Irrigation & Water Use | Economic Research Service

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="Agriculture is a major user of ground and surface water in the United States, and irrigation has enhanced both the productivity and profitability of the agricultural sector. According to the 2017 Census of Agriculture, farms with some form of irrigation accounted for more than 54 percent of the total value of U.S. crop sales, while irrigated land accounted for less than 20 percent of harvested cropland." /> <link rel="canonical" href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="gWMZ-j8KBKzSJytO2xaxEcmizd4UT6Ng04GlyACWD-c" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>Irrigation & Water Use | Economic Research Service</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/extlink/css/extlink.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/css/uswds.css?srzh0a" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/assets/stylesheets/custom.css?srzh0a" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/3107","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetAppendNewWindowLabel":"(opens in a new window)","extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extTitleNoOverride":true,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"0","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssInclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":false,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","extHideIcons":false,"mailtoClass":"0","telClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","telLabel":"(link is a phone number)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extPreventOrphan":false,"extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","extAdditionalLinkClasses":"usa-link--external","extAdditionalMailtoClasses":"","extAdditionalTelClasses":"","extFaTelClasses":"fa fa-phone","whitelistedDomains":[],"extExcludeNoreferrer":""}},"dataLayer":{"page":{"nid":"3107","chartId":"","pubId":"","title":"Irrigation \u0026 Water Use","date":"2025-01-08","type":"","series":"","authors":["R. Aaron Hrozencik"],"division":"Resource and Rural Economics Division RRED","breadcrumbs":["Topics","Farm Practices \u0026 Management","Irrigation \u0026 Water Use"],"pageName":"","siteSectionSecondLevel":"","siteSectionThirdLevel":"","siteSectionFourthLevel":""}},"csp":{"nonce":"U_ideImZXUpQS3XhxyuxJA"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"7e55245e540c33155fc0dc4e262d2a0a70417d306ec6d798ef63bb38fa63677a"}}</script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=10.4.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=10.4.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=10.4.3"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/ers_blocks/js/AppMeasurement.js?v=2.26.0.1"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/ers_blocks/js/VisitorAPI.js?v=5.5.0"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/ers_blocks/js/adobeAnalyticsUsdaErs.js?v=1"></script> <script src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=USDA&subagency=ERS" async id="_fed_an_ua_tag"></script> </head> <body> <a href="#main-content" class="usa-sr-only focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <a class="usa-skipnav" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>  <section class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official website of the United States government"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img aria-hidden="true" class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/img//us_flag_small.png" alt="" /> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto" aria-hidden="true"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text"> An official website of the United States government </p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/img//icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true" /> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br />A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/img//icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true" /> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br />A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewBox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-description-default" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title-default">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description-default">Locked padlock icon</desc> <path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z" /> </svg> </span>) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section id="site-alert"> </section>  <div class="usa-overlay"></div>  <header class="usa-header usa-header--extended"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo" id="logo"> <div class="grid-row flex-align-center grid-gap-2"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <a href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/"><img class="width-7 desktop:width-8" src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/assets/images/usda-symbol.svg" alt="U.S. Department of Agriculture logo"></a> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill"> <em class="usa-logo__text desktop:margin-bottom-05"> <a href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/" class="font-sans-sm tablet:font-sans-md desktop:font-sans-lg">Economic Research Service</a> </em> <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" class="hide-mobile hide-tablet display-block text-normal font-sans-xs">U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</a> </div> </div> </div> <button type="button" class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button type="button" class="usa-nav__close"> <img src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/img//usa-icons/close.svg" role="img" alt=""> </button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a href="/topics" class="usa-nav__link simple-link">Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-2"> <span>Data</span> </button> <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4"> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <div id="block-navdatacolumn1" class="block block-block-content block-block-content6dbf8ad9-725a-4bf7-a060-c8d76690c5b7"> <p class="hide-mobile hide-tablet margin-top-1 margin-bottom-0 font-sans-xl text-bold text-primary-dark">Access the Data</p> <p class="hide-mobile hide-tablet line-height-sans-3">Access and analyze data sets, maps, charts and graphs.