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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目錄" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-定義-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去定義細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-入碼" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#入碼"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>入碼</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-入碼-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-儲藏" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#儲藏"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>儲藏</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-儲藏-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-提取" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#提取"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>提取</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-提取-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>研究方法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去研究方法細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-無語言研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#無語言研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>無語言研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-無語言研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有語言研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有語言研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>有語言研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有語言研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-感官記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#感官記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>感官記憶</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-感官記憶-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去感官記憶細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-感官記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-局報規範" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#局報規範"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>局報規範</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-局報規範-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-短期記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#短期記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>短期記憶</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-短期記憶-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去短期記憶細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-短期記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-工作記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工作記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>工作記憶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工作記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-長期記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#長期記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>長期記憶</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-長期記憶-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去長期記憶細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-長期記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-記憶鞏固" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#記憶鞏固"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>記憶鞏固</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-記憶鞏固-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-再鞏固" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#再鞏固"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>再鞏固</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-再鞏固-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外顯定內隱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外顯定內隱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外顯定內隱</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外顯定內隱-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去外顯定內隱細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外顯定內隱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-外顯記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外顯記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>外顯記憶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外顯記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-內隱記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內隱記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>內隱記憶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-內隱記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-記憶失靈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#記憶失靈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>記憶失靈</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-記憶失靈-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去記憶失靈細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-記憶失靈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-記憶誤差" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#記憶誤差"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>記憶誤差</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-記憶誤差-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-記憶障礙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#記憶障礙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>記憶障礙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-記憶障礙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影響因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影響因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>影響因素</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-影響因素-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去影響因素細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-影響因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-年紀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年紀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>年紀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-年紀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-幼兒期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#幼兒期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>幼兒期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-幼兒期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衰老" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衰老"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>衰老</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衰老-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-壓力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#壓力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>壓力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-壓力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-瞓覺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#瞓覺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>瞓覺</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-瞓覺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-神經底質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神經底質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>神經底質</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-神經底質-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去神經底質細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-神經底質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-病變研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病變研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>病變研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病變研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引咗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引咗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>引咗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引咗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">記憶</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有100種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheue" title="Geheue – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geheue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذاكرة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذاكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="স্মৃতি শক্তি – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্মৃতি শক্তি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuyu" title="Amuyu – 艾馬拉文" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Amuyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾馬拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadda%C5%9F_(psixologiya)" title="Yaddaş (psixologiya) – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaddaş (psixologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8%D9%87_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="حافیظه (جانلیلار) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حافیظه (جانلیلار)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хәтер – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хәтер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmiak" title="Gmiak – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gmiak" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorya" title="Memorya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Memorya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Памяць – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Памяць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Памяць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Памяць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Памет – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Памет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="স্মৃতি – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্মৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྱིམ་དྲན་སེམས་ནད། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྱིམ་དྲན་སེམས་ནད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorija_(biologija)" title="Memorija (biologija) – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Memorija (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mem%C3%B2ria_(psicologia)" title="Memòria (psicologia) – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Memòria (psicologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="بیر – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%C4%9B%C5%A5" title="Paměť – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paměť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81" title="Ас – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukommelse" title="Hukommelse – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hukommelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ged%C3%A4chtnis" title="Gedächtnis – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gedächtnis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Μνήμη – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μνήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory" title="Memory – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Memory" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoro" title="Memoro – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Memoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_(proceso)" title="Memoria (proceso) – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Memoria (proceso)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4lu" title="Mälu – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mälu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroimen" title="Oroimen – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oroimen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="حافظه (جانداران) – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حافظه (جانداران)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisti" title="Muisti – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muisti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_(psychologie)" title="Mémoire (psychologie) – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mémoire (psychologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unth%C3%A2ld_(psychology)" title="Unthâld (psychology) – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Unthâld (psychology)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuimhne" title="Cuimhne – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cuimhne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Memoria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandu%27a" title="Mandu'a – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mandu'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="זיכרון – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיכרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="स्मृति (मनोविज्ञान) – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्मृति (मनोविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%C4%87enje" title="Pamćenje – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pamćenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eml%C3%A9kezet" title="Emlékezet – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emlékezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հիշողություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիշողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Յիշողութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Յիշողութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Memoria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingatan" title="Ingatan – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ingatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minni" title="Minni – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Minni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Memoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="記憶" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეხსიერება – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეხსიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Жады – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жады" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ನೆನಪು – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆನಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%96%B5" title="기억 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기억" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AErkan" title="Bîrkan – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîrkan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81" title="Эс – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Memoria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Memoria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmintis" title="Atmintis – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atmintis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmi%C5%86a" title="Atmiņa – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atmiņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitadidiana" title="Fitadidiana – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitadidiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Памет – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Памет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE" title="ഓർമ്മ – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓർമ്മ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Ой тогтоолт – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ой тогтоолт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="स्मृती – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्मृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingatan" title="Ingatan – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ingatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C3%B3ria" title="Mimória – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mimória" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%89%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA" title="မှတ်ဉာဏ် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှတ်ဉာဏ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87" title="حافظه – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حافظه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="लुमन्ति – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुमन्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheugen_(psychologie)" title="Geheugen (psychologie) – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geheugen (psychologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukommelse" title="Hukommelse – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hukommelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mem%C3%B2ria_(psicologia)" title="Memòria (psicologia) – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Memòria (psicologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pami%C4%99%C4%87_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Pamięć człowieka – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pamięć człowieka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%DB%81" title="حافظہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حافظہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87" title="حافظه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حافظه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mem%C3%B3ria" title="Memória – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Memória" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyay" title="Yuyay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorie" title="Memorie – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Memorie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Память – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Память" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricordiu" title="Ricordiu – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ricordiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%C4%87enje" title="Pamćenje – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pamćenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA)" title="මතකය (ස්මෘතිය) – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මතකය (ස්මෘතිය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory" title="Memory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Memory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%C3%A4%C5%A5_(psychol%C3%B3gia)" title="Pamäť (psychológia) – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pamäť (psychológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spomin" title="Spomin – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spomin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujtesa" title="Kujtesa – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kujtesa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%9B%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Памћење – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Памћење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minne" title="Minne – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbukumbu" title="Kumbukumbu – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kumbukumbu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நினைவாற்றல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நினைவாற்றல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D3%A3)" title="Хотира (жанри бадеӣ) – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хотира (жанри бадеӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3" title="ความจำ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความจำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaala" title="Alaala – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alaala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haf%C4%B1za" title="Hafıza – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hafıza" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хәтер – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хәтер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Пам'ять – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пам'ять" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%DB%81" title="حافظہ – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حافظہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xotira" title="Xotira – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xotira" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AD_nh%E1%BB%9B" title="Trí nhớ – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trí nhớ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorya" title="Memorya – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Memorya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86" title="记忆 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="记忆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="זכרון – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זכרון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="記憶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AC-ek" title="Kì-ek – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kì-ek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q492#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25A8%2598%25E6%2586%25B6"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25A8%2598%25E6%2586%25B6"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Memory" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q492" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87" title="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。"><img alt="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>想搵第二個意思嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6_(%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A)" class="mw-disambig" title="記憶 (搞清楚)">記憶 (搞清楚)</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Casi_extra%C3%B1os%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%22Casi_extra%C3%B1os%22.jpg/270px-%22Casi_extra%C3%B1os%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%22Casi_extra%C3%B1os%22.jpg/405px-%22Casi_extra%C3%B1os%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%22Casi_extra%C3%B1os%22.jpg/540px-%22Casi_extra%C3%B1os%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>舊<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8" title="相">相</a>能夠儲起<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>，等呢啲資訊可以影響<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="將來">將來</a>－而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>有某啲機制儲起現時嘅資訊同提取舊時儲起咗嘅資訊，令一隻動物喺一個時間點嘅行為會受到佢嘅過去影響。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>記憶</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵音</a>：gei3 jik1）係指一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="認知系統">認知系統</a>做到「將啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲起</a>同埋喺有需要嗰陣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">攞</a>出嚟用」噉嘅功能。記憶對於各種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>嘅生存體驗嚟講至關重要－記憶令一隻動物喺一個時間點接收到嘅資訊能夠影響佢<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="將來">將來</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>當中，記憶仲係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係">人際關係</a>（要記住同自己有關係嘅人嘅相關資訊）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學習">語言學習</a>（要記住各種<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>點用）同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="人格同一性">人格同一性</a>（要記住自己嘅人生經歷）等<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>功能嘅根基<sup id="cite_ref-eysenck2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eysenck2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>領域嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="科研">科研</a>上，研究者會將個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>當做一個處理資訊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統">系統</a>，會儲起應該要儲嘅資訊。一件記憶可以按多種屬性分類－記憶可以按「有冇得用口頭講返出嚟」分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="外顯記憶">有意識</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">冇意識</a>兩種；又有得按「會維持幾耐」分做<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期</a>兩種<sup id="cite_ref-baddely2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baddely2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢啲種種記憶嘅開端係<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3" title="耳">耳</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3" title="口">口</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻">鼻</a>會<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">由外界接收資訊</a>，感官嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>會以<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經訊號">訊號</a>嘅型式將收到嘅資訊傳去個腦度，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（WM）呢個短期記憶系統會暫時儲住個腦用緊嗰啲資訊<sup id="cite_ref-baddely2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baddely2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，呢啲資訊當中有一部份嘅可能會俾個腦判定做「需要儲起做長期記憶」，日後對隻動物嘅行為產生更加深遠嘅影響<sup id="cite_ref-tk1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tk1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>記憶功能有可能失靈。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>嘅記憶系統受持續咗過億年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>過程塑造，但並唔完美－認知科學研究表明，記憶可以受好多因素干擾而出錯：例如一隻動物<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>唔夠可能會搞到由外界<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>嗰度成功入到碼嘅資訊少咗；腦部有<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="病變">病變</a>或者受到物理上嘅損害可能會搞到儲喺入面嘅記憶<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="失憶">喪失</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；長期記憶又會無可避免噉<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶衰變">隨住時間慢慢衰變</a>，可能會搞到第日要提取嗰陣有問題<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。認知科學對呢啲記憶失靈嘅研究對<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a>等嘅工作有一定嘅幫助<sup id="cite_ref-eysenck2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eysenck2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>字詞<b>記性</b>（或者叫<b>記憶力</b>）就係指緊一個個體記憶嘅能力有幾好，即係例如佢「有幾能夠準確噉記住啲資訊」呀噉。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefrontal_cortex_(left)_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif/240px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="立體模型">立體</a>想像圖；紅色嗰笪係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="左腦">左腦</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="前額葉">前額葉</a>，前額葉同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">記憶提取</a>功能好有啦掕。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上，記憶係指一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="認知系統">認知系統</a>運用自己過去<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>過嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>嘅能力<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，當中有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="認知心理學家">認知心理學家</a>就噉講<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>翻譯：記憶係保留、提取同運用有關某啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>、事件、諗頭同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD" title="技能">技能</a>嘅資訊嘅能力，而呢啲刺激、事件、諗頭同技能（喺用呢啲嘢嘅相關資訊嗰陣）經已唔再存在喺自己身邊。 </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>記憶嘅處理可以分做<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>三個部份： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="入碼"><span id=".E5.85.A5.E7.A2.BC"></span>入碼</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 入碼"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">記憶入碼</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>指<b>將要記嘅外界資訊轉化成個認知系統能夠儲起嘅型態</b>。想像家陣有個人，佢周圍環境有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>，但<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>唔曉直接處理光呢種<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>；對<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a>接收到呢啲光，於是浸<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%B6%B2%E8%86%9C" title="視網膜">視網膜</a>上面嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%85%89%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="感光細胞">感光細胞</a>就會按照接收到嘅光決定傳點樣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經訊號">神經訊號</a>，即係例如有條類似噉樣嘅式： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f=\beta I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f=\beta I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98b1682ce92a10b0f1dd8b9a0c7fd75ef233ebe0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f=\beta I}"></span></dd></dl> <p>當中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> 係啲感光細胞射訊號嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span> 係一個固定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="常數">常數</a>，而 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span> 係接收到嘅光嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="強度 (物理學)">強度</a>－所以個腦跟住可以睇 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> 嘅數值，知 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span> 嘅數值；喺呢個過程裏面，成個系統將「光」呢種物理訊號轉化成腦能夠儲同解讀嘅神經訊號，令<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期記憶</a>（詳情睇下面）等嘅記憶子系統有得對呢啲資訊做進一步處理，做咗記憶入碼嘅初步工作<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="儲藏"><span id=".E5.84.B2.E8.97.8F"></span>儲藏</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 儲藏"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">記憶儲藏</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94" title="電腦記憶體">電腦記憶體</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指個認知系統將做咗入碼嘅資訊儲落去短期記憶同長期記憶等嘅記憶子系統嗰度：想像一個用<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AE%E7%B4%90%E6%9B%BC%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="馮紐曼架構">馮紐曼架構</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅認知系統； </p> <ul><li>如果一個喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（指手上暫時儲起咗、正喺度處理緊嘅資訊）入面嘅資訊俾個系統判定為「要儲起」嘅話，個系統會將件資訊傳去一個儲藏系統，以某啲物理型式儲起；</li> <li>例如喺呢個系統入面，每件記憶係有成幾萬個位咁長嘅一串 0 同 1 儲起嘅（好似下面嗰串嘢噉），當中頭 100 個位係一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%80%B2%E5%88%B6" title="二進制">二進制</a>數字，代表件記憶嘅日期，跟住嗰 100 個位係一個二進制數字，代表時間，然後跟住嗰柞數字入面每 24 個位代表個畫面嘅一點，呢 24 個位當中每 8 個位係一個數字，頭 8 個位代表嗰點有幾多<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85" title="紅">紅</a>、跟住嗰 8 個位代表嗰點有幾多<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0" title="綠">綠</a>、最後嗰 8 個位代表嗰點有幾多藍，所以 24 個位代表咗嗰點係乜色，然後成串數字有好多個噉嘅 24 個位數字，最後形成一串好長嘅數字，表達咗「邊年邊月邊日，幾多點幾多分，有幅圖像，幅圖最左上角第一點係乜乜色、第二點係乜乜色... 」噉嘅記憶<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 <dl><dd><code>0010101001010010101001...</code></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>不過要留意嘅係，上述只係一個簡化嘅例子，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>研究經已表明，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>並唔係用馮紐曼架構嘅<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="提取"><span id=".E6.8F.90.E5.8F.96"></span>提取</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 提取"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a></div> <p>喺記憶研究上，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學家">心理學家</a>一般都會分清楚<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢兩種唔同嘅過程：兩者都屬<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但<sup id="cite_ref-recogrecall_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recogrecall-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>係指個認知系統憑空諗返起一啲記憶出嚟，即係話要諗起嗰樣資訊<b>唔</b>存在喺周圍嘅環境當中－「我記得尋日睇咗嗰本<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書">書</a>，啲內容係噉噉噉」；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>係指個認知系統感知到一件資訊，並且認得嗰件資訊同之前感知過嘅記憶吻合－「我睇緊呢啲內容，我記得喺尋日睇嗰本書嗰度睇過」。</li></ul> <p>神經科學證據顯示，回想同辨識係兩個相關、但分離嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="認知過程">認知過程</a>：呢啲研究指，回想同辨識涉及嘅腦區有相當共通點、但有少少唔同<sup id="cite_ref-recogrecall_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recogrecall-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；兩種過程都同<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="前額葉">前額葉</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有啦掕，前額葉嘅前部同內側同回想零舍有關係，而外側啲嘅區域就同<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="熟悉訊號">熟悉訊號</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>比較有關－熟悉訊號係前額葉同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%81%B4%E9%A1%B3%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="內側顳葉">內側顳葉</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>射嘅一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>，會話俾第啲腦區聽某個外界刺激「望落有幾熟」，而如果有一個外界刺激望落有返咁上下熟（熟悉訊號有咁上下強）嘅話，個人就會認得呢個刺激係之前感知過嘅<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究方法"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>研究方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 研究方法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">心理實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="無語言研究"><span id=".E7.84.A1.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>無語言研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 無語言研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>同相關領域有一套特定嘅方法攞嚟研究非<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%8A%E5%AD%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="臊孲子">臊孲子</a>嘅記憶功能：人以外嘅動物同臊孲子唔曉用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>將自己處理緊嘅資訊口頭噉報告俾研究者聽，用口頭報告形式做嘅研究方法喺佢哋身上行唔通，於是學界就整咗一系列特別嘅方法，運用已知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>原理，唔靠口頭報告嚟研究記憶，包括以下呢啲： </p> <ul><li><b>測試辨識</b>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3%E5%8C%96" title="習慣化">習慣化</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：習慣化係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="行為科學">行為科學</a>上嘅一個概念，指如果有個刺激對一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>嚟講係無關痛癢（唔會影響佢能唔能夠達到<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84" title="目的">目的</a>）嘅話，隻生物會慢慢噉愈嚟愈對個刺激冇反應<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢條原理可以攞嚟測試臊孲子嘅記憶，例如家吓俾一個臊孲子睇兩幅人<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2_(%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%94)" title="面 (身體)">面</a>嘅相，睇一段時間，等到個臊孲子睇厭唔再望嗰兩幅相（習慣化咗）；隔一段時間之後，個研究者可以俾兩幅相－一幅之前睇過、一幅未－個臊孲子睇，如果個臊孲子記得佢之前睇過邊幅相嘅話，（已知臊孲子傾向花多啲時間嚟望之前未見過嘅嘢）噉佢應該會集中淨係望佢之前未睇過嗰幅。用呢種方法做嘅研究顯示，5 至 6 個月大嘅臊孲子已經能夠將資訊記住成 14 日咁耐<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：操作制約係一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>機制<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，包括隻生物學識「邊啲行為有利佢達到目的（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" title="行為強化">令佢開心舒服</a>）邊啲不利（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0" title="行為懲罰">令佢唔開心唔舒服</a>）」，並且改變自己嘅行為嚟作出適應。舉例說明：將個臊孲子擺喺個搖籃度，並且喺佢一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3" title="腳">腳</a>度綁條<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E5%B8%B6" title="絲帶">絲帶</a>，條絲帶連住一嚿喺個臊孲子上面（佢睇得到）嘅物體嗰度，所以個臊孲子有得踢自己隻腳嚟令嚿物體郁－實驗發現，臊孲子通常會喺一兩分鐘之內開始起勢係噉踢，反映臊孲子鍾意呢種刺激（令佢開心）。跟手個研究員會喺（例如）1 個禮拜之後再俾個臊孲子做一次噉嘅測試，如果個臊孲子記得「踢隻腳嚿物體就會郁」嘅話，噉佢<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">踢隻腳嘅速度</a>會快過一個未經歷個上次試驗嘅臊孲子嘅。實驗顯示，2 至 3 個月大嘅臊孲子能夠記住操作制約學到嘅行為記成 1 個禮拜，而 6 個月大嘅臊孲子就記到成 2 個禮拜，18 個月大嘅細路仲記到成 13 個禮拜咁耐<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/390px--Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="390" height="219" data-durationhint="128" data-mwtitle="Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-(Apis-mellifera-L.)-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-(Apis-mellifera-L.)-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82" title="蜜蜂">蜜蜂</a>試過「推開個塞」會「有<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E7%B3%96" title="蜜糖">蜜糖</a>」之後，學識次次見到個塞都走去推－展示佢<b>記得</b>「推個塞會有蜜糖」。