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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orbit and rotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Internal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Surface features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lineae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Lineae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaos_and_lenticulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaos_and_lenticulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Chaos and lenticulae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaos_and_lenticulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsurface_ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsurface_ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Subsurface ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsurface_ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Sources of heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tidal_friction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_friction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.1</span> <span>Tidal friction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_friction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_flexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_flexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.2</span> <span>Tidal flexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_flexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioactive_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioactive_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.3</span> <span>Radioactive decay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioactive_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Plumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Discovery of atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Climate and weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Future_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Future missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Old proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Habitability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Europa (moon)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(maan)" title="Europa (maan) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Europa (maan)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(Mond)" title="Europa (Mond) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Europa (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="أوروبا (قمر) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوروبا (قمر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(satelite)" title="Europa (satelite) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Europa (satelite)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Եւրոպա (արբանեակ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եւրոպա (արբանեակ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_(sat%C3%A8lite)" title="Eropa (satèlite) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Eropa (satèlite)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(lluna)" title="Europa (lluna) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Europa (lluna)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_(Yupiterin_peyki)" title="Avropa (Yupiterin peyki) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropa (Yupiterin peyki)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_(%D8%A2%DB%8C)" title="اوروپا (آی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوروپا (آی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9)" title="ইউরোপা (প্রাকৃতিক উপগ্রহ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপা (প্রাকৃতিক উপগ্রহ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(o%C4%93-chhe%E2%81%BF)" title="Europa (oē-chheⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Europa (oē-chheⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Еўропа (спадарожнік) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўропа (спадарожнік)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Эўропа (спадарожнік) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўропа (спадарожнік)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Европа (спътник) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Европа (спътник)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_(satelit)" title="Evropa (satelit) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evropa (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(loarenn)" title="Europa (loarenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Europa (loarenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit)" title="Europa (satèl·lit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Europa (satèl·lit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Европа (çулташ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Европа (çулташ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADc)" title="Europa (měsíc) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Europa (měsíc)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(astrunumia)" title="Europa (astrunumia) – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Europa (astrunumia)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Europa (måne) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europa (måne)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="يوروپا (قامار) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="يوروپا (قامار)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(Mond)" title="Europa (Mond) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europa (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7_(%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Ευρώπη (δορυφόρος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρώπη (δορυφόρος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Europa (satélite) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Europa (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADropo_(luno)" title="Eŭropo (luno) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropo (luno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(satelitea)" title="Europa (satelitea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europa (satelitea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="اروپا (قمر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروپا (قمر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_(lune)" title="Europe (lune) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Europe (lune)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(gealach)" title="Europa (gealach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Europa (gealach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(eayst)" title="Europa (eayst) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Europa (eayst)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(l%C3%BAa)" title="Europa (lúa) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Europa (lúa)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C%ED%8C%8C_(%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1)" title="유로파 (위성) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유로파 (위성)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Եվրոպա (արբանյակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպա (արբանյակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="यूरोपा (उपग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोपा (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(mjesec)" title="Europa (mjesec) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Europa (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(satelito)" title="Europa (satelito) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Europa (satelito)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Europa (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(luna)" title="Europa (luna) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Europa (luna)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pa_(tungl)" title="Evrópa (tungl) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Evrópa (tungl)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(astronomia)" title="Europa (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Europa (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_(%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%97)" title="אירופה (ירח) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירופה (ירח)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="ევროპა (თანამგზავრი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროპა (თანამგზავრი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Еуропа (серік) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуропа (серік)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D3%A7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C)" title="Европа (тӧлысь) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Европа (тӧлысь)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BBropa_(mang)" title="Yûropa (mang) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yûropa (mang)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Европа жандоочусу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Европа жандоочусу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(satelles)" title="Europa (satelles) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Europa (satelles)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropa_(pavadonis)" title="Eiropa (pavadonis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropa (pavadonis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(Mound)" title="Europa (Mound) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Europa (Mound)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(palydovas)" title="Europa (palydovas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europa (palydovas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(corp_celest)" title="Europa (corp celest) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Europa (corp celest)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Европа (месечина) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Европа (месечина)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA_(%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82)" title="യൂറോപ്പ (ഉപഗ്രഹം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറോപ്പ (ഉപഗ്രഹം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="युरोपा (उपग्रह) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरोपा (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="اوروبا (قمر) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوروبا (قمر)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(bulan)" title="Europa (bulan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Europa (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(%C3%B4i-s%C4%ADng)" title="Europa (ôi-sĭng) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Europa (ôi-sĭng)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouropa_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Ouropa (satélite) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouropa (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB_(%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C)" title="ယူရိုပါ (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူရိုပါ (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(maan)" title="Europa (maan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Europa (maan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%91_(%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F)" title="エウロパ (衛星) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エウロパ (衛星)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Europa (måne) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europa (måne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterm%C3%A5nen_Europa" title="Jupitermånen Europa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jupitermånen Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_(luna)" title="Euròpa (luna) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Euròpa (luna)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevropa_(tabiiy_yo%CA%BBldosh)" title="Yevropa (tabiiy yoʻldosh) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevropa (tabiiy yoʻldosh)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਯੂਰੋਪਾ (ਚੰਨ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰੋਪਾ (ਚੰਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7_(%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="یورپا (چند) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپا (چند)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="اروپا میاشت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اروپا میاشت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(Maand)" title="Europa (Maand) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Europa (Maand)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(ksi%C4%99%C5%BCyc)" title="Europa (księżyc) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Europa (księżyc)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Europa (satélite) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Europa (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Europa (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Европа (спутник) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Европа (спутник)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(h%C3%ABn%C3%AB)" title="Europa (hënë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Europa (hënë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(sat%C3%A8lliti)" title="Europa (satèlliti) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Europa (satèlliti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F_(%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F)" title="යුරෝපා (චන්ද්‍රයා) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුරෝපා (චන්ද්‍රයා)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Europa (moon)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="يوروپا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوروپا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa_(mesiac)" title="Európa (mesiac) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Európa (mesiac)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_(luna)" title="Evropa (luna) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evropa (luna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojropa_(k%C5%9Byn%C5%BCyc)" title="Ojropa (kśynżyc) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ojropa (kśynżyc)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="یوورۆپا (مانگ) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یوورۆپا (مانگ)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Европа (сателит) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Европа (сателит)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(mjesec)" title="Europa (mjesec) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Europa (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(kuu)" title="Europa (kuu) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Europa (kuu)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Europa (måne) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europa (måne)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(buwan)" title="Europa (buwan) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Europa (buwan)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81)" title="ஐரோப்பா (நிலவு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பா (நிலவு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Европа (иярчен) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Европа (иярчен)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="ยูโรปา (ดาวบริวาร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูโรปา (ดาวบริวาร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84)" title="Европа (радиф) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Европа (радиф)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(uydu)" title="Europa (uydu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Europa (uydu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Європа (супутник) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Європа (супутник)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_(%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="یوروپا (چاند) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوروپا (چاند)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(v%E1%BB%87_tinh)" title="Europa (vệ tinh) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Europa (vệ tinh)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%A1%9B%E4%BA%8C" title="木衛二 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="木衛二" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(bulan)" title="Europa (bulan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Europa (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%8D%AB%E4%BA%8C" title="木卫二 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="木卫二" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%A1%9E%E4%BA%8C" title="木衞二 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="木衞二" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%8D%AB%E4%BA%8C" title="木卫二 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木卫二" data-language-autonym="中文" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jupiter II" redirects here. For the spaceship in the 1960s television series Lost in Space, see <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter 2">Jupiter 2</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the asteroid, see <a href="/wiki/52_Europa" title="52 Europa">52 Europa</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Europa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_-_Perijove_45_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Surface predominantly white, with a prominent brown oval on the lower right named Callanish crater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_-_Perijove_45_%28cropped%29.png/290px-Europa_-_Perijove_45_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_-_Perijove_45_%28cropped%29.png/435px-Europa_-_Perijove_45_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_-_Perijove_45_%28cropped%29.png/580px-Europa_-_Perijove_45_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Europa, as imaged by the <i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> spacecraft, October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous dark lineae criss-cross its geologically young surface.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Discovery</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers" title="List of minor planet discoverers">Discovered by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Discovery date</th><td class="infobox-data">8 January 1610<sup id="cite_ref-IAUMoonDiscoveries_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAUMoonDiscoveries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Ευρώπη</a> <i>Eurōpē</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">Alternative names</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jupiter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1267561383">.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral{font-family:"Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:118%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-a{border:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-t{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-v{border:solid;border-width:0 1px;padding:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-h{border:solid;border-width:1px 0}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-tv{border:1px solid;border-bottom:none;padding:0 2px}</style><span class="roman-numeral" title="Roman numeral">II</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Europan <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id="cite_ref-horizons_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horizons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> 8 January 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periapsis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008664862000000000♠"></span>664<span style="margin-left:.25em;">862</span> km</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apoapsis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008676938000000000♠"></span>676<span style="margin-left:.25em;">938</span> km</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean orbit <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008670900000000000♠"></span>670<span style="margin-left:.25em;">900</span> km</span><sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.009<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005306822038400000♠"></span>3.551<span style="margin-left:.25em;">181</span> d</span><sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004137433600000000♠"></span>13<span style="margin-left:.25em;">743</span>.36 m/s</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.470° (to Jupiter's equator)<br />1.791° (to the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Satellite of</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon#Group" title="Irregular moon">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean moon">Galilean moon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF"><span class="anchor" id="Infobox_Physical_characteristics"></span>Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006156080000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">560</span>.8<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.5 km</span><br />(0.245 <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earths</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-jplfact_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jplfact-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7013306100000000000♠"></span>3.061<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>7</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span><br />(0.061 Earths)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7019159300000000000♠"></span>1.593<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span><br />(0.015 Earths)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7022479983999999999♠"></span>4.799<span style="margin-left:.25em;">84</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>22</sup> kg</span><br />(0.008 Earths)<sup id="cite_ref-jplfact_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jplfact-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003301300000000000♠"></span>3.013<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.005 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span><br />(0.546 Earths)<sup id="cite_ref-jplfact_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jplfact-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000131400000000000♠"></span>1.314 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s<sup>2</sup></a></span><br />(0.134 g)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999346000000000000♠"></span>0.346<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.005</span><sup id="cite_ref-Showman1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003202500000000000♠"></span>2.025 km/s</span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">Synchronous</a><sup id="cite_ref-Geissler_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geissler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.1°<sup id="cite_ref-Bills2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bills2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to Jupiter)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data">268.08° <sup id="cite_ref-iau2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">64.51° <sup id="cite_ref-iau2015_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.67 ± 0.03<sup id="cite_ref-jplfact_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jplfact-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">Surface</th> <td style="text-align:center">≈ 50 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><sup id="cite_ref-cyclo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center">102 K (−171 °C)</td> <td style="text-align:center">125 K</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.29 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy_and_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (astronomy and astrology)">opposition</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-jplfact_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jplfact-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Atmosphere</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.1 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">μPa</a> (10<sup>−12</sup> <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-McGrathChapter_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrathChapter-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Europa</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/En-Europa.ogg\/En-Europa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Europa.