</p> <a class="usa-button margin-top-2 desktop:margin-top-0" href="/data-products">Browse All Data</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <ul id="block-navdatacolumn2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list block block-block-content block-block-contenta6258f45-9115-46d5-8c89-26b57c9843bd"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-bottom"> <p class="desktop:margin-bottom-1 text-bold font-sans-sm">Data by Type</p> <p class="hide-mobile hide-tablet margin-top-0 font-sans-3xs line-height-sans-3">Access the Data</p> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?type=charts">Charts</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?type=downloadable-data-files">Downloadable Data Files</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?type=queryable-data-applications">Queryable Data Applications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?type=maps">Maps</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <ul id="block-navdatacolumn3" class="usa-nav__submenu-list block block-block-content block-block-content1f045922-8309-408f-b4be-bac727e100ee"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-bottom"> <p class="desktop:margin-bottom-1 text-bold font-sans-sm">Data by Topic</p> <p class="hide-mobile hide-tablet margin-top-0 font-sans-3xs line-height-sans-3">Explore the Data Repository</p> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=animal-products">Animal Products</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=crops">Crops</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=farm-bill">Farm Bill</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=farm-economy">Farm Economy</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=farm-practices-management">Farm Practices & Management</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=food-nutrition-assistance">Food & Nutrition Assistance</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=food-choices-health">Food Choices & Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=food-markets-prices">Food Markets & Prices</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=food-safety">Food Safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=international-markets-us-trade">International Markets & U.S. Trade</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=natural-resources-environment">Natural Resources & Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/data-products?topic=rural-economy-population">Rural Economy & Population</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-3"> <span>Analysis</span> </button> <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4"> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <div id="block-navanalysiscolumn1" class="block block-block-content block-block-content527ff1ec-28bc-4743-9a72-47e9278baf50"> <p class="hide-mobile hide-tablet margin-top-1 margin-bottom-0 font-sans-xl text-bold text-primary-dark">Understand the Research</p> <p class="hide-mobile hide-tablet line-height-sans-3">Get insights and objective analysis from experts in the field.</p> <a class="usa-button margin-top-2 desktop:margin-top-0" href="/publications">Browse All Analysis</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <ul id="block-navanalysiscolumn2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list block block-block-content block-block-content7b2f9f6c-f2fe-4753-b31b-4745e75857fd"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/publications?series=research-reports" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">Research Reports</span> <span class="display-block hide-mobile hide-tablet font-sans-3xs">Published Papers from ERS</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/publications?series=outlook-reports" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">Outlook Reports</span> <span class="display-block hide-mobile hide-tablet font-sans-3xs">Agricultural Outlooks and Projections</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <ul id="block-navanalysiscolumn3" class="usa-nav__submenu-list block block-block-content block-block-content25ac9f29-ebd7-4817-a39f-1f0ec033f7e5"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/amber-waves" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">Amber Waves</span> <span class="display-block hide-mobile hide-tablet font-sans-3xs">The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural Amer…</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/data-products/charts-of-note" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">Charts of Note</span> <span class="display-block hide-mobile hide-tablet font-sans-3xs">Fast facts on U.S. agriculture</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-4"> <span>Newsroom</span> </button> <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4"> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <div id="block-navnewsroomcolumn1" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentde5cb6af-9c19-490e-8175-c54d1ed8cf62"> <p class="hide-mobile hide-tablet margin-top-1 margin-bottom-0 font-sans-xl text-bold text-primary-dark">Newsroom</p> <p class="hide-mobile hide-tablet line-height-sans-3">See what's new and what's trending from ERS.