but from them. ~ <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Progress, far from consisting in change, depends on retentiveness. <b>Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>, <i>The Life of Reason</i>, Vol. 1: <i>Reason in Common Sense</i> (1905).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>National history, like every other history worthy of the name and deserving to endure, must be true as regards the facts and reasonable in the interpretation of them. It will be national not in the sense that it will try to suppress or white-wash everything in our country’s past that is disgraceful, but because it will admit them and at the same time point out that there were other and nobler aspects in the stages of our nation’s evolution which offset the former.. . . In this task the historian must be a judge He will not suppress any defect of the national character, but add to his portraiture those higher qualities which, taken together with the former, help to constitute the entire individual. <ul><li>Jadunath Sarkar, ,19 November, 1937, Quoted in R.C. Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol. 7, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1984,</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[A]n onion falls apart on the chopping block,<br />a history revealed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Shihab_Nye" title="Naomi Shihab Nye">Naomi Shihab Nye</a> Everything Comes Next: Collected and New Poems (2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> history are at the heart of the present <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> condition. History is not about assigning or sharing blame. Nor it is about narrating the ‘past’, which must be forgotten and forgiven, or simply remembered once a year on remembrance of heroes or independence days. History is about the present. We must understand the present as history, so as to change it for the better; perforce, in the African context where the imperial project is not only historical, but the lived present. Just as we cannot ‘make poverty history’ without understanding the history of poverty, so we cannot chant ‘another world is possible’ without accurately understanding and correctly describing the existing world of five billion slaves and 200 slave masters. How did it come about and how does it continue to exist? Indeed to answer these questions, we must understand history as the philosophy and political economy that underpin the existing world and the vested interests – real social interests of real people – that ensure and defend its existence. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issa_G._Shivji" title="Issa G. Shivji">Issa G. Shivji</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i>Silences in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa</i>. Fahamu/Pambazuka. 30 June 2007. pp. 38-39. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9545637-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9545637-5-2">ISBN 978-0-9545637-5-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silences+in+NGO+Discourse%3A+The+Role+and+Future+of+NGOs+in+Africa&rft.date=30+June+2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B38-39&rft.pub=Fahamu%2FPambazuka&rft.isbn=978-0-9545637-5-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Many people believe that the crimes of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> regime were so great as to stand outside history. This is a troubling echo of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>’s own belief that will triumphs over facts. Others maintain that the crimes of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, though horrible, were justified by the need to create or defend a modern <a href="/wiki/State" title="State">state</a>. This recalls Stalin’s view that history has only one course, which he understood, and which legitimates his policies in retrospect. Without a history built and defended upon an entirely different foundation, we will find that Hitler and Stalin continue to define their own works for us. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a>, <i>Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</i> (2010)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht.</i> <ul><li>The world's history is the world's judgment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <i>Resignation</i>, 17.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Die Devise der Geschichte überhaupt müßte lauten: Eadem, sed aliter. Hat Einer den Herodot gelesen, so hat er, in philosophicher Ublicht, schon genug Geschichte studirt.</i> <ul><li><b>The motto of history in general should run:</b> <i><b>Eadem, sed aliter</b></i> <b>[the same, but otherwise]</b>. If we have read Herodotus, we have already studied enough history from a philosophical point of view. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, <i>Sämtliche Werke</i> (F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1877), Vol. 3, p. 508 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurschopenha02fraugoog/page/508/mode/2up?view=theater">[4]</a></li> <li><i>The World as Will and Representation</i> (E. F. J. Payne, Trans.; New York: Dover, 1966), Vol. II, p. 444 (Ch. XXXVIII "On History", in "Supplements to the Third Book") <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/worldaswillrepre0002arth/page/444/mode/2up?view=theater">[5]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Es giebt keine Selbstkenntniss als die historische. Niemand weiss was er ist, wer nicht weiss was seine Genossen sind. <ul><li>There is no self-knowledge except historical self-knowledge. No one knows what he is if he doesn’t know what his contemporaries are. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a>, “Ideas,” <i>Lucinde and the Fragments</i>, p. Firchow, trans. (1991), § 139.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History shows that there are no invincible armies and that there never have been.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, Radio Address "Comrades! Citizens! Brothers and sisters! Men of our army and navy!" (3 July 1941).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Serious affairs and history are carefully laid snares for the uninformed.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Stojanovic" title="Dejan Stojanovic">Dejan Stojanovic</a> in <i>The Sun Watches the Sun,</i> Game III, Sequence: “A Game” (1999).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Creators of history always play with our impotence and our ignorance.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Stojanovic" title="Dejan Stojanovic">Dejan Stojanovic</a> in <i>The Sun Watches the Sun,</i> Game III, Sequence: “A Game” (1999).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>He did not waste time in a vain search for a place in history.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Stojanovic" title="Dejan Stojanovic">Dejan Stojanovic</a> in <i>The Sun Watches the Sun,</i> “Socrates,” Sequence: “A Stone and a Word” (1999).