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/En-Europa.ogg/En-Europa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Europa.ogg" title="File:En-Europa.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, or <b>Jupiter II</b>, is the smallest of the four <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> orbiting <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, and the sixth-closest to the planet of all the 95 known <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">moons of Jupiter</a>. It is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">sixth-largest moon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Europa was discovered independently by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a><sup id="cite_ref-IAUMoonDiscoveries_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAUMoonDiscoveries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was named (by Marius) after <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> mother of King <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and lover of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (the Greek equivalent of the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>). </p><p>Slightly smaller than <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Earth's Moon</a>, Europa is made of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> rock and has a water-ice crust<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150315_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably an <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93nickel_alloy" title="Iron–nickel alloy">iron–nickel</a> core. It has a very thin atmosphere, composed primarily of oxygen. Its geologically young white-<a href="/wiki/Beige" title="Beige">beige</a> surface is <a href="/wiki/Glacial_striation" title="Glacial striation">striated</a> by light <a href="/wiki/Tan_(color)" title="Tan (color)">tan</a> cracks and streaks, with very few impact craters. In addition to Earth-bound telescope observations, Europa has been examined by a succession of space-probe flybys, the first occurring in the early 1970s. In September 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a> spacecraft flew within about 320 km (200 miles) of Europa for a more recent close-up view.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20220930_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220930-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europa has the smoothest surface of any known solid object in the Solar System. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface is due to a <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">water ocean</a> beneath the surface, which could conceivably harbor <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>, although such life would most likely be that of <a href="/wiki/Single_celled_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single celled organisms">single celled organisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>-like creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Tritt2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tritt2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominant model suggests that heat from <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flexing">tidal flexing</a> causes the ocean to remain liquid and drives ice movement similar to <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, absorbing chemicals from the surface into the ocean below.<sup id="cite_ref-geology_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140908_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140908-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Sea salt</a> from a subsurface ocean may be coating some geological features on Europa, suggesting that the ocean is interacting with the sea floor. This may be important in determining whether Europa could be habitable.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150512_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150512-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> detected <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor plumes</a> similar to those observed on Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, which are thought to be caused by erupting <a href="/wiki/Cryogeyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogeyser">cryogeysers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131212-EU_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131212-EU-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2018, astronomers provided supporting evidence of water plume activity on Europa, based on an updated analysis of data obtained from the <i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i> space probe, which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. Such plume activity could help researchers in a search for life from the subsurface Europan ocean without having to land on the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-NA-20180514_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-20180514-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20180514_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20180514-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180514_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180514-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SP-20180514_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-20180514-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2024, astronomers reported that the surface of Europa may have much less <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> than previously inferred.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240304km_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240304km-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240304jrs_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240304jrs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Galileo</i> mission, launched in 1989, provides the bulk of current data on Europa. No spacecraft has yet landed on Europa, although there have been several proposed exploration missions. The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moon_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer</a> (JUICE) is a mission to <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> launched on 14 April 2023, that will include two flybys of Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-selection_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selection-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA's <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> was launched on 14 October 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20140304_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20140304-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_naming">Discovery and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europa, along with Jupiter's three other large moons, <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> on 8 January 1610,<sup