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[{"id":37775957,"identifier":"Attachment_37775957","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":1540617,"created_at":"2012-05-07T16:43:56.593-07:00","from_world_paper_id":57775425,"updated_at":"2024-11-12T13:56:17.098-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"There is no descriptive science of the stream of consciousness in the literature of the social sciences, and as a result, we do not have an empirical understanding of the nature of the healthy human mind. This paper will: (1) demonstrate that an empirically valid theory of the healthy mind must be a theory that is derived from a descriptive science of the stream of consciousness (2) present the rationale and methodology for doing research interviews with a specific group of Tibetan lamas who have been using meditation for over ten and a half centuries to develop a descriptive science of the stream of consciousness and (3) present brief excerpts from some of the interviews I have been doing with these lamas. In these interviews, the lamas discuss their experiences of their own mind in meditation for the purpose of: (a) developing a descriptive science of the stream of consciousness and (b) using that descriptive science to discuss and describe the defining characteristics of the healthy human mind.","publication_date":"2002,1,1","publication_name":"Anthropology of Consciousness","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"37775957"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Descriptive Mind Science of Tibetan Buddhist Psychology and the Nature of the Healthy Human Mind","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1693269]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":37775957,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Descriptive Mind Science of Tibetan Buddhist Psychology and the Nature of the Healthy Human Mind”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37775957/mini_magick20190228-7985-f19krm.png?1551358144" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Descriptive Mind Science of Tibetan Buddhist Psychology and the Nature of the Healthy Human Mind</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1693269" href="https://tribhuvan.academia.edu/HenryVyner"><img alt="Profile image of Henry Vyner" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Henry Vyner</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2002, Anthropology of Consciousness</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">30 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 1540617; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=1540617"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">There is no descriptive science of the stream of consciousness in the literature of the social sciences, and as a result, we do not have an empirical understanding of the nature of the healthy human mind. This paper will: (1) demonstrate that an empirically valid theory of the healthy mind must be a theory that is derived from a descriptive science of the stream of consciousness (2) present the rationale and methodology for doing research interviews with a specific group of Tibetan lamas who have been using meditation for over ten and a half centuries to develop a descriptive science of the stream of consciousness and (3) present brief excerpts from some of the interviews I have been doing with these lamas. In these interviews, the lamas discuss their experiences of their own mind in meditation for the purpose of: (a) developing a descriptive science of the stream of consciousness and (b) using that descriptive science to discuss and describe the defining characteristics of the healthy human mind.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":37775957,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1540617/The_Descriptive_Mind_Science_of_Tibetan_Buddhist_Psychology_and_the_Nature_of_the_Healthy_Human_Mind"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":37775957,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1540617/The_Descriptive_Mind_Science_of_Tibetan_Buddhist_Psychology_and_the_Nature_of_the_Healthy_Human_Mind"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Integrating competing and complementary perspectives on the nature of mind and reality, Douglas Duckworth reveals the way that Buddhist theory informs Buddhist practice in various Tibetan traditions. Duckworth draws upon a contrast between phenomenology and ontology to highlight distinct starting points of inquiries into mind and nature in Buddhism, and to illuminate central issues confronted in Tibetan Buddhist philosophy. This thematic study engages some of the most difficult and critical topics in Buddhist thought, such as the nature of mind and the meaning of emptiness, across a wide range of philosophical traditions, including the "Middle Way" of Madhyamaka, Yogacara (also known as "Mind-Only"), and tantra. Duckworth provides a richly textured overview that explores the intersecting nature of mind, language, and world depicted in Tibetan Buddhist traditions. Further, this book puts Tibetan philosophy into conversation with texts and traditions from India, Europe, and America, exemplifying the possibility and potential for a transformative conversation in global