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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Publicaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Beschikbaar in 79 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="إدوارد فيكتور أبلتون – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد فيكتور أبلتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد فيكتور ابلتون – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد فيكتور ابلتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड विक्टर एप्पलटन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="एडवर्ड विक्टर एप्पलटन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эдуард Віктар Эплтан – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Віктар Эплтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Едуард Виктор Епълтън – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Виктор Епълтън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="এডওয়ার্ড ভিক্টর অ্যাপলটন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডওয়ার্ড ভিক্টর অ্যাপলটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئێدوارد ڤیکتۆر ئەپلتۆن – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدوارد ڤیکتۆر ئەپلتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%86%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Έντουαρντ Βίκτορ Άπλετον – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντουαρντ Βίκτορ Άπλετον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="ॲपलटन, सर एडवर्ट विक्टर – Goa Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ॲपलटन, सर एडवर्ट विक्टर" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אדוארד אפלטון – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד אפלטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड विक्टर एप्पलटन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड विक्टर एप्पलटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B7%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էդուարդ Վիկտոր Էփլթոն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ Վիկտոր Էփլթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="エドワード・アップルトン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・アップルトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ეპლტონი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედვარდ ეპლტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдуард Виктор Эплтон – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдуард Виктор Эплтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸರ್ ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ವಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಆಪಲ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರ್ ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ವಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಆಪಲ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%B9%85%ED%84%B0_%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C%ED%84%B4" title="에드워드 빅터 애플턴 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 빅터 애플턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_V._Appleton" title="Eduardus V. Appleton – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus V. Appleton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvards_Epltons" title="Edvards Epltons – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edvards Epltons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едвард Виктор Еплтон – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едвард Виктор Еплтон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="എഡ്വാർഡ് വിക്ടർ ആപ്പിൾടൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്വാർഡ് വിക്ടർ ആപ്പിൾടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड ॲपलटन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडवर्ड ॲपलटन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवार्ड भी एप्पलटन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एडवार्ड भी एप्पलटन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ایڈورڈ وکٹر ایپلٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈورڈ وکٹر ایپلٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эплтон, Эдуард Виктор – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эплтон, Эдуард Виктор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="एडवार्ड् वी एप्पलटन् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एडवार्ड् वी एप्पलटन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едвард Виктор Еплтон – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард Виктор Еплтон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D3%98%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдвард Виктор Әплтон – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эдвард Виктор Әплтон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едвард Віктор Епплтон – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Віктор Епплтон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86" title="اڈوارڈ وکٹر اپلیٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اڈوارڈ وکٹر اپلیٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="爱德华·阿普尔顿 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱德华·阿普尔顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ეპლტონი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედვარდ ეპლტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="爱德华·阿普尔顿 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱德华·阿普尔顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelprijswinnaar"><img alt="Nobelprijswinnaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Edward Victor Appleton </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/6_september" title="6 september">6 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a> – <a href="/wiki/21_april" title="21 april">21 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Appleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1947)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Appleton.jpg/266px-Appleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Appleton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%"><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_(titel)" title="Sir (titel)">Sir</a></i> Edward Victor Appleton (1947)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Verenigd Koninkrijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1947 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">"Voor zijn onderzoek op het gebied van de fysica van de hogere aardatmosfeer, en met name voor zijn ontdekking van de zogenaamde Appleton-laag." </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Natuurkunde" title="Portaal:Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Victor Appleton</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/6_september" title="6 september">6 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/21_april" title="21 april">21 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Engels</a> <a href="/wiki/Natuurkundige" class="mw-redirect" title="Natuurkundige">natuurkundige</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a> werd hij onderscheiden met de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde</a> voor zijn bijdrage aan de kennis van de <a href="/wiki/Ionosfeer" title="Ionosfeer">ionosfeer</a>, welke leidde tot de ontwikkeling van de <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appleton werd geboren in de Engelse stad Bradford als zoon van Peter en Mary Wilcock Appleton.