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Dhakal</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Keshav Raj Dhakal"> <meta name="keywords" content="Keshav Raj Dhakal"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Keshav Raj Dhakal"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 28</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Keshav Raj Dhakal</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Earthquake Effect in Micro Hydro Sector: Case Study of Dulakha District, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keshav%20Raj%20Dhakal">Keshav Raj Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jit%20Bahadur%20Rokaya%20Chhetri"> Jit Bahadur Rokaya Chhetri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Micro Hydro (MH) is one of the successful technology in Rural Nepal. Out of 75 district, 59 districts have installed 1287 MH projects with a total capacity of 24 Mega Watt (MW). Now, the challenge is how to sustain them. Dolakha is a prominent district for sustainable endues of power to sustain the MH projects. A total of 37 MH projects have been constructed with producing 886 Kilo Watt (KW) of energy in the district. This study traces out the impact of earthquake in MH sector in Dolakha district. It shows that 59 % of projects have been affected by devastating earthquake in April and May, 2015 where 29 % are completely damaged. Most of the damages are in civil structures like Penstock, forebay, power house, Canal, Intake. Transmission and distribution line have been partially damaged. This paper analysis failure of the civil structural component of MH projects and its financial consequence to the community. This study recommends that a disaster impact assessment is essential before construction of MH projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20hydro" title="micro hydro">micro hydro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake"> earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20failure" title=" structural failure"> structural failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20consequence" title=" financial consequence"> financial consequence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48230/earthquake-effect-in-micro-hydro-sector-case-study-of-dulakha-district-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Analytical Study of CPU Scheduling Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keshav%20Rathi">Keshav Rathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aakriti%20Sharma"> Aakriti Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinayak%20R.%20Dinesh"> Vinayak R. Dinesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irfan%20Ramzan%20Parray"> Irfan Ramzan Parray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Scheduling is a basic operating system function since practically all computer resources are scheduled before use. The CPU is one of the most important computer resources. Central Processing Unit (CPU) scheduling is vital because it allows the CPU to transition between processes. A processor is the most significant resource in a computer; the operating system can increase the computer's productivity. The objective of the operating system is to allow as many processes as possible to operate at the same time in order to maximize CPU utilization. The highly efficient CPU scheduler is based on the invention of high-quality scheduling algorithms that meet the scheduling objectives. In this paper, we reviewed various fundamental CPU scheduling algorithms for a single CPU and showed which algorithm is best for the particular situation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20science" title="computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Operating%20system" title=" Operating system"> Operating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CPU%20scheduling" title=" CPU scheduling"> CPU scheduling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cpu%20algorithms" title=" cpu algorithms"> cpu algorithms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194885/analytical-study-of-cpu-scheduling-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194885.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">6</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Comparative Study of Compressive Strength of Triangular Polyester Fiber with Fly Ash Roller Compacted Concrete Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pramod%20Keshav%20Kolase">Pramod Keshav Kolase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atul%20K.%20Desai"> Atul K. Desai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the experimental investigation results of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) tests conducted on roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) material containing Class F fly ash of as mineral admixture and triangular polyester fiber as a secondary reinforcement. The each mix design series fly ash content is varied from 0% to 45 % and triangular polyester fiber 0% to 0.75% by volume fraction. In each series and for different ages of curing (i.e. 7, 28 and 90 days) forty-eight cube specimens are cast and tested for compressive strength and UPV. The UPV of fly ash was found to be lower for all mixtures at 7 days in comparison with control mix concrete. But at 28, 56 days and 90 days the UPV were significantly improved for all the mixes. Relationships between compressive strength of RCCP and UPV and Dynamic Elastic Modulus are proposed for all series mixes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title="compressive strength">compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20elastic%20modulus" title=" dynamic elastic modulus"> dynamic elastic modulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber" title=" fiber"> fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roller%20compacted%20concrete" title=" roller compacted concrete"> roller compacted concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20pulse%20velocity" title=" ultrasonic pulse velocity"> ultrasonic pulse velocity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58794/comparative-study-of-compressive-strength-of-triangular-polyester-fiber-with-fly-ash-roller-compacted-concrete-using-ultrasonic-pulse-velocity-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58794.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> An Alternative Institutional Design for Efficient Management of Nepalese Irrigation Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tirtha%20Raj%20Dhakal">Tirtha Raj Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brian%20Davidson"> Brian Davidson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bob%20Farquharson"> Bob Farquharson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Institutional design is important if water resources are to be managed efficiently. In Nepal, the supply of water in both farmer- and agency-managed irrigation systems is inefficient because of the weak institutional frameworks. This type of inefficiency is linked with collective problems such as non-excludability of irrigation water, inadequate recognition of property rights and externalities. Irrigation scheme surveys from Nepal as well as existing literature revealed that the Nepalese irrigation sector is facing many issues such as low cost recovery, inadequate maintenance of the schemes and inefficient allocation and utilization of irrigation water. The institutional practices currently in place also fail to create/force any incentives for farmers to use water efficiently and to pay for its use. This, thus, compels the need of refined institutional framework that can address the collective problems and improve irrigation efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agency-managed" title="agency-managed">agency-managed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20recovery" title=" cost recovery"> cost recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farmer-managed" title=" farmer-managed"> farmer-managed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20design" title=" institutional design"> institutional design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62687/an-alternative-institutional-design-for-efficient-management-of-nepalese-irrigation-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62687.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Waste Bone Based Catalyst: Characterization and Esterification Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Keshav">Amit Keshav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Waste bone, produced in large quantity (8-10 kg./day) from a slaughterhouse, could be a cheap (cost $0.20 per kg) substitute for commercial catalysts. In the present work, catalyst for esterification reaction was prepared from waste bone and characterized by various techniques. Bone was deoiled and then sulfonated. