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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rail transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Road transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monorail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monorail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Monorail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monorail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Confucius_(Kong_Miao)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Confucius_(Kong_Miao)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Temple of Confucius (Kong Miao)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Confucius_(Kong_Miao)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemetery_of_Confucius_(Kong_Lin)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemetery_of_Confucius_(Kong_Lin)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cemetery of Confucius (Kong Lin)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemetery_of_Confucius_(Kong_Lin)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kong_Family_Mansion_(Kong_Fu)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kong_Family_Mansion_(Kong_Fu)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kong Family Mansion (Kong Fu)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kong_Family_Mansion_(Kong_Fu)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qufu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A9%E1%8D%89" title="ጩፉ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጩፉ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="تشيوفو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيوفو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khiok-h%C5%AB-chh%C4%AB" title="Khiok-hū-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khiok-hū-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B9%D1%84%D1%83" title="Цюйфу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цюйфу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D1%84%D1%83" title="Цюфу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цюфу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B9%D1%84%D1%83" title="Цюйфу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цюйфу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu_(lungsod_sa_Pangmasang_Republika_sa_T%C5%9Bina)" title="Qufu (lungsod sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Qufu (lungsod sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cch%C3%BC-fu" title="Čchü-fu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čchü-fu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjujfu" title="Cjujfu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cjujfu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88" title="تایفو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تایفو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B7%A8%ED%91%B8%EC%8B%9C" title="취푸시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="취푸시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82" title="चूफ़ू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चूफ़ू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B9%D1%84%D1%83" title="Цюйфу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цюйфу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95" title="צ'ופו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ופו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3" title="ციუიფუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ციუიფუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%BCfu" title="Csüfu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csüfu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8C%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83" title="Ќуфу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ќуфу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%81" title="ചൂഫു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൂഫു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="تشيوفو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيوفو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82" title="曲阜市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="曲阜市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B9%D1%84%D1%83" title="Цюйфу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цюйфу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cch%C3%BC-fu" title="Čchü-fu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čchü-fu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%BA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="ชฺวีฟู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชฺวีฟู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B9%D1%84%D1%83" title="Цюйфу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цюйфу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="قوفو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قوفو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_Ph%E1%BB%A5" title="Khúc Phụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khúc Phụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82" title="曲阜市 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="曲阜市" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Qufu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C" title="曲阜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="曲阜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C" title="曲阜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="曲阜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82" title="曲阜市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曲阜市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210287#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qufu&params=35.5819_N_116.9862_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-37_source:Gaode"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°34′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°59′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.5819°N 116.9862°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.5819; 116.9862</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">County-level city in Shandong, People's Republic of China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Qufu</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="zh">曲阜市</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Kufow</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qufu_south_gate.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qufu's south gate"><img alt="Qufu's south gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Qufu_south_gate.JPG/250px-Qufu_south_gate.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Qufu_south_gate.JPG/375px-Qufu_south_gate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Qufu_south_gate.JPG/500px-Qufu_south_gate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="874" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Qufu's south gate</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChinaJiningQufu.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Jining"><img alt="Location in Jining" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ChinaJiningQufu.png/250px-ChinaJiningQufu.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ChinaJiningQufu.png/375px-ChinaJiningQufu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ChinaJiningQufu.png/500px-ChinaJiningQufu.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1624" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Jining</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Shandong_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qufu is located in Shandong"><img alt="Qufu is located in Shandong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/China_Shandong_adm_location_map.svg/250px-China_Shandong_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/China_Shandong_adm_location_map.svg/500px-China_Shandong_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="756" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.863%;left:27.88%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Qufu"><img alt="Qufu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Qufu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Shandong</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Shandong</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qufu is located in China"><img alt="Qufu is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="408" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.161%;left:71.352%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Qufu"><img alt="Qufu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Qufu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Qufu (China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of China</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates (Qufu municipal government): <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qufu&params=35.5819_N_116.9862_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-37_source:Gaode"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°34′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°59′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.5819°N 116.9862°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.5819; 116.9862</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the People's Republic of China">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">815 km<sup>2</sup> (315 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">65 m (214 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2017)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">653,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">800/km<sup>2</sup> (2,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">188,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/China_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="China Standard Time">China Standard</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal code of China">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">273100</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.qufu.gov.cn/">http://www.qufu.gov.cn/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Qufu</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qufu_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Qufu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/125px-Qufu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Qufu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/188px-Qufu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Qufu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/250px-Qufu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="207" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Qufu" in Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:曲阜">曲阜</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kufow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Crooked Hill"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qūfù</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄑㄩㄈㄨˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chiufuh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chʻ<span>ü<sup>1</sup>-fu<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Cyu-fù</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕʰý.fû]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Kūk-fauh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kuk1 fau6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʰʊk̚˥ fɐw˨]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Khek-pu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Khik-pū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰjowk<span class="wrap"> </span>bjúw</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ(r)ok<span class="wrap"> </span>[b](r)uʔ</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Qufu</b> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕʰý.fû]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">曲阜</span>) is a county-level city in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> province, <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East China</a>. It is located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) south of the provincial capital <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a> and 45 km (28 mi) northeast of the prefectural seat at <a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a>. Qufu has an area of 815 square kilometers, and a total population of 653,000 inhabitants, of which, 188,000 live in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qufu is best known as the hometown of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, who is traditionally believed to have been born at nearby <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ni" title="Mount Ni">Mount Ni</a>. The city contains numerous historic palaces, temples and cemeteries. The three most famous cultural sites of the city, collectively known as <i>San Kong</i> (<span lang="zh">三孔</span>; 'the Three Confucian [sites]', are the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple of Confucius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:孔">孔</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:庙">庙</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kǒngmiào</span></i>), the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:孔">孔</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:林">林</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kǒnglín</span></i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Kong_Family_Mansion" title="Kong Family Mansion">Kong Family Mansion</a> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:孔">孔</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:府">府</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kǒngfǔ</span></i>). Together, these three sites have been listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1994. