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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manca_de_normas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manca_de_normas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manca de normas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manca_de_normas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isola_sosial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isola_sosial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Isola sosial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isola_sosial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-autoaliena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#autoaliena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>autoaliena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-autoaliena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aliena</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervreemding" title="Vervreemding – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vervreemding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="اغتراب اجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اغتراب اجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadla%C5%9Fma_(f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99)" title="Yadlaşma (fəlsəfə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yadlaşma (fəlsəfə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Алиенация (социология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алиенация (социология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienaci%C3%B3" title="Alienació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alienació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نامۆبوونی کۆمەڵایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نامۆبوونی کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odcizen%C3%AD_(filozofie)" title="Odcizení (filozofie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odcizení (filozofie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremmedg%C3%B8relse" title="Fremmedgørelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fremmedgørelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entfremdung" title="Entfremdung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Entfremdung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Social alienation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremdi%C4%9Do" title="Fremdiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fremdiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienaci%C3%B3n" title="Alienación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alienación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5%C3%B5randumine" title="Võõrandumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võõrandumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienazio" title="Alienazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alienazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="ازخودبیگانگی اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازخودبیگانگی اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaalinen_vieraantuminen" title="Sosiaalinen vieraantuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaalinen vieraantuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%C3%A9nation_sociale" title="Aliénation sociale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aliénation sociale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienaci%C3%B3n" title="Alienación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alienación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ניכור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניכור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otu%C4%91enje_(filozofija)" title="Otuđenje (filozofija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otuđenje (filozofija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elidegened%C3%A9s" title="Elidegenedés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elidegenedés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Օտարում (փիլիսոփայություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օտարում (փիլիսոփայություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienasi" title="Alienasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alienasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firring" title="Firring – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Firring" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienazione" title="Alienazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alienazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%8E%E5%A4%96" title="疎外 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="疎外" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Жатсыну – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жатсыну" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%99%B8" title="소외 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소외" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyenasyon" title="Aliyenasyon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aliyenasyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervreemding" title="Vervreemding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vervreemding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framandgjering" title="Framandgjering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Framandgjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremmedgj%C3%B8ring" title="Fremmedgjøring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fremmedgjøring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienacion" title="Alienacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alienacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienacja" title="Alienacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alienacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliena%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Alienação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alienação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Отчуждение (философия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отчуждение (философия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otu%C4%91enje" title="Otuđenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otuđenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation" title="Alienation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alienation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjet%C3%ABrsimi_shoq%C3%ABror" title="Tjetërsimi shoqëror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tjetërsimi shoqëror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%83%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Отуђење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отуђење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienasi" title="Alienasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alienasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation" title="Alienation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alienation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplumsal_yabanc%C4%B1la%C5%9Fma" title="Toplumsal yabancılaşma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toplumsal yabancılaşma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Читләшү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Читләшү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Відчуження (філософія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відчуження (філософія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begonalashuv" title="Begonalashuv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Begonalashuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ch_bi%E1%BB%87t_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Tách biệt xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tách biệt xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%95%B0%E5%8C%96" title="社會異化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社會異化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%95%B0%E5%8C%96" title="社會異化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會異化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q545825#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edita lias interlingual" class="wbc-editpage">Edita lias</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spasios de nom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aliena" title="Regarda la paje de contenida [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Paje</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discute:Aliena&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:CiteThisPage&page=Aliena&id=28472&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informa sur modos de refere a esta paje"><span>Refere a esta paje</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Flfn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAliena"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Flfn.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAliena"><span>Descarga codigo QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Primi/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Aliena"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">asconde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Vicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lfn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fix:William_Orpen_-_Zonnebeke_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/William_Orpen_-_Zonnebeke_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-William_Orpen_-_Zonnebeke_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/William_Orpen_-_Zonnebeke_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-William_Orpen_-_Zonnebeke_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/William_Orpen_-_Zonnebeke_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-William_Orpen_-_Zonnebeke_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Un depinta de la destrui de Zonnebeke, en 1918, mostrante la manca de sinifia de gera, par William Orpen</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aliena</b> es un conseta en la siensas umana cual descrive la move a via de un autonomia de se mesma, pe par deveni un sclavo, leteral o metaforal. La parola deriva de la latina <i>alienus</i> ("parteni a un otra"). En esta modo, lo refere ance a la diminui de la capasia per pensa e ata par sua propre vole. Un parola simil es "stranjeri", pd deveni un stranjer, ma con un conota plu tecnical. La terma es videda la plu comun como usada en teoria <a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">marxiste</a>, do lo ia deveni plu liada con la aliena par la laboror de sua produi e produidas, un resulta, seguente la teoria, de la sistem de <a href="/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme">capitalisme</a>. </p><p>Aliena ia es bon esplicada par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Seeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin Seeman (paje no esiste)">Melvin Seeman</a>, ci ia nota sinco aspetas de lo: </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manca_de_potia">Manca de potia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edita la parte: Manca de potia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edita</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Manca de potia"><span>edita la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aliena como un manca de potia es es definada par Seeman (1959) como "la espeta o probablia tenida par la individua ce sua proptre condui no pote determina la aveni de la resultas o reforti ce el desira". Seeman sujeste ce esta es la "idea de aliena como lo ia orijina en la vista marxian de la situa de la laboror en un sosia capitaliste: la laboror es alienada a la grado ce la direto e modo de deside es prendeda par la emprendores renante. Plu esata, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devorah_Kalekin-Fishman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devorah Kalekin-Fishman (paje no esiste)">Devorah Kalekin-Fishman</a> (1996) dise ce "un person sufri de aliena en la forma de manca de