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of prepared catalyst predicted –OH vibration at 3416 and 1630 cm⁻¹, S-O stretching at 1124 cm⁻¹ and intense bands of hydroxypatite in a region between 500 and 700 cm⁻¹. X-ray diffraction (XRD) predicts peaks of hydroxyapatite, CaO, and tricalcium phosphate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to reveal the presence of non-uniformity deposited fine particles on the catalyst surface that represents active acidic sites. The prepared catalyst was employed to study its performance on esterification reaction between acrylic acid and ethanol in a molar ratio of 1:1 at a set temperature of 60 °C. Results show an equilibrium conversion of 49% which is matched to the commercial catalysts employed in literature. Thus waste bone could be a good catalyst for acrylic acid removal from waste industrial streams via the process of esterification.Keywords— Heterogeneous catalyst, characterization, esterification, equilibrium conversion <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalyst" title="heterogeneous catalyst">heterogeneous catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=esterification" title=" esterification"> esterification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equilibrium%20conversion" title=" equilibrium conversion"> equilibrium conversion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112071/waste-bone-based-catalyst-characterization-and-esterification-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Evolution of Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Nigeria: Lagos Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinedu%20Bevis%20Dibia">Chinedu Bevis Dibia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hom%20Nath%20Dhakal"> Hom Nath Dhakal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effective waste management in sub-Saharan Africa has been identified as a means of resolving the wicked problems posed by climate change. Municipal solid waste management in Nigeria could be argued to be ineffective and unsustainable, despite the tag of sustainable ascribed to most municipalities’ waste management. Relatively, few studies have enquired on the evolution of Sustainable Municipal Waste Management (SMWM) in Nigeria. The main objective of this research is to examine the evolution of SMWM in Nigeria using Lagos state as a case study. A qualitative method was used as methodology, soft systems analysis is the main tool of evaluation. Results indicated that effective policy implementation and management is the main challenge to the proper evolution of SMWM. These findings highlight the relevance of effective stakeholder’s engagement and management, policy consistency as major determinants in SMWM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20income%20localities" title="high income localities">high income localities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20middle%20income%20localities" title=" low middle income localities"> low middle income localities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMWM" title=" SMWM"> SMWM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upper%20middle%20income%20localities" title=" upper middle income localities"> upper middle income localities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20collection" title=" waste collection"> waste collection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20disposal" title=" waste disposal"> waste disposal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103338/evolution-of-sustainable-municipal-solid-waste-management-in-nigeria-lagos-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103338.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Acute Superior Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis Leading to Pneumatosis Intestinalis and Portal Venous Gas in a Young Adult after COVID-19 Vaccination</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prakash%20Dhakal">Prakash Dhakal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is diagnosed via computed tomography due to unusual imaging features. HPVG, when linked with pneumatosis intestinalis, has a high mortality rate and requires urgent intervention. We present a case of a 26-year-old young adult with superior mesenteric artery thrombosis who presented with severe abdominal pain. He had a history of COVID vaccination (First dose of COVISHILED) 15 days back. On imaging, HPVG and pneumatosis intestinalis were seen owing to the urgent intervention of the patient. The reliable interpretation of the imaging findings along with quick intervention led to a favorable outcome in our case. Herein we present a thorough review of the patient with a history of COVID-19 vaccination with superior mesenteric artery thrombosis leading to bowel ischemia and hepatic portal venous gas. The patient underwent subtotal small bowel resection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19%20vaccination" title="COVID-19 vaccination">COVID-19 vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMA%20thrombosis" title=" SMA thrombosis"> SMA thrombosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=portal%20venoius%20gas" title=" portal venoius gas"> portal venoius gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pneumatosis%20intestinalis" title=" pneumatosis intestinalis"> pneumatosis intestinalis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158107/acute-superior-mesenteric-artery-thrombosis-leading-to-pneumatosis-intestinalis-and-portal-venous-gas-in-a-young-adult-after-covid-19-vaccination" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Gender and Change of Socio-Cultural Behavior: A Case Study of Sarangkot VDC of Kaski District</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Padam%20Pandey">Padam Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhu%20Sudan%20Dhakal"> Madhu Sudan Dhakal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a consequence of being a patrimonial society, most of the Nepalese women work inside the house and take care their children. Men are always regarded to be responsible for managing fund to fulfill the family requirement. Outgoing men of 25-35 for employment in foreign country is a common practice. In the absence of man, women aged of 20-45 have to be active in society. The responsibility of women is not only looking after inside the house but also leading the society. This study analysis gender aspect of household work and involvement in the society. This study shows that women are leading 56% different organizations in the society where 51% women spend more than 54% time in community development work. The involvement of man in the house work has significantly increased. The women leadership has succeeded to show the transparency in all the community development activities. It shows a model of social harmony, solidarity, and unity in the Sarankot Village Development Committee. Social behavior change towards women is a milestone of sustainable community development. This study recommends that the equal participation is essential to sustain community development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title="gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20leadership" title=" women leadership"> women leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20harmony" title=" social harmony"> social harmony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unity%20sustainable%20development" title=" unity sustainable development"> unity sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47957/gender-and-change-of-socio-cultural-behavior-a-case-study-of-sarangkot-vdc-of-kaski-district" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Study on Compressive Strength and Setting Time of Fly Ash Concrete after Slump Recovery Using Superplasticizer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaiyakrit%20Raoupatham">Chaiyakrit Raoupatham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%20Hari%20Dhakal"> Ram Hari Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chalermchai%20Wanichlamlert"> Chalermchai Wanichlamlert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fresh concrete that is on bound to be rejected due to belated use either from delay construction process or unflavored traffic cause delay on concrete delivering can recover the slump and use once again by introduce second dose of superplasticizer(naphthalene based type F) into system. By adding superplasticizer as solution for recover unusable slump loss concrete may affects other concrete properties. Therefore, this paper was observed setting time and compressive strength of concrete after being re-dose with chemical admixture type F (superplasticizer, naphthalene based) for slump recovery. The concrete used in this study was fly ash concrete with fly ash replacement of 0%, 30% and 50% respectively. Concrete mix designed for test specimen was prepared with paste content (ratio of volume of cement to volume of void in the aggregate) of 1.2 and 1.3, water-to-binder ratio (w/b) range of 0.3 to 0.58, initial dose of superplasticizer (SP) range from 0.5 to 1.6%. The setting time of concrete were tested both before and after re-dosed with different amount of second dose and time of dosing. The research was concluded that addition of second dose of superplasticizer would increase both initial and final setting times accordingly to dosage of addition. As for fly ash concrete, the prolongation effect was higher as the replacement of fly ash is increase. The prolongation effect can reach up to maximum about 4 hours. In case of compressive strength, the re-dosed concrete has strength fluctuation within acceptable range of ±10%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title="compressive strength">compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash%20concrete" title=" fly ash concrete"> fly ash concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20dose%20of%20superplasticizer" title=" second dose of superplasticizer"> second dose of superplasticizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=setting%20times" title=" setting times"> setting times</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41123/study-on-compressive-strength-and-setting-time-of-fly-ash-concrete-after-slump-recovery-using-superplasticizer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Whether Buffer Zone Community Forests’ Benefits Are Distributed Fairly to Low-Income Users: Reflection From the Buffer Zone Community Forests in Bardia National Park, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keshav%20Raj%20Acharya">Keshav Raj Acharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thakur%20Silwal"> Thakur Silwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neelam%20C.