philosophy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tibetan Buddhist Philosophy of Mind and Nature INTRODUCTION","attachmentId":77511557,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39951298/Tibetan_Buddhist_Philosophy_of_Mind_and_Nature_INTRODUCTION","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39951298/Tibetan_Buddhist_Philosophy_of_Mind_and_Nature_INTRODUCTION"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="74989024" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74989024/A_Cultivated_Blindspot_Buddhism_Scientific_Colonialism_and_the_Science_of_the_Stream_of_Consciousness">A Cultivated Blindspot: Buddhism, Scientific Colonialism & the Science of the Stream of Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121801083" href="https://tribhuvan.academia.edu/HVyner">Henry Vyner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Academia Letters, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">For the last 30 years the author has been doing a body of ethnopsychiatric research on the nature of the healthy mind amongst Tibetan Buddhist lamas living in the Himalayan region. This work has generated and is grounded in a science of the phenomena that appear in the stream of consciousness. Our findings demonstrate that it is possible to empirically study the stream of consciousness. This paper makes the case that it is possible to develop an empirically valid science of the stream of consciousness by: (1) presenting some of the findings of our research (2) presenting our methodology (3) discussing where in its history modern science went wrong in abandoning the study of the stream of consciousness and (4) showing that Buddhist scholars have developed a proto-science of the phenomena that appear in the stream of consciousness that is more than two millennia old. This paper also suggests that the best and most empirical way for modern science to understand and harvest the knowledge and wisdom of Buddhist psychology is to approach it through its science of the stream of consciousness. To approach Buddhist psychology through neuroscience and cognitive science without considering its science of the stream of consciousness is scientific colonialism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Cultivated Blindspot: Buddhism, Scientific Colonialism \u0026 the Science of the Stream of Consciousness","attachmentId":82998735,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74989024/A_Cultivated_Blindspot_Buddhism_Scientific_Colonialism_and_the_Science_of_the_Stream_of_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74989024/A_Cultivated_Blindspot_Buddhism_Scientific_Colonialism_and_the_Science_of_the_Stream_of_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="70094566" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70094566/Buddhist_thought_and_applied_psychological_research_transcending_the_boundaries">Buddhist thought and applied psychological research: transcending the boundaries</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="122449173" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DKNauriyal">D.K. Nauriyal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Buddhist thought and applied psychological research: transcending the boundaries","attachmentId":79964337,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70094566/Buddhist_thought_and_applied_psychological_research_transcending_the_boundaries","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70094566/Buddhist_thought_and_applied_psychological_research_transcending_the_boundaries"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="15496196" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15496196/Understanding_Buddhism_as_Religion_or_Science_Hidden_Presuppositions_in_Concepts_and_their_Implications_for_the_Position_of_Buddhist_Knowledge_and_Practices_in_the_Scientific_Study_of_the_Mind">Understanding Buddhism as ‘Religion’ or ‘Science’ ? Hidden Presuppositions in Concepts and their Implications for the Position of Buddhist Knowledge and Practices in the Scientific Study of the Mind.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34620405" href="https://vub-be.academia.edu/AnneliesAlice">Annelies Alice</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this article we start off from the comparative religion studies and their search for concepts to include Buddhism in the study of religion. We analyze and criticize concepts of Otto, Zaehner, Smart and Wiebe and show how they give a biased view of Buddhism and are not able to include all aspects of the Buddhist tradition in their study, thereby reducing Buddhism to the categories influenced by Western cultural a priori’s. With Orye we uncover the cultural preconceptions and the underlying problematic cognitive paradigm in their interpretations of Smith’s concepts. We discuss the qualities and weak points of cognitive and Gibsonian ecological psychology and place them next to the Buddhist theory on mediated and direct perception. We use ecological psychology and Ingold’s application of ecological concepts and theory in a new conceptual framework. This conceptual framework is able to include the non-conceptual learning processes and the fine-tuning of the mental perceptual system in Buddhist shamatha meditation. This results in a new learning