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Qufu literally means "crooked hill", and refers to a mile-long hill that was part of the city during its time as capital of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Lu">state of Lu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Qufu is divided into 4 <a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdistricts of China">subdistricts</a>, and 8 <a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">towns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city government is located within <a href="/wiki/Lucheng_Subdistrict,_Qufu" title="Lucheng Subdistrict, Qufu">Lucheng Subdistrict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Township-Level Divisions of Qufu City<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English Name </th> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Hanzi </th> <th>Subdivision Type </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucheng_Subdistrict,_Qufu" title="Lucheng Subdistrict, Qufu">Lucheng Subdistrict</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Lǔchéng Jiēdào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">鲁城街道</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdistricts of China">Subdistrict</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuyuan_Subdistrict,_Qufu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuyuan Subdistrict, Qufu (page does not exist)">Shuyuan Subdistrict</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93_(%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="zh:书院街道 (曲阜市)">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shūyuàn Jiēdào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">书院街道</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdistricts of China">Subdistrict</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizhuang_Subdistrict,_Qufu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shizhuang Subdistrict, Qufu (page does not exist)">Shizhuang Subdistrict</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%BA%84%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="zh:时庄街道">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shízhuāng Jiēdào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">时庄街道</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdistricts of China">Subdistrict</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiaoxue_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiaoxue Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Xiaoxue Subdistrict</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%9B%AA%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="zh:小雪街道">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiǎoxuě Jiēdào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">小雪街道</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdistricts of China">Subdistrict</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wucun,_Qufu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wucun, Qufu (page does not exist)">Wucun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E6%9D%91%E9%95%87_(%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="zh:吴村镇 (曲阜市)">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wúcūn Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">吴村镇</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaocun,_Qufu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaocun, Qufu (page does not exist)">Yaocun, Qufu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E6%9D%91%E9%95%87_(%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="zh:姚村镇 (曲阜市)">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yáocūn Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">姚村镇</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingcheng,_Shandong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingcheng, Shandong (page does not exist)">Lingcheng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B5%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:陵城镇">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Língchéng Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">陵城镇</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nishan,_Shandong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nishan, Shandong (page does not exist)">Nishan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B1%B1%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:尼山镇">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Níshān Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">尼山镇</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangzhuang,_Qufu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangzhuang, Qufu (page does not exist)">Wangzhuang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%BA%84%E9%95%87_(%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="zh:王庄镇 (曲阜市)">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wángzhuāng Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">王庄镇</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xizou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xizou (page does not exist)">Xizou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%AF%E9%99%AC%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:息陬镇">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xīzōu Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">息陬镇</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimenshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shimenshan (page does not exist)">Shimenshan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%97%A8%E5%B1%B1%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:石门山镇">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shíménshān Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">石门山镇</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fangshan,_Shandong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fangshan, Shandong (page does not exist)">Fangshan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E5%B1%B1%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:防山镇">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Fángshān Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">防山镇</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns of China">Town</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">UNESCO World Heritage Site</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciustempleapricotplatform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Confuciustempleapricotplatform.jpg/220px-Confuciustempleapricotplatform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Confuciustempleapricotplatform.jpg/330px-Confuciustempleapricotplatform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Confuciustempleapricotplatform.jpg/440px-Confuciustempleapricotplatform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Apricot Platform in the Confucius Temple</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/704">704</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1994 (18th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a>, the area around Qufu was home to the people of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_(Dongyi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan (Dongyi) (page does not exist)">Yan</a>, who were counted by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> among the "<a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Eastern Barbarians</a>" or <i>Dongyi</i>. Along with <a href="/wiki/State_of_Pugu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Pugu">Pugu</a> (around <a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a>) and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Xu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Xu">Xu</a> (along the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a>), Yan joined the Shang prince <a href="/wiki/Wu_Geng" title="Wu Geng">Wu Geng</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Guards">Three Guards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Three_Guards" title="Rebellion of the Three Guards">their failed rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1042</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. After the rebels' defeat, the Duke launched punitive campaigns against the Dongyi, forcing their submission and placing their territory under loyal nobles. The territory of the Yan became part of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Lu">state of Lu</a>, who made Qufu their capital throughout the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>. This city had walls considerably larger than the present <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>-era fortifications, including more land to the east and north. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the city was centered around the present-day Temple of Duke Zhou, at the northeastern corner of today's walled city. At 1012, Qufu was renamed to Xianyuan County (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">仙源县</span></span>), and relocated to the new site, some 4 km (2.5 mi) east of today's walled city, next to the <a href="/wiki/Shou_Qiu" title="Shou Qiu">supposed birthplace</a> of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shaohao_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaohao Tomb">tomb</a> of his son <a href="/wiki/Shaohao" title="Shaohao">Shaohao</a>. A temple in honor of the Yellow Emperor was built there; all that remains today are two giant stelae (the <a href="/wiki/Shou_Qiu" title="Shou Qiu">Shou Qiu</a> site).<sup id="cite_ref-Bo109_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bo109-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conquest of the northern China by the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115-1234)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (1115-1234)">Jin dynasty</a> renamed Xianyuan back to Qufu (in 1142), but the city stayed at its Song location. It was not until the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1522) that the present-day city wall was built. The site of the city in 1012–1522 is now <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jiuxian" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jiuxian">Jiuxian Village</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">旧县村</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bo109_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bo109-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> the descendant of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> at Qufu, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_Yansheng" title="Duke Yansheng">Duke Yansheng</a> Kong Duanyou fled south with the future Song <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song">Emperor Gaozong</a> to <a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, while the newly established <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that time up until the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, there were two Duke Yanshengs, one in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation,<sup id="cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JansenKlein2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a> rank of Wujing boshi <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:五經博士">五經博士</a> was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JansenKlein2014_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kong Ruogu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孔若古</span></span>), also known as Kong Chuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">孔傳</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 47th generation<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was claimed to be the ancestor of the Southern branch after Kong Zhu died by Northern branch member Kong Guanghuang.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aas2.asian-studies.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aas2.asian-studies.