%20Poudyal"> Neelam C. Poudyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Buffer zones, the peripheral areas around the national parks and wildlife reserves, are available for the purpose of benefitting the local inhabitants by providing forest products for subsistence needs of basic forest products outside the protected areas. The forest area within the buffer zone has been managed as a buffer zone community forest (BZCF) for the last 25 years after the approval of the buffer zone management regulation 1996. With a case study of select BZCF in Bardia National Park, this study aims to analyze whether the benefit provided by BZCF is equally available to poor users among other socioeconomic classes of the users. The findings are based on the analysis of cross-sectional data involving household surveys (n=305) and key informants’ interviews (n=10) as well as office records available at different 5 buffer zone community forest user groups offices. Results indicate that despite the provisions of subsidized rates for poor; poor households were more deprived due to higher forest products price particularly, the timber price in buffer zone. Evidence also indicate that due to the increased forest coverage, the incidence of wildlife damage has also increased and impacted the poor more due to lack of land ownership as well as limited alternatives. Clear community forest management guidelines with equitable benefit sharing and compensatory mechanisms to the users of poor socioeconomic class have been identified as a solution to increase the benefit to poor users in BZCFUGs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crop%20depredation" title="crop depredation">crop depredation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20products" title=" forest products"> forest products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=users" title=" users"> users</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wellbeing%20ranking" title=" wellbeing ranking"> wellbeing ranking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181566/whether-buffer-zone-community-forests-benefits-are-distributed-fairly-to-low-income-users-reflection-from-the-buffer-zone-community-forests-in-bardia-national-park-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181566.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">51</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Institutional Design for Managing Irrigation Problems: A Case Study of Farmers'- and Agency-Managed Irrigation Systems of Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tirtha%20Raj%20Dhakal">Tirtha Raj Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brian%20Davidson"> Brian Davidson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bob%20Farquharson"> Bob Farquharson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Institutional design is an important aspect in efficient water resource management. In Nepal, the water supply in both farmers’- and agency-managed irrigation systems has become sub-standard because of the weak institutional framework. This study characterizes both forms of the schemes and links existing institution and governance of the schemes with its performance with reference to cost recovery, maintenance of the schemes and water distribution throughout the schemes. For this, two types of surveys were conducted. A management survey of ten farmers’-managed and five agency-managed schemes of Chitwan valley and its periphery was done. Also, a farm survey comprising 25 farmers from each of head, middle and tail regions of both schemes; Narayani Lift Irrigation Project (agency-managed) and Khageri Irrigation System (farmers’-managed) of Chitwan Valley as a case study was conducted. The results showed that cost recovery of agency-managed schemes in 2015 was less than two percent whereas service fee collection rate in farmers’-managed schemes was nearly 2/3rd that triggered poor maintenance of the schemes and unequal distribution of water throughout the schemes. Also, the institution on practice is unable to create any incentives for farmers for economical use of water as well as willingness to pay for its use. This, thus, compels the need of refined institutional framework which has been suggested in this paper aiming to improve the cost recovery and better water distribution throughout the irrigation schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20recovery" title="cost recovery">cost recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institution" title=" institution"> institution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=schemes%27%20performance" title=" schemes' performance"> schemes' performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54452/institutional-design-for-managing-irrigation-problems-a-case-study-of-farmers-and-agency-managed-irrigation-systems-of-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Assessment of Major Feed Resources and Its Utilization in Manaslu Conservation Area Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabita%20Subedi">Sabita Subedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhojan%20Dhakal"> Bhojan Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shankar%20Raj%20Pant"> Shankar Raj Pant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naba%20Raj%20Devkota"> Naba Raj Devkota</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An assessment was made about the available feed resources, its utilization pattern, specifically, roughage and concentrate, produced from the Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA) of Nepal to formulate the appropriate strategies in satisfying the annual dietary requirements of the livestock covering its present production and management scenarios. A comparative study was done by employing a purposively conducted survey to deduct the distribution of forage sources in the area. Findings revealed that natural vegetation, seasonally available crop residues, and dried grasses were major feed resources, whereas their contribution to the total supply varied significantly (p < 0.01). The amount of feed obtained from various sources was calculated by standard conversion and using primary household data. Findings revealed that farmers practice significantly higher (p < 0.01) number of grazing days and hours per day for large ruminants such as Yak and Chauries as compared to small ruminants such as goats and sheep. The findings also indicated seasonal variations of feed supply, whereas January to March is the period of short supply (p < 0.01). It was relatively in good supply from June to September though average roughage and crude protein supplement for the animals was far below than optimum requirements. These scenarios suggest the need for immediate attention to improve the range productivity in the MCA as the deteriorating situations of the rangelands may raise questions on the sustainability of livestock herders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=altitude" title="altitude">altitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carrying%20capacity" title=" carrying capacity"> carrying capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dietary%20requirement" title=" dietary requirement"> dietary requirement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feed%20resources" title=" feed resources"> feed resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rangeland" title=" rangeland"> rangeland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ruminant" title=" ruminant"> ruminant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119986/assessment-of-major-feed-resources-and-its-utilization-in-manaslu-conservation-area-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119986.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Leaves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Keshav">Amit Keshav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alok%20Sharma"> Alok Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bidyut%20Mazumdar"> Bidyut Mazumdar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <em>Colocasia esculenta</em> leaves and roots are widely used in Asian countries, such as, India, Srilanka and Pakistan, as food and feed material. The root is high in carbohydrates and rich in zinc. The leaves and stalks are often traditionally preserved to be eaten in dry season. Leaf juice is stimulant, expectorant, astringent, appetizer, and otalgia. Looking at the medicinal uses of the plant leaves; phytochemicals were extracted from the plant leaves and were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to find the functional groups. Phytochemical analysis of <em>Colocasia esculenta</em> (L.) leaf was studied using three solvents (methanol, chloroform, and ethanol) with soxhlet apparatus. Powder of the leaves was employed to obtain the extracts, which was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for phytochemical content using standard methods. Phytochemical constituents were abundant in the leave extract. Leaf was found to have various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, oxalates and phenols etc., which could have lot of medicinal benefits such as reducing headache, treatment of congestive heart failure, prevent oxidative cell damage etc. These phytochemicals were identified using UV spectrophotometer and results were presented. In order to find the antioxidant activity of the extract, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method was employed using ascorbic acid as standard. DPPH scavenging activity of ascorbic acid was found to be 84%, whereas for ethanol it was observed to be 78.92%, for methanol: 76.46% and for chloroform: 72.46%. Looking at the high antioxidant activity, <em>Colocasia esculenta</em> may be recommended for medicinal applications. The characterizations of functional groups were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20activity" title="antioxidant activity">antioxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colocasia%20esculenta" title=" Colocasia esculenta"> Colocasia esculenta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaves" title=" leaves"> leaves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97845/phytochemical-analysis-and-antioxidant-activity-of-colocasia-esculenta-l-leaves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97845.