</p> <a class="usa-button margin-top-2 desktop:margin-top-0" href="/newsroom">Visit the Newsroom</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <ul id="block-navnewsroomcolumn2" class="usa-nav__submenu-list block block-block-content block-block-contenta63a75ba-34d2-41c6-a3bf-b2bd78a408f3"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/newsroom/events" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">Events</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/newsroom/trending-topics" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">Trending Topics</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/newsroom/contact-ers-press-office" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">Contact ERS Press Office</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> <div> <ul id="block-navnewsroomcolumn3" class="usa-nav__submenu-list block block-block-content block-block-content13c6d10a-517b-44e4-8ddf-b1ad696370f2"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/subject-specialists" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">Subject Specialists</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item desktop:border-left-05 desktop:border-primary-dark"> <a href="/faqs" class="desktop:margin-bottom-1"> <span class="display-block text-bold font-sans-sm">FAQs</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="usa-col"> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a href="/amber-waves" class="usa-nav__link simple-link">Amber Waves</a> </li> </ul> <div class="usa-nav__secondary"> <div> <ul id="block-navsecondarylinks" class="usa-nav__secondary-links block block-block-content block-block-content3edf4787-d591-4248-a272-95444cfb5711"> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/calendar">Calendar</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/about-ers">About</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/about-ers/careers-at-ers">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/faqs">FAQs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> <section aria-label="Search component"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small " role="search" method="GET" action="https://search.ers.usda.gov/search"> <input name="affiliate" type="hidden" value="ers" aria-hidden="true"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-field">Search</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-field" type="search" name="query"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"> <img src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/img//usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"> </button> </form> </section> </div> </div> </nav> </header>  <main id="main-content">  <div class="grid-container-desktop-lg"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div>  <div class="grid-container-desktop-lg"> </div>  <section id="breadcrumbs" class="grid-container-desktop-lg"> <div> <div id="block-uswds-ers-breadcrumbs" class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block"> <nav class="usa-breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="usa-sr-only">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol class="usa-breadcrumb__list"> <li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"> <a href="/" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Home</span></a> </li> <li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"> <a href="/topics" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Topics</span></a> </li> <li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"> <a href="/topics/farm-practices-management" class="usa-breadcrumb__link"><span>Farm Practices & Management</span></a> </li> <li class="usa-breadcrumb__list-item"> <span>Irrigation & Water Use</span> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </section>  <div id="hero"> <div> <div id="block-hero-default" class="padding-y-5 margin-bottom-4 bg-primary-darker text-white block block-ers-blocks block-hero-default"> <div class="grid-container-desktop-lg">  <h1 class="desktop:font-heading-2xl section-heading-gold margin-top-0">Irrigation & Water Use</h1>  <ul id="pageInfo" class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled padding-top-1" aria-label="More information"> <li class="tablet:display-inline margin-right-2"><strong>Updated:</strong> 1/8/2025</li> <li class="tablet:display-inline"><strong>Contact:</strong> <a class="text-white" href="/authors/ers-staff-directory/r-aaron-hrozencik">R. Aaron Hrozencik</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>    <div class="grid-container-desktop-lg"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-3">  <div class="desktop:grid-col-3"> <div class="usa-accordion top-1 margin-bottom-3"> <div class="usa-accordion__heading"><button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="sectionNavigation">In this section</button></div> <div id="sectionNavigation" class="usa-accordion__content padding-x-1"> <nav class="margin-top-4" aria-label="Secondary navigation"> <ul id="block-topics-sidenav" class="usa-sidenav block block-ers-blocks block-topics-sidenav"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"><a href="/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use">Overview</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="desktop:grid-col-fill"> <div id="block-uswds-ers-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article data-history-node-id="3107"> <div> <div class="usa-prose"> <p>According to a <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir1441" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Geological Survey report</a>, agriculture is a major user of ground and surface water in the United States, and irrigation accounted for 42 percent of the Nation’s total freshwater withdrawals in 2015. Water applied as irrigation allows for crop production in arid regions and supplements soil moisture in humid regions when growing season precipitation is insufficient. Irrigation has enhanced both the productivity and profitability of the agricultural sector. According to the 2017 Census of Agriculture, farms with some form of irrigation accounted for more than 54 percent of the total value of U.S. crop sales, while irrigated land accounted for less than 20 percent of harvested cropland. Irrigated crop production helps to support local rural economies in many areas of the U.S., and contributes to the Nation’s livestock, food processing, transportation, and energy sectors.