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, Qufu played a minor role in the <a href="/wiki/Yanzhou_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzhou Campaign">Yanzhou Campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. </p><p>The artifacts of the historical sites at Qufu suffered extensive damage during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> when about 200 staff members and students of <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> led by Tan Houlan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">谭厚兰</span></span>, 1937–1982), one of the five most powerful student leaders of the Cultural Revolution, came to Qufu and destroyed more than 6,000 artifacts as part of the campaign to destroy the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a>" in November 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SangYe_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SangYe-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the wide adoption of <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>, the name of the city (often viewed as a county seat, i.e. <i>Qufu xian</i>) was transcribed in English in a variety of ways, such as <b>Ch'ü-fou-hien</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Kio-feu-hien</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-williamson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Kio-fou-hien</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-williamson_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Kiu-fu</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Kiuh Fow</b>, <b>Keuhfow</b>, <b>Kufow</b>, and <b>Chufou</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The small historical center of Qufu is surrounded by the restored <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming-era</a> city wall and rivers/moats. The <a href="/wiki/Drum_tower_(Asia)" title="Drum tower (Asia)">Drum Tower</a> (<i>Gulou</i>) is in the center of the walled city; the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple of Confucius</a> (<i>Kong Miao</i>), Confucius Mansion (<i>Kong Fu</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Yan_Hui" title="Temple of Yan Hui">Temple of Yan Hui</a> (<i>Yan Miao</i>) occupy large sections of the land within the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Confucius Cemetery</a> (Kong Lin) is located 1.3 km (0.81 mi) to the north of the walled city. The modern downtown is located south of the walled city. There is also a mosque and a thriving <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Muslim</a> neighborhood and market that is located just outside the west gate of the walled city. </p><p>The Qufu train station and major industrial areas are on the east side, a few kilometers east of the historical city. The <a href="/wiki/Shaohao_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaohao Tomb">Shaohao Tomb</a> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:少">少</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:昊">昊</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%99%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:陵">陵</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shǎohào Líng</span></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Shou_Qiu" title="Shou Qiu">Shou Qiu historical site</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:寿">寿</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:丘">丘</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shòu Qiū</span></i>, the purported birthplace of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>), are on the eastern outskirts of the modern Qufu as well, near Jiuxian village. </p><p>The town of Shimenshan in Qufu is part of the international <a href="/wiki/Cittaslow" title="Cittaslow">Cittaslow</a> movement in China.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si River</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%82%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沂河 (page does not exist)">Yi River</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%82%E6%B2%B3" class="extiw" title="zh:沂河">zh</a>]</span> both pass through the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qufu has a humid continental climate, bordering on a humid subtropical climate. Qufu experiences an average annual precipitation of 666.3 mm (26.23 in), and an average annual temperature of 13.6 °C (56.5 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Qufu, elevation 62 m (203 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.8<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.7<br />(7.3) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.9<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.8<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.8<br />(0.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(0.30) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(0.46) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(0.65) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(1.41) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9<br />(2.20) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.8<br />(3.46) </td> <td style="background: #00D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.3<br />(7.73) </td> <td style="background: #00FD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.3<br />(6.78) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7<br />(2.59) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(1.22) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(1.12) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(0.39) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">719.2<br />(28.31) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.1 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">230.6 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.6 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.5 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.8 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.3 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.0 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.7 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,322.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-cma_graphical_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cma_graphical-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rail transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai railway">Beijing–Shanghai railway</a>, constructed in the early 20th century, passes through Qufu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a century, most passengers traveling to or from Qufu, would use the train station at <a href="/wiki/Yanzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzhou District">Yanzhou</a>, some 15 km (9.3 mi) to the west. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yanzhou%E2%80%93Shijiusuo_railway" title="Yanzhou–Shijiusuo railway">Yanshi Railway</a>, which connects <a href="/wiki/Yanzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzhou District">Yanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a> as part of the broader Xinshi Railway (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" class="extiw" title="zh:新石铁路">新石铁路</a></span></span>), passes through the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small passenger station operating on the southeast side of the city (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qufu&params=35.582860_N_117.025091_E_type:landmark_region:CN-37"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°34′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">117°01′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.582860°N 117.025091°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.582860; 117.025091</span></span></span></a></span></span>) serves this line. </p><p>The north–south <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway</a>, which opened in 2011, runs through Qufu. This line's <a href="/wiki/Qufu_East_railway_station" title="Qufu East railway station">Qufu East railway station</a> is located a few kilometers south-east of the city (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qufu&params=35.556390_N_117.063656_E_type:landmark_region:CN-37"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°33′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">117°03′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.556390°N 117.063656°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.556390; 117.063656</span></span></span></a></span></span>). <a href="/wiki/Qufu_South_railway_station" title="Qufu South railway station">Qufu South railway station</a>, on the east–west <a href="/wiki/Rizhao%E2%80%93Lankao_high-speed_railway" title="Rizhao–Lankao high-speed railway">Rizhao–Lankao high-speed railway</a>, opened in 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_104" title="China National Highway 104">China National Highway 104</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_327" title="China National Highway 327">China National Highway 327</a> both pass through Qufu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monorail">Monorail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monorail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 12 km (7.5 mi), 12 station monorail to connect Qufu and <a href="/wiki/Zoucheng" title="Zoucheng">Zoucheng</a> began construction in the first half of 2017, however construction was halted. A 6.3 km (3.9 mi) section was due to be completed in January 2018 to allow for testing to commence. The complete line was originally due to open in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of July 2021 the local government hopes to complete the line.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temple_of_Confucius_(Kong_Miao)"><span id="Temple_of_Confucius_.28Kong_Miao.29"></span>Temple of Confucius (Kong Miao)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Temple of Confucius (Kong Miao)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple of Confucius, Qufu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius_temple_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confucius_temple_1912.jpg/220px-Confucius_temple_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confucius_temple_1912.jpg/330px-Confucius_temple_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confucius_temple_1912.jpg/440px-Confucius_temple_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Historical plan of the Temple of Confucius (1912).</figcaption></figure> <p>Within two years after the death of Confucius, his former house in Qufu was already consecrated as a temple by the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>. In 205 BC, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gaozu_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> was the first emperor to offer sacrifices to the memory of Confucius in Qufu. He set an example for many emperors and high officials to follow. Later, emperors would visit Qufu after their enthronement or on important occasions such as a successful war. In total, 12 different emperors paid 20 personal visits to Qufu to worship Confucius. About 100 others sent their deputies for 196 official visits. The original three-room house of Confucius was removed from the temple complex during a rebuilding undertaken in 611 AD. In 1012 and in 1094, during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the temple was extended into a design with three sections and four courtyards, around which eventually more than 400 rooms were arranged. Fire and vandalism destroyed the temple in 1214, during the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty,_1115%E2%80%931234" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty, 1115–1234">Jin dynasty</a>. It was restored to its former extent by the year 1302 during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. Shortly thereafter, in 1331, the temple was framed in an enclosure wall modelled on the Imperial palace. After another devastation by fire in 1499, the temple was finally restored to its present scale. In 1724, yet another fire destroyed the main hall and the sculptures it contained. The subsequent restoration was completed in 1730. Many of the replacement sculptures were again destroyed during the Cultural Revolution in 1966. In total, the Temple of Confucius has undergone 15 major renovations, 31 large repairs, and numerous small building measures. </p><p>The temple complex is the second largest historical building complex in China (after the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>)—it covers an area of 16,000 square metres (170,000 sq ft) and has a total of 460 rooms. Because the last major redesign following the fire in 1499 took place shortly after the building of the Forbidden City in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, the architecture of the Temple of Confucius resembles that of the Forbidden City in many ways. The main part of the temple consists of 9 courtyards arranged on a central axis, which is oriented in the north–south direction and is 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) in length. The first three courtyards have small gates and are planted with tall pine trees, they serve an introductory function. The first (southernmost) gate is named "Lingxing Gate" after a star in the <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Great Bear</a> constellation, the name suggests that Confucius is a star from heaven. The buildings in the remaining courtyards form the heart of the complex. They are impressive structures with yellow roof-tiles (otherwise reserved