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Problems Associated with Fibre-Reinforced Composites Ultrasonically-Assisted Drilling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sikiru%20Oluwarotimi%20Ismail">Sikiru Oluwarotimi Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hom%20Nath%20Dhakal"> Hom Nath Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anish%20Roy"> Anish Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20Wang"> Dong Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20Popov"> Ivan Popov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ultrasonically-assisted drilling (UAD) is a non-traditional technique which involves the superimposition of a high frequency and low amplitude vibration, usually greater than 18kHz and less than 20µm respectively, on a drill bit along the feed direction. UAD has remarkable advantages over the conventional drilling (CD), especially the high drilling-force reduction. Force reduction improves the quality of the drilled holes, reduces power consumption rate and cost of production. Nevertheless, in addition to the setbacks of UAD including expensiveness of set-up, unpredicted results and chipping effects, this paper presents the problems of insignificant force reduction and poor surface quality during UAD of hemp fibre-reinforced composites (HFRCs), a natural composite, with polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix. The experimental results obtained depict that HFRCs/PCL samples have more burnt chip-materials attached on the drilled holes during UAD than CD. This effect produced a very high surface roughness (Ra), up to 13µm. In a bid to reduce these challenges, different drilling parameters (feed rates and cutting speeds, frequencies and amplitudes for UAD), conditions (dry machining and airflow cooling) and diameters of drill bits (3mm and 6mm of high speed steel), as well as HFRCs/PCL samples of various fibre aspect ratios, including 0 (neat), 19, 26, 30 and 38 have been used. However, the setbacks still persisted. Evidently, the benefits of UAD are not obtainable for the drilling of the HFRCs/PCL laminates. These problems occurred due to the 60 °C melting temperature of PCL, quite lower than 56-90.2 °C and 265–290.8 °C composite-tool interface temperature during CD and UAD respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=force%20reduction" title="force reduction">force reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemp%20fibre-reinforced%20composites" title=" hemp fibre-reinforced composites"> hemp fibre-reinforced composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonically-assisted%20drilling" title=" ultrasonically-assisted drilling"> ultrasonically-assisted drilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20quality" title=" surface quality"> surface quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39473/problems-associated-with-fibre-reinforced-composites-ultrasonically-assisted-drilling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">438</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Estimation Model for Concrete Slump Recovery by Using Superplasticizer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaiyakrit%20Raoupatham">Chaiyakrit Raoupatham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%20Hari%20Dhakal"> Ram Hari Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chalermchai%20Wanichlamlert"> Chalermchai Wanichlamlert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is aimed to introduce the solution of concrete slump recovery using chemical admixture type-F (superplasticizer, naphthalene base) to the practice, in order to solve unusable concrete problem due to concrete loss its slump, especially for those tropical countries that have faster slump loss rate. In the other hand, randomly adding superplasticizer into concrete can cause concrete to segregate. Therefore, this paper also develops the estimation model used to calculate amount of second dose of superplasticizer need for concrete slump recovery. Fresh properties of ordinary Portland cement concrete with volumetric ratio of paste to void between aggregate (paste content) of 1.1-1.3 with water-cement ratio zone of 0.30 to 0.67 and initial superplasticizer (naphthalene base) of 0.25%- 1.6% were tested for initial slump and slump loss for every 30 minutes for one and half hour by slump cone test. Those concretes with slump loss range from 10% to 90% were re-dosed and successfully recovered back to its initial slump. Slump after re-dosed was tested by slump cone test. From the result, it has been concluded that, slump loss was slower for those mix with high initial dose of superplasticizer due to addition of superplasticizer will disturb cement hydration. The required second dose of superplasticizer was affected by two major parameter, which were water-cement ratio and paste content, where lower water-cement ratio and paste content cause an increase in require second dose of superplasticizer. The amount of second dose of superplasticizer is higher as the solid content within the system is increase, solid can be either from cement particles or aggregate. The data was analyzed to form an equation use to estimate the amount of second dosage requirement of superplasticizer to recovery slump to its original. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimation%20model" title="estimation model">estimation model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20superplasticizer%20dosage" title=" second superplasticizer dosage"> second superplasticizer dosage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slump%20loss" title=" slump loss"> slump loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slump%20recovery" title=" slump recovery"> slump recovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41122/estimation-model-for-concrete-slump-recovery-by-using-superplasticizer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41122.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Restructuring and Revitalising School Leadership Philosophy in Nepal: Embracing Contextual and Equitable Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shankar%20Dhakal">Shankar Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Jones"> Andrew Jones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoffrey%20W.%20Lummis"> Geoffrey W. Lummis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a linguistically, culturally, and ethnically diverse country with approximately 123 different spoken languages that represent several ethnic, cultural, and religious groups of people. With a population of about 30 million, long-standing disparities and inequalities in access and achievement in education have constantly been challenging to provide equitable educational opportunities for all students. While the new constitution of federal Nepal (2015) stipulates that all schools serve the interests of diverse communities, leadership practices have failed to adopt local contextual sensitivities, leading to traditional, authoritarian approaches and entrenched inequalities. However, little is known about how Nepali secondary school principals can adapt and implement context-responsive and equitable strategies to ensure equity and inclusiveness in its enormously diverse socio-cultural contexts. To fill this gap, this study explores how educational leadership approaches and philosophies are transformed using a multi-case automated/ethnographic research methodology underpinned by the paradigm of critical constructivism. This paper reconstructs to see if school leadership in Nepal can produce more equitable and contextual outcomes. The results of this study highlight the need for a paradigm shift and the adoption of innovative leadership approaches that foster humility, empathy, and compassion in school leaders to achieve better school outcomes. This research provides valuable insights into existing literary gaps and provides guidance for future school leadership policies and practices at the personal, cultural, and political levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20leadership" title="school leadership">school leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto%2Fethnography" title=" auto/ethnography"> auto/ethnography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equitable%20and%20context-responsive%20leadership" title=" equitable and context-responsive leadership"> equitable and context-responsive leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164176/restructuring-and-revitalising-school-leadership-philosophy-in-nepal-embracing-contextual-and-equitable-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164176.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Downtime Modelling for the Post-Earthquake Building Assessment Phase</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Khakurel">S. Khakurel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20P.%20Dhakal"> R. P. Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Z.