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>History will be erased in the universal purgatory.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Stojanovic" title="Dejan Stojanovic">Dejan Stojanovic</a> in “Don Quixote”</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative">Narrative</a> is taken to mean the organization of material in a chronologically sequential order and the focussing of the content into a single coherent story, albeit with sub-plots. The two essential ways in which narrative history differs from structural history is that its arrangement is descriptive rather than analytical and that its central focus is on man not circumstances. It therefore deals with the peculiar and the specific, rather than the collective and statistical. Narrative is a mode of historical writing, but it is a mode which also affects and is affected by content and method. <ul><li>Lawrence Stone, ‘The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a new old history’ in The Past and Present Revisited,London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987 p. 74.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History teaches us that a given view has been abandoned in favor of another by all men, or by all competent men, or perhaps by only the most vocal men; it does not teach us whether the change was sound or whether the rejected view deserved to be rejected. Only an impartial analysis of the view in question, an analysis that is not dazzled by the victory or stunned by the defeat of the adherents of the view concerned—could teach us anything regarding the worth of the view and hence regarding the meaning of the historical change. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, <i>Natural Right and History</i> (1953), p. 19</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Our understanding of the thought of the past is liable to be the more adequate, the less the historian is convinced of the superiority of his own point of view, or the more he is prepared to admit the possibility that he may have to learn something, not merely about the thinkers of the past, but from them. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, <i>What is Political Philosophy?</i> (1959), p. 68</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>“Our ideas” are only partly our ideas. Most of our ideas are abbreviations or residues of the thought of other people, of our teachers (in the broadest sense of the term) and of our teachers’ teachers; they are abbreviations and residues of the thought of the past. These thoughts were once explicit and in the center of consideration and discussion. It may even be presumed that they were once perfectly lucid. By being transmitted to later generations they have possibly been transformed, and there is no certainty that the transformation was effected consciously and with full clarity. … This means that the clarification of our political ideas insensibly changes into and becomes indistinguishable from the history of political ideas. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, <i>What is Political Philosophy?</i> (1959), p. 73</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>History is a big word..........History is not the sort of animal you can domesticate. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tabucchi" class="extiw" title="w:Antonio Tabucchi">Antonio Tabucchi</a>, <i>Pereira Maintains</i> (2010), p. 89.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Præcipium munus annalium reor, ne virtutes sileantur, utque pravis dictis, factisque ex posteritate et infamia metus sit.</i> <ul><li>The principal office of history I take to be this: to prevent virtuous actions from being forgotten, and that evil words and deeds should fear an infamous reputation with posterity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annales</i> (AD 117), III. 65.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>For me, history is of use... by being able to steal the ideas of others and leverage them, correct the mental defect that seems to block my ability to learn from others. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a>, <i>Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets</i> (2001) Three: A Mathematical Meditation on History — Fun in My Attic — <i>Denigration of History</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is written by the victors, but its victims who write the memoirs. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Tavris" class="extiw" title="w:Carol Tavris">Carol Tavris</a> and Elliot Aronson, in <i>Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me) : Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts</i> (2008), p. 197.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History gets thicker as it approaches recent times: more people, more events, and more books written about them. More evidence is preserved, often, one is tempted to say, too much. Decay and destruction have hardly begun their beneficent work. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, <i>English History 1914 – 1945 ([1965] 1975)</i>, "Revised Bibliography", p. 729</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I do not look to history to absolve my country of the need to do things right today. Rather I seek to understand the wrongs of yesterday, both to grasp what has brought us to our present reality and to understand the past for itself. The past is not necessarily a guide to the future, but it does partly help explain the present. One cannot, as I have written elsewhere, take revenge upon history; history is its own revenge. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Inglorious_Empire/ZWwwDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT22"><i>Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is hard to know, because of all the hired bullshit, but even without being sure of "history" it seems entirely reasonable to think that every now and then the energy of a whole generation comes to a head in a long fine flash, for reasons that nobody really understands at the time — and which never explain, in retrospect, what actually happened. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas" class="extiw" title="w:Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas">Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas</a>, Chapter 8, Genius..., p. 67.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Compared with the life-span of a human being the time-span of a <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> is so vast that a human observer cannot hope to take the measure of its curve unless he is in a position to view it in a distant perspective; and he can only obtain this perspective vis-a-vis some society that is extinct. He can never stand back sufficiently far from the history of the society in which he himself lives and moves and has his being. In other words, to assert of any living society, at any moment in its life, that it is the consummation of human history is to hazard a guess which is intrinsically unsusceptible of immediate verification. When we find that a majority of the members of all societies at all times make this assertion about their own civilizations, it becomes evident that their guesses have really nothing to do with any objective calculation of probabilities but are pure expressions of the egocentric illusion. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a>, <i>A Study of History</i> (1934–1961)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We say, “If we do not learn from history, we are doomed to repeat it.” We must precisely state that what we repeat is not history but our errors under ever-changing material conditions. History does not repeat itself; it cannot. Nothing can. The first law of the universe is everything changes, all the time. Only those who see history as events and not as a process can make this error. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Ture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwame Ture">Kwame Ture</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power:_The_Politics_of_Liberation" class="extiw" title="w:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation">Black Power: Politics of Liberation in America</a></i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 10 November 1992. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74313-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74313-2">ISBN 978-0-679-74313-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5Bw%3ABlack+Power%3A+The+Politics+of+Liberation%7CBlack+Power%3A+Politics+of+Liberation+in+America%5D%5D&rft.date=10+November+1992&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B189&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74313-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Afterword</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Authors make errors, history, does not! <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Ture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwame Ture">Kwame Ture</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power:_The_Politics_of_Liberation" class="extiw" title="w:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation">Black Power: Politics of Liberation in America</a></i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 10 November 1992. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74313-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74313-2">ISBN 978-0-679-74313-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5Bw%3ABlack+Power%3A+The+Politics+of+Liberation%7CBlack+Power%3A+Politics+of+Liberation+in+America%5D%5D&rft.date=10+November+1992&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B192&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74313-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Afterword</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is. We cannot make it otherwise. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Ture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwame Ture">Kwame Ture</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power:_The_Politics_of_Liberation" class="extiw" title="w:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation">Black Power: Politics of Liberation in America</a></i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 10 November 1992. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74313-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74313-2">ISBN 978-0-679-74313-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5Bw%3ABlack+Power%3A+The+Politics+of+Liberation%7CBlack+Power%3A+Politics+of+Liberation+in+America%5D%5D&rft.date=10+November+1992&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B194&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74313-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Afterword</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is the unbroken march of struggle to advance humanity. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Ture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwame Ture">Kwame Ture</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power:_The_Politics_of_Liberation" class="extiw" title="w:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation">Black Power: Politics of Liberation in America</a></i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 10 November 1992. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74313-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74313-2">ISBN 978-0-679-74313-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5Bw%3ABlack+Power%3A+The+Politics+of+Liberation%7CBlack+Power%3A+Politics+of+Liberation+in+America%5D%5D&rft.date=10+November+1992&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B195&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74313-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:History"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Afterword</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Those who insist that history is simply the effort to tell the thing exactly as it was, to state the facts, are confronted with the difficulty that the fact which they would represent is not planted on the solid ground of fixed conditions; it is in the midst and is itself a part of the changing currents, the complex and interacting influences of the time, deriving its significance as a fact from its relations to the deeper-seated movements of the age, movements so gradual that often only the passing years can reveal the truth about the fact and its right to a place on the historian’s page. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" class="extiw" title="w:Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a>, <i>The Significance of the Frontier in American History</i> (1893)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>The very ink with which all history is written is merely fluid prejudice.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <i>Following the Equator</i>, Part 7.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>To ingenious attempts at explaining by the light of reason things which want the light of history to show their meaning, much of the learned nonsense of the world has indeed been due.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" class="extiw" title="w:Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a>, <i>Primitive Culture</i> (1871)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="V">V</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The absence from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" class="extiw" title="w:Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> of historical texts proper should not surprise us. Neither in the inter-Testamental period, nor in earlier <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" title="The Bible">biblical times</a>, was the recording of history as we understand it a strong point among the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> <i>The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English</i>Chapter 3: The History of the Community, p. 49</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Everybody likes a bit of gossip to some point, as long as it's gossip with some point to it. That's why I like history. History is nothing but gossip about the past, with the hope that it might be true. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>, interview in: Butt, Nr. 20, Special Summer 2007, p. 63.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>All our <a href="/wiki/Antiquity" title="Antiquity">ancient</a> history, as one of our wits remarked, is no more than accepted fiction. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <i>Jeannot et Colin</i> (1764)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>L'histoire n'est que le tableau des crimes et des malheurs.</i> <ul><li>Indeed, history is nothing more than a tableau of crimes and misfortunes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ing%C3%A9nu" class="extiw" title="w:L'Ingénu">L'Ingénu</a></i>, Ch. 10 (1767)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasnetsov_Nesmeyana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vasnetsov_Nesmeyana.jpg/220px-Vasnetsov_Nesmeyana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vasnetsov_Nesmeyana.jpg/330px-Vasnetsov_Nesmeyana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vasnetsov_Nesmeyana.jpg/440px-Vasnetsov_Nesmeyana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>The history of the world has been one not of <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a>, as supposed; it has been one of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ennui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ennui">ennui</a>. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Westley" class="extiw" title="w:Helen Westley">Helen Westley</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b>Anything but <a class="mw-selflink selflink">history</a>, for <a class="mw-selflink selflink">history</a> must be false.</b></i> <ul><li>To his son, who offered to read <a class="mw-selflink selflink">history</a> to him. quoted in Walpoliana, 1799, Vol. 1, p. 60, No. 79, quoted in Carlyle's French Revolution, Pt. 1, book. 7, chapter 5, also quoted in Famous Sayings And their Authors, p. 7</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We are apt to suppose that the facts in any branch of meaning must be in some way open to direct inspection, and that the statements of experts in each branch can be tested by their conformity with them ...<br /> The most striking thing about history is that the facts it purports to describe are past facts; and past facts are no longer accessible to direct inspection. We cannot, in a word, test the accuracy of historical statements by simply seeing whether they correspond to a reality which is independently known. How then can we test them? … <br />... we do so by referring to historical evidence. Although the past is not accessible to direct inspection it has left ample traces of itself in the present, in the shape of documents, buildings, coins, institutions, procedures and so forth. <ul><li>W. H. Walsh, <i>An Introduction to the Philosophy of History</i> (1958) pp. 19–20.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Human history becomes more and more a race between <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Catastrophe">catastrophe</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <i>The Outline of History</i> (1921), vol. 2, chapter 41, p. 594.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>The history of the world has been one not of conquest, as supposed; it has been one of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ennui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ennui">ennui</a>.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Westley" class="extiw" title="w:Helen Westley">Helen Westley</a>, as quoted in "The Confessions of Helen Westley" by <a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Djuna Barnes</a> in <i>New York Morning Telegraph Sunday Magazine</i> (23 September 1917).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Anybody can make history. Only a great man can write it. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> "The True Function and Value of Criticism." <i>The Nineteenth Century</i> XXVII (July-December 1890): 137.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We start from scratch, every generation. History does not bend inevitably toward <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Decency" class="mw-redirect" title="Decency">decency</a>, or even stability. History doesn’t do that in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> or <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. History goes where we push it. And if we don’t push, someone else will. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_D._Williamson" title="Kevin D. Williamson">Kevin D. Williamson</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Kevin_D._Williamson#:~:text=We_start_from,2020),_National_Review" title="Kevin D. Williamson">The End of (Whig) History</a>" (1 July 2020), <i>National Review</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History has a way of reducing individuals to flat, two-dimensional portraits. it is the enemy of <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a>, which is why <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus" class="extiw" title="w:Stephen Dedalus">Stephen Dedalus</a> called it "a nightmare from which I am trying to awake". If we think of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a>, we see them standing alone, outside of history. They are spotlighted by their intensity, and the background is all darkness. They intersect history, but are not a part of it. There is something anti-history about such men; they are not subject to time, accident and death, but their intensity is a protest against it. I have elsewhere called such men "Outsiders" because they attempt to stand outside history. which defines humanity on terms of limitation, not of possibility. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a> in <i>Rasputin and the Fall of the Romanovs</i>, p. 13-14 (1964)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Memory plays tricks that history corrects. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Wilson" title="Robert Charles Wilson">Robert Charles Wilson</a>, <i>Utriusque Cosmi</i> (2009) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Dozois" class="extiw" title="w:Gardner Dozois">Gardner Dozois</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Strahan" class="extiw" title="w:Jonathan Strahan">Jonathan Strahan</a> (eds.) <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Space_Opera_2" class="extiw" title="w:The New Space Opera 2">The New Space Opera 2</a></i> (mass market paperback edition, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-156236-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-156236-5">ISBN 978-0-06-156236-5</a>), p. 28</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History does not warehouse well in neatly labeled boxes, for events do not exist in quarantined isolation. They exist on a broad spectrum, and all influence and shape each other. Historical episodes are rarely built on the ground of a single foundation. Most are the product of a tangled web of influences and cascading cause-and-effect relationships within a broader historical narrative. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_C._Winegard" title="Timothy C. Winegard">Timothy C. Winegard</a>, <i>The Mosquito</i> (2019), pp. 15-16</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Those old credulities, to nature dear,<br />Shall they no longer bloom upon the stock<br />Of History. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, <i>Memorials of a Tour in Italy</i>, IV. At Rome.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y">Y</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Y"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>It is always a part of the misfortunes of the vanquished that their portraits are painted and their history written by the victors.</b> <ul><li>A. Yankee, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"><i>The Spectator's</i></a> Special Correspondent in New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ans_AQAAIAAJ&dq=%22It%20is%20always%20a%20part%20of%20the%20misfortunes%20of%20the%20vanquished%20that%20their%20portraits%20are%20painted%20and%20their%20history%20written%20by%20the%20victors.%22&pg=PA552#v=onepage&q=%22It%20is%20always%20a%20part%20of%20the%20misfortunes%20of%20the%20vanquished%20that%20their%20portraits%20are%20painted%20and%20their%20history%20written%20by%20the%20victors.%22&f=false">May 6, 1865</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The greater part of what passes for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history" class="extiw" title="w:Diplomatic history">diplomatic history</a> is little more than the record of what one clerk said to another clerk. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Young" title="G. M. Young">G. M. Young</a>, <i>Victorian England: Portrait of an Age</i> (1936)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Z">Z</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Z"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>If you don't know history, it's as if you were born yesterday. If you were born yesterday, then any leader can tell you anything. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/2/placeholder_howard_zinn">War and Social Justice</a></i>, speech at Binghamton University on 8 November 2008.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hoyt's_New_Cyclopedia_Of_Practical_Quotations"><span id="Hoyt.27s_New_Cyclopedia_Of_Practical_Quotations"></span><i>Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><small>Quotes reported in <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hoyt%27s_New_Cyclopedia_Of_Practical_Quotations_(1922)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922)">Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations</a></i> (1922), p. 368-69.</small></dd></dl> <ul><li>Happy is the nation without a history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>, <i>Trattato dei Delitti e delle Pene</i> (Treatise of Crimes and of Punishment). Introduction.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History is a pageant, not a philosophy. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Augustine Birrell</a>, <i>Obiter Dicta</i>, <i>The Muse of History</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Happy the people whose annals are tiresome. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> (attributed).</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /></p><div style="padding: .5em; border: 1px solid black; background-color: #FFE7CC;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misattributed">Misattributed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Misattributed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>History doesn't repeat itself, but it does rhyme. <ul><li>This is very often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, but is not found in his works. The earliest publication yet located is a verse which might involve a deliberate invocation of poetic license in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Colombo" class="extiw" title="w:John Robert Colombo">John Robert Colombo's</a> poem, "A Said Poem", published in <i>Neo Poems</i> (1970), which reads: " 'History never repeats itself but it rhymes,' said Mark Twain".</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>History will be kind to me, for I intend to write it. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>Actual quote is:</li> <li>For my part, I consider that it will be found much better by all Parties <i>to leave the past to history, especially as I propose to write that history.</i></li> <li>Speech in the House of Commons (January 23, 1948); Cited in <i>The Yale Book of Quotations</i> (2006), ed. Fred R. Shapiro, Yale University Press, p. 154 <small> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300107986" title="Special:BookSources/0300107986">ISBN 0300107986</a> </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article about: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:History">History</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="noprint metadata" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/75px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/100px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Wiktionary</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/history" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:history">history</a></b></i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="w:Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</div> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-shafer2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-shafer2010_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shafer2010_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2265540/pagenum/all">Who Said It First? Journalism is the 'first rough draft of history.’</a>” by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shafer" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Jack Shafer">Jack Shafer</a>, <i>Slate</i> (30 August 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Personal History</i> (1997) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Graham" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=History&oldid=3597021">https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=History&oldid=3597021</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology" title="Category:Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements">Articles with unsourced statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 October 2024, at 17:47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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