potia cuando el es consensa de un difere entre lo cual el ta desira fa e lo cual el senti capas de fa". </p><p>Cuando discute la manca de potia, Seeman (1966) inclui ance la oservas de la psicolojiste, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Rotter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Rotter (paje no esiste)">Julian Rotter</a>. Rotter distingui entre un loca de control interna e un loca de control esterna, cual sinifia "diferes (entre persones o situas) a la grado a cual susede o fali es atribuable a fatores esterna (pe fortuna, acaso, o otras ce ave potia), contra susede o fali cual es videda como la resulta de sua propre capasia o cualias". </p><p>Plu resente, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Geyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Geyer (paje no esiste)">Felix Geyer</a> (1996) ia nota ce "un tipo nova de manca de potia ia emerje, do la problem cor es no plu la manca de libria ma en loca, no ave la capas per eleje de un supraeleje de alternativas per ata, la segues de cual on no pote an comprende". Geyer usa un metafor sibernetical e scrive ce manca de potia es la resulta de renuri retardada: "la plu complicada sua ambiente, la plu tarde on es fasada con la segues ascondeda, e frecuente nonintendeda, de sua atas. Donce, par esta retarda de tempo cual oscura causa, ambos la recompensas e la punis per sua atas tende cresente es videda como acaso, comun con apatia e aliena como un resulta". </p><p>Un mostra de esta manca de potia pote es un senti de stranjeri de, e manca de engrana con, la sistem political. Esta aliena political pote result de no identifia con cualce partito o ideas political, e pote resulta en revolui o asteni de la prosedes political, incluinte la apatia de multe votores. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manca_de_sinifia">Manca de sinifia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edita la parte: Manca de sinifia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edita</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Manca de sinifia"><span>edita la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un sensa de sinifia ia es definada par Seeman (1959) como "la sensa de un person de comprende avenis en cual el partisipa". Seeman scrive ce manca de sinifia "es marcada par un espeta basa ce on pote predise sasiante resultas futur de sua condui. Manca de potia refere a la sensa de noncapasia per controla resultes, esta refere a la sensa de noncapasia per predise resultas. Seeman sujeste ce "la idea ce on vive en un mundo comprendable pote es un nesesada per espetas per controla; e la noncomprendablia de avenis complicada es suposada como conduinte a la developa de espetas alta per control esterna (pd manca de potia alta)". </p><p>Geyer (1996) crede ce manca de sinifia debe es reinterpretada per la eda posmoderne: "Con la aselera de prosede de informa... manca de sinifia es no plu un caso de esce on pote aplica sinifia a informa entrante, ma esce on pote developa metodos de scana sufisinte per colie la informa pertinente a sua nesesadas, e ance como prosedes de eleje plu efetosa per preveni es supracargada par la informa on no nesesa, ma es bombardada frecuente". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manca_de_normas">Manca de normas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edita la parte: Manca de normas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edita</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Manca de normas"><span>edita la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manca de normas (cual <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Durkheim (paje no esiste)">Émile Durkheim</a> ia nomi <i>anomie</i>) "indica la situa en cual la normas sosial cual regula condui individua ia es rompeda o es no plu efetosa como regulas per condui". Esta aspeta refere a la noncapasia per identifia la valuas dominante de sua sosia o, plu bon, con cual es persepida como la valuas dominante de sua sosia. Seeman (1959) ajunta ce esta aspeta pote mostra se en un modo spesial negativa, "la situa de manca de normas pote es definada como un en cual on ave un espeta alta ce conduis no aprobada par sosia es nesesada per ateni goles spesifada". </p><p>Neal e Collas (2000) scrive: "Manca de normas deriva partal de situas de complica e conflita en cual individuas deveni nonclar sur la composa e enforsa de normas sosial. Cambias subita e brusca en la state de vive, e la normas cual usual funsiona pote no pare sufisinte como gidas per condui". Esta es la problem spesifada pos la cade de la Uni Soviet, migras grande de paises povre a paises rica, e la senti jeneral de desilude cual marca la desenio de 1990. Valuas tradisional cual ia es ja dutada (spesial en la desenio de 1960) ia es fasada con plu setisme en la desenio de 1990, resultante en un situa do individuas depende plu de sua propre judi ca de instituidas de autoria: "la individua ia deveni no sola plu autonom de eglesas, ma de otra instituis sosial ance. La individua pote fa plu elejes personal en multe plu situas de vive ca a ante" (Halman, 1998). Esta elejes no es nesesada "negativa": La studia par Halman ia trova ce europeanes ia resta relativa como conserviste regardante moralia, an si la autoria de la eglesa e otra instituis ia es erodeda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isola_sosial">Isola sosial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edita la parte: Isola sosial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edita</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Isola sosial"><span>edita la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isola sosial refere a "la senti de es segregada de sua comunia". Neal e Collas (2000) asentua la sinifia de isola sosial en la mundo moderne: "an si isola sosial es esperiada tipal como un forma de stresa personal, sua fontes es caxida profonda en la organiza sosial de la mundo moderne Con la crese de isola e "atomi", multe de nosa interatas dial es con persones ci es stranjeres a nos e con los ci nos no ave relatas