%20Yeow"> T. Z. Yeow</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Downtime is one of the major sources (alongside damage and injury/death) of financial loss incurred by a structure in an earthquake. The length of downtime associated with a building after an earthquake varies depending on the time taken for the reaction (to the earthquake), decision (on the future course of action) and execution (of the decided course of action) phases. Post-earthquake assessment of buildings is a key step in the decision making process to decide the appropriate safety placarding as well as to decide whether a damaged building is to be repaired or demolished. The aim of the present study is to develop a model to quantify downtime associated with the post-earthquake building-assessment phase in terms of two parameters; i) duration of the different assessment phase; and ii) probability of different colour tagging. Post-earthquake assessment of buildings includes three stages; Level 1 Rapid Assessment including a fast external inspection shortly after the earthquake, Level 2 Rapid Assessment including a visit inside the building and Detailed Engineering Evaluation (if needed). In this study, the durations of all three assessment phases are first estimated from the total number of damaged buildings, total number of available engineers and the average time needed for assessing each building. Then, probability of different tag colours is computed from the 2010-11 Canterbury earthquake Sequence database. Finally, a downtime model for the post-earthquake building inspection phase is proposed based on the estimated phase length and probability of tag colours. This model is expected to be used for rapid estimation of seismic downtime within the Loss Optimisation Seismic Design (LOSD) framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment" title="assessment">assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=downtime" title=" downtime"> downtime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LOSD" title=" LOSD"> LOSD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Loss%20Optimisation%20Seismic%20Design" title=" Loss Optimisation Seismic Design"> Loss Optimisation Seismic Design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20length" title=" phase length"> phase length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tag%20color" title=" tag color"> tag color</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96295/downtime-modelling-for-the-post-earthquake-building-assessment-phase" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Effectiveness of Management Transfer Programs for Managing Irrigation Resources in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Farmer- and Agency-Managed Schemes from Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tirtha%20Raj%20Dhakal">Tirtha Raj Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brian%20Davidson"> Brian Davidson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bob%20Farquharson"> Bob Farquharson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Irrigation management transfer has been taken as the important policy instrument for effective irrigation resource management in many developing countries. The change in governance of the irrigation schemes for its day-to-day operation and maintenance has been centered in recent Nepalese irrigation policies also. However, both farmer- and agency-managed irrigation schemes in Nepal are performing well below than expected. This study tries to link the present concerns of poor performance of both forms of schemes with the institutions for its operation and management. Two types of surveys, management and farm surveys; were conducted as a case study in the command area of Narayani Lift Irrigation Project (agency-managed) and Khageri Irrigation System (farmer-managed) of Chitwan District. The farm survey from head, middle and tail regions of both schemes revealed that unequal water distribution exists in these regions in both schemes with greater percentage of farmers experiencing this situation in agency managed scheme. In both schemes, the cost recovery rate was very low, even below five percent in Lift System indicating poor operation and maintenance of the schemes. Also, the institution on practice in both schemes is unable to create any incentives for farmers’ willingness to pay as well as for its economical use in the farm. Thus, outcomes from the study showed that only the management transfer programs may not achieve the goal of efficient irrigation resource management. This may suggest water professionals to rethink about the irrigation policies for refining institutional framework irrespective of the governance of schemes for improved cost recovery and better water distribution throughout the irrigation schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20recovery" title="cost recovery">cost recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institution" title=" institution"> institution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation%20management%20transfer" title=" irrigation management transfer"> irrigation management transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=willingness%20to%20pay" title=" willingness to pay"> willingness to pay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54944/effectiveness-of-management-transfer-programs-for-managing-irrigation-resources-in-developing-countries-a-case-study-of-farmer-and-agency-managed-schemes-from-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54944.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Assessing the Financial Potential of an Agroforestry-Based Farming Practice in a Labor Scarce Subsistence Economy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Dhakal">Arun Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20Kumar%20Rai"> Rajesh Kumar Rai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Agroforestry is long practiced in Nepal as a means of subsistence livelihoods. Given its potential to climate change mitigation, this practice is being recommended as a climate-smart farming practice in the recent years. However, the financial attractiveness of this practice is not well-documented in a labor scarce economy such as Nepal. This study attempts to examine the financial suitability of an agroforestry-based farming practice in the present socio-economic context of Nepal where labor is in short supply. A total of 200 households were randomly selected for household surveys in Dhanusha district during April to July 2015. Two farming practices were found to be dominant in the study area: 1) conventional farming (field crops only) in which at least two field crops are annually grown, and 2) agroforestry-based farming (agroforest, home garden and field crops combined) practice (ABFP). The ABFP was found to be less labor intensive than the conventional farming (137 Man days/yr/ha vs 218 Man days/yr/ha). The ex-ante financial analysis indicated that both the farming practices generated positive NPVs (Net Present Values) and B/C (Benefit-Cost) ratios greater than one, indicating both are financially attractive farming enterprises under the base discount rate of 12%. However, the ABFP generated higher NPV and greater B/C ratio than the conventional farming, indicating the former was financially more attractive than the later. The sensitivity analysis showed that the conventional farming was more sensitive to change in labor wage rate than that of the ABFP. Up to the 24% discount rate, the ABFP generated higher NPV and in case of B/C ratio, the ratio was found greater for ABFP even in 50% discount rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agroforestry" title="agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benefit-cost%20analysis" title=" benefit-cost analysis"> benefit-cost analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conventional%20farming" title=" conventional farming"> conventional farming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=net%20present%20value" title=" net present value"> net present value</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113170/assessing-the-financial-potential-of-an-agroforestry-based-farming-practice-in-a-labor-scarce-subsistence-economy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Practical Modelling of RC Structural Walls under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20E.%20Sedgh">Reza E. Sedgh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20P.%20Dhakal"> Rajesh P. Dhakal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shear walls have been used extensively as the main lateral force resisting systems in multi-storey buildings. The recent development in performance based design urges practicing engineers to conduct nonlinear static or dynamic analysis to evaluate seismic performance of multi-storey shear wall buildings by employing distinct analytical models suggested in the literature. For practical purpose, application of macroscopic models to simulate the global and local nonlinear behavior of structural walls outweighs the microscopic models. The skill level, computational time and limited access to RC specialized finite element packages prevents the general application of this method in performance based design or assessment of multi-storey shear wall buildings in design offices. Hence, this paper organized to verify capability of nonlinear shell element in commercially available package (Sap2000) in simulating results of some specimens under monotonic and cyclic loads with very oversimplified available cyclic material laws in the analytical tool. The selection of constitutive models, the determination of related parameters of the constituent material and appropriate nonlinear shear model are presented in detail. Adoption of proposed simple model demonstrated that the predicted results follow the overall trend of experimental force-displacement curve. Although, prediction of ultimate strength and the overall shape of hysteresis model agreed to some extent with experiment, the ultimate displacement(significant strength degradation point) prediction remains challenging in some cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20model" title="analytical model">analytical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20shell%20element" title=" nonlinear shell element"> nonlinear shell element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20wall" title=" structural wall"> structural wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20behavior" title=" shear behavior"> shear behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38386/practical-modelling-of-rc-structural-walls-under-monotonic-and-cyclic-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38386.