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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%C3%A7giri_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1" title="Qoçgiri üsyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qoçgiri üsyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кочкири – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кочкири" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri-Aufstand" title="Koçgiri-Aufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koçgiri-Aufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قیام کوچگیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیام کوچگیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_de_Ko%C3%A7giri" title="Révolte de Koçgiri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte de Koçgiri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribellione_di_Ko%C3%A7giri" title="Ribellione di Koçgiri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ribellione di 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<div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Koçgiri rebellion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish rebellions in Turkey">Kurdish rebellions in Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_efendi_and_his_fighters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kurdish_efendi_and_his_fighters.jpg/220px-Kurdish_efendi_and_his_fighters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kurdish_efendi_and_his_fighters.jpg/330px-Kurdish_efendi_and_his_fighters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kurdish_efendi_and_his_fighters.jpg/440px-Kurdish_efendi_and_his_fighters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><br />Armed Kurds, in a 1911 photograph</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 March 1921 – 17 June 1921<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Turkish victory </p> <ul><li>Revolt suppressed</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg/20px-Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg/30px-Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg/40px-Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Grand National Assembly</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Army_(Turkey)" title="Central Army (Turkey)">Central Army</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Atman tribe<sup id="cite_ref-Ergin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Direjan tribe<sup id="cite_ref-Ergin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_(tribe)" title="Koçgiri (tribe)">Koçgiri tribe</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ergin_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A7ikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Parçikan">Parçikan tribe</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ergin_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Pevizan tribe<sup id="cite_ref-tribes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Zerikan tribe<sup id="cite_ref-tribes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Rise_of_Kurdistan" title="Society for the Rise of Kurdistan">Society for the Rise of Kurdistan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha" title="Nureddin Pasha">Nureddin Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Binbaşı</a> Halis Bey (commander of the 6th Cavalry Regiment) <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman" title="Topal Osman">Topal Osman</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali%C5%9Fan_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alişan Bey (page does not exist)">Alişan Bey</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-genelkurmay_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genelkurmay-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Alisher_Efendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisher Efendi">Alisher Efendi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Dersimi" title="Nuri Dersimi">Nuri Dersimi</a><br />Paso<br />Misto</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>Government claim:</b><br /> 3,161 men<sup id="cite_ref-Mango330_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mango330-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apak_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1,350 <a href="/wiki/Military_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Military animals">military animals</a><sup id="cite_ref-apak_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 2,750 <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light</a> and 18 <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine guns</a><sup id="cite_ref-apak_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Rebel claim:</b><br /> 6,000 cavalrymen<br /> 25,000 infantrymen<br /> </p> Unknown number of militia and Gendarmerie</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>Government claim:</b><br /> 3,000 rebels (mostly <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-apak_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a><sup id="cite_ref-apak_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Rebel claim:</b><br /> </p> 6,000 rebels</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 500 rebels killed<sup id="cite_ref-apak_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />32 rebel leaders and 500 rebels captured<sup id="cite_ref-genelkurmay_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genelkurmay-8"><span 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href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akba%C5%9F_arms_depot_raid" title="Akbaş arms depot raid">Akbaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_clashes_(1920)" title="Samsun clashes (1920)">1920 Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">1920 Summer Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">1st Smyrna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urla_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urla Clashes">Urla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malga%C3%A7_Raid" title="Malgaç Raid">Malgaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergama" title="Battle of Bergama">Bergama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erbeyli" title="Raid on Erbeyli">Erbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erikli" title="Raid on Erikli">Erikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellidede" title="Battle of Tellidede">Tellidede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Battle of Aydın">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">1920 Summer Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gediz" title="Battle of the Gediz">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">1st İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">2nd İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Kütahya–Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Liberation of Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">2nd Smyrna</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">Oltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish_(1920)" title="Battle