id="cite_ref-IAUMoonDiscoveries_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAUMoonDiscoveries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly independently by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a>. On 7 January, Galileo had observed Io and Europa together using a <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Telescope">20×-magnification refracting telescope</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a>, but the low resolution could not separate the two objects. The following night, he saw Io and Europa for the first time as separate bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-IAUMoonDiscoveries_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAUMoonDiscoveries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The moon is the namesake of <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. Like all the Galilean satellites, Europa is named after a lover of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, the Greek counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>. Europa was courted by Zeus and became the queen of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naming scheme was suggested by Simon Marius,<sup id="cite_ref-Marius1614_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marius1614-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who attributed the proposal to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Marius1614_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marius1614-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEDS_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEDS-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Jupiter is much blamed by the poets on account of his irregular loves. Three maidens are especially mentioned as having been clandestinely courted by Jupiter with success. Io, daughter of the River Inachus, Callisto of Lycaon, Europa of Agenor. Then there was Ganymede, the handsome son of King Tros, whom Jupiter, having taken the form of an eagle, transported to heaven on his back, as poets fabulously tell... I think, therefore, that I shall not have done amiss if the First is called by me Io, the Second Europa, the Third, on account of its majesty of light, Ganymede, the Fourth Callisto...<sup id="cite_ref-Helden_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helden-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The names fell out of favor for a considerable time and were not revived in general use until the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-marazzini_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marazzini-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In much of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> literature, Europa is simply referred to by its <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numeral</a> designation as <i><span class="nowrap">Jupiter II</span></i> (a system also introduced by Galileo) or as the "second satellite of Jupiter". In 1892, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a>, whose orbit lay closer to Jupiter than those of the Galilean moons, pushed Europa to the third position. The <a href="/wiki/Voyager_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager probes"><i>Voyager</i> probes</a> discovered three more <a href="/wiki/Inner_satellites_of_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner satellites of Jupiter">inner satellites</a> in 1979, so Europa is now counted as Jupiter's sixth satellite, though it is still referred to as <span class="nowrap">Jupiter II</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-marazzini_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marazzini-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adjectival form has stabilized as <i>Europan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orbit and rotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif/220px-Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif/330px-Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Animation of the <a href="/wiki/Laplace_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplace resonance">Laplace resonance</a> of Io, Europa and Ganymede (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes)</figcaption></figure> <p>Europa orbits Jupiter in roughly 3.55 days, with an orbital radius of about 670,900 km. With an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> of only 0.009, the orbit itself is nearly circular, and the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">orbital inclination</a> relative to Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial plane">equatorial plane</a> is small, at 0.470°.<sup id="cite_ref-datasheet_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datasheet-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like its fellow <a href="/wiki/Galilean_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean satellites">Galilean satellites</a>, Europa is <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidally locked</a> to Jupiter, with one hemisphere of Europa constantly facing Jupiter. Because of this, there is a <a href="/wiki/Poles_of_astronomical_bodies" title="Poles of astronomical bodies">sub-Jovian point</a> on Europa's surface, from which Jupiter would appear to hang directly overhead. Europa's <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a> is a line passing through this point.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests that tidal locking may not be full, as a <a href="/wiki/Non-synchronous_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-synchronous rotation">non-synchronous rotation</a> has been proposed: Europa spins faster than it orbits, or at least did so in the past. This suggests an asymmetry in internal mass distribution and that a layer of subsurface liquid separates the icy crust from the rocky interior.<sup id="cite_ref-Geissler_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geissler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slight eccentricity of Europa's orbit, maintained by gravitational disturbances from the other Galileans, causes Europa's sub-Jovian point to oscillate around a mean position. As Europa comes slightly nearer to Jupiter, Jupiter's gravitational attraction increases, causing Europa to elongate towards and away from it. As Europa moves slightly away from Jupiter, Jupiter's gravitational force decreases, causing Europa to relax back into a more spherical shape, and creating tides in its ocean. The orbital eccentricity of Europa is continuously pumped by its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">mean-motion resonance</a> with Io.<sup id="cite_ref-Showman1997_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Showman1997-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flexing">tidal flexing</a> kneads Europa's interior and gives it a source of heat, possibly allowing its ocean to stay liquid while driving subsurface geological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-geology_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Showman1997_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Showman1997-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate source of this energy is Jupiter's rotation, which is tapped by Io through the tides it raises on Jupiter and is transferred to Europa and Ganymede by the orbital resonance.