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Deriving an Index of Adoption Rate and Assessing Factors Affecting Adoption of an Agroforestry-Based Farming System in Dhanusha District, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Dhakal">Arun Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoff%20Cockfield"> Geoff Cockfield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tek%20Narayan%20Maraseni"> Tek Narayan Maraseni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper attempts to fulfil the gap in measuring adoption in agroforestry studies. It explains the derivation of an index of adoption rate in a Nepalese context and examines the factors affecting adoption of agroforestry-based land management practice (AFLMP) in the Dhanusha District of Nepal. Data about the different farm practices and the factors (bio-physical, socio-economic) influencing adoption were collected during focus group discussion and from the randomly selected households using a household survey questionnaire, respectively. A multivariate regression model was used to determine the factors. The factors (variables) found to significantly affect adoption of AFLMP were: farm size, availability of irrigation water, education of household heads, agricultural labour force, frequency of visits by extension workers, expenditure on farm inputs purchase, household’s experience in agroforestry, and distance from home to government forest. The regression model explained about 75% of variation in adoption decision. The model rejected ‘erosion hazard’, ‘flood hazard’ and ‘gender’ as determinants of adoption, which in case of single agroforestry practice were major variables and played positive role. Out of eight variables, farm size played the most powerful role in explaining the variation in adoption, followed by availability of irrigation water and education of household heads. The results of this study suggest that policies to promote the provision of irrigation water, extension services and motivation to obtaining higher education would probably provide the incentive to adopt agroforestry elsewhere in the terai of Nepal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agroforestry" title="agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adoption%20index" title=" adoption index"> adoption index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determinants%20of%20adoption" title=" determinants of adoption"> determinants of adoption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=step-wise%20linear%20regression" title=" step-wise linear regression"> step-wise linear regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29537/deriving-an-index-of-adoption-rate-and-assessing-factors-affecting-adoption-of-an-agroforestry-based-farming-system-in-dhanusha-district-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Economics of Sugandhakokila (Cinnamomum Glaucescens (Nees) Dury) in Dang District of Nepal: A Value Chain Perspective </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keshav%20Raj%20Acharya">Keshav Raj Acharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabina%20Sharma"> Prabina Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sugandhakokila (Cinnamomum glaucescens Nees. Dury) is a large evergreen native tree species; mostly confined naturally in mid-hills of Rapti Zone of Nepal. The species is identified as prioritized for agro-technology development as well as for research and development by a department of plant resources. This species is band for export outside the country without processing by the government of Nepal to encourage the value addition within the country. The present study was carried out in Chillikot village of Dang district to find out the economic contribution of C. glaucescens in the local economy and to document the major conservation threats for this species. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools such as Household survey, key informants interviews and focus group discussions were carried out to collect the data. The present study reveals that about 1.7 million Nepalese rupees (NPR) have been contributed annually in the local economy of 29 households from the collection of C. glaucescens berries in the study area. The average annual income of each family was around NPR 67,165.38 (US$ 569.19) from the sale of the berries which contributes about 53% of the total household income. Six different value chain actors are involved in C. glaucescens business. Maximum profit margin was taken by collector followed by producer, exporter and processor. The profit margin was found minimum to regional and village traders. The total profit margin for producers was NPR 138.86/kg, and regional traders have gained NPR 17/kg. However, there is a possibility to increase the profit of producers by NPR 8.00 more for each kg of berries through the initiation of community forest user group and village cooperatives in the area. Open access resource, infestation by an insect to over matured trees and browsing by goats were identified as major conservation threats for this species. Handing over the national forest as a community forest, linking the producers with the processor through organized market channel and replacing the old tree through new plantation has been recommended for future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20forest" title="community forest">community forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation%20threats" title=" conservation threats"> conservation threats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20glaucescens" title=" C. glaucescens"> C. glaucescens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20chain%20analysis" title=" value chain analysis"> value chain analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105084/economics-of-sugandhakokila-cinnamomum-glaucescens-nees-dury-in-dang-district-of-nepal-a-value-chain-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105084.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> A Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Traditional and Climate-smart Farming: A Case of Dhanusha District, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Dhakal">Arun Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoff%20Cockfield"> Geoff Cockfield</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the emission potential of different farming practices that the farmers have adopted in Dhanusha District of Nepal and scope of these practices in climate change mitigation. Which practice is more climate-smarter is the question that this aims to address through a life cycle assessment (LCA) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The LCA was performed to assess if there is difference in emission potential of broadly two farming systems (agroforestry–based and traditional agriculture) but specifically four farming systems. The required data for this was collected through household survey of randomly selected households of 200. The sources of emissions across the farming systems were paddy cultivation, livestock, chemical fertilizer, fossil fuels and biomass (fuel-wood and crop residue) burning. However, the amount of emission from these sources varied with farming system adopted. Emissions from biomass burning appeared to be the highest while the source ‘fossil fuel’ caused the lowest emission in all systems. The emissions decreased gradually from agriculture towards the highly integrated agroforestry-based farming system (HIS), indicating that integrating trees into farming system not only sequester more carbon but also help in reducing emissions from the system. The annual emissions for HIS, Medium integrated agroforestry-based farming system (MIS), LIS (less integrated agroforestry-based farming system and subsistence agricultural system (SAS) were 6.67 t ha-1, 8.62 t ha-1, 10.75 t ha-1 and 17.85 t ha-1 respectively. In one agroforestry cycle, the HIS, MIS and LIS released 64%, 52% and 40% less GHG emission than that of SAS. Within agroforestry-based farming systems, the HIS produced 25% and 50% less emissions than those of MIS and LIS respectively. Our finding suggests that a tree-based farming system is more climate-smarter than a traditional farming. If other two benefits (carbon sequestered within the farm and in the natural forest because of agroforestry) are to be considered, a considerable amount of emissions is reduced from a climate-smart farming. Some policy intervention is required to motivate farmers towards adopting such climate-friendly farming practices in developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title="life cycle assessment">life cycle assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greenhouse%20gas" title=" greenhouse gas"> greenhouse gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farming%20systems" title=" farming systems"> farming systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29096/a-life-cycle-assessment-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-the-traditional-and-climate-smart-farming-a-case-of-dhanusha-district-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29096.