environment in the mind and in an instrument for the acquisition of a non- symbolical, non-conceptual, conscious, perceptual kind knowledge about the mind in vipassana meditation. A characterizing aspect of this kind of knowledge is that it has a transformative effect on the ‘knower’ as a whole, including his body, mind, heart and perceptual systems. We explain the different aspects of mindfulness and awareness in fine-tuning and training mental perception and the Buddhist learning environment in this process of ‘guided rediscovery’. We show how Buddhist knowledge and Buddhist practices have inspired mainstream psychology and neuropsychology. The introduction of Buddhist knowledge and methodologies in science has raised controversies and meta-philosophical discussions about whether Buddhism, often still perceived of as a ‘religion’, can have a legitimate voice in the scientific investigation of the mind. With Latour we will show how Buddhism and science are fundamentally different and unique, but both valuable systems for the investigation of reality. In Latour’s radical symmetrical approach however, not a single statement or hypothesis can be excluded from the scientific debate for the sole reason of being derived from Buddhism, or not being compatible with the cognitive paradigm of Western knowledge. With Latour we plea for a dialogue, more research, multiple methodologies, debates and controversies, in which a posteriori any statement can be collectively refuted as ‘artifact’ or accepted as ‘fact’ on the basis of rigorous scientific research. In this way Buddhist knowledge and practices can have a place in the scientific investigation of the mind, rather than merely being reduced to the object of science, be it the comparative religion studies, psychology or neuroscience. There are many testable hypotheses in Buddhist psychology which could give new inspiration to the scientific debate. Buddhist psychology as a partner to Western psychology could throw new light on the explanations for the positive effects found in outcome studies on mindfulness-based approaches and could help in our scientific understanding of the working-mechanisms of the mind.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Understanding Buddhism as ‘Religion’ or ‘Science’ ? Hidden Presuppositions in Concepts and their Implications for the Position of Buddhist Knowledge and Practices in the Scientific Study of the Mind.","attachmentId":38698531,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15496196/Understanding_Buddhism_as_Religion_or_Science_Hidden_Presuppositions_in_Concepts_and_their_Implications_for_the_Position_of_Buddhist_Knowledge_and_Practices_in_the_Scientific_Study_of_the_Mind","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15496196/Understanding_Buddhism_as_Religion_or_Science_Hidden_Presuppositions_in_Concepts_and_their_Implications_for_the_Position_of_Buddhist_Knowledge_and_Practices_in_the_Scientific_Study_of_the_Mind"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="11673034" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11673034/Neuropsychology_meets_Dzogchen_A_review_of_the_current_science_of_meditation_from_a_Buddhist_perspective_review_of_the_book_Mind_Brain_and_the_Path_to_Happiness_A_Guide_to_Buddhist_Mind_Training_and_the_Neuroscience_of_Meditation_by_D_Dorjee_">Neuropsychology meets Dzogchen: A review of the current science of meditation from a Buddhist perspective [review of the book Mind, Brain and the Path to Happiness: A Guide to Buddhist Mind Training and the Neuroscience of Meditation, by D. Dorjee]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22045" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Ga%C3%ABlleDesbordes">Gaëlle Desbordes</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3416292" href="https://independentscholar.academia.edu/WillaMiller">Willa B Baker</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neuropsychology meets Dzogchen: A review of the current science of meditation from a Buddhist perspective [review of the book Mind, Brain and the Path to Happiness: A Guide to Buddhist Mind Training and the Neuroscience of Meditation, by D. Dorjee]","attachmentId":37124625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11673034/Neuropsychology_meets_Dzogchen_A_review_of_the_current_science_of_meditation_from_a_Buddhist_perspective_review_of_the_book_Mind_Brain_and_the_Path_to_Happiness_A_Guide_to_Buddhist_Mind_Training_and_the_Neuroscience_of_Meditation_by_D_Dorjee_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11673034/Neuropsychology_meets_Dzogchen_A_review_of_the_current_science_of_meditation_from_a_Buddhist_perspective_review_of_the_book_Mind_Brain_and_the_Path_to_Happiness_A_Guide_to_Buddhist_Mind_Training_and_the_Neuroscience_of_Meditation_by_D_Dorjee_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="35130637" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35130637/An_Introduction_to_the_Tibetan_Dzogchen_Great_Perfection_Philosophy_of_Mind_Religion_Compass_DOI_10_1111_rec3_12004_vol_6_10_2012_Wiley_Blackwell_pp_443_50">An Introduction to the Tibetan Dzogchen (Great Perfection) Philosophy of Mind. Religion Compass (DOI: 10.1111/rec3.12004), vol. 6/10. 2012: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 443-50.