for the emperor) and red-painted walls, they are surrounded by dark-green pine trees to create a color contrast with <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">complementary colors</a>. The main buildings are the <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a> Pavilions (e.g., Jin and Yuan dynasties, 1115–1368), the Kuiwen Hall (built in 1018, restored in 1504 during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> and in 1985), the Xing Tan Pavilion (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:杏">杏</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:坛">坛</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:杏">杏</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A3%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:壇">壇</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xìng Tán</span></i>, Apricot Platform), the De Mu Tian Di Arch, the Dacheng Hall (built in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>), and the Hall of Confucius' Wife. The Dacheng Hall (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:成">成</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AE%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:殿">殿</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàchéng diàn</span></i>, <i>Great Perfection Hall</i>) is the architectural center of the present day complex. The hall covers an area of 54 by 34 metres (177 by 112 ft) and stands slightly less than 32 m (105 ft) tall. </p><p>It is supported by 28 richly decorated pillars, each 6 m (20 ft) high and 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) in diameter and carved in one piece out of local rock. The ten columns on the front side of the hall are decorated with coiled dragons. It is said that these columns were covered during visits by the emperor in order not to arouse his envy. Dacheng Hall served as the principal place for offering sacrifices to the memory of Confucius. In the center of the courtyard in front of Dacheng Hall stands the "Apricot Platform", which commemorates Confucius teaching his students under an apricot tree. Each year at Qufu and at many other Confucian temples a ceremony is held on September 28 to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Confucius%27_birthday" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucius' birthday">Confucius' birthday</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cemetery_of_Confucius_(Kong_Lin)"><span id="Cemetery_of_Confucius_.28Kong_Lin.29"></span>Cemetery of Confucius (Kong Lin)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cemetery of Confucius (Kong Lin)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciustombqufu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/250px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/330px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/500px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of Confucius.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a></div> <p>The Cemetery of Confucius (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:孔">孔</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:林">林</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kǒng Lín</span></i>) lies to the north of the town of Qufu. The oldest graves found in this location date back to the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. The original tomb erected here in memory of Confucius on the bank of the Sishui River had the shape of an <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a>. In addition, it had a brick platform for sacrifices. The present-day tomb is a cone-shaped hill. Tombs for the descendants of Confucius and additional stela to commemorate him were soon added around Confucius' tomb. </p><p>Since Confucius' descendants were conferred noble titles and were given imperial princesses as wives, many of the tombs in the cemetery show the status symbols of noblemen. Tombstones came in use during the Han dynasty, today, there are about 3,600 tombstones dating from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties still standing in the cemetery. </p><p>In 1331 construction work began on the wall and gate of the cemetery. In total, the cemetery has undergone 13 renovations and extensions. Eventually, by the late 18th century, the perimeter wall reached a length of 7.5 km (4.7 mi), enclosing an area of 3.6 square kilometres (1.4 sq mi). In this space, the tombs of more than 100,000 descendants of Confucius, who have been buried there over a period of about 2000 years, can be found. The oldest graves date back to the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, the most recent of which belong to descendants in the 76th and 78th generation. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, the Kong family cemetery was branded a "reactionary" site and was subject to vandalism and desecration. The tombs of Confucius and his descendants were dug up, looted and flattened. Confucius statue was pulled down and paraded through the streets. According to statistics published after the Cultural Revolution, 100,000 volumes of classical texts were burned, 6,618 cultural artefacts were destroyed or damaged, one thousand stelae were smashed, 5,000 ancient pines were felled and over 2,000 graves were dug up during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corpse of the 76th <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Qufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Qufu">Duke of Qufu</a> was removed from its grave, hung naked from a tree in front of the palace and later incinerated.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 10,000 mature trees give the cemetery a forest-like appearance. A road runs from the north gate of Qufu to the exterior gate of the cemetery in a straight line. It is 1,266 m (4,154 ft) in length and lined by <a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">cypresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> trees. Along this road lies the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Yan_Hui" title="Temple of Yan Hui">Yan Temple</a>, dedicated to Confucius' <a href="/wiki/Yan_Hui_(disciple_of_Confucius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Hui (disciple of Confucius)">favorite student</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kong_Family_Mansion_(Kong_Fu)"><span id="Kong_Family_Mansion_.28Kong_Fu.29"></span>Kong Family Mansion (Kong Fu)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kong Family Mansion (Kong Fu)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kong_Family_Mansion" title="Kong Family Mansion">Kong Family Mansion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciusmansionqufu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Confuciusmansionqufu.jpg/220px-Confuciusmansionqufu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Confuciusmansionqufu.jpg/330px-Confuciusmansionqufu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Confuciusmansionqufu.jpg/440px-Confuciusmansionqufu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard in the Kong family mansion</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Duke_Yansheng" title="Duke Yansheng">direct descendants of Confucius</a> lived in the Kong family Mansion (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:孔">孔</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:府">府</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kǒng Fǔ</span></i>) located to the east of the temple. They were in charge of tending to the temple and cemetery. In particular, they were in charge of conducting elaborate religious ceremonies on occasions such as plantings, harvests, honoring the dead, and birthdays. The Kong family was in control of the largest private rural estate in China. The first mansion was built in 1038 during the Song dynasty and was originally connected directly to the temple. During a rebuilding in 1377 directed by the first Ming dynasty emperor, it was moved a short distance away from the temple. In 1503, it was expanded into three rows of buildings with 560 rooms and—like the Confucius Temple—9 courtyards. The mansion underwent a complete renovation in 1838 only to perish in a fire 47 years later in 1887. It was rebuilt two years later; the cost of both 19th-century renovations was covered by the Emperor. Today, the mansion comprises 152 buildings with 480 rooms, which cover an area of 12,470 square metres (134,200 sq ft). Its tallest structure is the four-story refuge tower (<span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:避">避</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:难">难</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A5%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:楼">楼</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bìnán Lóu</span></i>) that was designed as a shelter during an attack but was never used. The family mansion was inhabited by descendants of Confucius until 1937, when Confucius' descendant in the 76th and 77th generations fled to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and later during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, where the head of the family still resides. </p><p>The layout of the mansion is traditionally Chinese, it separates official rooms in the front from the residential quarters in the rear. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the buildings according to the seniority, gender, and status of their inhabitants reflects the Confucian principle of order and hierarchy: The most senior descendant of Confucius took up residence in the central of the three main buildings; his younger brother occupied the Yi Gun hall to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qufu's economy consists of a number different industries. Agriculture, specifically grain production, is a major industry for the city. The other main industries are food processing, textile, construction materials, chemical, coal mining, pharmacy, paper making and industrial machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qufu has also benefited greatly from tourism, holding a number of cultural festivals and exhibitions, largely centered around <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's main mineral deposits include <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Qufu_Normal_University" title="Qufu Normal University">Qufu Normal University</a> is located in Qufu city, and has an additional campus in <a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university, founded in 1955, offers 87 <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">majors</a>, 25 <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degrees</a>, and 11 <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral degrees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qufu is a traditional centre of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, being the area where <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> was born. The city is home to the holiest <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple of Confucius</a>, to the Mausoleum of Confucius and to the Mansion of the Kong Family. The city also has a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Church_of_Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Church of Confucius">Holy Church of Confucius</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">孔圣堂</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kǒngshèngtáng</span></i>) and hosts the headquarters of the Federation of Confucian Culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple of Confucius</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciustemplequfu.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of the Temple of Confucius"><img alt="Plan of the Temple of Confucius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Confuciustemplequfu.png/151px-Confuciustemplequfu.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Confuciustemplequfu.png/226px-Confuciustemplequfu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Confuciustemplequfu.png/301px-Confuciustemplequfu.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of the Temple of Confucius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachenghalldragonpillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dragon pillar in front of Dacheng Hall (Temple of Confucius)"><img alt="Dragon pillar in front of Dacheng Hall (Temple of Confucius)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dachenghalldragonpillar.jpg/180px-Dachenghalldragonpillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dachenghalldragonpillar.jpg/270px-Dachenghalldragonpillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dachenghalldragonpillar.jpg/360px-Dachenghalldragonpillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dragon pillar in front of Dacheng Hall (Temple of Confucius)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Yan_Hui" title="Temple of Yan Hui">Temple of Yan Hui</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Temple_of_Yan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gateway"><img alt="A gateway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Temple_of_Yan2.jpg/361px-The_Temple_of_Yan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Temple_of_Yan2.jpg/542px-The_Temple_of_Yan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Temple_of_Yan2.jpg/722px-The_Temple_of_Yan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gateway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qufu_temple_of_yan_sculpture_2010_06_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sanctuary"><img alt="The sanctuary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Qufu_temple_of_yan_sculpture_2010_06_05.jpg/250px-Qufu_temple_of_yan_sculpture_2010_06_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Qufu_temple_of_yan_sculpture_2010_06_05.jpg/330px-Qufu_temple_of_yan_sculpture_2010_06_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="3324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The sanctuary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050465.