</p> <h3>Where Does U.S. Crop Irrigation Occur?</h3> <p>The 2017 Census of Agriculture reported total U.S. irrigated cropland at 58 million acres. Much of the irrigated land is concentrated in the western U.S. where the production of many crops requires irrigation. Irrigation is also common in the southeastern U.S., particularly along the Mississippi River Valley in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee as well as southern Georgia and central Florida. Where irrigation occurs depends on regional cropping patterns, local climatic conditions as well as the availability of surface and groundwater resources.</p> <p><body> <img class="display-block width-full maxw-65 height-auto bg-base-lightest" src="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62559/2017map.png" alt="U.S. acres of irrigated land by county, 2017" width="4171" height="3333">  <p> <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62559/2017map.png?v=77474" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62559/2017map.png');" target="_blank">Download chart image</a> </p> </body> </p><p>Nebraska had the most irrigated land among all U.S. States, with 8.6 million acres of irrigated cropland, accounting for 14.8 percent of all irrigated cropland in the United States. The prevalence of irrigated acreage in Nebraska relates to the abundance of groundwater resources as much of the state overlies the High Plains (Ogallala) aquifer. California ranked second, with 7.8 million acres, or 13.5 percent of all U.S. irrigated cropland; Arkansas, Texas, and Idaho rounded out the top 5 States in total irrigated cropland acreage in 2017. The twenty highest-ranked States in irrigated acreage accounted for about 90 percent of all irrigated land in 2017.</p> <p><body> <img class="display-block width-full maxw-65 height-auto bg-base-lightest" src="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62565/StateIrrigatedAcres2017.png" alt="State shares of U.S. irrigated agricultural land, 2017" width="4167" height="3333">  <p> <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62565/StateIrrigatedAcres2017.png?v=75156" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62565/StateIrrigatedAcres2017.png');" target="_blank">Download chart image</a> | <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62565/StateIrrigatedAcres2017_d.html?v=73340" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62565/StateIrrigatedAcres2017_d.html');" target="_blank">Chart data</a> </p> </body><br> </p><h3>How Has Irrigation Evolved Over Time?</h3> <p>The importance of irrigation for U.S. agricultural production has evolved over the past century. Since 1890, irrigated acreage nationwide has grown from less than 3 million acres to over 58 million acres in 2017. Expansion in the nation’s irrigated land was attributable, in part, to federal, State and local water development projects as well as innovations in groundwater pumping technologies. More recently, the intensity of irrigation (measured as the nationwide average of water use per acre irrigated) has declined in response to regional shifts in area irrigated, changing cropping patterns, and improved efficiency in water application technologies. Between 1969 and 2017, the average irrigation application rate declined from more than 2 acre feet per acre irrigated to just under 1.5 acre feet per acre irrigated (1 acre-foot = 325,851 gallons).</p> <p><body> <img class="display-block width-full maxw-65 height-auto bg-base-lightest" src="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62568/IrrigAcresWaterUse2018.png" alt="U.S. irrigated acreage and water use per acre irrigated, 1890-2018" width="4167" height="3333">  <p> <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62568/IrrigAcresWaterUse2018.png?v=40538" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62568/IrrigAcresWaterUse2018.png');" target="_blank">Download chart image</a> | <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62568/IrrigAcresWaterUse2018_d.html?v=20060" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62568/IrrigAcresWaterUse2018_d.html');" target="_blank">Chart data</a> </p> </body> </p><p>National trends in total irrigated acres belie important inter-regional variation in where irrigation occurs. Between 1997 and 2017 total irrigated agricultural land in California decreased from 8.8 to 7.8 million acres while irrigated land in Nebraska increased from 7 to 8.6 million acres. Over this same time period, irrigated cropland acreage in Arkansas increased by more than 1 million acres while Texas saw a decline of nearly 1.5 million acres. In 2012, Arkansas supplanted Texas as the State with the third most irrigated acres behind Nebraska and California. These observed regional trends reflect how changing water availability related to competing water demands, drought effects on surface water supplies and groundwater depletion has influenced the regional distribution of irrigated production.</p> <p><body> <img class="display-block width-full maxw-65 height-auto bg-base-lightest" src="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62561/19972017map.png" alt="Change in U.S. acres of irrigated agricultural land by county, 1997-2017" width="4171" height="3333">  <p> <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62561/19972017map.png?v=83674" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62561/19972017map.png');" target="_blank">Download chart image</a> </p> </body><br> </p><h3>Which Crops Are Irrigated?