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="783442" href="https://univie.academia.edu/davidhiggins">David Higgins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article is an introduction to the philosophy of mind that developed within the syncretistic rDzogs chen (Great Perfection) tradition of Tibetan Buddhism between the 8th and 14th centuries CE. Despite the growing interest in this tradition in recent decades, there has so far been no systematic appraisal of its views on mind that traces their evolution and complex relationships with antecedent Buddhist philosophies of mind. These views merit attention not only because of their intrinsic interest and relevance to contemporary consciousness studies but also because they provide an essential key to understanding the tradition's leading ideas and practices. From a traditional standpoint, discerning the nature and structure of human consciousness in accordance with the crucial distinction between dualistic mind (sems) and primordial knowing (ye shes) is deemed indispensable to understanding rDzogs chen view and meditation. To this end, the present article focuses on how this distinction allowed rDzogs chen adepts to precisely describe, on the basis of careful first-personal observation, what occurs when a human being becomes a buddha, and to articulate a disclosive model of goal-realization commensurate with their findings. It traces the development of the distinction within its historical and doctrinal contexts and then examines its subsequent clarifications and refinements as a soteriological model. It finally summarizes the tradi-tion's distinctive (re)intepretations of 'mind' and 'primordial knowing', and concludes with a brief assessment of the contemporary relevance of the distinction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Introduction to the Tibetan Dzogchen (Great Perfection) Philosophy of Mind. Religion Compass (DOI: 10.1111/rec3.12004), vol. 6/10. 2012: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 443-50.","attachmentId":54992029,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35130637/An_Introduction_to_the_Tibetan_Dzogchen_Great_Perfection_Philosophy_of_Mind_Religion_Compass_DOI_10_1111_rec3_12004_vol_6_10_2012_Wiley_Blackwell_pp_443_50","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35130637/An_Introduction_to_the_Tibetan_Dzogchen_Great_Perfection_Philosophy_of_Mind_Religion_Compass_DOI_10_1111_rec3_12004_vol_6_10_2012_Wiley_Blackwell_pp_443_50"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="68146952" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68146952/The_Phenomenology_of_Pure_Consciousness_as_Reported_by_an_Experienced_Meditator_of_the_Tibetan_Buddhist_Karma_Kagyu_Tradition_Analysis_of_Interview_Content_Concerning_Different_Meditative_States">The Phenomenology of “Pure” Consciousness as Reported by an Experienced Meditator of the Tibetan Buddhist Karma Kagyu Tradition. Analysis of Interview Content Concerning Different Meditative States</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7478196" href="https://igpp.academia.edu/MarcWittmann">Marc Wittmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophies, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A philosopher and a cognitive neuroscientist conversed with Buddhist lama Tilmann Lhundrup Borghardt (TLB) about the unresolved phenomenological concerns and logical questions surrounding “pure” consciousness or minimal phenomenal experience (MPE), a quasi-contentless, non-dual state whose phenomenology of “emptiness” is often described in terms of the phenomenal quality of luminosity that experienced meditators have reported occurs in deep meditative states. Here, we present the excerpts of the conversation that relate to the question of how it is possible to first have and later retrieve such non-dual states of selflessness and timelessness that are unrelated to sensory input. According to TLB, a “pure” experience of consciousness contains the phenomenal quality of luminous clarity, which is experienced solely in the transitional phase from the non-dual state of absolute emptiness to the state of minimal emptiness, when the person gradually returns to duality. However, this qualit...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Phenomenology of “Pure” Consciousness as Reported by an Experienced Meditator of the Tibetan Buddhist Karma Kagyu Tradition. Analysis of Interview Content Concerning Different Meditative States","attachmentId":78726368,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68146952/The_Phenomenology_of_Pure_Consciousness_as_Reported_by_an_Experienced_Meditator_of_the_Tibetan_Buddhist_Karma_Kagyu_Tradition_Analysis_of_Interview_Content_Concerning_Different_Meditative_States","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68146952/The_Phenomenology_of_Pure_Consciousness_as_Reported_by_an_Experienced_Meditator_of_the_Tibetan_Buddhist_Karma_Kagyu_Tradition_Analysis_of_Interview_Content_Concerning_Different_Meditative_States"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="86540037" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86540037/An_Introduction_to_the_Tibetan_Dzogchen_Great_Perfection_Philosophy_of_Mind">An Introduction to the Tibetan Dzogchen (Great Perfection) Philosophy of