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 9 of Zhizheng era (1349)"><img alt="Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 9 of Zhizheng era (1349)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050465.JPG/320px-Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050465.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050465.JPG/480px-Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050465.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050465.JPG/640px-Yan_Miao_-_northern_courtyard_-_Zhizheng_9_-_P1050465.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 9 of <a href="/wiki/Ukhaantu_Khan,_Emperor_Huizong_of_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan">Zhizheng</a> era (1349)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yan_Miao_-_eastern_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengtong_6_-_seen_from_W_-_P1050439.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 6 of Zhengtong era (1441)"><img alt="Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 6 of Zhengtong era (1441)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yan_Miao_-_eastern_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengtong_6_-_seen_from_W_-_P1050439.JPG/320px-Yan_Miao_-_eastern_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengtong_6_-_seen_from_W_-_P1050439.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yan_Miao_-_eastern_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengtong_6_-_seen_from_W_-_P1050439.JPG/480px-Yan_Miao_-_eastern_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengtong_6_-_seen_from_W_-_P1050439.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yan_Miao_-_eastern_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengtong_6_-_seen_from_W_-_P1050439.JPG/640px-Yan_Miao_-_eastern_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengtong_6_-_seen_from_W_-_P1050439.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 6 of <a href="/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengtong Emperor">Zhengtong</a> era (1441)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yan_Miao_-_western_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengde_4_-_seen_from_E_-_P1050433.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 4 of Zhengde era (1509)"><img alt="Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 4 of Zhengde era (1509)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yan_Miao_-_western_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengde_4_-_seen_from_E_-_P1050433.JPG/320px-Yan_Miao_-_western_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengde_4_-_seen_from_E_-_P1050433.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yan_Miao_-_western_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengde_4_-_seen_from_E_-_P1050433.JPG/480px-Yan_Miao_-_western_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengde_4_-_seen_from_E_-_P1050433.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yan_Miao_-_western_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengde_4_-_seen_from_E_-_P1050433.JPG/640px-Yan_Miao_-_western_stele_pavilion_-_Zhengde_4_-_seen_from_E_-_P1050433.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 4 of <a href="/wiki/Zhengde_Emperor" title="Zhengde Emperor">Zhengde</a> era (1509)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">The <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Yanjin_-_bixi_-_seen_from_NNE_-_P1060185.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Spirit way of Kong Yanjin"><img alt="Spirit way of Kong Yanjin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kong_Yanjin_-_bixi_-_seen_from_NNE_-_P1060185.JPG/320px-Kong_Yanjin_-_bixi_-_seen_from_NNE_-_P1060185.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kong_Yanjin_-_bixi_-_seen_from_NNE_-_P1060185.JPG/480px-Kong_Yanjin_-_bixi_-_seen_from_NNE_-_P1060185.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kong_Yanjin_-_bixi_-_seen_from_NNE_-_P1060185.JPG/640px-Kong_Yanjin_-_bixi_-_seen_from_NNE_-_P1060185.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit way">Spirit way</a> of Kong Yanjin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Spirit way of Kong Yanjin"><img alt="Spirit way of Kong Yanjin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG/320px-Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG/480px-Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG/640px-Kong_Yanjin_-_looking_north_-_P1060200.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit way">Spirit way</a> of Kong Yanjin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Zhengan_-_felines_-_P1060126.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Spirit way of Kong Zhengan"><img alt="Spirit way of Kong Zhengan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kong_Zhengan_-_felines_-_P1060126.JPG/320px-Kong_Zhengan_-_felines_-_P1060126.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kong_Zhengan_-_felines_-_P1060126.JPG/480px-Kong_Zhengan_-_felines_-_P1060126.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kong_Zhengan_-_felines_-_P1060126.JPG/640px-Kong_Zhengan_-_felines_-_P1060126.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit way">Spirit way</a> of Kong Zhengan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Hongtai_-_bixi_-_head_-_P1060142.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bixi of Kong Hongtai"><img alt="Bixi of Kong Hongtai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kong_Hongtai_-_bixi_-_head_-_P1060142.JPG/320px-Kong_Hongtai_-_bixi_-_head_-_P1060142.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kong_Hongtai_-_bixi_-_head_-_P1060142.JPG/480px-Kong_Hongtai_-_bixi_-_head_-_P1060142.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kong_Hongtai_-_bixi_-_head_-_P1060142.JPG/640px-Kong_Hongtai_-_bixi_-_head_-_P1060142.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bixi_(tortoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (tortoise)">Bixi</a></i> of Kong Hongtai</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Lin_-_Ming_section_-_old_stele_top_-_P1060122.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""Lost" crown of a Ming-era stele"><img alt=""Lost" crown of a Ming-era stele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kong_Lin_-_Ming_section_-_old_stele_top_-_P1060122.JPG/320px-Kong_Lin_-_Ming_section_-_old_stele_top_-_P1060122.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kong_Lin_-_Ming_section_-_old_stele_top_-_P1060122.JPG/480px-Kong_Lin_-_Ming_section_-_old_stele_top_-_P1060122.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kong_Lin_-_Ming_section_-_old_stele_top_-_P1060122.JPG/640px-Kong_Lin_-_Ming_section_-_old_stele_top_-_P1060122.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Lost" crown of a Ming-era stele</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Lin_-_path_to_the_northwest_-_P1060083.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A cemetery landscape"><img alt="A cemetery landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kong_Lin_-_path_to_the_northwest_-_P1060083.JPG/330px-Kong_Lin_-_path_to_the_northwest_-_P1060083.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kong_Lin_-_path_to_the_northwest_-_P1060083.JPG/500px-Kong_Lin_-_path_to_the_northwest_-_P1060083.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kong_Lin_-_path_to_the_northwest_-_P1060083.JPG/960px-Kong_Lin_-_path_to_the_northwest_-_P1060083.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cemetery landscape</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Other sights</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qufu_-_Gulou_-_P1050365.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Drum tower – the center of the walled city"><img alt="Drum tower – the center of the walled city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Qufu_-_Gulou_-_P1050365.JPG/330px-Qufu_-_Gulou_-_P1050365.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Qufu_-_Gulou_-_P1050365.JPG/500px-Qufu_-_Gulou_-_P1050365.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Qufu_-_Gulou_-_P1050365.JPG/960px-Qufu_-_Gulou_-_P1050365.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drum tower – the center of the walled city</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Temple_of_Duke_Zhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Temple of Duke Zhou"><img alt="The Temple of Duke Zhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Temple_of_Duke_Zhou.jpg/500px-The_Temple_of_Duke_Zhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Temple_of_Duke_Zhou.jpg/960px-The_Temple_of_Duke_Zhou.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Temple of Duke Zhou</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemetery_of_Mensius%27_Parents.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cemetery of Mencius's parents"><img alt="Cemetery of Mencius's parents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cemetery_of_Mensius%27_Parents.JPG/363px-Cemetery_of_Mensius%27_Parents.JPG" decoding="async" width="242" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cemetery_of_Mensius%27_Parents.JPG/545px-Cemetery_of_Mensius%27_Parents.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Cemetery_of_Mensius%27_Parents.JPG 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cemetery of Mencius's parents</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qufu_Mosque_-_P1050996.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qufu Mosque"><img alt="Qufu Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Qufu_Mosque_-_P1050996.JPG/320px-Qufu_Mosque_-_P1050996.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Qufu_Mosque_-_P1050996.JPG/480px-Qufu_Mosque_-_P1050996.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Qufu_Mosque_-_P1050996.JPG/640px-Qufu_Mosque_-_P1050996.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qufu Mosque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shou_Qiu_-_western_turtle_-_seen_from_the_E_-_P1050843.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qing Shou ("Celebrate Longevity") stele on a 6-meter-long tortoise at Shou Qiu"><img alt="Qing Shou ("Celebrate Longevity") stele on a 6-meter-long tortoise at Shou Qiu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shou_Qiu_-_western_turtle_-_seen_from_the_E_-_P1050843.JPG/330px-Shou_Qiu_-_western_turtle_-_seen_from_the_E_-_P1050843.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shou_Qiu_-_western_turtle_-_seen_from_the_E_-_P1050843.JPG/500px-Shou_Qiu_-_western_turtle_-_seen_from_the_E_-_P1050843.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shou_Qiu_-_western_turtle_-_seen_from_the_E_-_P1050843.JPG/960px-Shou_Qiu_-_western_turtle_-_seen_from_the_E_-_P1050843.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Qing Shou</i> ("Celebrate Longevity") stele on a 6-meter-long <a href="/wiki/Bixi_(tortoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (tortoise)">tortoise</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shou_Qiu" title="Shou Qiu">Shou Qiu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qufu cinema"><img alt="Qufu cinema" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG/330px-Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG/500px-Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG/960px-Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qufu cinema</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ni" title="Mount Ni">Mount Ni</a>, traditionally believed to be the site of the birth of Confucius</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoucheng" title="Zoucheng">Zoucheng</a>, hometown of <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_(surname_%E6%9B%B2)" title="Qu (surname 曲)">Qu (surname 曲)</a>, many people with this surname are from Shandong.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls">the original</a> on 2019-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Housing+and+Urban-Rural+Development&rft.atitle=China+Urban+Construction+Statistical+Yearbook+2017&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohurd.gov.cn%2Fxytj%2Ftjzljsxytjgb%2Fjstjnj%2Fw02019012421874448287322500.