</figcaption></figure><p><br /> </p><ul><li><b>測試回想</b>： <ul><li><b>延遲<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF" title="模仿">模仿</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：一個研究者俾個臊孲子睇個研究者做一連串（臊孲子都做得到）嘅行動－例如係用一枝棍去撳一個掣－並且靠做嗰個行動得到某啲獎勵（等到個臊孲子有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>做嗰串動作）。過咗若干時間之後，個研究者會再將個臊孲子擺喺一個佢有能力做嗰個行動嘅實驗室入面，睇吓個臊孲子會唔會模仿嗰連串動作。研究發現，14 個月大嘅臊孲子能夠記住一串活動記成 4 個月咁耐<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>引出模仿</b><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：引出模仿原理同延遲模仿相同，分別主要係在於喺嗰段若干時間過之前，個研究者會俾個臊孲子有機會自行去模仿嗰一個動作。呢啲研究顯示，20 個月大嘅臊孲子能夠喺 12 個月之後記得嗰一串動作<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有語言研究"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>有語言研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 有語言研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>稍微大個少少嘅細路同大人識得用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>將自己處理緊嘅資訊表達出嚟，所以除咗以上嘅方法之外，仲有第啲方法可以喺佢哋身上做記憶研究<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><b>配對連結學習</b><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：一個研究者可以教個受試者將某一個字同某一啲特定嘅字<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="聯想性學習">聯想埋一齊</a>。舉個例說明，個研究者可以喺個實驗室入面叫個受試者學識喺聽到「安全」呢個字嗰陣時自動噉講出「綠色」呢個字，而喺一段時間之後，佢哋可以再試吓叫個受試者去實驗室嗰度，俾佢聽「安全」呢個字，如果個受試者記得佢之前學過嘅嘢嘅話，佢應該會喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">相對短嘅時間</a>之內講出「綠色」呢個字；相反，如果佢個腦經已唔記得咗呢條聯想性質嘅連結－佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a>（RT）會同一個冇做過呢個訓練嘅人一樣。於是研究者可以透過<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>個受試者嘅反應時間嚟睇吓佢有幾記得所學過嘅連結<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="自由回想">自由回想</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：喺自由回想測試入面，個研究者會要求個受試者睇一柞生字，跟住喺一段時間之後叫佢哋盡可能寫返嗮佢睇咗嗰柞字出嚟。一般嚟講，如果一個受試者對某個字嘅記憶愈強，佢應該愈有可能會記得寫返低嗰個字<sup id="cite_ref-recall_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recall-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。用呢個方法做嘅研究發現咗，假設第啲因素不變，人最有可能記得近期嘅資訊，仲發現咗所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="系列位置效應">系列位置效應</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> －喺回想一串資訊嗰陣，人零舍有可能會記得嗰串資訊最先出現嗰啲同最後出現嗰啲，即係喺回想一柞字嗰陣零舍有可能回想返到最先同最尾嗰啲字<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E9%86%92%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="提醒回想">提醒回想</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：係自由回想嘅一種變體，步驟大致上一樣，主要分別在於喺做提醒回想嗰陣，個研究者會俾啲提示個受試者（例如「嗱，打前嗰柞字當中有一個係 A 字頭嘅...」）。呢種做法類似喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>上常用嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%AB%E5%85%85%E9%A1%8C" title="填充題">填充題</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serial_position.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Serial_position.png/450px-Serial_position.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Serial_position.png 1.5x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>系列位置實驗嘅典型結果；圖 <a href="/wiki/X_%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="X 軸">X 軸</a>係「個字出現嘅位置」，<a href="/wiki/Y_%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Y 軸">Y 軸</a>係受試者記得佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>－當一串資訊先後出現嗰時，人零舍會記得最先出現嗰啲同最尾出現嗰啲。</figcaption></figure><p><br /> </p><ul><li><b>辨識實驗</b><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：同自由回想相同嘅係，個研究者會俾個受試者睇一柞字，再等一段時間；同自由回想唔同嘅係，個研究者跟手會俾個受試者睇另外一柞字，再叫個受試者講出柞新字入面邊啲係之前出現過嘅－喺辨識實驗入面，個受試者要做嘅係認得（辨識）一個之前出現過嘅資訊，而唔係好似自由回想實驗噉，要憑空噉<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>返個資訊出嚟。一般嚟講，如果一個受試者對某個字嘅記憶愈強，佢應該愈有可能會認得嗰個字<sup id="cite_ref-recognition_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recognition-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>探測範式</b><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：個研究者會俾個受試者睇一幅圖，圖入面包含咗一柞物件或者字。睇完再過一段時間之後，個研究者會俾個受試者睇第幅圖，跟住個受試者就要答呢幅新圖同舊圖有冇分別或者分別喺邊。如果一個受試者對某個字嘅記憶愈強，佢應該愈有可能會俾到正確嘅答案<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>節省法</b><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：個研究者會叫個受試者學做一件<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知作業">作業</a>（例如係學玩某一隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="電子遊戲">電子遊戲</a>），跟住係一段時間之後－譬如喺兩個禮拜之後－叫啲受試者返實驗室嗰度再學多次。如果一個受試者對第一次嘅學習嗰度學到嘅嘢嘅記憶愈強，佢喺第二次學習嗰陣應該會學得愈快－喺呢種實驗當中，研究者想量度嘅係第一次學習令到個受試者喺做第二次學習嗰陣「慳」咗幾多時間，所以叫<b>節省</b>法<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="感官記憶"><span id=".E6.84.9F.E5.AE.98.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>感官記憶</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 感官記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcoa-highway-black-friday-tn1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Alcoa-highway-black-friday-tn1.jpg/300px-Alcoa-highway-black-friday-tn1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Alcoa-highway-black-friday-tn1.jpg/450px-Alcoa-highway-black-friday-tn1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Alcoa-highway-black-friday-tn1.jpg/600px-Alcoa-highway-black-friday-tn1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>感官記憶會儲住感官感知到嘅資訊，但呢種記憶稍瞬即逝－存活時間短過 1 秒。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="感官記憶">感官記憶</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="感官記憶">感官記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指個認知系統喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>到一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>打後嘅極短時間（實驗顯示短過 1 秒）之內暫時儲住啲感官資訊<sup id="cite_ref-senmem_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senmem-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：例如係一個人望到一件郁得好快、一瞬間就唔見咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94" title="物體">物體</a>，佢會短暫噉（喺例如 1 秒內）記住嚿嘢望落係咩樣嘅；感官記憶係一個唔能夠有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>噉控制嘅自動反應，受試者通常都會表示佢哋睇到嘅資訊多過佢哋口頭報告得到嘅，而且唔能夠控制邊啲資訊會進入感官記憶，幫手扮演<b>緩衝</b><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅角色－感官記憶負責暫時儲住啲感官資訊，等啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>能夠趁呢啲資訊消失之前將資訊<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a>同傳去個腦嘅相關腦區嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-senmem_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senmem-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="局報規範"><span id=".E5.B1.80.E5.A0.B1.E8.A6.8F.E7.AF.84"></span>局報規範</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 局報規範"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="局部報告規範">局部報告規範</a></div> <p>心理學史上第一個研究感官記憶嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">實驗</a>係由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>心理學家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sperling" class="extiw" title="en:George Sperling">佐治·史珀靈</a>做嘅。史珀靈佢運用咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="局部報告規範">局部報告規範</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（下圖係流程圖）呢種實驗法：想像研究者搵咗班受試者返<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>嗰度，要佢哋睇實一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%92%E5%B9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="熒幕">熒幕</a>，然後 </p> <ul><li>個熒幕會顯示 9 個<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="英文字母">英文字母</a>（以一個 3 x 3 嘅格局呈現；letter array），出現嘅時間好短暫，例如 50 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%A7%92" title="毫秒">ms</a>；</li> <li>喺啲字母消失咗之後，班受試者會聽到一吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>（cue tone），吓聲嘅音可以係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">高、中或者低</a>，音嘅高度會話俾個受試者知要答返邊行嘅字母出嚟－高音就要答返最高嗰行嘅字母、中音就要答返中間嗰行嘅字母... 等等（report）；</li> <li>重複以上嘅步驟若干次，睇吓受試者作答嘅正確率會受咩因素影響；</li></ul> <p>史珀靈嘅實驗顯示，感官記憶頂櫳能夠儲住 12 件「物件」，而且呢種記憶消逝嘅速度快得好交關－如果睇到字母嘅時間同要答嘅時間相隔超過幾百 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%A7%92" title="毫秒">ms</a>（1,000 ms = 1 秒），受試者經已冇能力作答<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sperling%27s_Partial_Report_Paradigm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Sperling%27s_Partial_Report_Paradigm.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="531" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>感官記憶大致上有得按照感官類型分做三種－<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%B8%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="觸覺">觸覺</a>分別有各自嘅感官記憶<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="短期記憶"><span id=".E7.9F.AD.E6.9C.9F.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>短期記憶</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 短期記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parietal_lobe_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Parietal_lobe_animation.gif/240px-Parietal_lobe_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Parietal_lobe_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>一個人腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="立體模型">立體模型</a>；紅色嗰笪係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="左腦">左腦</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89" title="頂葉">頂葉</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期記憶</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>負責短期噉<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲起</a>資訊，令一個人唔使<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%AA%A6" title="複誦">複誦</a>都回想到幾秒前以至 1 分鐘前嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺隻動物感知到一啲資訊之後，啲資訊會喺極短暫嘅時間之內存在於感官記憶入面，而感官記憶嘅資訊當中有一部份會俾啲神經細胞傳入去短期記憶嗰度做進一步嘅處理<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。短期記憶係由個腦啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>之間稍瞬即逝嘅相互溝通維持嘅，尤甚係<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%81%B4%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="背外側前額葉皮層">背外側前額葉皮層</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89" title="頂葉">頂葉</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>對短期記憶嘅運作嚟講零舍緊要<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>短期記憶嘅容量相當有限：美國心理學家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" class="extiw" title="en:George Armitage Miller">佐治·米拿</a>喺 1950 年代做咗柞實驗，顯示短期記憶能夠儲起大約 7 件「物件」<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_G.A._1956_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_G.A._1956-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而打後嘅研究者又有作出低啲嘅估計，估短期記憶能夠儲住 4 到 5 件物件，不過呢個數字可以用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A1%8A" title="分塊">分塊</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅方法提升－舉例說明，一個人嘗試記住一個 8 個位嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="電話號碼">電話號碼</a> 2600 5600，佢可以將段數字分做兩橛分別 4 個位長而且各自有意義嘅數字串（<b>2600</b> 同 <b>5600</b>），令到佢個短期記憶由本嚟要記 8 件物件變成記 2 件。而電話號碼嘅設計亦都有運用呢條原則：世界各地嘅電話號碼好多時會將一段號碼分割做幾橛<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_G.A._1956_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_G.A._1956-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>順帶一提，短期記憶，或者至少對<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>嘅短期記憶，主要係以<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>資訊（而唔係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>資訊）嘅形式嚟儲起嘅：有研究發現，對受試者嚟講，要<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>返一柞讀音相似嘅英文字母－例如係 <b>E、P、D</b> －難過回想一柞讀音唔似嘅字母－例如係 <b>H、Q、A</b> ；相比之下，回想返一柞字型相似嘅字母並唔係明顯難過回想一柞字型唔似嘅字母<sup id="cite_ref-conrad1964_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conrad1964-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工作記憶"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>工作記憶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 工作記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a></div> <p>喺 1974 年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>心理學家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Baddeley" class="extiw" title="en:Alan Baddeley">亞倫·伯特里</a>同<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hitch" class="extiw" title="en:Graham Hitch">加拉咸·希卓</a>提出咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢個概念，指短期內儲住啲資訊，兼且對呢啲資訊作出<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="運算">運算</a>嘅記憶功能。喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="伯特里工作記憶模型">伯特里工作記憶模型</a>嗰個基礎版本入面，短期記憶主要係由三大系統組成： </p> <ul><li><b>中央處理</b><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="語音循環">語音循環</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、同</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E7%95%AB%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="視覺空間畫板">視覺空間畫板</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，</li></ul> <p>呢三個子系統分別負責處理唔同類型嘅短期記憶資訊<sup id="cite_ref-badd2000_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-badd2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>中央處理負責控制資訊喺其他工作記憶系統當中嘅流動，</li> <li>聲迴負責暫時噉儲起聽覺資訊（例如啲人喺個腦入面<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%AA%A6" title="複誦">複誦</a>一段電話號碼），</li> <li>視空畫板負責暫時噉儲起一啲視覺資訊（例如啲人喺個腦入面諗住一幅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="影像">影像</a>）－</li></ul> <p>呢個分類法解釋得到某啲實驗結果，好似係對於人類嚟講，同時做兩樣同類型（都係視覺或者都係聽覺）嘅短期記憶作業難過做兩樣唔同類型（一個視覺一個聽覺）嘅作業。打後嘅研究仲有進一步噉擴張呢個模型<sup id="cite_ref-badd2000_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-badd2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。工作記憶模型嘅抽象圖解如下，當中箭咀係記憶資訊嘅流動： </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Working_memory_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Working_memory_model.svg/langyue-460px-Working_memory_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="460" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Working_memory_model.svg/langyue-690px-Working_memory_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Working_memory_model.svg/langyue-920px-Working_memory_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p><br /> </p><p>有唔少心理學家都嘗試拆解工作記憶嘅神經對應。研究指，工作記憶嘅中央處理功能至少部份係由<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="前額葉">前額葉</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89" title="頂葉">頂葉</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢兩個腦區向個腦嘅感官區域傳訊號而成嘅<sup id="cite_ref-gazz2012_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazz2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，呢啲腦區會向處理感官資訊嘅腦區傳訊號，話俾佢哋聽四圍環境嘅資訊入面邊啲值得留意，從而控制感官收到嘅資訊邊啲會成功經過入碼嘅過程進入工作記憶<sup id="cite_ref-gazz2012_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazz2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一旦啲資訊成功噉入咗去工作記憶嗰度，個前額葉同頂葉會係噉互射訊號嚟維持住啲資訊<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="長期記憶"><span id=".E9.95.B7.E6.9C.9F.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>長期記憶</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 長期記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippocampus.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hippocampus.gif/240px-Hippocampus.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hippocampus.gif/360px-Hippocampus.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hippocampus.gif/480px-Hippocampus.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>一個人腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="立體模型">立體模型</a>；紅色嗰兩嚿就係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期記憶</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="海伯理論">海伯理論</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係一個認知系統將極大量嘅資訊<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲起</a>、而且可能儲成世嘅能力：感官記憶同短期記憶都係維持唔到好耐嘅－感官記憶喺 1 秒內就會消失，而短期記憶頂嗮櫳都淨係維持到一兩分鐘左右；不過由日常生活當中嘅觀察都知，人（同多種動物）有能力將資訊記成幾年甚至幾十年咁耐嘅時間；喺短期記憶入面記住嘅 7 位數字好多時幾秒經已唔記得咗，但一個記喺長期記憶入面嘅重要資訊－好似係屋企人或者好朋友嘅電話號碼－就閒閒地可以維持到成幾個月嘅時間<sup id="cite_ref-izq1998_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-izq1998-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>長期記憶機制獨立於短期記憶，而呢個諗法有神經科學方面對證據支撐：有一份喺 1993 年做嘅研究就發現，如果擺一隻正常嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="大鼠">大鼠</a>喺一個籠入面，而個籠嘅地板會<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>佢嘅話，隻大鼠好快會學識驚個籠，而且會將呢個資訊起碼記住 24 個鐘頭<sup id="cite_ref-kim1993_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim1993-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面嘅實驗顯示， </p> <ul><li>個腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>受損嘅大鼠唔曉俾反應，而且 24 個鐘頭之後都唔識俾反應；</li> <li>而個腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>受損嘅大鼠曉即場俾反應，但 24 個鐘頭之後就<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%94%E8%A8%98%E5%BE%97%E5%92%97" class="mw-redirect" title="唔記得咗">唔記得咗</a>要驚個籠（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E8%A1%8C%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="順行型失憶">順行失憶</a>）；</li></ul> <p>－噉即係話，海馬體受損會令到隻大鼠保持到短期記憶，但喪失長期記憶嘅能力，噉亦都表示咗個腦係分別噉處理短期記憶同長期記憶嘅<sup id="cite_ref-kim1993_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim1993-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。類似嘅研究喺人類身上都有做過，而且結果同樣顯示腦係分開噉處理短期記憶同長期記憶嘅<sup id="cite_ref-izq1998_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-izq1998-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>長期記憶涉及到多個腦區，源於個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>曉得根據手上嘅資訊永久噉改變自身內部嘅神經連繫<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。正如頭先提到，海馬體喺長期記憶機制當中扮演咗重要嘅角色：海馬體呢個腦區對新長期記憶嘅<b>產生</b>嚟講不可或缺，但似乎本身唔會儲長期記憶－對腦部受損嘅人同動物所做嘅研究顯示，海馬體受損會搞到一隻動物學唔到新嘅長期記憶，但係舊有嘅長期記憶唔會點受影響<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除咗噉，亦有證據顯示，海馬體有幫手提取<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒性">情緒性</a>嘅長期記憶<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="記憶鞏固"><span id=".E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6.E9.9E.8F.E5.9B.BA"></span>記憶鞏固</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 記憶鞏固"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%9E%8F%E5%9B%BA" title="記憶鞏固">記憶鞏固</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%9E%8F%E5%9B%BA" title="記憶鞏固">鞏固</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係個腦將攞到手嘅資訊轉化做長期記憶嘅一啲過程，涉及所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="長期增強作用">長期增強作用</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="長期抑制作用">長期抑制作用</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－長期記憶嘅產生會令到個腦嘅某幾粒神經細胞之間嘅相互連結變強或者變弱。