of Sarikamish (1920)">Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urfa" title="Battle of Urfa">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab" title="Siege of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1_ambush" title="Karboğazı ambush">Karboğazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kovanba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Battle of Kovanbaşı">Kovanbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanl%C4%B1_Ge%C3%A7it" title="Battle of Kanlı Geçit">Kanlıgeçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fad%C4%B1l" title="Battle of Fadıl">Fadıl</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Ahmet Anzavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">İzmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geyve" title="Battle of Geyve">Geyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Uprising" title="Çapanoğlu Uprising">Yozgat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_rebellion" title="Konya rebellion">Konya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koçgiri</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><b>Naval</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">1922 Samsun</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" title="Template:Campaignbox Kurdish rebellions in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Kurdish rebellions in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kurdish rebellions in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:89%;"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish rebellions in Turkey"><span class="wrap">Kurdish rebellions in Turkey</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koçgiri rebellion</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beytussebab_rebellion" title="Beytussebab rebellion">Beytussebab rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhildan" title="Serhildan">Serhildan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>1. <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a>+<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurdish</a> rebellion<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zaza</a> rebellion<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Koçgiri rebellion</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <i lang="ku-Latn">Serhildana Qoçgiriyê</i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Koçgiri İsyanı</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> uprising, that began in the overwhelmingly militant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C3%A7giri_Tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koçgiri Tribe (page does not exist)">Koçgiri</a> region in present-day eastern <a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas Province</a> in February 1921. The rebellion was initially <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a>, but it succeeded in gathering support from nearby <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergin_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribal leaders had a close relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Rise_of_Kurdistan" title="Society for the Rise of Kurdistan">Society for the Rise of Kurdistan</a> (SAK).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was defeated in June 1921. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> was signed the Kurds began to feel more trustful that they were able to reach at least some sort of an autonomous government for themselves. <a href="/wiki/Abdulkadir_Ubeydullah" title="Abdulkadir Ubeydullah">Abdulkadir Ubeydullah</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ubeydullah" title="Sheikh Ubeydullah">Sheikh Ubeydullah</a> and the president of the SAK,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported the idea of a Kurdish autonomy within Turkey. But <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Dersimi" title="Nuri Dersimi">Nuri Dersimi</a> and Alisher Efendi wanted more than autonomy, they wanted to establish an independent Kurdistan according to article 64 of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> followed up on the events in the Dersim area and as it came to his knowledge that some of the Kurds were pursuing autonomy in line with the fourteen points announced by US president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, he answered that the plan of Wilson was worthless for the peoples in the eastern provinces and they should rather follow his Turkish nationalist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kurds around Dersim began to prepare for an eventual showdown with the Turkish nationalists and they also raided several Turkish weapon depots. By October 1920 they captured enough to feel themselves in a position of strength and Alisan Bey, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Refahiye" title="Refahiye">Refahiye</a> prepared the tribes for independence. Finally, on the 15 November 1920, they delivered a declaration to the Kemalists which stated the following.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Government in Ankara should abide by the agreement the Kurds had with the Sultan in Istanbul and accept the Kurdish autonomy</li> <li>The Government in Ankara should also inform the people who wrote the declaration concerning their approach towards an autonomous Kurdistan.</li> <li>All the Kurdish prisoners in the prisons of Erzincan, Malatya, Elaziz (today Elazıĝ) and Sivas shall be released.</li> <li>The Turkish administration in the areas with a Kurdish majority must leave</li> <li>And the Turkish military which was dispatched to the Kurdish areas, should withdraw</li></ul> <p>They requested an answer by 24 November 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 25 December, the Kurds again demanded more political rights to be given to them in the Provinces of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elaziz</a> as agreed on in the Treaty of Sèvres.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kemalists at first listened to their demands for more political freedom, but at the same time moved significant troops to the region in order to quell the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Turkish Government tried to deceive the kurds as they sent the Governor of Elaziz to Pertek in order to assure them that Mustafa Kemal agreed to the requests. Mustafa Kemal even nominated additional members of parliament from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish Government also offered to assign a Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mütessarif</a> to the region, but the revolutionaries represented by <a href="/wiki/Seyid_Riza" title="Seyid Riza">Seyit Riza</a> and Alişan Bey (official from the <a href="/wiki/Refahiye" title="Refahiye">Refahiye</a>) refused the offer, and repeated their demand that they want an independent Kurdish government and not one imposed by Ankara.