Mind</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57581750" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidHiggins11">David Higgins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Religion Compass, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article is an introduction to the philosophy of mind that developed within the syncretistic rDzogs chen (Great Perfection) tradition of Tibetan Buddhism between the 8th and 14th centuries CE. Despite the growing interest in this tradition in recent decades, there has so far been no systematic appraisal of its views on mind that traces their evolution and complex relationships with antecedent Buddhist philosophies of mind. These views merit attention not only because of their intrinsic interest and relevance to contemporary consciousness studies but also because they provide an essential key to understanding the tradition's leading ideas and practices. From a traditional standpoint, discerning the nature and structure of human consciousness in accordance with the crucial distinction between dualistic mind (sems) and primordial knowing (ye shes) is deemed indispensable to understanding rDzogs chen view and meditation. To this end, the present article focuses on how this distinction allowed rDzogs chen adepts to precisely describe, on the basis of careful first-personal observation, what occurs when a human being becomes a buddha, and to articulate a disclosive model of goal-realization commensurate with their findings. It traces the development of the distinction within its historical and doctrinal contexts and then examines its subsequent clarifications and refinements as a soteriological model. It finally summarizes the tradition's distinctive (re)intepretations of 'mind' and 'primordial knowing', and concludes with a brief assessment of the contemporary relevance of the distinction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Introduction to the Tibetan Dzogchen (Great Perfection) Philosophy of Mind","attachmentId":90968740,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86540037/An_Introduction_to_the_Tibetan_Dzogchen_Great_Perfection_Philosophy_of_Mind","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86540037/An_Introduction_to_the_Tibetan_Dzogchen_Great_Perfection_Philosophy_of_Mind"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="50440331" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50440331/Mind_of_the_Meditator">Mind of the Meditator</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58439487" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RicardMatthieu">Matthieu Ricard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientific American, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mind of the Meditator","attachmentId":68428168,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50440331/Mind_of_the_Meditator","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50440331/Mind_of_the_Meditator"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="23789190" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23789190/Mindfulness_Contextualized_An_Integration_of_Buddhist_and_Neuropsychological_Approaches_to_Cognition">Mindfulness Contextualized: An Integration of Buddhist and Neuropsychological Approaches to Cognition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3053671" href="https://temple.academia.edu/RaviKudesia">Ravi S . Kudesia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A significant limiting factor in the current mindful-ness literature is that while core concepts have been incorporated into Western psychology, they appear in a decontextualized manner. This causes construct validity issues as evidenced by vastly diverging definitions of key terms. In this paper, a behavioral scientist and Buddhist monk collaborate to help address this limitation. We begin with an in-depth and accessible review of Buddhist psychology from a particular Tibetan tradition. This review covers descriptive models of core cognitive processes as well as the prescriptive mind training approach designed to refine these processes. Instead of attempting to transfer these Buddhist constructs to Western psychology piecemeal, however, we then highlight important higher-order parallels between the two disciplines. These parallels clarify the cognitive underpinnings of enlightenment and how enlightenment differs from conventional modes of stimulus processing. We close by offering a contextualized definition of mindfulness that integrates both Buddhist and Western accounts of the phenomenon.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mindfulness Contextualized: An Integration of Buddhist and Neuropsychological Approaches to Cognition","attachmentId":44200061,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23789190/Mindfulness_Contextualized_An_Integration_of_Buddhist_and_Neuropsychological_Approaches_to_Cognition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23789190/Mindfulness_Contextualized_An_Integration_of_Buddhist_and_Neuropsychological_Approaches_to_Cognition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37775957,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37775957,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_37775957" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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