舉個例說明：諗返頭先大鼠學識驚個籠嗰個例子，隻大鼠個腦入面有一柞神經細胞<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">代表</a>咗隻佢對籠呢嚿物體嘅認識，又有柞神經細胞代表咗佢對電擊呢樣嘢嘅認識，而當隻大鼠經歷過幾次「一俾人擺入個籠度就會俾個籠電到」之後，佢個腦嗰兩柞神經細胞之間就會產生連繫，令佢下次再見到個籠嗰陣時就諗起電擊（代表電擊嗰柞神經細胞受啟動），而電擊又會啟動處理「預測會有<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%9B%E6%A5%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="痛楚">痛楚</a>」嘅神經細胞，就會令到隻大鼠覺得驚<sup id="cite_ref-dubai2004_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubai2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而除咗長期增強作用同長期抑制作用之外，個腦仲有第啲機制產生長期記憶<sup id="cite_ref-dubai2004_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubai2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Memory_multistore_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Memory_multistore_model.svg/langyue-570px-Memory_multistore_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="570" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Memory_multistore_model.svg/langyue-855px-Memory_multistore_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Memory_multistore_model.svg/langyue-1140px-Memory_multistore_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="再鞏固"><span id=".E5.86.8D.E9.9E.8F.E5.9B.BA"></span>再鞏固</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 再鞏固"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%86%8D%E9%9E%8F%E5%9B%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶再鞏固">記憶再鞏固</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%86%8D%E9%9E%8F%E5%9B%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶再鞏固">再鞏固</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指將由長期記憶提取咗去短期記憶嘅資訊，再鞏固返入去長期記憶嗰度嘅過程。廿世紀嘅心理學界同神經科學界普遍認為，當啲資訊鞏固咗做長期記憶之後就會大致上維持穩定，頂櫳都只不過係會<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶衰變">隨時間衰變</a>嘅啫<sup id="cite_ref-LeDoux07_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeDoux07-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但廿一世紀初嘅研究開始挑戰呢個諗法：首先，一個長期記憶嘅內容可能會隨時間演變－即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="記憶誤差">記憶誤差</a>現象（睇下面）；除咗噉，提取一個舊有嘅長期記憶會令到嗰件記憶變得唔穩定，而且個腦用完呢件記憶之後，仲要再做一次鞏固嚟將佢入返落去長期記憶嗰度（再鞏固）－如果唔係，隻動物就好有可能會唔記得嗰件記憶<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>舉個例說明，有多份實驗都試過叫受試動物做作業回想返一啲舊有嘅長期記憶，跟手個研究者會喺個作業完之前打一啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91" title="蛋白合成抑制劑">蛋白合成抑制劑</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>落啲動物身上，抑制佢哋腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>合成（產生長期記憶涉及個腦啲神經細胞做蛋白質合成），呢啲研究發現，啲動物打後會因為呢個操作而喪失回想咗嗰個長期記憶－呢個實驗證據確立咗記憶再鞏固嘅概念<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外顯定內隱"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.A1.AF.E5.AE.9A.E5.85.A7.E9.9A.B1"></span>外顯定內隱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 外顯定內隱"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muybridge_human_male_walking_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Muybridge_human_male_walking_animated.gif/240px-Muybridge_human_male_walking_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Muybridge_human_male_walking_animated.gif/360px-Muybridge_human_male_walking_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Muybridge_human_male_walking_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>一個人喺度<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%B7%AF" title="行路">行路</a>嘅圖像；正常人喺細細個學識咗行路之後，就唔使有意識噉諗都會記得要點樣行路。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>心理學家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" class="extiw" title="en:John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">莊·羅伯特·安德遜</a>喺 1976 年提出將記憶分為外顯同內隱兩大類<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外顯記憶"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.A1.AF.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>外顯記憶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 外顯記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="外顯記憶">外顯記憶</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="外顯記憶">外顯記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>、（喺識<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>嘅人當中）有得用口頭報告返出嚟嘅記憶<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。外顯記憶仲有得細分做<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="語義記憶">語義記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%AF%80%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="情節記憶">情節記憶</a>兩種<sup id="cite_ref-byrne2017_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne2017-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="語義記憶">語義記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指一啲唔受時間地點影響嘅記憶，例如係一個人對數理<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>嘅記憶－「我記得<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a>講嘅係乜乜乜」；</li> <li>而<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%AF%80%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="情節記憶">情節記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>就係指一啲會掕住時間同地點嘅記憶，例如係一個人對某件發生喺某個時空嘅事嘅記憶－「我記得阿爸今朝臨出門口之前講過，話佢今晚會夜啲返屋企」。</li></ul> <p>神經科學實驗顯示，兩種外顯記憶所涉及嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>有重疊但唔係完全一樣<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>兩種外顯記憶對人嚟講都好緊要：語義記憶對人各方面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>嚟講不可或缺，有語義記憶一個人先至能夠記住同運用各種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>；而情節記憶就令到人曉同人相處－「我記得呢個人之前喺邊年邊月幫過我，係一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="信任">信得過</a>嘅人；而嗰個人之前喺邊年邊月呃過我，唔好再信佢」，而且仲係一個人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="人格">人格</a>嘅基礎－情節記憶令到一個人具有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%82%B3%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="自傳式記憶">自傳式記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，能夠記得（例如）佢嘅初吻、第一日返學發生嘅事、以及係同伴侶喺邊度邂逅呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-byrne2017_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne2017-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="內隱記憶"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E9.9A.B1.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>內隱記憶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 內隱記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">內隱記憶</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">內隱記憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="無意識">無意識</a>嘅記憶，一個人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>會受內隱記憶影響，但佢唔會有能力口頭噉將啲內隱記憶報告返出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mochizuki2008_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mochizuki2008-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>舉個例說明，有份研究噉樣做：研究者搵咗一班人返嚟做受試者，呢班人當中一部份係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%85%A6" title="小腦">小腦</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="病變">病變</a>嘅，研究者教班受試者做一啲講求<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%BF%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="反應快">反應快</a>嘅作業；結果發現，小腦健全嘅受試者一路做呢啲作業，表現會隨住<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>而變好（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a>變到愈嚟愈快），而相比之下，小腦有病變嘅病人喺口頭答有關嗰柞作業嘅問題嗰陣，同健全嘅受試者冇分別，但當要佢落手做嗰陣，就做極表現都唔會變好。呢類嘅研究表示咗： </p> <ol><li>喺一個人學做某一啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知作業">作業</a>嗰時，佢會學到一啲口頭報告唔到出嚟嘅知識；</li> <li>呢啲知識對於成功噉做嗰啲作業嚟講好緊要；</li> <li>學呢啲無意識嘅知識所涉及嘅腦區同學外顯知識所涉及嘅唔一樣，當中小腦喺學內隱知識上擔當咗重要嘅角色<sup id="cite_ref-mochizuki2008_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mochizuki2008-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <p>內隱記憶係高度自動化嘅：當一個人記起內隱記憶嗰陣，佢個身體基本上實會自動噉將啲記憶<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="運動控制">轉化做相應嘅動作</a>，所以個人好難有意識噉控制或者回想佢嘅內隱記憶。好似係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%B7%AF" title="行路">行路</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%81%E9%9E%8B%E5%B8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="綁鞋帶">綁鞋帶</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="打機">打機</a>嗰陣嘅反應都涉及咗內隱記憶<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="記憶失靈"><span id=".E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6.E5.A4.B1.E9.9D.88"></span>記憶失靈</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 記憶失靈"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oppstilling-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Oppstilling-2.jpg/300px-Oppstilling-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Oppstilling-2.jpg/450px-Oppstilling-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Oppstilling-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>五位嫌疑犯<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E9%9A%8A%E8%AA%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="列隊認人">企喺度俾證人睇</a>，然後證人會指出「邊個係犯人」－呢個過程假設咗證人能夠正確噉記得事發經過。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="遺忘">遺忘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84" title="記憶改善">記憶改善</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%A1%93" title="記憶術">記憶術</a></div> <p>喺最理想嘅情況下，記憶會完美噉紀錄要記嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>，但現實係唔理想嘅，有好多嘢都可以搞到記憶呢種<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>失靈<sup id="cite_ref-corkin97_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corkin97-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-loftus_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loftus-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="記憶誤差"><span id=".E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6.E8.AA.A4.E5.B7.AE"></span>記憶誤差</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 記憶誤差"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="記憶誤差">記憶誤差</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%A4%8D%E5%85%A5" title="記憶植入">記憶植入</a></div> <p>雖然一般人成日都會將記憶諗做好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8" title="相">相</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%87" class="mw-disambig" title="影片">影片</a>噉嘅紀錄儀器，覺得記憶會完美噉將過去紀錄低，但呢個諗法係唔真確嘅－<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="記憶誤差">記憶誤差</a>指記憶上嘅誤差，喺正常健康嘅人當中都時不時發生，涉及個人例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>一件事嗰陣搞錯啲細節，甚至乎「回想」起一啲根本冇發生過嘅事。舉個例說明，好多<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學家">心理學家</a>都試過喺實驗室入面用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%A4%8D%E5%85%A5" title="記憶植入">某啲技巧引導啲受試者</a>，嘗試令佢哋「回想」一啲根本冇發生過嘅事，好似係以下嘅對話噉<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd>研究員：嗱，你細個嗰陣有冇試過<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%9E%E8%BB%8A" title="撞車">撞車</a>？</dd> <dd>受試者：冇喎。</dd> <dd>研究員：諗真啲，睇吓你會唔會諗起一啲撞車嘅場面...</dd> <dd>受試者：我記得我 4 歲嗰時好似係見過兩架車撞埋一齊...（有可能只不過係喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="電視">電視</a>上面見到）</dd> <dd>研究員：再諗真啲... 你記唔記得當時嗰兩架車係點嘅樣？</dd></dl> <p>有多份研究都顯示，好多受試者都會受到研究員影響，「諗返起」一啲「佢哋之前唔記得咗嘅童年記憶」（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>紀錄同埋多位屋企人嘅證供都話嗰件事冇發生過）<sup id="cite_ref-loftus_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loftus-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另外又有一啲實驗性質嘅研究顯示，研究者能夠靠某啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗操作">操作</a>干擾受試者喺個實驗室經歷過嘅記憶，例如係一份喺 1998 年做嘅實驗就試過噉做：啲研究者要受試者喺腦入面<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>自己喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>入面做某一個動作，例如係「整斷一枝<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E7%B1%A4" title="牙籤">牙籤</a>」；跟住隔一段時間後，研究者再叫啲受試者返去實驗室嗰度，問佢哋記唔記得佢哋之前喺實驗室入面做過嗰個動作，發現愈係俾研究者叫佢哋重複噉想像嗰個動作嘅受試者，就愈有機會答話自己喺實驗室入面做過嗰個動作－但查實根本冇任何受試者真係喺實驗室入面做過嗰個動作<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>上述呢類噉嘅證據清楚表明<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;"><center>記憶誤差唔淨只可以令到人喺回想過去嗰陣搞錯啲細節，仲可以搞到佢哋『回想』返起一啲根本冇發生過嘅事。</center></div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>呢啲研究結果初時震撼咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%89%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="法證科學">法證科學</a>，令法證科學界重新思考<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E4%BA%BA" title="證人">證人</a>證供係咪信得過<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。事實係，<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="假記憶">假記憶</a>原則上可以好大鑊：例如家吓冇心理學家會引用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="精神分析學家">精神分析學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="佛洛伊德">佛洛伊德</a>噉，佢寫過書討論佢啲病人喺治療過程當中回想起嘅童年創傷，但呢啲個案俾現代心理學家認定至少有部份係假記憶嚟嘅－而如果啲警察真係信咗佛洛伊德啲病人，走去拉嗰啲佢哋話（例如）虐待過佢哋嘅屋企人嘅話，就會引致好多冤獄<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="記憶障礙"><span id=".E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6.E9.9A.9C.E7.A4.99"></span>記憶障礙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 記憶障礙"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="記憶障礙">記憶障礙</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="記憶障礙">記憶障礙</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指一啲會損害個腦，並且負面噉影響各種記憶功能嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病">疾病</a>，當中最常俾人攞嚟研究嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="失憶症">失憶症</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－指記憶喪失嘅現象。正如頭先提到，記憶功能涉及咗好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>等嘅多個腦區，呢啲腦區當中是但一個受損都有可能會搞到隻動物嘅記憶功能受影響<sup id="cite_ref-corkin97_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corkin97-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>常見嘅記憶障礙有以下呢啲： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B2%99%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="高沙可夫症候群">高沙可夫症候群</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係一種腦嘅病，會令到<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="前額葉">前額葉</a>嗰度嘅神經細胞大量噉死亡，令到個人嘅記憶能力受損<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96" title="腦退化">腦退化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E9%87%91%E9%81%9C%E7%97%87" title="柏金遜症">柏金遜症</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係老人家常見嘅病，兩者嘅症狀都包括（但係唔只有）記憶功能嘅衰退，好似係記性變差同喪失長期記憶呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>有陣時，有啲記憶障礙可能涉及某一個記憶功能變得太勁令到第啲記憶功能冇辦法正常噉運作。例如係<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="超憶症">超憶症</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>噉，超憶症會令到個患者有異常強嘅自傳式記憶，會係噉醒返起好多－正常人唔會記住嘅－有關自己人生嘅濕碎資訊，而且仲要係一啲濕碎到冇用嘅資訊，例如「五年前某日嘅早餐食咗啲乜」。呢啲長期記憶係噉湧入工作記憶會阻礙個患者，搞到佢唔能夠做啲正常嘅記憶作業或者記住一啲真正有用嘅資訊－會對個患者整體嘅認知表現產生負面影響<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。 </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg/540px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="540" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg/810px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg/1080px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>一個正常嘅老人家腦（左）同一個腦退化患者嘅腦（右）分別嘅切面；右邊嗰個腦明顯<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8E%E7%B8%AE" title="萎縮">萎縮</a>咗，唔見咗好多<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影響因素"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>影響因素</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 影響因素"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="年紀"><span id=".E5.B9.B4.E7.B4.80"></span>年紀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 年紀"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="幼兒期"><span id=".E5.B9.BC.E5.85.92.E6.9C.9F"></span>幼兒期</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 幼兒期"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" title="幼兒期失憶">幼兒期失憶</a></div> <p>科學界一路去到 1980 年代中為止都仲係以為臊孲子係唔曉儲同提取記憶嘅<sup id="cite_ref-teti05_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teti05-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但呢個諗法後嚟俾人證實咗係錯嘅，基於以下嘅發現<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>6 個月大嘅臊孲子能夠回想 24 個鐘頭之前感知過嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-barr96_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barr96-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且大個啲嘅臊孲子曉記住啲資訊記更加耐嘅時間：9 個月大嘅臊孲子能夠記資訊記成 5 個禮拜，而 20 個月大嘅臊孲子仲能夠記到成 12 個月咁耐<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>個臊孲子愈大個就曉以愈快嘅速度將啲資訊記起：一般嚟講，14 個月大嘅臊孲子可以喺睇過 1 次之後就記得有 3 個步驟嘅動作串，而相比之下，6 個月大嘅臊孲子要睇成 6 次先至能夠記得住嗰串資訊<sup id="cite_ref-barr96_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barr96-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>一般嘅臊孲子去到 9 個月大左右就曉回想一啲有次序特性嘅記憶，能夠學做一啲一定要以某啲順序做嘅動作（呢點對打後學行路同學講嘢嚟講好緊要）<sup id="cite_ref-teti05_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teti05-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以研究者有得（例如）逢親個臊孲子順序噉推郁兩件玩具就俾獎勵佢，靠噉嚟教佢學做「順序噉推郁兩件玩具」呢樣作業<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>可以肯定嘅係，一個普通嘅臊孲子雖然唔識口頭將佢哋嘅記憶嘅內容講返出嚟，但佢哋嘅腦係有能力做記憶功能嘅。雖然係噉，大人通常都唔能夠提取 2 至 4 歲之前嘅外顯記憶<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－呢種現象就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" title="幼兒期失憶">幼兒期失憶</a><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brain_development_1wk-3mo-1yr-2yr-10yr-T1W-MRI.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Human_brain_development_1wk-3mo-1yr-2yr-10yr-T1W-MRI.PNG/720px-Human_brain_development_1wk-3mo-1yr-2yr-10yr-T1W-MRI.PNG" decoding="async" width="720" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Human_brain_development_1wk-3mo-1yr-2yr-10yr-T1W-MRI.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><center>一個人腦由一個禮拜大到 10 歲大嘅變化圖<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；腦嘅呢啲變化會點樣影響記憶力呢？