<sup id="cite_ref-Showman1997_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Showman1997-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moore2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of the unique cracks lining Europa yielded evidence that it likely spun around a tilted axis at some point in time. If correct, this would explain many of Europa's features. Europa's immense network of crisscrossing cracks serves as a record of the stresses caused by massive tides in its global ocean. Europa's tilt could influence calculations of how much of its history is recorded in its frozen shell, how much heat is generated by tides in its ocean, and even how long the ocean has been liquid. Its ice layer must stretch to accommodate these changes. When there is too much stress, it cracks. A tilt in Europa's axis could suggest that its cracks may be much more recent than previously thought. The reason for this is that the direction of the spin pole may change by as much as a few degrees per day, completing one precession period over several months. A tilt could also affect estimates of the age of Europa's ocean. Tidal forces are thought to generate the heat that keeps Europa's ocean liquid, and a tilt in the spin axis would cause more heat to be generated by tidal forces. Such additional heat would have allowed the ocean to remain liquid for a longer time. However, it has not yet been determined when this hypothesized shift in the spin axis might have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa,_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Europa%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/220px-Europa%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Europa%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/330px-Europa%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Europa%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/440px-Europa%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of Europa (<i>lower left</i>) with the Moon (<i>top left</i>) and Earth (<i>right</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Europa is slightly smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Earth's moon</a>. At just over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_moons_by_diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="List of moons by diameter">sixth-largest moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">fifteenth-largest object</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Though by a wide margin the least massive of the Galilean satellites, it is nonetheless more massive than all known moons in the Solar System smaller than itself combined.<sup id="cite_ref-Masses_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masses-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its bulk density suggests that it is similar in composition to <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a>, being primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that Europa has an outer layer of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> around 100 km (62 mi) thick – a part frozen as its crust and a part as a liquid ocean underneath the ice. Recent <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic-field</a> data from the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)"><i>Galileo</i></a> orbiter showed that Europa has an induced magnetic field through interaction with Jupiter's, which suggests the presence of a subsurface conductive layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This layer is likely to be a salty liquid-water ocean. Portions of the crust are estimated to have undergone a rotation of nearly 80°, nearly flipping over (see <a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander" title="True polar wander">true polar wander</a>), which would be unlikely if the ice were solidly attached to the mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowen2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowen2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa probably contains a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> core.<sup id="cite_ref-Kivelson_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivelson-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhatia2017_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_features">Surface features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surface features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_nomenclature_map_(USGS_August_2023).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Europa_nomenclature_map_%28USGS_August_2023%29.png/443px-Europa_nomenclature_map_%28USGS_August_2023%29.png" decoding="async" width="443" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Europa_nomenclature_map_%28USGS_August_2023%29.png/665px-Europa_nomenclature_map_%28USGS_August_2023%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Europa_nomenclature_map_%28USGS_August_2023%29.png/886px-Europa_nomenclature_map_%28USGS_August_2023%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="5400" /></a><figcaption>Map of Europa, by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Europa is the smoothest known object in the Solar System, lacking large-scale features such as mountains and craters.<sup id="cite_ref-waterworld_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterworld-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prominent markings crisscrossing Europa appear to be mainly <a href="/wiki/Albedo_feature" title="Albedo feature">albedo features</a> that emphasize low topography. There are few craters on Europa, because its surface is tectonically too active and therefore young.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnett1996_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnett1996-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EuropaAlbedo_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropaAlbedo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its icy crust has an <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> (light reflectivity) of 0.64, one of the highest of any moon.<sup id="cite_ref-datasheet_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datasheet-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EuropaAlbedo_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropaAlbedo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates a young and active surface: based on estimates of the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">cometary</a> bombardment that Europa experiences, the surface is about 20 to 180 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Schenk_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schenk-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no scientific consensus about the explanation for Europa's surface features.<sup id="cite_ref-Astrobio2007_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astrobio2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been postulated Europa's equator may be covered in icy spikes called <a href="/wiki/Penitente_(snow_formation)" title="Penitente (snow formation)">penitentes</a>, which may be up to 15 meters high. Their formation is due to direct overhead sunlight near the equator causing the ice to <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublime</a>, forming vertical cracks.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobley_2018_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobley_2018-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the imaging available from the <i>Galileo</i> orbiter does not have the resolution for confirmation, radar and thermal data are consistent with this speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobley_2018_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobley_2018-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> level at Europa's surface is equivalent to a daily dose of about 5.4 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Sv</a> (540 <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgen_equivalent_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgen equivalent man">rem</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ringwald_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ringwald-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an amount that would cause severe illness or death in human beings exposed for a single Earth day (24 hours).<sup id="cite_ref-remeffects_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remeffects-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Europan day is about 3.5 times as long as an Earth day.