</h3> <p>Irrigation water allocations by crop reflect climate and crop-water consumptive requirements as well as shifting market conditions. Irrigated acres planted in corn and soybeans have expanded in the past 50 years. In 1964, cotton and hay, alfalfa were the leading irrigated crops, with corn and soybeans together accounting for less than 2.5 million irrigated acres. In 2017, corn grown for grain accounted for the most irrigated acreage in the U.S. with more than 12 million irrigated acres harvested. Soybeans accounted for the second most irrigated acreage in 2017 with more than 9 million irrigated acres harvested. The shift reflects expanding market demand for corn and soybeans as livestock feed and source for biofuel, as well as the broader eastern shift of irrigated agriculture where variable growing season rainfall promotes irrigating corn and soybean crops.</p> <p><body> <img class="display-block width-full maxw-65 height-auto bg-base-lightest" src="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62571/irrigatedcrops19642017.png" alt="U.S. harvested acres irrigated for selected major irrigated crops, 1964-2017" width="4167" height="3333">  <p> <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62571/irrigatedcrops19642017.png?v=39297" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62571/irrigatedcrops19642017.png');" target="_blank">Download chart image</a> | <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62571/irrigatedcrops19642017_d.html?v=53630" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/62571/irrigatedcrops19642017_d.html');" target="_blank">Chart data</a> </p> </body><br> </p><h3>What Sources of Water Does Irrigated Agriculture Use?</h3> <p>Irrigated agriculture relies on both surface water and groundwater to support crop production. According to the 2018 Irrigation and Water Management Survey, more than half of all water applied as irrigation came from surface water with the remaining water obtained from groundwater sources. Surface water-fed irrigation is most common in the western U.S. where federal reclamation policy and State investments in irrigation infrastructure have harnessed the region’s surface water resources.</p> <p>In many of the most prominent irrigated agricultural regions of the U.S, on-farm water withdrawals are generally supplied or managed by a local irrigation organization. Water delivery organizations operate water storage and conveyance systems used to supply water to irrigated farms. Groundwater organizations help to manage irrigation pumping from local groundwater resources. The USDA’s 2019 Survey of Irrigation Organizations provides a nationally representative look at these irrigation water supply organizations. The majority of irrigation organizations deliver water to farms as their primary function. More than one quarter of all organizations manage on-farm groundwater withdrawals for irrigation. Many organizations provide the dual functions of water supply delivery and groundwater management. Irrigation organizations may also provide important secondary functions such as electricity generation and water management for recreation purposes or wildlife habitat.</p> <p><body> <img class="display-block width-full maxw-65 height-auto bg-base-lightest" src="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56054/SIO2019.png" alt="U.S. irrigation organizations by primary and secondary functions, 2019" width="4167" height="3333">  <p> <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56054/SIO2019.png?v=81527" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56054/SIO2019.png');" target="_blank">Download chart image</a> | <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56054/SIO2019_d.html?v=28672" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56054/SIO2019_d.html');" target="_blank">Chart data</a> </p> </body><br> </p><h3>How Are Crops Irrigated?</h3> <p>Various methods are used to apply irrigation water to crops, which can be broadly categorized as gravity or pressurized systems. Gravity irrigation systems use on-field furrows or basins to advance water across the field surface through gravity-means only. Pressurized systems apply water under pressure through pipes or other tubing directly to crops. Pressurized irrigation includes acres irrigated by sprinkler and micro/drip irrigation systems. Under many field conditions, pressurized irrigation systems are generally more water-use efficient than gravity systems as less water is lost to evaporation, deep percolation and field runoff. Over the last 30 years the conversion of gravity to pressurized irrigation systems has increased. In 1984, 37 percent of all irrigated cropland acres in the western U.S. used pressurized irrigation systems, as compared with 72 percent in 2018.</p> <p><body> <img class="display-block width-full maxw-65 height-auto bg-base-lightest" src="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56057/IrrigationSystem2018.png" alt="U.S. irrigated farmland acres in gravity and pressurized systems, 17 Western States, 1984-2018" width="4167" height="3333">  <p> <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56057/IrrigationSystem2018.png?v=93523" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56057/IrrigationSystem2018.png');" target="_blank">Download chart image</a> | <a class="usa-link" href="https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56057/IrrigationSystem2018_d.html?v=62883" onclick="s.tl(true,'d','https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/Charts/56057/IrrigationSystem2018_d.html');" target="_blank">Chart data</a> </p> </body></p> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div id="data" id="block-topics-related-data" class="block block-ers-blocks block-topics-related-data"> <div class="grid-row flex-align-center flex-justify grid-gap-3"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <h2 class="font-heading-xl section-heading-gold">Data</h2> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto margin-bottom-2"> <a class="usa-button usa-button--outline maxw-16" href="/data-products?topic=irrigation-water-use">Explore All</a> </div> </div> <ul class="usa-card-group"> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"> <a class="usa-link font-sans-lg