</center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="衰老"><span id=".E8.A1.B0.E8.80.81"></span>衰老</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 衰老"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96" title="腦退化">腦退化</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="衰老">衰老</a>係指一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>由成熟咗之後身體各個部位－<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>都走唔甩－開始慢慢喪失功能嘅過程。一般嚟講，隨住一隻動物衰老，佢嘅記憶功能會變到愈嚟愈渣，比較容易有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="失憶">失憶</a>嘅現象，就算係人都唔例外<sup id="cite_ref-corkin97_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corkin97-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。老啲嘅大人一般喺以下呢啲記憶作業上表現會比較差： </p> <ul><li>涉及額葉腦區嘅作業、</li> <li>要求記住學嘅資訊嘅次序嘅作業<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同埋</li> <li>要求記住學習嗰陣四圍環境係點嘅作業。</li></ul> <p>老人家記性唔好雖然話係自然衰老嘅一個必然過程，但有得用各種方法幫補<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>除此之外，患<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96" title="腦退化">腦退化</a>嘅風險會隨年紀提升<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而失憶係腦退化嘅主要徵狀之一<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。腦退化涉及個患者嘅腦係噉勁喪失<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>，而神經細胞對各種記憶功能－同第啲認知功能－嚟講都不可或缺，所以腦退化會搞到一個人難以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="專心">專心</a>（入碼會出問題）、（靠神經細胞傳訊嚟維持嘅）<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>能力下降以及喪失本來儲咗喺個腦入面嘅長期記憶呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="壓力"><span id=".E5.A3.93.E5.8A.9B"></span>壓力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 壓力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headache-1557872_960_720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headache-1557872_960_720.jpg/240px-Headache-1557872_960_720.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headache-1557872_960_720.jpg/360px-Headache-1557872_960_720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headache-1557872_960_720.jpg/480px-Headache-1557872_960_720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>一個覺得受到壓力嘅人</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="糖皮質激素">糖皮質激素</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="心理壓力">心理壓力</a>對記憶嘅形成同學習有明顯嘅影響<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>當一隻動物感覺到壓力（例如係四圍環境有危險）嗰陣，佢個腦會釋放某啲特定種類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="荷爾蒙">荷爾蒙</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="神經傳遞素">神經傳遞素</a>，而呢啲物質會對海馬體所做嘅記憶入碼過程有影響；喺動物身上做嘅研究發現，長期嘅壓力，例如係成日見到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%95%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="天敵">天敵</a>，會搞到到大家鼠嘅海馬體功能受負面影響<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>喺人類研究方面，又有研究發現，喺高壓力嘅環境之下<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>會令到回想學習內容嘅能力下降：有研究試過搵咗 48 個身體健康嘅大學生返嚟做受試者，佢哋當中有啲喺實驗開始之前要將隻手浸喺冰凍嘅水入面浸幾分鐘（令佢哋覺得唔舒服），跟手啲受試者全人都去做一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="自由回想">自由回想</a>作業，記住同回想一柞字；實驗結果顯示，手浸過落冰凍水入面嗰啲受試者表現差啲－同冇浸過手落冰凍水嘅受試者比起上嚟，佢哋回想到嘅字少咗 30%。類似嘅實驗同樣顯示，壓力普遍會令到記憶表現變差<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>心理壓力對記憶嘅干擾有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物</a>基礎：壓力會令到好多動物嘅腦釋放<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="糖皮質激素">糖皮質激素</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢種荷爾蒙，糖皮質激素會以好多方法損壞海馬體嘅神經細胞，例如係透過減少<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>嘅釋放嚟破壞海馬體某啲區嘅神經細胞<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；所以一個人如果愈係受得多過大嘅壓力，就愈有可能會喺老咗嗰陣有記憶方面嘅問題。極大壓力嘅經歷，例如係上陣<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E4%BB%97" title="打仗">打仗</a>或者童年受虐待等等都有可能會搞到一個人唔記得嗰啲令佢哋感受到巨大壓力嘅經歷<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="瞓覺"><span id=".E7.9E.93.E8.A6.BA"></span>瞓覺</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 瞓覺"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%B3%A2%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0" title="慢波睡眠">慢波睡眠</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%93%E8%A6%BA" title="瞓覺">瞓覺</a>對記憶力有各種嘅正面影響。研究發現，一個瞓緊覺嘅腦查實喺度進行各種嘅活動，而呢啲活動當中有啲會幫助各種記憶功能，尤其係記憶嘅保留： </p> <ul><li>喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%B3%A2%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0" title="慢波睡眠">慢波睡眠</a><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>當中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" title="腦電波">個腦啲電波</a>會變成由低頻嘅 <a href="/wiki/Delta_%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta 波">delta 波</a>主導。喺呢個過程裏面，記憶會受到重新啟動，而呢個過程會令到成個腦當日學到嘅記憶受鞏固，第日個人會更加有機會成功噉回想返嗰日儲藏咗嘅記憶<sup id="cite_ref-karriem-norwood_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karriem-norwood-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>喺瞓覺嘅成個過程當中，個海馬體似乎會幫個腦塊<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="新皮層">新皮層</a><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>重新「睇」一次當日發生嘅事，塊新皮層跟手會重新處理一次啲記憶，而啲記憶跟住就會進入長期記憶：有神經科學研究試過趁啲受試者瞓覺嗰陣，用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">磁力共振造影</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等嘅方法睇吓佢哋嘅腦入面發生緊啲乜嘢事，發現喺睡眠嘅某啲時段當中，個腦嘅啟動規律會同打前嗰日學習嗰陣嘅啟動規律吻合<sup id="cite_ref-ellenbogen06_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellenbogen06-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，噉即係表示，個腦喺瞓覺嗰時會「重播」之前嗰日做過嘅學習<sup id="cite_ref-ellenbogen06_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellenbogen06-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>唔夠瞓會搞到個人冇咁記得之前嗰日學過嘅資訊，令到學習上嘅表現變差<sup id="cite_ref-karriem-norwood_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karriem-norwood-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="神經底質"><span id=".E7.A5.9E.E7.B6.93.E5.BA.95.E8.B3.AA"></span>神經底質</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 神經底質"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%98%85%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="記憶嘅神經底質">記憶嘅神經底質</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1" title="記憶痕跡">記憶痕跡</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1" title="記憶痕跡">記憶痕跡</a><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指個腦入面以某啲物理型式將記憶儲喺腦同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="神經組織">神經組織</a>嗰度：理論上，一個腦係個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="認知系統">認知系統</a>，曉由外界吸收資訊（<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>），呢啲資訊會引致個腦裏面有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經訊號">訊號</a>等嘅變化（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>），而假設<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係真確嘅－假設心理現象完全係由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>嗰啲物理過程主宰嘅，一件記憶嘅形成理應會造成個腦嘅一啲微細嘅物理變化，而搵出點樣由個腦嘅物理變化（記憶痕跡）睇出有乜記憶產生喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>上係個重要嘅課題<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>廿一世紀初嘅神經科學界經已確立咗，記憶痕跡並唔係存在於一個單一腦區嘅：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="神經科學界">神經科學界</a>做咗好多實驗，例如係特登破壞一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="大鼠">大鼠</a>嘅某個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>，再睇吓呢個操作會點樣影響受試動物嘅記憶能力；結果發現，搵唔到有任何一個腦區係「一旦呢個區破壞咗，就會冇嗮啲記憶」嘅；有多個腦區都會幫手做記憶方面嘅作業，包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8B%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="紋狀體">紋狀體</a><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%A0%AD%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94" title="乳頭狀體">乳頭狀體</a><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-laBar_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laBar-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。好似係杏仁核噉，杏仁核有份幫手學一啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>性質嘅記憶，即係一啲令個人零舍<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%BF%83" title="開心">開心</a>或者感受到第啲強烈<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>嘅記憶。除咗噉，各個記憶相關腦區唔單止會個別噉扮演重要嘅記憶功能，而且仲會合作做某啲記憶功能<sup id="cite_ref-gallistel_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallistel-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而長期記憶嘅儲藏係廣泛分佈喺成個腦嗰度嘅<sup id="cite_ref-gallistel_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallistel-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amygdala.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amygdala.png/500px-Amygdala.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amygdala.png/750px-Amygdala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Amygdala.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><center>人腦由左邊（左圖）同前邊（右圖）睇嘅樣；<br />紅色嗰兩嚿就係杏仁核。</center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="病變研究"><span id=".E7.97.85.E8.AE.8A.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>病變研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=28" title="編輯小節: 病變研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="病變">病變</a>嘅研究特別幫到手了解腦係點做記憶功能嘅：研究者會搵一啲腦某啲部位有病變嘅病人返嚟，又或者搵啲動物（常見嘅有大鼠同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%A8%AE" title="馬騮">馬騮</a>）返嚟人工噉破壞佢哋腦嘅某啲部位；跟住研究者會比較吓個腦某啲部位受損嘅個體同健全嘅個體喺記憶上嘅表現有乜嘢分別，靠噉嚟推斷受損嗰個部位喺記憶上擔當咗啲乜嘢角色；例如係研究發現，假設第啲因素不變，一件記憶愈係令到個個體感受到強烈情緒，個個體就愈有可能會記得佢，呢個就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%87%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提升效應">記憶提升效應</a><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laBar_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laBar-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而呢種效應喺杏仁核受損嘅病人身上會睇唔到，透過呢份研究，科學家就知道杏仁核幫咗手學習情緒性質嘅記憶<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺病變研究當中，喺動物身上做嘅研究零舍重要<sup id="cite_ref-gallistel_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallistel-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>「專登破壞受試者個腦某啲部位，再研究佢」呢家嘢喺人類身上做嘅話會有<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>上嘅問題，所以如果要喺人類身上做病變研究，科學家淨係可以去搵腦病變嘅病人。</li> <li>但齋靠研究病人嘅話又會有知識上嘅問題－腦病變並唔係一種好常見嘅病，而且人腦病變起上嚟好多時病變又唔會淨係影響單一腦區，搵有多個腦區病變嘅病人做研究嘅話，又會搞到研究者冇辦法釐清病變嘅腦區當中邊個先係對嗰種記憶功能重要嗰個，所以好多時都搵唔到啱用嘅病人。</li></ul> <p>喺動物身上做研究令到心理學家同神經科學家有得索性特登破壞受試者個腦某啲部位，再睇吓邊個邊個腦區受損會有乜嘢影響－令到研究者比較易搵到所需嘅受試者<sup id="cite_ref-gallistel_171-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallistel-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=29" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="集體記憶">集體記憶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%86%B6%E9%8C%84" title="回憶錄">回憶錄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="考古學">考古學</a><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=30" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li>Eck, Allison (June 3, 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/taking-notes-by-hand-could-improve-memory-wt/">For More Effective Studying, Take Notes With Pen and Paper</a>". <i>Nova Next</i>. PBS.</li> <li>Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger III, H. L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20053384.pdf">Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Memory and Language</i>, 57(2), 151-162.</li> <li>Leyden, Andrea (January 24, 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goconqr.com/en/examtime/blog/study-hacks/">20 Study Hacks to Improve Your Memory</a>". <i>Exam Time</i>.</li> <li>Alan Baddeley: <i>Essentials of Human Memory</i>, Psychology Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0863775454" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86377-545-4</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到德文網頁">（德文）</span> Jürgen Bredenkamp: <i>Lernen, Erinnern, Vergessen</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/3406432964" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-43296-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=31" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">有關「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>」嘅概念化，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">順帶一提，細個少少嘅臊孲子（例如係 6 個月大嘅）唔識記住有先後次序嘅動作串。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">但幼兒期學到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">內隱記憶</a>能夠對一個大人嘅行為產生具體影響。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">「MRI」係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">磁力共振造影</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過記性差唔一定表示個人有腦退化－腦退化仲會涉及更加廣泛嘅腦功能喪失，搞到個患者<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">性格</a>改變同埋脾氣暴躁等等，好少可會淨係搞到個患者失憶。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引咗"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E5.92.97"></span>引咗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=32" title="編輯小節: 引咗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>引用咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="學術文獻">學術文獻</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81" title="網頁">網頁</a>，亦有啲重要詞彙嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>名： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarzel. M.& Mulluer. U., "Dynamic Memory Networks", <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Science</i>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eysenck2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eysenck2012_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eysenck2012_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eysenck, M.W. (2012). <i>Fundamentals of cognition</i>. New York: Psychology Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauralee Sherwood (1 January 2015). <i>Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. 157–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baddely2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-baddely2007_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-baddely2007_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Baddely, A. (2007). <i>Working memory, thought, and action</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tk1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tk1996_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, R. F., & Kim, J. J. (1996). Memory systems in the brain and localization of a memory. <i>Proceedings of the national academy of sciences</i>, 93(24), 13438-13444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (2003). Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory. <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i>, 29(2), 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9673.php">What is amnesia and how is it treated?</a>. <i>Medical News Today</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berman, M.G. (2009) In Search of Decay in Verbal Short Term Memory. <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i>, 35(2), pp. 317-333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, E. B. (2014). <i>Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience</i>. Nelson Education. p. 116，原版<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>："Memory is the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a>（encoding）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sperling, G. (1967). Successive approximations to a model for short term memory. <i>Acta Psychologica</i>, 27, 285-292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a>（storage）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AE%E7%B4%90%E6%9B%BC%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="馮紐曼架構">馮紐曼架構</a>（Von Neumann architecture）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noll, A. Michael (March 1971). "Scanned-Display Computer Graphics". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. 14 (3): 143–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coward, L. A. (1997, June). The pattern extraction architecture: A connectionist alternative to the von Neumann architecture. In <i>International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks</i> (pp. 634-643). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>（recall）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>（recognition）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（retrieval；將儲起咗嘅記憶攞出嚟用）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recogrecall-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-recogrecall_19-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-recogrecall_19-1">18.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decisionsciencenews.com/2006/09/27/recognition-vs-recall/">Recognition vs. Recall</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190118090047/http://www.decisionsciencenews.com/2006/09/27/recognition-vs-recall/">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年1月18號，.. <i>Decision Science News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="前額葉">前額葉</a>（prefrontal cortex，PFC）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="熟悉訊號">熟悉訊號</a>（familiarity signal）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%81%B4%E9%A1%B3%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="內側顳葉">內側顳葉</a>（medial temporal lobe）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henson, R. N. A., Cansino, S., Herron, J. E., Robb, W. G. K., & Rugg, M. D. (2003). A familiarity signal in human anterior medial temporal cortex?. <i>Hippocampus</i>, 13(2), 301-304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yonelinas, A. P., Otten, L. J., Shaw, K. N., & Rugg, M. D. (2005). Separating the brain regions involved in recollection and familiarity in recognition memory. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, 25(11), 3002-3008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3%E5%8C%96" title="習慣化">習慣化</a>（habituation）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Groves, P. M., & Thompson, R. F. (1970). Habituation: a dual-process theory. <i>Psychological review</i>, 77(5), 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fagan, J.F. (June 1974). "Infant recognition memory: the effects of length of familiarization and type of discrimination task". <i>Child Dev</i>. 45 (2): 351-356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a>（operant conditioning）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rovee-Collier, Carolyn (1999). "The Development of Infant Memory". <i>Current Directions in Psychological Science</i>. 8 (3): 80–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rovee-Collier, C.K., Bhatt, R.S. (1993). Ross Vasta, ed. Evidence of long-term retention in infancy. <i>Annals of Child Development</i>. 9. London: Jessica Kingsley Pub. pp. 1–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartshorn, K.; Rovee-Collier, C.; Gerhardstein, P.; et al. (March 1998). "The ontogeny of long-term memory over the first year-and-a-half of life". <i>Dev Psychobiol</i>. 32 (2): 69–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>延遲<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF" title="模仿">模仿</a></b>（deferred imitation）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meltzoff, A.N. (June 1995). "What infant memory tells us about infantile amnesia: long-term recall and deferred imitation". <i>J Exp Child Psychol</i>. 59 (3): 497–515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>引出模仿</b>（elicited imitation）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Patricia J. (2002). "Long-Term Recall Memory: Behavioral and Neuro-Developmental Changes in the First 2 Years of Life". <i>Current Directions in Psychological Science</i>. 11 (4): 137-141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Patricia J. (2007). <i>Remembering the times of our lives: memory in infancy and beyond</i>. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baron, A., & Surdy, T. M. (1990). Recognition memory in older adults: Adjustment to changing contingencies. <i>Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior', 54(3), 201-212.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>配對連結學習</b>（paired associate learning）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/paired-associate-learning">Paired-associate learning</a>". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kesner RP (2013). "A process analysis of the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus". <i>Front Cell Neurosci</i>. 7: 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="自由回想">自由回想</a>（free recall）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recall-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-recall_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/recall-memory">Recall (memory)</a>". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="系列位置效應">系列位置效應</a>（serial-position effect）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baddeley, Alan D., "<i>The Psychology of Memory</i>", pp. 131-132, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E9%86%92%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="提醒回想">提醒回想</a>（cued recall）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moult M. (2011) Cued Recall. In: Kreutzer J.S., DeLuca J., Caplan B. (eds) <i>Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology</i>. Springer, New York, NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>辨識實驗</b>（recognition experiment）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recognition-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-recognition_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/recognition-memory">Recognition (memory)</a>". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>探測範式</b>（detection paradigm）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabert, M. H., Chokron, S., Tang, C. Y., Wei, T., Brickman, A. M., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (2000). Visual target detection paradigm for the study of selective attention. <i>Brain Research Protocols</i>, 6(1-2), 80-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>節省法</b>（savings method）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalat, James W. (2013). <i>Introduction to Psychology</i>. Canada: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="感官記憶">感官記憶</a>（sensory memory）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senmem-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-senmem_54-0">53.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-senmem_54-1">53.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.human-memory.net/types_sensory.html">SENSORY MEMORY</a>. <i>The Human Memory</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>緩衝</b>（buffer）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winkler, Istvan; Nelson Cowan (2005). "From Sensory to Long-Term Memory Evidence from Auditory Memory Reactivation Studies". <i>Experimental Psychology</i>. 52 (1): 3–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="局部報告規範">局部報告規範</a>：partial report paradigm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sperling, G. (1963). "A Model for Visual Memory Tasks". <i>Hfs.sagepub.com</i>. 5 (1): 19–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson, Neil R. (2010). <i>Psychology: the science of behavior</i>. Boston, Mass: Allyn & Bacon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期記憶</a>（short-term memory）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen O.; Lisman J.E. (2005). "Hippocampal sequence-encoding driven by a cortical multi-item working memory buffer". <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. 28 (2): 67–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fransen E.; Alonso A.A.; Hasselmo M.E. (2002). "simulations of the role of the muscarinic-activated calcium-sensitive non-specific cation current I(NCM) in entorhinal neuronal activity during delayed matching tasks". <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. 22: 1081–1097.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%81%B4%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="背外側前額葉皮層">背外側前額葉皮層</a>（DLPFC）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89" title="頂葉">頂葉</a>（parietal lobe）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodner, M., Kroger, J., & Fuster, J. M. (1996). Auditory memory cells in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. <i>Neuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Butters, N., Samuels, I., Goodglass, H., & Brody, B. (1970). Short-term visual and auditory memory disorders after parietal and frontal lobe damage. <i>Cortex</i>, 6(4), 440-459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller,_G.A._1956-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_G.A._1956_67-0">66.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_G.A._1956_67-1">66.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, G.A. (March 1956). "The magical number seven plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information". <i>Psychol Rev</i>. 63 (2): 81-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A1%8A" title="分塊">分塊</a>（chunking）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowan, N (February 2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langint.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/intra_data/NobuyukiKawai/Kawai-Matsuzawa-Magical_number_5_in_a_chimpanzee.pdf">The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413104340/http://langint.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/intra_data/NobuyukiKawai/Kawai-Matsuzawa-Magical_number_5_in_a_chimpanzee.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年4月13號，." (PDF). <i>Behav Brain Sci</i>. 24 (1): 87–114, discussion 114–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conrad1964-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-conrad1964_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad, R. (1964). "Acoustic Confusions in Immediate Memory". <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. 55: 75–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（working memory，WM）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>中央處理</b>（central executive）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="語音循環">語音循環</a>（phonological loop）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E7%95%AB%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="視覺空間畫板">視覺空間畫板</a>（visuospatial sketchpad）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-badd2000-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-badd2000_75-0">74.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-badd2000_75-1">74.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Baddeley, A.D. (2000). "The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?". <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. 4 (11): 417–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="前額葉">前額葉</a>（prefrontal cortex）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89" title="頂葉">頂葉</a>（parietal lobe）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazz2012-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gazz2012_78-0">77.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gazz2012_78-1">77.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazzaley, A., & Nobre, A. C. (2012). Top-down modulation: bridging selective attention and working memory. <i>Trends in cognitive sciences</i>, 16(2), 129-135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazzaley A, et al. Functional connectivity during working memory maintenance. <i>Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci</i>. 2004; 4:580–599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. <i>Current directions in psychological science</i>, 11(1), 19-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期記憶</a>（long-term memory）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-izq1998-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-izq1998_82-0">81.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-izq1998_82-1">81.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Izquierdo, I., Medina, J. H., Izquierdo, L. A., Barros, D. M., de Souza, M. M., & e Souza, T. M. (1998). Short-and long-term memory are differentially regulated by monoaminergic systems in the rat brain. <i>Neurobiology of learning and memory</i>, 69(3), 219-224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kim1993-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kim1993_83-0">82.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kim1993_83-1">82.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim, J. J., Rison, R. A., & Fanselow, M. S. (1993). Effects of amygdala, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray lesions on short-and long-term contextual fear. <i>Behavioral neuroscience</i>, 107(6), 1093.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>（amygdala）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>（hippocampus；一個主要由<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA" title="灰質">灰質</a>組成嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberini, C. M. (2009). Transcription factors in long-term memory and synaptic plasticity. <i>Physiological reviews</i>, 89(1), 121-145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iflscience.com/brain/long-term-memories-may-not-be-stored-synapses-afterall/">Long Term Memories May Not Be Stored In Synapses Afterall</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808063610/http://www.iflscience.com/brain/long-term-memories-may-not-be-stored-synapses-afterall/">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2017年8月8號，.. <i>IFLScience!</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scoville W.B.; Milner B. (1957). "Loss of Recent Memory After Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions". <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry</i>. 20 (1): 11–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zola-Morgan, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (1990). The primate hippocampal formation: evidence for a time-limited role in memory storage. <i>Science</i>, 250(4978), 288-290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Addis, D. R., Moscovitch, M., Crawley, A. P., & McAndrews, M. P. (2004). Recollective qualities modulate hippocampal activation during autobiographical memory retrieval. <i>Hippocampus</i>, 14(6), 752-762.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%9E%8F%E5%9B%BA" title="記憶鞏固">鞏固</a>（consolidation）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="長期增強作用">長期增強作用</a>（long-term potentiation）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="長期抑制作用">長期抑制作用</a>（long-term depression）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tronson, N. C.; Taylor, J. R. (2007). "Molecular mechanisms of memory reconsolidation". <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. 8 (4): 262-275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubai2004-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dubai2004_94-0">93.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dubai2004_94-1">93.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudai, Y. (2004). "The Neurobiology of Consolidations, Or, How Stable is the Engram?". <i>Annual Review of Psychology</i>. 55: 51–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%86%8D%E9%9E%8F%E5%9B%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶再鞏固">再鞏固</a>（reconsolidation）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeDoux07-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LeDoux07_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">LeDoux J.E. (2007) <i>Consolidation: Challenging the traditional view</i>. In: Roediger, H.L., Dudai, Y. and Fitzpatrick S.M., eds. Science of Memory: Concepts. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 171–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, J. L. (2008). Memory reconsolidation mediates the strengthening of memories by additional learning. <i>Nature neuroscience</i>, 11(11), 1264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sara S.J. (2000). "Retrieval and reconsolidation: toward a neurobiology of remembering". <i>Learning and Memory</i>. 7 (2): 73–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91" title="蛋白合成抑制劑">蛋白合成抑制劑</a>（protein synthesis inhibitors）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudai Y. (2006). "Reconsolidation: the advantage of being refocused". <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</i>. 16 (2): 174–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, John R. (1976). <i>Language, memory, and thought</i>. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="外顯記憶">外顯記憶</a>（declarative memory / explicit memory）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brainhq.com/brain-resources/memory/types-of-memory/explicit-memory">Explicit Memory</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E5%92%97%E6%95%88%E5%98%85%E9%8F%88" title="Wikipedia:失咗效嘅鏈"><span title="">失咗效嘅鏈</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. <i>BrainHQ</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byrne2017-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-byrne2017_104-0">103.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-byrne2017_104-1">103.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrne, J. H. (2017). <i>Learning and memory: a comprehensive reference</i>. Academic Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="語義記憶">語義記憶</a>（semantic memory）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%AF%80%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="情節記憶">情節記憶</a>（episodic memory）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiggs, C. L., Weisberg, J., & Martin, A. (1998). Neural correlates of semantic and episodic memory retrieval. <i>Neuropsychologia</i>, 37(1), 103-118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%82%B3%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="自傳式記憶">自傳式記憶</a>（autobiographic memory）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">內隱記憶</a>（procedural memory / implicit memory）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/43595-procedural-memory.html">Procedural Memory: Definition and Examples</a>. <i>LIVESCIENCE</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mochizuki2008-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mochizuki2008_111-0">110.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mochizuki2008_111-1">110.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mochizuki-Kawai, H. (2008). Neural basis of procedural memory. <i>Brain and nerve= Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo</i>, 60(7), 825-832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%85%A6" title="小腦">小腦</a>（cerebellum）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Molinari, M., Leggio, M. G., Solida, A., Ciorra, R., Misciagna, S., Silveri, M. C., & Petrosini, L. (1997). Cerebellum and procedural learning: evidence from focal cerebellar lesions. <i>Brain: a journal of neurology</i>, 120(10), 1753-1762.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wegner, Daniel M. (2010). <i>Implicit Memory and Explicit Memory</i>. Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corkin97-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-corkin97_115-0">114.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-corkin97_115-1">114.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-corkin97_115-2">114.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Corkin S., Amaral D.G., Gonzalez R.G., Johnson K.A., Hyman, B.T. (1997). "H.M.'s medial temporal lobe lesion: Findings from magnetic resonance imaging". <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. 17: 3964–3979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loftus-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-loftus_116-0">115.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-loftus_116-1">115.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Loftus, Elizabeth F.; Palmer, John C. (1974). "Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory". <i>Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior</i>. 13 (5): 585–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loftus E.F., Palmer J.C. (1974). "Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory". <i>Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior</i>. 13 (5): 585–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loftus G.R. (1992). "When a lie becomes memory's truth: Memory distortion after exposure to misinformation". <i>Current Directions in Psychological Science</i>. 1 (4): 121–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garry M., Manning C.G., Loftus E.F., Sherman S.J. (1996). "Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred". <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review</i>. 3 (2): 208–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogenboom, Melissa (July 25, 2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-23447600">Scientists can implant false memories into mice</a>". <i>BBC News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goff L.M., Roediger H.L. (1998). "Imagination inflation for action events: Repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections". <i>Memory and Cognition</i>. 26: 20-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Julia; Porter, Stephen (2015). "Constructing Rich False Memories of Committing Crime". <i>Psychological Science</i>. 26 (3): 291–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gleaves, David H.; Smith, Steven M.; Butler, Lisa D.; Spiegel, David (2006). "False and Recovered Memories in the Laboratory and Clinic: A Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence". <i>Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice</i>. 11: 3-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="記憶障礙">記憶障礙</a>（memory disorder）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="失憶症">失憶症</a>（amnesia）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zola-Morgan S., Suire L.R. (1993). "Neuroanatomy of memory". <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. 16: 547–563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B2%99%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="高沙可夫症候群">高沙可夫症候群</a>（Korsakoff's syndrome）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nyssen R. (1960). "[Study of "amnesia of fixation" in Korsakoff's disease by non-repeated acquisition tests]". <i>Acta neurologica et psychiatrica Belgica</i> (法文). 60: 783–793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96" title="腦退化">腦退化</a>（Alzheimer's disease）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E9%87%91%E9%81%9C%E7%97%87" title="柏金遜症">柏金遜症</a>（Parkinson's disease）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss22/record2122.15.html">Memory of Time May Be Factor in Parkinson's</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122051413/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss22/record2122.15.html">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年1月22號，.". <i>Columbia.edu</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="超憶症">超憶症</a>（hyperthymesia）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19726431-600-forgetfulness-is-key-to-a-healthy-mind/">Forgetfulness is the Key to a Healthy Mind</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teti05-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-teti05_133-0">132.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-teti05_133-1">132.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Teti D.M. (2005). <i>Handbook of research methods in developmental science: New developments in the study of infant memory</i>. San Francisco: Blackwell Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, P.J.; Wiebe, S.A.; Carver, L.J.; Waters, J.M.; Nelson, C.A. (November 2003). "Developments in long-term explicit memory late in the first year of life: behavioral and electrophysiological indices". <i>Psychol Sci</i>. 14 (6): 629-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carver, L.J.; Bauer, P.J. (March 1999). "When the event is more than the sum of its parts: 9-month-olds' long-term ordered recall". <i>Memory</i>. 7 (2): 147-174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barr96-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-barr96_136-0">135.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-barr96_136-1">135.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Barr R.; Dowden A.; Hayne H. (1996). "Developmental changes in deferred imitation by 6- to 24-month-old infants". <i>Infant Behavior and Development</i>. 19 (2): 159–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer P.J. (2004). "Getting explicit memory off the ground: Steps toward construction of a neuro-developmental account of changes in the first two years of life". <i>Developmental Review</i>. 24 (4): 347–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carver, L.J.; Bauer, P.J. (December 2001). "The dawning of a past: the emergence of long-term explicit memory in infancy". <i>J Exp Psychol Gen</i>. 130 (4): 726–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowan, N., ed. (1997). <i>The development of memory in childhood</i>. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. <i>Journal of experimental psychology: learning, memory, and cognition</i>, 13(3), 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" title="幼兒期失憶">幼兒期失憶</a>（childhood amnesia）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science</i>, Cognitive Processes. John Wiley & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkin A.J.; Walter B.M.; Hunkin N.M. (1995). "Relationships between normal aging, frontal lobe function, and memory for temporal and spatial information". <i>Neuropsychology</i>. 9 (3): 304–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McIntyer J.S.; Craik F.I.M. (1987). "Age differences in memory for item and source information". <i>Canadian Journal of Psychology</i>. 41 (2): 175–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, A.S. (Mar 1991). "A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. 109 (2): 204–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers/causes-and-risk-factors">Causes and Risk Factors</a>. <i>Alzheimer's Association</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Budson, A. E., & Price, B. H. (2005). Memory dysfunction. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, 352(7), 692-699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwabe, L.; Wolf, O.T. (2010). "Learning under stress impairs memory formation". <i>Neurobiology of Learning and Memory</i>. 93 (2): 183-188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad C.D. (2010). "A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory". <i>Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry</i>. 34 (5): 742-755.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwabe, L.; Wolf, O.T. (2009). "The context counts: Congruent learning and testing environments prevent memory retrieval impairment following stress". <i>Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience</i>. 9 (3): 229–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwabe, L.; Bohringer, A.; Wolf, O.T. (2009). "Stress disrupts context-dependent memory". <i>Learning and Memory</i>. 16 (2): 110–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="糖皮質激素">糖皮質激素</a>（glucocorticoid）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatomir, A., Micu, C., & Crivii, C. (2014). The impact of stress and glucocorticoids on memory. <i>Clujul Medical</i>, 87(1), 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, L., & Banyard, V. L. (1998). <i>Trauma and memory</i>. Sage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reisberg, D., & Heuer, F. (2017). The influence of emotion on memory in forensic settings. In <i>The Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology: Volume I</i> (pp. 81-116). Psychology Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%B3%A2%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0" title="慢波睡眠">慢波睡眠</a>（slow-wave sleep）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karriem-norwood-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-karriem-norwood_161-0">156.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-karriem-norwood_161-1">156.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Karriem-Norwood, Varnada. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-deprivation-effects-on-memory#1">Sleep Deprivation and Memory Loss</a>". Web MD.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="新皮層">新皮層</a>（neocortex）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">磁力共振造影</a>（MRI）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellenbogen06-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ellenbogen06_164-0">159.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ellenbogen06_164-1">159.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellenbogen, J.M.; Hulbert, J.C.; Stickgold, R.; Dinges, D.F.; Thompson-Schill, S.L. (July 2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514201825/http://www.med.upenn.edu/uep/user_documents/Ellenbogen2006-Interferingwiththeoriesofsleepandmemory-sleepdeclarativememoryandassociativei.pdf">Interfering with theories of sleep and memory: sleep, declarative memory, and associative interference</a>" (PDF). <i>Curr. Biol</i>. 16 (13): 1290–1294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1" title="記憶痕跡">記憶痕跡</a>（engram / memory trace）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a>（mind-brain identity）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu, X., Ramirez, S., Pang, P. T., Puryear, C. B., Govindarajan, A., Deisseroth, K., Tonegawa, S. (22 March 2012). Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall. <i>Nature</i>, 22 March 2012 (Vol. 484 Issue. 7394 p. 381-385).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8B%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="紋狀體">紋狀體</a>（striatum）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%A0%AD%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94" title="乳頭狀體">乳頭狀體</a>（mammillary body）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laBar-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-laBar_170-0">165.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-laBar_170-1">165.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">LaBar K.S.; Cabeza R. (2006). "Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory". <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. 7 (1): 54-64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallistel-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gallistel_171-0">166.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gallistel_171-1">166.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gallistel_171-2">166.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gallistel_171-3">166.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallistel C.R.; King A.P. (2009). <i>Memory and the computational brain: Why cognitive science will transform neuroscience</i>. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallistel, C.R.; Matzel, Louis D. (2013-01-02). "The Neuroscience of Learning: Beyond the Hebbian Synapse". <i>Annual Review of Psychology</i>. 64 (1): 169-200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%87%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提升效應">記憶提升效應</a>（memory enhancement effect）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolphs R.; Cahill L.; Schul R.; Babinsky R. (1997). "Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans". <i>Learning & Memory</i>. 4 (3): 291-300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahill L.; Babinsky R.; Markowitsch H.J.; McGaugh J.L. (1995). "The amygdala and emotional memory". <i>Nature</i>. 377 (6547): 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trettenbrein, P.C. (2016-01-01). "The Demise of the Synapse As the Locus of Memory: A Looming Paradigm Shift?". <i>Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience</i>. 10 (88): 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, S., & Russell, L. (2012). Archaeology, memory and oral tradition: an introduction. <i>International Journal of Historical Archaeology</i>, 16(2), 267-283.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&section=33" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Memory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Memory"><span style="">記憶</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到香港繁體網頁">（香港繁體）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmsc-hk.com/zh-hk/about-hkime/">香港記憶教育協會</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/memory/">記憶</a>"，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E7%A6%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="史丹福哲學百科全書">史丹福哲學百科全書</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548yy">Memory on In Our Time</a>，BBC</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/memory.html">記憶力相關嘅資源</a>，NIH</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pmem20">記憶</a>，講記憶研究嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="學術期刊">學術期刊</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="記憶" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="Template:記憶"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="Template talk:記憶"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="記憶" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">記憶</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="入碼_·_儲藏_·_提取（回想_·_辨識）"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>）</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3%E5%8C%96" title="習慣化">習慣化</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="古典制約">古典制約</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="自由回想">自由回想</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="系列位置實驗">系列位置實驗</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="局部報告規範">局部報告規範</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%A4%8D%E5%85%A5" title="記憶植入">記憶植入</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%A0%B4%E7%9B%AA%E5%A4%B1%E8%B7%AF%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7" title="商場盪失路技巧">商場盪失路技巧</a>）</span></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimer_2686167_Dissociative.