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">619</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Reliability Modeling of Repairable Subsystems in Semiconductor Fabrication: A Virtual Age and General Repair Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keshav%20Dubey">Keshav Dubey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swajeeth%20Panchangam"> Swajeeth Panchangam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Rajendran"> Arun Rajendran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swarnim%20Gupta"> Swarnim Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the semiconductor capital equipment industry, effective modeling of repairable system reliability is crucial for optimizing maintenance strategies and ensuring operational efficiency. However, repairable system reliability modeling using a renewal process is not as popular in the semiconductor equipment industry as it is in the locomotive and automotive industries. Utilization of this approach will help optimize maintenance practices. This paper presents a structured framework that leverages both parametric and non-parametric approaches to model the reliability of repairable subsystems based on operational data, maintenance schedules, and system-specific conditions. Data is organized at the equipment ID level, facilitating trend testing to uncover failure patterns and system degradation over time. For non-parametric modeling, the Mean Cumulative Function (Mean Cumulative Function) approach is applied, offering a flexible method to estimate the cumulative number of failures over time without assuming an underlying statistical distribution. This allows for empirical insights into subsystem failure behavior based on historical data. On the parametric side, virtual age modeling, along with Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (Homogeneous Poisson Process and Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process) models, is employed to quantify the effect of repairs and the aging process on subsystem reliability. These models allow for a more structured analysis by characterizing repair effectiveness and system wear-out trends over time. A comparison of various Generalized Renewal Process (GRP) approaches highlights their utility in modeling different repair effectiveness scenarios. These approaches provide a robust framework for assessing the impact of maintenance actions on system performance and reliability. By integrating both parametric and non-parametric methods, this framework offers a comprehensive toolset for reliability engineers to better understand equipment behavior, assess the effectiveness of maintenance activities, and make data-driven decisions that enhance system availability and operational performance in semiconductor fabrication facilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title="reliability">reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintainability" title=" maintainability"> maintainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homegenous%20poission%20process" title=" homegenous poission process"> homegenous poission process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repairable%20system" title=" repairable system"> repairable system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192541/reliability-modeling-of-repairable-subsystems-in-semiconductor-fabrication-a-virtual-age-and-general-repair-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">19</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Precursors Signatures of Few Major Earthquakes in Italy Using Very Low Frequency Signal of 45.9kHz </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keshav%20Prasad%20Kandel">Keshav Prasad Kandel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Balaram%20Khadka"> Balaram Khadka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karan%20Bhatta"> Karan Bhatta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basu%20Dev%20Ghimire"> Basu Dev Ghimire</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Earthquakes still exist as a threating disaster. Being able to predict earthquakes will certainly help prevent substantial loss of life and property. Perhaps, Very Low Frequency/Low Frequency (VLF/LF) signal band (3-30 kHz), which is effectively reflected from D-layer of ionosphere, can be established as a tool to predict earthquake. On May 20 and May 29, 2012, earthquakes of magnitude 6.1 and 5.8 respectively struck Emilia-Romagna of Italy. A year back, on August 24, 2016, an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 struck Central Italy (42.7060 N and 13.2230 E) at 1:36 UT. We present the results obtained from the US Navy VLF Transmitter’s NSY signal of 45.9 kHz transmitted from Niscemi, in the province of Sicily, Italy and received at the Kiel Longwave Monitor, Germany for 2012 and 2016. We analyzed the terminator times, their individual differences and nighttime fluctuation counts. We also analyzed trends, dispersion and nighttime fluctuation which gave us a possible precursors to these earthquakes. Since perturbations in VLF amplitude could also be due to various other factors like lightning, geomagnetic activities (storms, auroras etc.) and solar activities (flares, UV flux, etc.), we filtered the possible perturbations due to these agents to guarantee that the perturbations seen in VLF/LF amplitudes were as a precursor to Earthquakes. As our TRGCP path is North-south, the sunrise and sunset time in transmitter and receiver places matches making pathway for VLF/LF smoother and therefore hoping to obtain more natural data. To our surprise, we found many clear anomalies (as precursors) in terminator times 5 days to 16 days before the earthquakes. Moreover, using night time fluctuation method, we found clear anomalies 5 days to 13 days prior to main earthquakes. This exactly correlates with the findings of previous authors that ionospheric perturbations are seen few days to one month before the seismic activity. In addition to this, we were amazed to observe unexpected decrease of dispersion on certain anomalies where it was supposed to increase, thereby not supporting our finding to some extent. To resolve this problem, we devised a new parameter called dispersion nighttime (dispersion). On analyzing, this parameter decreases significantly on days of nighttime anomalies thereby supporting our precursors to much extent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D-layer" title="D-layer">D-layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TRGCP%20%28Transmitter%20Receiver%20Great%20Circle%20Path%29" title=" TRGCP (Transmitter Receiver Great Circle Path)"> TRGCP (Transmitter Receiver Great Circle Path)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terminator%20times" title=" terminator times"> terminator times</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VLF%2FLF" title=" VLF/LF"> VLF/LF</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81436/precursors-signatures-of-few-major-earthquakes-in-italy-using-very-low-frequency-signal-of-459khz" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81436.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Microalbuminuria in Patients with Hypertension Visiting Tertiary Care Centre, Western Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Binaya%20Tamang">Binaya Tamang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buddhi%20R.%20Pokharel"> Buddhi R. Pokharel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayan%20Gautam"> Narayan Gautam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puspa%20R.%20Dhakal"> Puspa R. Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuresh%20Twayana"> Yuresh Twayana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Objective: Microalbuminuria is often regarded as a sign of end-organ damage due to hypertension, with an increased risk for renal diseases. The present study was designed to find the prevalence of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients by determining albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) and the association of ACR and microalbuminuria status with different stages and duration of hypertension (HTN). Also, to establish the correlation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) with various parameters viz; ACR, urinary microalbumin (UMA), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary creatinine (Ucreat), serum creatinine (Screat), and find out their significance among HTN and ACR status. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Internal Medicine, UCMS, Bhairahawa, Nepal from April 2019 to September 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from institutional review committee (IRC), UCMS. A total of 120 hypertensive patients were enrolled whose blood, and spot urine samples were taken. eGFR was calculated by using Cockcroft-Gault formula after determining Screat while ACR was calculated after measuring Ucreat and UMA from the spot urine sample. Creatinine was estimated from modified jaffes’ reaction, whereas urinary micro albumin was done by Mispa i3 analyzer. Data were analyzed by using SPSS. 20 using p-value ≤ 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: In our study, the highest enrolled were grade II HTN (36.7%) followed by normal (33.3%), grade I (20.8%) and grade III (9.2%). Evaluating the ACR status, 19.2% were microalbuminuria, and the rest were normal. Though the ACR status (normal and microalbuminuria) was not statistically significant with HTN status (P=0.860) and the duration of HTN status (P=0.165), 5 (45.5%) out of 11 grade III HTN were microalbuminuria and the prevalence was also higher for longer duration .i.e., more than 10 years. In microalbuminuria, both the SBP (p=0.023, r=0.471) and DBP (P=0.034, r= 0.444) were strongly and positively correlated with Screat, in contrast to eGFR, which was negatively but weakly correlated. With the significant difference between the HTN group, the mean ACR (P=0.047) and UMA (P=0.02) were found to be highest among grade III patients, i.e., 84.3 ± 113.3 mg/gm. and 88.4 ± 83.9 mg/l respectively. The mean eGFR (64.2 ± 24.8 vs 77.2 ± 18.1 ml/min) was considerably lower in microalbuminuria ( p=0.026) than the normal in contrast to the SBP (160 ± 33.7 vs. 146.6 ± 19.5 mm of Hg) which was significantly higher (P=0.008). Among the different BMI category, the mean ACR was found to be significantly different (P= 0.01) with the highest value in underweight (115.2 ± 51.5 mg/gm.) and lowest in overweight (31.8 ± 4.3 mg/gm.). Conclusion: The study recommends that the microalbuminuria can be a very useful and imperative predictor of deranged kidney functions in hypertensive patients. The high value of ACR and UMA in hypertensive patients along with significant increased Screat, SBP whereas decreased eGFR in microalbuminuria patients explicitly supports the above statement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=albumin%20creatinine%20ratio" title="albumin creatinine ratio">albumin creatinine ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypertension" title=" hypertension"> hypertension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microalbuminuria" title=" microalbuminuria"> microalbuminuria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renal%20disease" title=" renal disease"> renal disease</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112942/microalbuminuria-in-patients-with-hypertension-visiting-tertiary-care-centre-western-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> The Effect of Finding and Development Costs and Gas Price on Basins in the Barnett Shale</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Kenomore">Michael Kenomore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Hassan"> Mohamed Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amjad%20Shah"> Amjad Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hom%20Dhakal"> Hom Dhakal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shale gas reservoirs have been of greater importance compared to shale oil reservoirs since 2009 and with the current nature of the oil market, understanding the technical and economic performance of shale gas reservoirs is of importance. Using the Barnett shale as a case study, an economic model was developed to quantify the effect of finding and development costs and gas prices on the basins in the Barnett shale using net present value as an evaluation parameter. A rate of return of 20% and a payback period of 60 months or less was used as the investment hurdle in the model. The Barnett was split into four basins (Strawn Basin, Ouachita Folded Belt, Forth-worth Syncline and Bend-arch Basin) with analysis conducted on each of the basin to provide a holistic outlook. The dataset consisted of only horizontal wells that started production from 2008 to at most 2015 with 1835 wells coming from the strawn basin, 137 wells from the Ouachita folded belt, 55 wells from the bend-arch basin and 724 wells from the forth-worth syncline. The data was analyzed initially on Microsoft Excel to determine the estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR). The range of EUR from each basin were loaded in the Palisade Risk software and a log normal distribution typical of Barnett shale wells was fitted to the dataset. Monte Carlo simulation was then carried out over a 1000 iterations to obtain a cumulative distribution plot showing the probabilistic distribution of EUR for each basin. From the cumulative distribution plot, the P10, P50 and P90 EUR values for each basin were used in the economic model. Gas production from an individual well with a EUR similar to the calculated EUR was chosen and rescaled to fit the calculated EUR values for each basin at the respective percentiles i.e. P10, P50 and P90. The rescaled production was entered into the economic model to determine the effect of the finding and development cost and gas price on the net present value (10% discount rate/year) as well as also determine the scenario that satisfied the proposed investment hurdle. The finding and development costs used in this paper (assumed to consist only of the drilling and completion costs) were £1 million, £2 million and £4 million while the gas price was varied from $2/MCF-$13/MCF based on Henry Hub spot prices from 2008-2015. One of the major findings in this study was that wells in the bend-arch basin were least economic, higher gas prices are needed in basins containing non-core counties and 90% of the Barnet shale wells were not economic at all finding and development costs irrespective of the gas price in all the basins. This study helps to determine the percentage of wells that are economic at different range of costs and gas prices, determine the basins that are most economic and the wells that satisfy the investment hurdle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shale%20gas" title="shale gas">shale gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barnett%20shale" title=" Barnett shale"> Barnett shale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconventional%20gas" title=" unconventional gas"> unconventional gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimated%20ultimate%20recoverable" title=" estimated ultimate recoverable"> estimated ultimate recoverable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66971/the-effect-of-finding-and-development-costs-and-gas-price-on-basins-in-the-barnett-shale" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66971.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Fodder Production and Livestock Rearing in Relation to Climate Change and Possible Adaptation Measures in Manaslu Conservation Area, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhojan%20Dhakal">Bhojan Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naba%20Raj%20Devkota"> Naba Raj Devkota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chet%20Raj%20Upreti"> Chet Raj Upreti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maheshwar%20Sapkota"> Maheshwar Sapkota</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A study was conducted to find out the production potential, nutrient composition, and the variability of the most commonly available fodder trees along with the varying altitude to help optimize the dry matter requirement during winter lean period. The study was carried out from March to June, 2012 in Lho and Prok Village Development Committee of Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA), located in Gorkha district of Nepal. The other objective of the research was to learn the impact of climate change on livestock production linking it with feed availability. The study was conducted in two parts: social and biological. Accordingly, a households (HHs) survey was conducted to collect primary data from 70 HHs, focusing on the perception of respondents on impacts of climatic variability on the feeding management. The next part consisted of understanding yield potential and nutrient composition of the four most commonly available fodder trees (M. azedirach, M. alba, F. roxburghii, F. nemoralis), within two altitudes range: (1500-2000 masl and 2000-2500 masl) by using a RCB design in 2*4 factorial combination of treatments, each replicated four times. Results revealed that majority of the farmers perceived the change in climatic phenomenon more severely within the past five years. Farmers were using different adaptation technologies such as collection of forage from jungle, reducing unproductive animals, fodder trees utilization, and crop by product feeding at feed scarcity period. Ranking of the different fodder trees on the basis of indigenous knowledge and experiences revealed that F. roxburghii was the best-preferred fodder tree species (index value 0.72) in terms overall preferability whereas M. azedirach had highest growth and productivity (index value 0.77), F. roxburghii had highest adoptability (index value 0.69) and palatability (index value 0.69) as well. Similarly, fresh yield and dry matter yield of the each fodder trees was significant (P < 0.01) between the altitude and within species. Fodder trees yield analysis revealed that the highest dry matter (DM) yield (28 kg/tree) was obtained for F. roxburghii but that remained statistically similar (P > 0.05) to the other treatment. On the other hand, most of the parameters: ether extract (EE), acid detergent lignin (ADL), acid detergent fibre (ADF), cell wall digestibility (CWD), relative digestibility (RD), digestible nutrient (TDN), and Calcium (Ca) among the treatments were highly significant (P < 0.01). This indicates the scope of introducing productive and nutritive fodder trees species even at the high altitude to help reduce fodder scarcity problem during winter. The finding also revealed the scope of promoting all available local fodder trees species as crude protein content of these species were similar. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fodder%20trees" title="fodder trees">fodder trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yield%20potential" title=" yield potential"> yield potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrient%20composition" title=" nutrient composition"> nutrient composition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51313/fodder-production-and-livestock-rearing-in-relation-to-climate-change-and-possible-adaptation-measures-in-manaslu-conservation-area-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51313.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">310</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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