text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/data-products/arms-farm-financial-and-crop-production-practices">ARMS Farm Financial and Crop Production Practices</a> </h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__body"> <p>1/8/2025<p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"> <a class="usa-link font-sans-lg text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/data-products/area-and-road-ruggedness-scales">Area and Road Ruggedness Scales</a> </h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__body"> <p>1/7/2025<p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"> <a class="usa-link font-sans-lg text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity">International Agricultural Productivity</a> </h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__body"> <p>1/6/2025<p> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="analysis" id="block-topics-related-analysis" class="block block-ers-blocks block-topics-related-analysis"> <div class="grid-row flex-align-center flex-justify grid-gap-3"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <h2 class="font-heading-xl section-heading-gold">Analysis</h2> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto margin-bottom-2"> <a class="usa-button usa-button--outline maxw-16" href="/publications?topic=irrigation-water-use">Explore All</a> </div> </div> <ul class="usa-card-group"> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"> <a class="usa-link font-sans-lg text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/publications/pub-details?pubid=109970">Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2017</a> </h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__body"> <p>9/11/2024<p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"> <a class="usa-link font-sans-lg text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/publications/pub-details?pubid=109066">Vegetables and Pulses Outlook: April 2024</a> </h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__body"> <p>4/25/2024<p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"> <a class="usa-link font-sans-lg text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/publications/pub-details?pubid=108649">World Agricultural Production, Resource Use, and Productivity, 1961–2020</a> </h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__body"> <p>2/29/2024<p> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="amber-waves" id="block-topics-related-articles" class="block block-ers-blocks block-topics-related-articles"> <div class="grid-row flex-align-center flex-justify grid-gap-3"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <h2 class="font-heading-xl section-heading-gold">Amber Waves</h2> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto margin-bottom-2"> <a class="usa-button usa-button--outline maxw-16" href="/amber-waves/all-articles?topic=irrigation-water-use">Explore All</a> </div> </div> <ul class="usa-card-group"> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"><a class="usa-link font-sans-md text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/amber-waves/2023/october/water-delivery-organizations-convey-much-of-the-water-used-for-irrigation-in-the-western-united-states">Water Delivery Organizations Convey Much of the Water Used for Irrigation in the Western United States</a></h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__media"> <div class="usa-card__img radius-0"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_480x270/public/images/aw-2023-10-westwater-banner.png?itok=RDZmSyRs" alt="Background photo of snowy mountains and melting ice with six-wedge pie graphic in foreground depicting facets of irrigation." width="480" height="270" /> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"><a class="usa-link font-sans-md text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/amber-waves/2023/may/groundwater-organizations-promote-aquifer-stewardship-for-u-s-agriculture">Groundwater Organizations Promote Aquifer Stewardship for U.S. Agriculture</a></h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__media"> <div class="usa-card__img radius-0"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_480x270/public/images/aw-2023-05-groundwater-banner.jpg?itok=29mpTeig" alt="Photo illustration of a well and a crop field" width="480" height="270" /> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 usa-card"> <div class="usa-card__container custom-card"> <div class="usa-card__header"> <h4 class="line-clamp-4"><a class="usa-link font-sans-md text-no-underline hover:text-underline stretched-link" href="/amber-waves/2022/february/some-irrigation-organizations-rely-on-formal-drought-plans">Some Irrigation Organizations Rely on Formal Drought Plans</a></h4> </div> <div class="usa-card__media"> <div class="usa-card__img radius-0"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_480x270/public/images/aw-2022-02-drought-photo-copy.jpg?itok=_GHiRjDe" alt="A picture of a dried-out farmland with the Irrigation Organization Series logo overlain on it. " width="480" height="270" /> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>   </main>  <footer class="usa-footer usa-footer--big"> <div class="grid-container usa-footer__return-to-top"> <a href="#">Return to top</a> </div> <div class="usa-footer__primary-section"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8"> <nav class="usa-footer__nav" aria-label="Footer navigation"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4"> <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3"> <div> <div id="block-erslinks" class="usa-footer__primary-content usa-footer__primary-content--collapsible block block-block-content block-block-contentf13f7333-6453-4473-81d8-3036e35013d4"> <h4 class="usa-footer__primary-link">ERS Links</h4> <ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled"> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="/help/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="/about-ers/careers-at-ers">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="/help">Help</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="/about-ers/policies-and-standards/information-quality">Information