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xzqh.org/html/show/sd/12306.html"><bdi lang="zh">曲阜市概况地图_行政区划网(区划地名网) www.xzqh.org</bdi></a>. <i>xzqh.org</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410144111/http://xzqh.org/html/show/sd/12306.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xzqh.org&rft.atitle=%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE_%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E7%BD%91%28%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E7%BD%91%29+www.xzqh.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxzqh.org%2Fhtml%2Fshow%2Fsd%2F12306.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">中国古今地名大词典</bdi> [<i>Dictionary of Chinese Place-names Ancient and Modern</i>]. Shanghai: <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Lexicographical_Publishing_House" title="Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House">Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House</a>. 2005. p. 1154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pages=1154&rft.pub=Shanghai+Lexicographical+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xzqh.org/html/show/sd/12305.html"><bdi lang="zh">曲阜市历史沿革_行政区划网(区划地名网) www.xzqh.org</bdi></a>. <i>xzqh.org</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112133156/http://xzqh.org/html/show/sd/12305.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xzqh.org&rft.atitle=%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9_%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E7%BD%91%28%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E7%BD%91%29+www.xzqh.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxzqh.org%2Fhtml%2Fshow%2Fsd%2F12305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bo109-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bo109_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bo109_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bo2002">Bo Chonglan <i>et al.</i> (2002)</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913134503/http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/en/B10.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/en/B10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npm.gov.tw%2Fhotnews%2F9910seminar%2Fdownload%2Fen%2FB10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053840/http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/all/B10.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/all/B10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npm.gov.tw%2Fhotnews%2F9910seminar%2Fdownload%2Fall%2FB10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Thomas (1 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248653434">"The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">559–</span>584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2646446">10.2307/2646446</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2646446">2646446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162848825">162848825</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071014/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248653434">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ritual+Formation+of+Confucian+Orthodoxy+and+the+Descendants+of+the+Sage&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E584&rft.date=1996-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162848825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2646446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2646446&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F248653434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Thomas A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academics.hamilton.edu/asian_studies/home/CultTemp/sitePages/temple.html">"Cult of Confucius"</a>. <i>academics.hamilton.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318225825/http://academics.hamilton.edu/asian_studies/home/culttemp/sitePages/temple.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academics.hamilton.edu&rft.atitle=Cult+of+Confucius&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademics.hamilton.edu%2Fasian_studies%2Fhome%2FCultTemp%2FsitePages%2Ftemple.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065123/http://en.chinatefl.com/Platform/cityfeature_241_5_48.html">"- Quzhou City Guides - China TEFL Network"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chinatefl.com/Platform/cityfeature_241_5_48.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=-+Quzhou+City+Guides+-+China+TEFL+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinatefl.com%2FPlatform%2Fcityfeature_241_5_48.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kfz.freehostingguru.com/article20.php">"confucianism"</a>. <i>kfz.freehostingguru.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313043230/http://kfz.freehostingguru.com/article20.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kfz.freehostingguru.com&rft.atitle=confucianism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkfz.freehostingguru.com%2Farticle20.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm">"Nation observes Confucius anniversary"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108182411/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Nation+observes+Confucius+anniversary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2006-09%2F29%2Fcontent_699183.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">"Confucius Anniversary Celebrated"</a>. <i>www.china.org.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914162656/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.china.org.cn&rft.atitle=Confucius+Anniversary+Celebrated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2006%2FSep%2F182656.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150319104058/http://book.mihua.net/book/4/4190/798538.html">"孔子家族全书：家事本末_17．孔浈不幸被夺爵_米花在线书库"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.mihua.net/book/4/4190/798538.html">the original</a> on 2015-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB_17%EF%BC%8E%E5%AD%94%E6%B5%88%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B8%E8%A2%AB%E5%A4%BA%E7%88%B5_%E7%B1%B3%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E4%B9%A6%E5%BA%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.mihua.net%2Fbook%2F4%2F4190%2F798538.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-JansenKlein2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_JansenThoralf_KleinChristian_Meyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187"><i>Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present</i></a>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7"><bdi>978-90-04-27151-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308063534/https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+the+Making+of+Religious+Modernity+in+China%3A+Transnational+Religions%2C+Local+Agents%2C+and+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+1800-Present&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27151-7&rft.au=Thomas+Jansen&rft.au=Thoralf+Klein&rft.au=Christian+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNlXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm">"Nation observes Confucius anniversary"</a>. China Daily. 2006-09-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108182411/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nation+observes+Confucius+anniversary&rft.date=2006-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2006-09%2F29%2Fcontent_699183.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">"Confucius Anniversary Celebrated"</a>. China Daily. September 29, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914162656/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Confucius+Anniversary+Celebrated&rft.date=2006-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2006%2FSep%2F182656.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2002_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A._Wilson2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas A. Wilson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4XXAAAAMAAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant"><i>On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius</i></a>. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 69, 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00961-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00961-5"><bdi>978-0-674-00961-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426005837/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4XXAAAAMAAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Sacred+Grounds%3A+Culture%2C+Society%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Formation+of+the+Cult+of+Confucius&rft.pages=69%2C+315&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00961-5&rft.au=Thomas+A.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4XXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwujing%2Bboshi%2Bdescendant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JansenKlein2014_2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_JansenThoralf_KleinChristian_Meyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant&pg=PA188"><i>Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 188–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7"><bdi>978-90-04-27151-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308063715/https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant&pg=PA188#v=onepage&q=wujing%20boshi%20descendant&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+the+Making+of+Religious+Modernity+in+China%3A+Transnational+Religions%2C+Local+Agents%2C+and+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+1800-Present&rft.pages=188-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27151-7&rft.au=Thomas+Jansen&rft.au=Thoralf+Klein&rft.au=Christian+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNlXAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwujing%2Bboshi%2Bdescendant%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053840/http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/all/B10.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/all/B10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Barmé (2009): The Fate of the Confucius Temple, the Kong Mansion and Kong Cemetery, China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121102506/http://chinaheritagenewsletter.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=020_confucius.inc&issue=020">Archived</a> 2010-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Heritage Quarterly, No. 20, December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1896" class="citation cs2">Armstrong, Alexander (1896), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2b9FAAAAIAAJ"><i>In a mule litter to the tomb of Confucius</i></a>, J. 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Roman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confuciuschinese00loom_0/page/384">384</a>, 388.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius+and+the+Chinese+classics&rft.pages=384%2C+388&rft.pub=A.+Roman&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfuciuschinese00loom_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span> - Rev. A. Williamson's account of his visit to Qufu in 1865</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1870" class="citation cs2">Markham (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kM9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223">"Journey through Shantung"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London">Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London</a></i>, <b>40</b>, J. Murray: 223</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Journey+through+Shantung&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=223&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Markham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9kM9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColbyWilliams1918" class="citation cs2">Colby, Frank Moore; Williams, Talcott, eds. (1918), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmwNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA276"><i>The New international encyclopædia, Volume 13</i></a> (2 ed.), Dodd, Mead and company, p. 276</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+international+encyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+Volume+13&rft.pages=276&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+company&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfmwNAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. the map (Fig. 3.1.2.2) in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchinz1996" class="citation cs2">Schinz, Alfred (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&pg=PA116"><i>The magic square: cities in ancient China</i></a>, Edition Axel Menges, p. 116, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930698-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-930698-02-1"><bdi>3-930698-02-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magic+square%3A+cities+in+ancient+China&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Edition+Axel+Menges&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-930698-02-1&rft.aulast=Schinz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhcRYkz-I3YC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chinacittaslow.com/index.php?c=article&id=1081">"Cittaslow directory of China (mainland)"</a>. <i>Gaochun International Cittaslow</i>. 