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zijn basisopleiding verkreeg hij aan de Hanson-gymnasium. Op zijn achttiende won hij een studiebeurs voor <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's College (Cambridge)">St John's College</a> in Cambridge, die hij in 1913 afsloot met een bachelorgraad in de natuurwetenschap. Studerend onder <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Thomson</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Cambridge" title="Universiteit van Cambridge">universiteit van Cambridge</a> ontving hij een jaar later zijn mastergraad in de natuurkunde. </p><p>Gedurende de Eerste Wereldoorlog diende hij in het <i>West Riding Regiment</i>, maar werd later overgeplaatst naar de <i>Royal Engineers</i>. Hier deed hij onder ander onderzoek naar radiogolven. Na zijn actieve diensttijd werd Appleton in 1920 <i>assistent demonstrator</i> in de experimentele natuurkunde bij het <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavendish Laboratorium">Cavendish Laboratorium</a>. Twee jaar later was hij subrector bij <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Cambridge)" title="Trinity College (Cambridge)">Trinity College</a>. </p><p>Vervolgens was hij hoogleraar natuurkunde aan de <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Londen" title="Universiteit van Londen">universiteit van Londen</a> (1924-36) en hoogleraar natuurfilosofie aan Cambridge (1936-39). Van 1939 tot 1949 was hij secretaris aan de <i>Department of Science and Industrial Research</i>. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog had hij de leiding over het Britse kernwapenonderzoek.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van 1949 tot aan zijn overlijden in 1956 was hij rector en vice-Chancellor aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Edinburgh" title="Universiteit van Edinburgh">universiteit van Edinburgh</a>. </p><p>In 1915 huwde hij Jessie Longson, met wie hij twee dochters kreeg: Marjery en Rosalind. Na haar overlijden in 1964 hertrouwde hij, een maand voor zijn overlijden in maart 1965, met Helen Lennie Allison, zijn secretaresse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ionosfeer">Ionosfeer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ionosfeer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ionosfeer"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eind 1924 begon Appleton, geassisteerd door graduatestudent Miles Barnett, aan een serie experimenten om bestaan aan te tonen van een sterk geïoniseerde laag in de atmosfeer, de <a href="/wiki/Ionosfeer" title="Ionosfeer">ionosfeer</a> die verantwoordelijk is dat radiogolven teruggekaatst worden naar de aarde. Het idee dat een dergelijke laag bestond was niet nieuw. In 1902 hadden onafhankelijk van elkaar de Brit <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a> en de Amerikaan <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edwin_Kennelly" title="Arthur Edwin Kennelly">Arthur Edwin Kennelly</a> reeds op theoretisch gronden gesuggereerd dat in de bovenste laag van de atmosfeer een elektrische geleidende laag aanwezig moest zijn om een verklaring te geven van Marconi's succes om radiosignalen over de <a href="/wiki/Atlantische_Oceaan" title="Atlantische Oceaan">Atlantische Oceaan</a> te verzenden. </p><p>Gebruikmakend van een radiozender van de <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC) in <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> zond Appleton radiogolven uit in de richting van deze laag om te zien of ze gereflecteerd werden en terugkwamen. Zijn experiment was succesvol, omdat de reflecties werden aangetoond. Appleton noemde de ontdekte Kennelly-Heaviside laag de E-laag, omdat de letter E gebruikt wordt om een elektrische vector aan te geven. </p><p>Door bovendien de golflengte een weinig te veranderen was het mogelijk om de tijd te meten die de golven nodig hadden om de bovenste atmosferische laag te bereiken en terug. Op deze wijze kon hij de positie van de reflectielaag bepalen op 60 <a href="/wiki/Mijl" title="Mijl">mijl</a> van de aarde. De ionosfeer was hierbij het eerste 'object' gedetecteerd door radiolocatie, een techniek die later toegepast zou worden bij de eerste radars. (Radio Detection and Ranging). </p><p>Verdere experimenten werden uitgevoerd en in 1926 ontdekte hij dat op 150 mijl van de aarde – boven de eerder ontdekte E-laag – nog een reflecterende laag aanwezig was die sterker geladen was. Deze laag, die hij de <a href="/w/index.php?title=F-laag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-laag (de pagina bestaat niet)">F-laag</a> (of Appleton-laag) noemde is de hoogste en meest reflecterende laag van de ionosfeer. Vooral korte golfradio maakt gebruik van deze laag om radiogolven (bereik van 3 tot 30 MHz) rond de wereld te verzenden. Later bleek dat deze F-laag onder bepaalde omstandigheden overdag gesplitst wordt in twee verschillende lagen, namelijk de F1 en F2-laag. Hij bestudeerde ook de invloed van de zon en <a href="/wiki/Zonnevlek" title="Zonnevlek">zonnevlekken</a> op deze lagen en als gevolg daarvan veroorzaakte veranderingen in het vermogen van deze lagen om radiogolven te reflecteren. Deze studies over voortplanting van radiogolven via de ionosfeer waren van groot belang voor de draadloze telecommunicatie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erkenning">Erkenning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Erkenning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Erkenning"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voor zijn wetenschappelijk werk verkreeg Appleton verschillende prestigieuze onderscheidingen, waaronder de <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1933), de <a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> (1946) en de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Medal (de pagina bestaat niet)">Royal Medal</a> (1950) van de <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. </p><p>In 1941 werd hij geridderd en in 1947, het jaar waarin hij de Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde won, werd hij ook onderscheiden met de hoogste civiele onderscheiding van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medal_of_Merit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medal of Merit (de pagina bestaat niet)">Medal of Merit</a> en werd hij benoemd tot <a href="/wiki/Officier" title="Officier">Officier</a> in het Franse <a href="/wiki/Legioen_van_Eer" title="Legioen van Eer">Legioen van Eer</a>. </p><p>In 1962 verkreeg hij de <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> voor "zijn onderscheidend pionierswerk in het onderzoeken van de ionosfeer door middel van radiogolven". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicaties">Publicaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Publicaties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Publicaties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFE.V._Appleton,_M.A.F._Barnett1925"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">E.V. Appleton, M.A.F. Barnett</span> (1925). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1925-03-07_115_2888/page/n7">Local Reflection of Wireless Waves from the Upper Atmosphere</a></cite>. <i>Nature</i> <b>115</b> (2888): 333-334. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/115333a0">10.1038/115333a0</a>. </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFE.V._Appleton1929"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">E.V. Appleton</span> (1929). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1929-03-23_123_3099/page/n8">Equivalent Heights of the Atmospheric Ionized Regions in England and America</a></cite>. <i>Nature</i> <b>123</b> (3099): 445. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/123445a0">10.1038/123445a0</a>. </span></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1947/appleton/biographical/">Edward V. Appleton – Biographical</a>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018</li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Newton, David E.</span> (1995). "Edward V. Appleton". <i>Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists</i>.  Detroit: Gale Research Inc. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0810391819" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0810391819">ISBN 978-0810391819 </a></span>.</li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/753/000099456/">Biografie Edward Victor Appleton</a> op Notable Names Database (NNDb)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zie David Newton</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>1901–1925:</b></td><td class="rechts">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> · 1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Rayleigh</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_Lenard" title="Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard">Lenard</a> · <span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a></span> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Michelson</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jonas_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann">Lippmann</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> · <span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></span> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> · <span class="nowrap">1913 <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a></span> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></span> · <span style="color:">1916</span> · 1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> · 1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> · 1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles-Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> · 1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> · <span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1923:<a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1924 <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span> · 1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1926–1950:</b></td><td class="rechts">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Perrin</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.T.R. Wilson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O.W. Richardson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></span> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman">Raman</a> · <span style="color:">1931</span> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> · 1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> · <span style="color:">1934</span> · 1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Carl Anderson (natuurkundige)">C. Anderson</a></span> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G.P. Thomson</a></span> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> · <span style="color:">1940</span> · <span style="color:">1941</span> · <span style="color:">1942</span> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a> · 1947: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Appleton</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a> ·</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1951–1975:</b></td><td class="rechts">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain">Brattain</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.D. Lee</a></span> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tsjerenkov" title="Pavel Tsjerenkov">Tsjerenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Frank" title="Ilja Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Glaser</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jensen" title="Hans Jensen">Jensen</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Basov" title="Nikolaj Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Prochorov">Prokhorov</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Alvarez</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> · 1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> · <span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mottelson" title="Ben Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1976–2000:</b></td><td class="rechts"><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" title="Samuel Ting">Ting</a> · <span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Philip Anderson (natuurkundige)">P. Anderson</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_van_Vleck" title="John van Vleck">van: Vleck</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kapitsa" title="Pjotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R.W. Wilson</a></span> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Nico_Bloembergen" title="Nico Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">K.G. Wilson</a></span> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler" title="William Fowler">Fowler</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="Alex Müller">Müller</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey" title="Norman Ramsey">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" title="Hans Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Friedman" title="Jerome Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall" title="Henry Kendall">Kendall</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(natuurkundige)" title="Richard Taylor (natuurkundige)">R. Taylor</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Hulse" title="Russell Hulse">Hulse</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor" title="Joseph Taylor">J. Taylor</a></span> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> · <span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R.C. Richardson</a></span> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a> · <span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman_(natuurkundige)" title="Martinus Veltman (natuurkundige)">Veltman</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Zjores_Ivanovitsj_Alferov" title="Zjores Ivanovitsj Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><span class="nowrap">2000–heden:</span></b></td><td class="rechts">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_jr." title="Raymond Davis jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Ginzburg" title="Vitali Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(natuurkundige)" title="John Hall (natuurkundige)">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kosterlitz" title="Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Appleton#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward Appleton">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; 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