Quality</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="/index/sitemap.xml">Site Map</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3"> <div> <div id="block-usdalinks" class="usa-footer__primary-content usa-footer__primary-content--collapsible block block-block-content block-block-content58ec706d-11bf-4052-9069-258798fc676b"> <h4 class="usa-footer__primary-link">USDA Links</h4> <ul class="usa-list usa-list--unstyled"> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="/freedom-of-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="https://www.usda.gov/non-discrimination-statement">Non-Discrimination Statement</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="https://www.usda.gov/plain-writing">Plain Writing</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="https://usdaoig.oversight.gov/">Report Fraud</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="https://www.usda.gov/">USDA.gov</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="usa-footer__secondary-link"> <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/">White House.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3"> </div> <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3"> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <div> <div id="block-footersignup" class="usa-sign-up block block-block-content block-block-content39783e6f-aae9-40d1-9627-10ef8db98ed3"> <h3 class="usa-sign-up__heading">ERS E-newsletters</h3> <a class="usa-button" href="http://visitor.r20.constantcontact.com/manage/optin?v=001CPZXBN9FC9oQmIu-TWkaLC06vEWBMy1Q">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-footer__secondary-section"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="usa-footer__logo grid-row mobile-lg:grid-col-6 mobile-lg:grid-gap-2"> <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-footer__logo-img width-8" src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/assets/images/usda-symbol.svg" alt="U.S. Department of Agriculture logo" /> </div> <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-footer__logo-heading">Economic Research Service</p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-footer__contact-links mobile-lg:grid-col-6"> <div> <div id="block-footersociallinks" class="usa-footer__social-links grid-row grid-gap-1 block block-block-content block-block-content203b4224-078b-4f64-b252-631eece03f7d"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <a class="usa-social-link" href="https://x.com/USDA_ERS"> <img class="usa-social-link__icon" src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/img/usa-icons/x.svg" alt="x logo" /> </a> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <a class="usa-social-link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/usda-economic-research-service/"> <img class="usa-social-link__icon" src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/img/usa-icons/linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn logo" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  <div> <div id="block-uswds-ers-adobeanalytics" class="block block-ers-blocks block-adobe-analytics"> </div> <div id="block-uswds-ers-googleanalyticsdap" class="block block-ers-blocks block-google-analytics-dap"> </div> <div id="block-uswds-ers-googleanalyticsusda" class="block block-ers-blocks block-google-analytics-usda">  <script type="text/javascript"> (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments) }, i[r].l = 1 * new Date(); a = s.createElement(o), m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async = 1; a.src = g; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m) })(window, document, 'script', 'https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga'); ga('create', 'UA-27627304-10', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </div> <div id="block-uswds-ers-googlesiteverification" class="block block-ers-blocks block-google-site-verification"> </div> <div id="block-uswds-ers-qualtrics" class="block block-ers-blocks block-qualtrics">   <script type='text/javascript'> (function () { var g = function (e, h, f, g) { this.get = function (a) { for (var a = a + "=", c = document.cookie.split(";"), b = 0, e = c.length; b < e; b++) { for (var d = c[b]; " " == d.charAt(0);)d = d.substring(1, d.length); if (0 == d.indexOf(a)) return d.substring(a.length, d.length) } return null }; this.set = function (a, c) { var b = "", b = new Date; b.setTime(b.getTime() + 6048E5); b = "; expires=" + b.toGMTString(); document.cookie = a + "=" + c + b + "; path=/; " }; this.check = function () { var a = this.get(f); if (a) a = a.split(":"); else if (100 != e) "v" == h && (e = Math.random() >= e / 100 ? 0 : 100), a = [h, e, 0], this.set(f, a.join(":")); else return !0; var c = a[1]; if (100 == c) return !0; switch (a[0]) { case "v": return !1; case "r": return c = a[2] % Math.floor(100 / c), a[2]++, this.set(f, a.join(":")), !c }return !0 }; this.go = function () { if (this.check()) { var a = document.createElement("script"); a.type = "text/javascript"; a.src = g; document.body && document.body.appendChild(a) } }; this.start = function () { var t = this; "complete" !== document.readyState ? window.addEventListener ? window.addEventListener("load", function () { t.go() }, !1) : window.attachEvent && window.attachEvent("onload", function () { t.go() }) : t.go() }; }; try { (new g(100, "r", "QSI_S_ZN_7TH4rRQTkc03Ua2", "https://zn7th4rrqtkc03ua2-usdaers.gov1.siteintercept.qualtrics.com/SIE/?Q_ZID=ZN_7TH4rRQTkc03Ua2")).start() } catch (i) { } })(); </script><div id='ZN_7TH4rRQTkc03Ua2'></div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="/modules/contrib/extlink/js/extlink.js?v=10.4.3"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/uswds_ers/package/dist/js/uswds.min.js?v=3.8.2"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Irrigation & Water Use | Economic Research Service