2024-02-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123142151/http://en.chinacittaslow.com/index.php?c=article&id=1081">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gaochun+International+Cittaslow&rft.atitle=Cittaslow+directory+of+China+%28mainland%29&rft.date=2024-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinacittaslow.com%2Findex.php%3Fc%3Darticle%26id%3D1081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cittaslow.org/citta-slow/shimenshan">"Shimenshan"</a>. <i>Cittaslow</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241104053550/https://www.cittaslow.org/citta-slow/shimenshan">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cittaslow&rft.atitle=Shimenshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cittaslow.org%2Fcitta-slow%2Fshimenshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qufu.gov.cn/col/col60292/index.html">"孔子故里·中国曲阜网 Tourism Resource"</a>. <i>The People's Government of Qufu City</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20250315105426/http://www.qufu.gov.cn/col/col60292/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2025-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+People%27s+Government+of+Qufu+City&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E6%95%85%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E7%BD%91+Tourism+Resource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qufu.gov.cn%2Fcol%2Fcol60292%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cma_graphical-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cma_graphical_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html"><bdi lang="zh">中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BD%91+%E2%80%93+WeatherBk+Data&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.cma.cn%2Fdata%2FweatherBk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps"><bdi lang="zh">中国气象数据网</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BD%91&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexperience.arcgis.com%2Ftemplate%2Fe724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55%2Fpage%2F%25E7%25BA%25AF%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E7%25BB%259F%25E8%25AE%25A1-%28%25E5%25AF%25B9%25E6%25AF%25948110%25E5%258F%2598%25E5%258C%2596%29%2F%3Forg%3DUQmaps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103160240/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/03/c_136869924.htm">"Tourist monorail featuring Confucian culture under construction"</a>. Xinhua. 3 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/03/c_136869924.htm">the original</a> on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tourist+monorail+featuring+Confucian+culture+under+construction&rft.date=2018-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2018-01%2F03%2Fc_136869924.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inf.news/en/travel/379ae9bf3aa62ce1993e80c9ada6e8d2.html">"The way of Confucius and Mencius is difficult to climb to the sky (Confucius and Mencius Express-BYD Cloud Track)"</a>. inf.news. 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+way+of+Confucius+and+Mencius+is+difficult+to+climb+to+the+sky+%28Confucius+and+Mencius+Express-BYD+Cloud+Track%29&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finf.news%2Fen%2Ftravel%2F379ae9bf3aa62ce1993e80c9ada6e8d2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSang_Ye_and_Geremie_R._Barmé2009" class="citation web cs1">Sang Ye and Geremie R. Barmé (December 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=020_confucius.inc&issue=020">"The Fate of the Confucius Temple, the Kong Mansion and Kong Cemetery"</a>. Chinese Heritage Quarterly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214810/http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=020_confucius.inc&issue=020">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Confucius+Temple%2C+the+Kong+Mansion+and+Kong+Cemetery&rft.pub=Chinese+Heritage+Quarterly&rft.date=2009-12-20&rft.au=Sang+Ye+and+Geremie+R.+Barm%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaheritagequarterly.org%2Fscholarship.php%3Fsearchterm%3D020_confucius.inc%26issue%3D020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeni_Hung2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Jeni Hung (April 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321075615/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200304/ai_n9228762">"Children of confucius"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200304/ai_n9228762">the original</a> on March 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Children+of+confucius&rft.date=2003-04-05&rft.au=Jeni+Hung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3724%2Fis_200304%2Fai_n9228762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208093847/http://www.qufu.gov.cn/en/">"Qufu·China"</a>. <i>www.qufu.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qufu.gov.cn/en/">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qufu.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Qufu%C2%B7China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qufu.gov.cn%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/society/2015-06/24/content_693419.htm">"Shandong: Cradle of Confucian Culture"</a>. <i>China Today</i>. 2015-06-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021123159/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/society/2015-06/24/content_693419.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Today&rft.atitle=Shandong%3A+Cradle+of+Confucian+Culture&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatoday.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fsociety%2F2015-06%2F24%2Fcontent_693419.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510002113/https://www.qfnu.edu.cn/xxgk/xxjj.htm"><bdi lang="zh">学校简介-曲阜师范大学</bdi></a>. <i>www.qfnu.edu.cn</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qfnu.edu.cn/xxgk/xxjj.htm">the original</a> on 2020-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qfnu.edu.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B-%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qfnu.edu.cn%2Fxxgk%2Fxxjj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Bo2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">傅崇兰 (Bo Chonglan); 孟祥才 (Meng Xiangcai); 曲英杰 (Qu Yingjie); 吴承照 (Wu Chengzhao) (2002), <bdi lang="zh">曲阜庙城与中国儒学 (Qufu's temples and walled cities and China's Confucianism)</bdi>, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5004-3527-4" title="Special:BookSources/7-5004-3527-4"><bdi>7-5004-3527-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%BA%99%E5%9F%8E%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%84%92%E5%AD%A6+%28Qufu%27s+temples+and+walled+cities+and+China%27s+Confucianism%29&rft.pub=Zhongguo+Shehui+Kexue+Chubanshe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=7-5004-3527-4&rft.au=%E5%82%85%E5%B4%87%E5%85%B0+%28Bo+Chonglan%29&rft.au=%E5%AD%9F%E7%A5%A5%E6%89%8D+%28Meng+Xiangcai%29&rft.au=%E6%9B%B2%E8%8B%B1%E6%9D%B0+%28Qu+Yingjie%29&rft.au=%E5%90%B4%E6%89%BF%E7%85%A7+%28Wu+Chengzhao%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQufu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qufu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qufu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Qufu">Qufu</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Qufu#Q210287" class="extiw" title="voy:Qufu">Qufu</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=704">UNESCO World Heritage Listing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctv.com/lm/176/71/88863.html">CCTV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109205002/http://www.qfnu.edu.cn/office/lxs/duocai/s1.htm">Qufu Normal University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/china/qufu/index.php">Asian Historical Architecture: Qufu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724175639/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/china/qufu/main-temple/sphere-flash.html?redirect=1">Panoramic photo of Confucius Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://camereye.com/taiwan/confucius.html">Photographs of a Confucian Temple ceremony</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010405150428/http://www.chinakongzi.com/2550/eng/index.html">Confucian website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://benross.net/wordpress/?p=237">A photo tour of Qufu from 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209144500/http://benross.net/wordpress/?p=237">Archived</a> 2012-12-09 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Classical Gardens of Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lu" title="Mount Lu">Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sanqing" title="Mount Sanqing">Mount Sanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kong_Family_Mansion" title="Kong Family Mansion">Kong Family Mansion</a> in Qufu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidi" title="Xidi">Xidi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hongcun" title="Hongcun">Hongcun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulangyu" title="Gulangyu">Kulangsu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo"><img alt="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/120px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/128px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient Building Complex in the <a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Macau" title="Historic Centre of Macau">Historic Centre of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaolou" title="Diaolou">Kaiping Diaolou and Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments of <a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaocheng_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory">Gaocheng Observatory</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuojiang_Huashan_Rock_Art" title="Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art">Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang" title="Chengjiang">Chengjiang Fossil Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanjingshan" title="Fanjingshan">Fanjingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_Rice_Terraces" title="Honghe Hani Rice Terraces">Honghe Hani Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanglong_Scenic_and_Historic_Interest_Area" title="Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area">Huanglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuzhaigou" title="Jiuzhaigou">Jiuzhaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qingcheng" title="Mount Qingcheng">Mount Qingcheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan" title="Dujiangyan">Dujiangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Giant_Panda_Sanctuaries" title="Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries">Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers" title="Three Parallel Rivers">Three Parallel Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a>, <span class="wrap">including <a href="/wiki/Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple" title="Putuo Zongcheng Temple">Putuo Zongcheng Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xumi_Fushou_Temple" title="Xumi Fushou Temple">Xumi Fushou Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)" title="Puning Temple (Hebei)">Puning Temple</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyao" title="Pingyao">Ancient City of Pingyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Xanadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yungang_Grottoes" title="Yungang Grottoes">Yungang Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Central_Axis" title="Beijing Central Axis">Beijing Central Axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cities_and_Tombs_of_the_Ancient_Koguryo_Kingdom" title="Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom">Koguryo sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Xinjiang Tianshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Xil" title="Hoh Xil">Qinghai Hoh Xil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Danxia" class="mw-redirect" title="China Danxia">China Danxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Karst" title="South China Karst">South China Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang%27an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_Sites" title="Tusi Sites">Tusi Sites</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County-level_divisions_of_Shandong_Province354" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shandong" title="Template:Shandong"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shandong" title="Template talk:Shandong"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shandong" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shandong"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County-level_divisions_of_Shandong_Province354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Shandong" title="List