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_revolt">The revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following this response, Mustafa Kemal ordered the arrest of Nuri Dersimi and on the 20 December he was detained and brought to prison.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commander of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Army_(Turkey)" title="Central Army (Turkey)">Central Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha" title="Nureddin Pasha">Nureddin Pasha</a> sent a force of some 3,000 cavalrymen and irregulars including <a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman" title="Topal Osman">Topal Osman</a>'s battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mango330_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mango330-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February fighting between parties began and the Turks demanded the unconditional surrender of the Kurdish revolutionaries. A first major encounter between the factions ended victorious for the Kurds, but fighting went on<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rebels were crushed by June 17, 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before repressing the rebels, Nureddin Pasha said (according to some sources, this statement belongs to <a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman" title="Topal Osman">Topal Osman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Halim_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halim-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>In homeland (Turkey), we cleaned up people who say "zo" (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a>), I'm going to clean up people who say "lo" (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a>) by their roots</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Turkish original, <i>Türkiye'de (Memlekette) "zo" diyenleri (Ermenileri) temizledik, "lo" diyenlerin (Kürtlerin) köklerini de ben temizleyeceğim.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Halim_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halim-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The brutality of the repression made the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> decide to put Nureddin Pasha on trial. Although Nureddin Pasha was dismissed on November 3, 1921 and recalled to Ankara, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a> intervened and prevented a trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Mango330_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mango330-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brutality of the actions of the Turkish forces shocked even some members of the Ankara's national assembly. One of the representatives said: "<i>African barbarians would not even accept such excesses</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ergin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ergin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergin_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergin_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergin_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGüneş2014" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Güneş, Ergin (2014). Boztuğ, Onursal (ed.). <i>Koçgiri İsyanı Ekseninde Dersim Direnişi</i>. Sempozyumu'nda Sunulan Bildiriler , 20–22 Eylül 2013 (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/Tunceli_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunceli University">Tunceli University</a>. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Ko%C3%A7giri+%C4%B0syan%C4%B1+Ekseninde+Dersim+Direni%C5%9Fi&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Tunceli+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCne%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Ergin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_state2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Turkish state (2014). <i>Aşiretler Raporu</i> (in Turkish) (3rd ed.). Kaynak Yayınları. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-343-220-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-343-220-7"><bdi>978-975-343-220-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%C5%9Firetler+Raporu&rft.pages=279&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Kaynak+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-975-343-220-7&rft.au=Turkish+state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hülya Küçük, <i>The Role of the Bektashis in Turkey's National Struggle</i>, Brill, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004124438" title="Special:BookSources/9004124438">9004124438</a>, page 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ercan Yavuz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=193631">"Turkey starts to question early period of republic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916222519/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=193631">Archived</a> 2016-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman" title="Today's Zaman">Today's Zaman</a></i>, November 22, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mustfa Balcıoğlu, <i>Belgelerle Millî Mücadele sırasında Anadoluda ayaklanmalar ve Merkez ordusu</i>, 1991, p. 128. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nurettin Gülmez, <i>T.B.M.M. zabıtalarından Doğu ve Güney Doğu meselesi</i>, Hamle Yayın-Dağıtım, 1992, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=%C5%9Fehit">p. 197.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/The-Ko%C3%A7giri-massacre-of-Kurds-in-1925?cs=print">"Accueil | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accueil+%26%23124%3B+Sciences+Po+Violence+de+masse+et+R%C3%A9sistance+%E2%80%93+R%C3%A9seau+de+recherche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2FThe-Ko%25C3%25A7giri-massacre-of-Kurds-in-1925%3Fcs%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genelkurmay-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genelkurmay_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genelkurmay_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Türk İstiklal Harbi, Edition VI, <i>İstiklal Harbinde Ayaklanmalar</i>, T. C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Resmî Yayınları, 1974, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mango330-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mango330_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mango330_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mango330_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Andrew Mango</a>, <i>Atatürk</i>, John Murray, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6592-2">978-0-7195-6592-2</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apak-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apak_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apak_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apak_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apak_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apak_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apak_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hüseyin Rahmi Apak, <i>Türk İstiklâl Harbi – İç ayaklanmalar: 1919–1921</i>, 1964, C.VI, Genelkurmay Basımevi, pp. 163–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Bruinessen" title="Martin van Bruinessen">Martin van Bruinessen</a>, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, <i>Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995</i>, BRILL, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004108615" title="Special:BookSources/9789004108615">9789004108615</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhwyBmBnI4C&pg=PA13&dq=Kocgiri++%22Alevi+rebellion%22&hl=en&ei=DKAITuGfJYeyvwOQkfzIDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Kocgiri%20%20%22Alevi%20rebellion%22&f=false">p. 13.