sosial corente." </p><p>De la cade de la <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> e la fini de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gera_Fria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gera Fria (paje no esiste)">Gera Fria</a>, migrores de Europa este e la paises povre ia core a la paises plu rica, xercante per un nivel plu bon de vive. Esta ia condui a comunias intera deveninte desradisida: no plu un parte completa de sua pais orijinal, ma no integrada en sua comunias adotada. Senekal (2010) nota ce "comunias de poca revenu o minorias relijiosa pote senti separada de sosia dominante, cual resulta en contrareatas como la disturbas sivil cual aveni en la sites de Frans en otobre 2005. La fato ce la tumultos ia sperde a ante a Beljia, Danmarc, Deutxland, Nederland, Espania, Elas, e Suiz, mostra ce esta comunias no sola senti segregada de la sosia dominante, ma ce los ia trova un comunia en sua isola; los ia regarda se como spiritos familial". </p><p>Aliena es ance trovada en la veteranes de geras resente. Car los ia esperia unia de sua grupo intensa, e la difisilia dial de combata, multe veteranes senti aliena de otra sitadanes, sua familias, e sua amis cuando los reveni de la gera. Los senti comun ce los ave poca comunalia con sua coedales sivilian; problemes cual conserna amis e famlia pare trivial pos combata. On ave un claria de foca e intende cual es esperiada en gera ce poca persones en vive sivilian pote esperia. </p><p>Un conseta usada en regarda a relatas spesifada es lo de aliena de jenitores, do un enfante deveni distante de e espresa un nongusta jeneral per un (o ambos) de sua jenitores (ci ia divorsa o separa). La aliena de jenitores pote es la resulta de influes spesial de un de la jenitores o de la dinamica de la familia intera. Enfantes ci ia es adotada pote senti aliena de sua familia adotada e de sua jenitores biolojial. </p><p>Aliena familial entre jenitores e sua enfantes adulte inclui fatores biolojial, psicolojial, sosial, e strutural afetante la familia, sindromes de afisa, valuas e credes nonacordada, espetas nonrealida, avenis e cambias importante de vive, e modos de comunica nonefica. Aliena familial emosial es un modo de vive comun per multe persones, si lo es esperiada como inondante, o lo no es asetada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="autoaliena">autoaliena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edita la parte: autoaliena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edita</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: autoaliena"><span>edita la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autoaliena es un conseta liscosa, como reconoseda par Seeman (1959), an ci el ia inclui lo en sua model de aliena. Alga persones, con Marx, vide auto-aliena como la resulta final, e donce la cor, de aliena sosial. Autoaliena pote es definada como "la state psicolojial de nega sua propre intereses, de xerca ativias cual es esterna sasiante en loca de interna sasiante..." Lo pote es descriveda como un senti de deveni un stranjer a se mesma, o a alga partes de se mesma, o alternativa como un problem de autosabia, o autenticia. </p><p>Seeman (1959) ia reconose la problemes de defina la se-mesma, e posmodernisme spesial ia duta an la posiblia de defina esata cual on es. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_J._Gergen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth J. Gergen (paje no esiste)">Kenneth J. Gergen</a> (1996) razona ce: "la vista tradisional de se-mesma contra sosia es profonda problemosa e debe es reponeda par un conseta de la se-mesma como sempre ja inondada en relata. Per esta razona, la lamenta de la individua de "no parteni" es partal un suproduida de discutes tradisional mesma". Si la se-mesma es composada relatal, es parlante de "autoaliena" razonable, en loca de "isola sosial"? </p><p>Ma la demanda "ci me es?", oiada frecuente de adolesentes e, en nosa eda, adultes ance, ave un sinifia, a min a los ce demanda lo. An con un ambiente de relatas, multe persones vole sabe sua sinifia separada de sua sosia, cultur, relijio, etnico, credes political e economia, e sua benes material, sania o maladias, casa e ambiente, etc. Un demanda cual es a la mentes de multe es "si me perde tota cosas e relatas, cual resta?" Si la responde es "no cosa", on sufri de autoaliena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referes">Referes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edita la parte: Referes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edita</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliena&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Referes"><span>edita la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geyer, Felix (2001) Alienation, Sociology of in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Paul Baltes and Neil Smelser, Eds., London: Elsevier </p><p>Seeman, Melvin (1959). "On the meaning of alienation." American Sociological Review 23:783-91. </p><p>Seeman, Melvin (1991). "Alienation and anomie." Chapter 7 en J. Robinson, et. al., Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. NY: Academic. </p><p>(noncompleta) </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retraeda de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aliena&oldid=28472">https://lfn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aliena&oldid=28472</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Categories" title="Spesial:Categories">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Sosiolojia" title="Categoria:Sosiolojia">Sosiolojia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Psicolojia" title="Categoria:Psicolojia">Psicolojia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La edita la plu resente de esta paje ia es a 17 maio 2019, a 17:57</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Testo es disponeda su la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Lisensa Attribution-ShareAlike de Creative Commons</a>; plu restrinjes pote pertine. 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