of administrative divisions of Shandong">County-level divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_city_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China">Sub-provincial cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizhong_District,_Jinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shizhong District, Jinan">Shizhong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianqiao_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianqiao District">Tianqiao District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixia_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lixia District">Lixia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licheng_District,_Jinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Licheng District, Jinan">Licheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaiyin_District,_Jinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyin District, Jinan">Huaiyin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changqing_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changqing District">Changqing District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangqiu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangqiu District">Zhangqiu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiyang_District,_Jinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiyang District, Jinan">Jiyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangcheng District">Gangcheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiwu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Laiwu District">Laiwu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyin_County" title="Pingyin County">Pingyin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghe_County" title="Shanghe County">Shanghe County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinan District">Shinan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shibei District">Shibei District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Licang District">Licang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Laoshan District">Laoshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengyang District">Chengyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangdao,_Qingdao" title="Huangdao, Qingdao">Huangdao District</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Huangdao,_Qingdao" title="Huangdao, Qingdao">West Coast New Area</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimo District">Jimo District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_City" title="Jiaozhou City">Jiaozhou</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdu" title="Pingdu">Pingdu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laixi" title="Laixi">Laixi</a> city</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangdian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangdian District">Zhangdian District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Linzi District">Linzi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zichuan District">Zichuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Boshan District">Boshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoucun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhoucun District">Zhoucun District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huantai_County" title="Huantai County">Huantai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoqing_County" title="Gaoqing County">Gaoqing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiyuan_County" title="Yiyuan County">Yiyuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Zaozhuang" title="Zaozhuang">Zaozhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizhong_District,_Zaozhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shizhong District, Zaozhuang">Shizhong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanting_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanting District">Shanting District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_District,_Zaozhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yicheng District, Zaozhuang">Yicheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai%27erzhuang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai'erzhuang District">Tai'erzhuang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuecheng_District" title="Xuecheng District">Xuecheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a> city</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Dongying" title="Dongying">Dongying</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongying_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongying District">Dongying District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekou District">Hekou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenli District">Kenli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangrao_County" title="Guangrao County">Guangrao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijin_County" title="Lijin County">Lijin County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhifu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhifu District">Zhifu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muping_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Muping District">Muping District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fushan District">Fushan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laishan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Laishan District">Laishan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penglai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Penglai District">Penglai District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longkou" title="Longkou">Longkou</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiyang" title="Haiyang">Haiyang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyang" title="Laiyang">Laiyang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizhou" title="Laizhou">Laizhou</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyuan,_Shandong" title="Zhaoyuan, Shandong">Zhaoyuan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixia,_Shandong" title="Qixia, Shandong">Qixia</a> city</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weicheng_District,_Weifang" class="mw-redirect" title="Weicheng District, Weifang">Weicheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanting_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanting District">Hanting District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangzi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangzi District">Fangzi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiwen_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiwen District">Kuiwen District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqiu" title="Anqiu">Anqiu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changyi,_Shandong" title="Changyi, Shandong">Changyi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaomi" title="Gaomi">Gaomi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingzhou" title="Qingzhou">Qingzhou</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shouguang" title="Shouguang">Shouguang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linqu_County" title="Linqu County">Linqu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_County" title="Changle County">Changle County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizhong_District,_Jining" class="mw-redirect" title="Shizhong District, Jining">Shizhong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rencheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencheng District">Rencheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzhou District">Yanzhou District</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qufu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoucheng" title="Zoucheng">Zoucheng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weishan_County,_Shandong" title="Weishan County, Shandong">Weishan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutai_County" title="Yutai County">Yutai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_County" title="Jinxiang County">Jinxiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaxiang_County" title="Jiaxiang County">Jiaxiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenshang_County" title="Wenshang County">Wenshang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sishui_County" title="Sishui County">Sishui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangshan_County" title="Liangshan County">Liangshan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishan_District,_Tai%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishan District, Tai'an">Taishan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiyue_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiyue District">Daiyue District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xintai" title="Xintai">Xintai</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feicheng" title="Feicheng">Feicheng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningyang_County" title="Ningyang County">Ningyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_County" title="Dongping County">Dongping County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huancui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Huancui District">Huancui District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendeng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendeng District">Wendeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongcheng,_Shandong" title="Rongcheng, Shandong">Rongcheng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushan,_Shandong" title="Rushan, Shandong">Rushan</a> city</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donggang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Donggang District">Donggang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanshan_District,_Rizhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanshan District, Rizhao">Lanshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulian_County" title="Wulian County">Wulian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_County" title="Ju County">Ju County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanshan_District,_Linyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanshan District, Linyi">Lanshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luozhuang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Luozhuang District">Luozhuang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedong_District,_Linyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedong District, Linyi">Hedong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancheng_County" title="Tancheng County">Tancheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanling_County" title="Lanling County">Lanling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junan_County" title="Junan County">Junan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishui_County" title="Yishui County">Yishui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengyin_County" title="Mengyin County">Mengyin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyi_County" title="Pingyi County">Pingyi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_County" title="Fei County">Fei County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinan_County" title="Yinan County">Yinan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linshu_County" title="Linshu County">Linshu County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Dezhou" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Decheng District">Decheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingcheng District">Lingcheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoling" title="Laoling">Laoling</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucheng,_Shandong" title="Yucheng, Shandong">Yucheng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyuan_County,_Shandong" title="Pingyuan County, Shandong">Pingyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiajin_County" title="Xiajin County">Xiajin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wucheng_County" title="Wucheng County">Wucheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qihe_County" title="Qihe County">Qihe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linyi_County,_Dezhou" title="Linyi County, Dezhou">Linyi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningjin_County,_Shandong" title="Ningjin County, Shandong">Ningjin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyun_County" title="Qingyun County">Qingyun County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongchangfu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchangfu District">Dongchangfu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiping_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiping District">Chiping District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a> 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