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alzheimer_2686167_Dissociative.svg/150px-Alzheimer_2686167_Dissociative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alzheimer_2686167_Dissociative.svg/225px-Alzheimer_2686167_Dissociative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alzheimer_2686167_Dissociative.svg/300px-Alzheimer_2686167_Dissociative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">記憶分類</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="感官記憶">感官記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="圖像記憶">圖像記憶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="回音記憶">回音記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%B8%E8%A6%BA%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="觸覺記憶">觸覺記憶</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="特徵整合論">特徵整合論</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%81%E5%AE%9A%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="綁定問題">綁定問題</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="伯特里工作記憶模型">伯特里模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="語音循環">語音循環</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E7%95%AB%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="視覺空間畫板">視覺空間畫板</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重編碼理論">雙重編碼理論</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E7%99%BC%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="促發效應">促發效應</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%87%E5%98%85%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%EF%BC%9A7%C2%B12" title="神奇嘅數字：7±2">神奇嘅數字：7±2</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="外顯記憶">外顯記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%AF%80%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="情節記憶">情節記憶</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="語義記憶">語義記憶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%82%B3%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="自傳式記憶">自傳式記憶</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%9E%8F%E5%9B%BA" title="記憶鞏固">記憶鞏固</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">內隱記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="肌肉記憶">肌肉記憶</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E5%85%89%E7%87%88%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="閃光燈記憶">閃光燈記憶</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜類型</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="視覺記憶">視覺記憶</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="空間記憶">空間記憶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="聯想式記憶">聯想式記憶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E8%83%8C" title="死背">死背</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%9B%9E%E6%86%B6" title="集體回憶">集體回憶</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="遺忘">遺忘</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="遺忘曲線">遺忘曲線</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" title="幼兒期失憶">幼兒期失憶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="記憶衰變理論">記憶衰變</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="記憶干擾理論">記憶干擾</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96%E5%BC%95%E7%99%BC%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="提取引發遺忘">提取引發遺忘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%E5%9E%8B%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="動機型遺忘">動機型遺忘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%A3%93%E6%8A%91%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="受壓抑記憶">受壓抑記憶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B7%E5%B0%96%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="脷尖現象">脷尖現象</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="記憶障礙">記憶障礙</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="失憶症">失憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E8%A1%8C%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="順行型失憶症">順行型</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%A1%8C%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="逆行型失憶症">逆行型</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="選擇性失憶症">選擇性</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="創傷後失憶症" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Post-traumatic amnesia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="創傷後失憶症 (無呢版)">創傷後</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia" class="extiw" title="en:Post-traumatic amnesia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-traumatic amnesia</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="短暫全部失憶症" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Transient global amnesia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E6%9A%AB%E5%85%A8%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="短暫全部失憶症 (無呢版)">短暫全部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia" class="extiw" title="en:Transient global amnesia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transient global amnesia</span></a></span>）</span></span>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B2%99%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="高沙可夫症候群">高沙可夫症候群</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96" title="腦退化">腦退化</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E9%87%91%E9%81%9C%E7%97%87" title="柏金遜症">柏金遜症</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="超憶症">超憶症</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="記憶誤差">記憶誤差</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="記憶偏誤">記憶偏誤</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="假記憶">假記憶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E6%8A%91%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="潛抑記憶">潛抑記憶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E6%80%A7%E7%95%99%E5%AD%98" title="選擇性留存">選擇性留存</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E8%86%A8%E6%BC%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="想像膨漲">想像膨漲</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="錯誤資訊效應" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Misinformation effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="錯誤資訊效應 (無呢版)">錯誤資訊效應</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Misinformation effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Misinformation effect</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="來源監察失誤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Source-monitoring error"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%E7%9B%A3%E5%AF%9F%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="來源監察失誤 (無呢版)">來源監察失誤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-monitoring_error" class="extiw" title="en:Source-monitoring error"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Source-monitoring error</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="武器集中" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Weapon focus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="武器集中 (無呢版)">武器集中</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_focus" class="extiw" title="en:Weapon focus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Weapon focus</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="曼德拉效應">曼德拉效應</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84" title="記憶改善">記憶改善</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%A1%93" title="記憶術">記憶術</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%AA%A6" title="複誦">複誦</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A1%8A" title="分塊">分塊</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="處理等級模型">處理等級模型</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有意義嘅學習" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Meaningful learning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9%E5%98%85%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有意義嘅學習 (無呢版)">有意義嘅學習</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaningful_learning" class="extiw" title="en:Meaningful learning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Meaningful learning</span></a></span>）</span></span>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E5%90%8C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="情感同記憶">情感同記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%87%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提升效應">記憶提升效應</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="情感衰退偏誤">情感衰退偏誤</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超常記憶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Exceptional memory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%B8%B8%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超常記憶 (無呢版)">超常記憶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional_memory" class="extiw" title="en:Exceptional memory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Exceptional memory</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%98%85%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="記憶嘅神經底質">神經相關</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1" title="記憶痕跡">記憶痕跡</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8B%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="紋狀體">紋狀體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%A0%AD%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94" title="乳頭狀體">乳頭狀體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="海伯理論">海伯理論</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="認知功能" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義網絡">語義網絡</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="擴散激活模型">擴散激活模型</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="心理壓力">心理壓力</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%8F%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="睏覺">睏覺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%B3%A2%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0" title="慢波睡眠">慢波睡眠</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94" title="電腦記憶體">記憶體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%BD%E9%9B%A3%E5%9E%8B%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="災難型遺忘">災難型遺忘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="心靈上載">心靈上載</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="Category:記憶">記憶類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="學習" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Template:學習"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:學習 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="學習" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="孔子話齋：「學而時習之，不亦悅乎？」"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>話齋：「學而時習之，不亦悅乎？」</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">基本<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>學習</b>可以泛指一個個體（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>或者第啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>都得）吸收<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD" title="技能">技能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>嘅過程</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">行為學習</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="聯想式學習">聯想式</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="古典制約">古典制約</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" title="行為強化">強化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0" title="行為懲罰">懲罰</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" title="銘印">銘印</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="觀察學習">觀察學習</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%B1%E5%8A%A9" title="習得型失助">習得型失助</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">行為概念</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="非聯想性學習">非聯想式</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3%E5%8C%96" title="習慣化">習慣化</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%8F%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="敏化作用">敏化作用</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3" title="習慣">習慣</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9" title="玩">玩</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">理論模型</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="學習曲線">學習曲線</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="遺忘曲線">遺忘曲線</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="海伯理論">海伯理論</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%AB%96" title="運算學習論">運算學習論</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%94%B9%E8%AE%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行為改變理論">行為改變理論</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">模型</a>） · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="遺忘">遺忘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E9%81%B7%E7%A7%BB" title="學習遷移">遷移</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%98%85%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="記憶嘅神經底質">記憶嘅神經底質</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1" title="記憶痕跡">記憶痕跡</a>） · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91" title="神經可塑">神經可塑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="犒賞系統">犒賞系統</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育學">教育</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="主動學習">主動學習</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="被動學習">被動學習</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="混合式學習">混合式學習</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%AB%E9%B4%A8%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="填鴨式教育">填鴨式教育</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="終身學習">終身學習</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%8A%E9%9B%A3%E5%BA%A6" title="有益難度">有益難度</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="管理學">管理</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="組織學習">組織學習</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E" title="知識傳遞">知識傳遞</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">知識管理</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="吸收能力">吸收能力</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">應用技術</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A8%93%E7%B7%B4" title="動物訓練">動物訓練</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">應用行為分析</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">SLA</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="強迫循環">強迫循環</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%9B%9E%E8%BC%B8" title="神經回輸">神經回輸</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="強化學習">RL</a>）</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="認知科學" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育學">教育學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="教育心理學">教育心理學</a>） · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">知識管理</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理">演繹推理</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96" title="貝葉斯推論">貝葉斯推論</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="先天知識">先天知識</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%87" title="好奇">好奇</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97" title="心流體驗">心流</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="適應系統">適應系統</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Category:學習">學習類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="認知" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template:認知"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template talk:認知"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="認知" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究認知嘅科學領域就係認知心理學">研究認知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="認知地圖">認知地圖</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="認知複雜度">認知複雜度</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">認知偏誤</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" title="認知偏誤一覽">一覽</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></span></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaticonbrain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/150px-Flaticonbrain.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/225px-Flaticonbrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/300px-Flaticonbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">心理實驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%AC%8E%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="解謎遊戲">解謎遊戲</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="認知模型">認知模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯結主義">聯結主義</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="認知架構">認知架構</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">認　<br />知　<br />功　<br />能　</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%8B" title="錯見">錯見</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="彩色視覺">彩色視覺</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%B7%B1%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="景深感知">景深感知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="形態感知">形態感知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%9B" title="周邊視力">周邊視力</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89" title="心理旋轉">心理旋轉</a>）</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高感知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="語音感知">語音感知</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A6%BA" title="時覺">時覺</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" title="錯覺">錯覺</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA" title="感官提示">感官提示</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="注意力長度">長度</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BF%83" title="分心">分心</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="人類多作業處理">多作業處理</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91" title="注意力導向">注意力導向</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="特徵整合論">特徵整合論</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="認知負荷">認知負荷</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="思維">思考</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="訊號探測理論">訊號探測</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="捷思法">捷思法</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察">洞察</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>知識 · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6" title="專家">專家知識</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">心靈模型</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜功能</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">語言認知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="後設認知">後設認知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="社會認知">社會認知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="心靈理論">心靈理論</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="管控功能">管控功能</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素">一般智能因素</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E5%84%AA" title="資優">資優</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D" title="天才">天才</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="植物智能">植物智能</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">相關領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="心腦領域" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">腦</a>領域</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學">運算神經科學</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量學</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="機械人學">機械人學</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a 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