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhwyBmBnI4C&pg=PA16&dq=%22Dersim+rebellion+of+1937-1938+was%22&hl=en&ei=wJ4ITpzxLoeyvwOQkfzIDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Dersim%20rebellion%20of%201937-1938%20was%22&f=false">p. 14.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1989" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Robert W. (1989). <i>The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925</i>. University of Texas Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77619-7"><bdi>978-0-292-77619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+Kurdish+nationalism+and+the+Sheikh+Said+Rebellion%2C+1880%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77619-7&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1989" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Robert W. (1989). <i>The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925</i>. University of Texas Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77619-7"><bdi>978-0-292-77619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+Kurdish+nationalism+and+the+Sheikh+Said+Rebellion%2C+1880%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77619-7&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonRumbold1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Olson, Robert; Rumbold, Horace (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817079">"The Koçgiri Kurdish rebellion in 1921 and the draft law for a proposed autonomy of Kurdistan"</a>. <i>Oriente Moderno</i>. 8 (69) (1/6): 41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22138617-0690106006">10.1163/22138617-0690106006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-5472">0030-5472</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817079">25817079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriente+Moderno&rft.atitle=The+Ko%C3%A7giri+Kurdish+rebellion+in+1921+and+the+draft+law+for+a+proposed+autonomy+of+Kurdistan&rft.volume=8+%2869%29&rft.issue=1%2F6&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0030-5472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25817079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22138617-0690106006&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Rumbold%2C+Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25817079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzoĝlu2004" class="citation book cs1">Özoĝlu, Hakan (2004). <i>Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries</i>. SUNY Press. pp. 88–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5993-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Notables+and+the+Ottoman+State%3A+Evolving+Identities%2C+Competing+Loyalties%2C+and+Shifting+Boundaries&rft.pages=88-91&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5993-5&rft.aulast=%C3%96zo%C4%9Dlu&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1989" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Robert W. (1989). <i>The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925</i>. University of Texas Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77619-7"><bdi>978-0-292-77619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+Kurdish+nationalism+and+the+Sheikh+Said+Rebellion%2C+1880%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77619-7&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiselas1997" class="citation book cs1">Meiselas, Susan (1997). <i>Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History</i>. New York: Random House. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51928-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51928-9"><bdi>978-0-226-51928-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdistan%3A+In+the+Shadow+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-226-51928-9&rft.aulast=Meiselas&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, Robert; Rumbold, Horace (1989) p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Olson, (1989) p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Olson, (1989) p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Olson, (1989) p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ergün Aybars, <i>İstiklâl Mahkemeleri</i>, Bilgi Yayınevi, 1975, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCQKAQAAIAAJ&q=17+Haziran+1921+Ko%C3%A7giri">p. 34.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halim-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halim_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halim_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halim Demir, <i>Milli Mücadele: Kuvayı Milliye : İttihatçılar ve Muhalifler</i>, Ozan Yayıncılık, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bJJAQAAIAAJ&q=T%C3%BCrkiye'de+Zo+ben+temizleyece%C4%9Fim">p. 176.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hans-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hans_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Lukas Kieser, <i>Iskalanmış barış: Doğu Vilayetleri'nde misyonerlik, etnik kimlik ve devlet 1839–1938</i>, İletişim Yayınları, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-05-0300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-05-0300-9">978-975-05-0300-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3YKAQAAMAAJ&q=zo+diyenleri+yok+ettik+lo">p. 570.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span> (original: <i>Der verpasste Friede: Mission, Ethnie und Staat in den Ostprovinzen der Türkei 1839–1938</i>, Chronos, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-905313-49-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-905313-49-9">3-905313-49-9</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Bruinessen" title="Martin van Bruinessen">Martin van Bruinessen</a>, <i>Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society: Collected Articles</i>, ISIS Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-162-0">978-975-428-162-0</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2016" class="citation book cs1">Gingeras, Ryan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0ASDAAAQBAJ"><i>Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199676071" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199676071"><bdi>978-0199676071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Sultanate%3A+The+Great+War+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1908%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0199676071&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0ASDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKo%C3%A7giri+rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/repression-koa-giri-rebellion-1920-1921">The Repression of the Koçgiri Rebellion, 1920–1921</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />awakening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol_society" title="Karakol society">Karakol society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations" title="Sultanahmet demonstrations">Sultanahmet demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Circular" title="Amasya Circular">Amasya Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal%C4%B1kesir_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balıkesir Congress (page does not exist)">Balıkesir Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir_Congress" title="Alaşehir Congress">Alaşehir Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">Sivas Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election" title="1919 Ottoman general election">Ottoman Parliament (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly_election" title="1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election">Grand National Assembly (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Turkish_general_election" title="1923 Turkish general election">Grand National Assembly (1923)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States during the Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">Bombardment of Samsun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Manisa" title="Fire of Manisa">Fire of Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="List of media during the Turkish War of Independence">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemen_massacre" title="Menemen massacre">Menemen massacre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/150_personae_non_gratae_of_Turkey" title="150 personae non gratae of Turkey">Personae non gratae</a></i></li> <li>Ankara Government and Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_deportations" title="Samsun deportations">Samsun deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Peninsula_massacres" title="Yalova Peninsula massacres">Yalova Peninsula massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts#1919_Kurdish_revolt" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ta%C5%9Fl%C4%B1ca_(1919)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Taşlıca (1919) (page does not exist)">Taşlıca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baba%C3%A7i%C3%A7ek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Babaçiçek (page does not exist)">Battle of Babaçiçek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zdemir_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Özdemir Operation (page does not exist)">Özdemir Operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_K%C3%B6ysancak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Köysancak (page does not exist)">Köysancak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Eskişehir (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_clashes_(1920)" title="Samsun clashes (1920)">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akba%C5%9F_arms_depot_raid" title="Akbaş arms depot raid">Akbaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Summer Offensive of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Istanbul (page does not exist)">Liberation of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koçgiri rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_rebellion" title="Konya rebellion">Konya rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geyve" title="Battle of Geyve">Battle of Geyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Uprising" title="Çapanoğlu Uprising">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">Oltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish_(1920)" title="Battle of Sarikamish (1920)">Sarıkamış</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urfa" title="Battle of Urfa">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab" title="Siege of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1_ambush" title="Karboğazı ambush">Karboğazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kovanba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Battle of Kovanbaşı">Kovanbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanl%C4%B1_Ge%C3%A7it" title="Battle of Kanlı Geçit">Kanlıgeçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fad%C4%B1l" title="Battle of Fadıl">Fadıl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alemdar_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemdar Incident (page does not exist)">Alemdar Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">Smyrna, 1919</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Occupation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urla_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urla Clashes">Urla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malga%C3%A7_Raid" title="Malgaç Raid">Malgaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergama" title="Battle of Bergama">Bergama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erbeyli" title="Raid on Erbeyli">Erbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erikli" title="Raid on Erikli">Erikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellidede" title="Battle of Tellidede">Tellidede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Battle of Aydın">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Summer Offensive of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gediz" title="Battle of the Gediz">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">1st İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">2nd İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Liberation of Balıkesir">Liberation of Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">Capture of Smyrna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">U.S.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">Bombardment of Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Istanbul (page does not exist)">Liberation of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artvin" title="Battle of Artvin">Artvin (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish-Georgian_War_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish-Georgian War (1921) (page does not exist)">Artvin (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish-Georgian_War_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish-Georgian War (1921) (page does not exist)">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batumi" title="Battle of Batumi">Batumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">National<br />Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Conference of London of 1921–1922">Conference of London (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Conference of Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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