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lineae">Lineae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lineae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_lineae_on_Europa" title="List of lineae on Europa">List of lineae on Europa</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_-_PJ45-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Europa_-_PJ45-1.png/300px-Europa_-_PJ45-1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Europa_-_PJ45-1.png/450px-Europa_-_PJ45-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Europa_-_PJ45-1.png/600px-Europa_-_PJ45-1.png 2x" data-file-width="3436" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>True color mosaic of Europa's numerous <a href="/wiki/Lineae" title="Lineae">lineae</a>. The region of lineae at the center of this image is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa#Regiones" title="List of geological features on Europa">Annwn Regio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Europa's most striking surface features are a series of dark streaks crisscrossing the entire globe, called <a href="/wiki/Lineae" title="Lineae">lineae</a> (English: <span lang="en">lines</span>). Close examination shows that the edges of Europa's crust on either side of the cracks have moved relative to each other. The larger bands are more than 20 km (12 mi) across, often with dark, diffuse outer edges, regular striations, and a central band of lighter material.<sup id="cite_ref-Geissler1998_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geissler1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most likely hypothesis is that the lineae on Europa were produced by a series of eruptions of warm ice as Europa's crust slowly spreads open to expose warmer layers beneath.<sup id="cite_ref-Figueredo2003_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figueredo2003-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect would have been similar to that seen on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic ridge">oceanic ridges</a>. These various fractures are thought to have been caused in large part by the tidal flexing exerted by Jupiter. Because Europa is tidally locked to Jupiter, and therefore always maintains approximately the same orientation towards Jupiter, the stress patterns should form a distinctive and predictable pattern. However, only the youngest of Europa's fractures conform to the predicted pattern; other fractures appear to occur at increasingly different orientations the older they are. This could be explained if Europa's surface rotates slightly faster than its interior, an effect that is possible due to the subsurface ocean mechanically decoupling Europa's surface from its rocky mantle and the effects of Jupiter's gravity tugging on Europa's outer ice crust.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurford2006_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurford2006-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparisons of <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></i> and <i>Galileo</i> spacecraft photos serve to put an upper limit on this hypothetical slippage. A full revolution of the outer rigid shell relative to the interior of Europa takes at least 12,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Kattenhorn1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kattenhorn1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of <i>Voyager</i> and <i>Galileo</i> images have revealed evidence of <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> on Europa's surface, suggesting that, just as the cracks are analogous to ocean ridges,<sup id="cite_ref-Schenk1989_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schenk1989-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katternhorn2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katternhorn2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so plates of icy crust analogous to <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a> on Earth are recycled into the molten interior. This evidence of both crustal spreading at bands<sup id="cite_ref-Schenk1989_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schenk1989-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and convergence at other sites<sup id="cite_ref-Katternhorn2_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katternhorn2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that Europa may have active <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, similar to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140908_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140908-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the physics driving these plate tectonics are not likely to resemble those driving terrestrial plate tectonics, as the forces resisting potential Earth-like plate motions in Europa's crust are significantly stronger than the forces that could drive them.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chaos_and_lenticulae">Chaos and lenticulae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chaos and lenticulae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa" title="List of geological features on Europa">List of geological features on Europa</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:374px;max-width:374px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA01092_-_Evidence_of_Internal_Activity_on_Europa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA01092_-_Evidence_of_Internal_Activity_on_Europa.jpg/130px-PIA01092_-_Evidence_of_Internal_Activity_on_Europa.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA01092_-_Evidence_of_Internal_Activity_on_Europa.jpg/195px-PIA01092_-_Evidence_of_Internal_Activity_on_Europa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PIA01092_-_Evidence_of_Internal_Activity_on_Europa.jpg/260px-PIA01092_-_Evidence_of_Internal_Activity_on_Europa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_chaotic_terrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Europa_chaotic_terrain.jpg/236px-Europa_chaotic_terrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Europa_chaotic_terrain.jpg/354px-Europa_chaotic_terrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Europa_chaotic_terrain.jpg/472px-Europa_chaotic_terrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: surface features indicative of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flexing">tidal flexing</a>: lineae, lenticulae and the <a href="/wiki/Conamara_Chaos" title="Conamara Chaos">Conamara Chaos</a> region (close-up, right) where craggy, 250 m high peaks and smooth plates are jumbled together</div></div></div></div> <p>Other features present on Europa are circular and elliptical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lenticulae</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "freckles"). Many are domes, some are pits and some are smooth, dark spots. Others have a jumbled or rough texture. The dome tops look like pieces of the older plains around them, suggesting that the domes formed when the plains were pushed up from below.<sup id="cite_ref-diapir_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diapir-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One hypothesis states that these lenticulae were formed by <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapirs</a> of warm ice rising up through the colder ice of the outer crust, much like <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chambers</a> in Earth's crust.<sup id="cite_ref-diapir_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diapir-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smooth, dark spots could be formed by <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a> released when the warm ice breaks through the surface. The rough, jumbled lenticulae (called regions of "chaos"; for example, <a href="/wiki/Conamara_Chaos" title="Conamara Chaos">Conamara Chaos</a>) would then be formed from many small fragments of crust, embedded in hummocky, dark material, appearing like <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">icebergs</a> in a frozen sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative hypothesis suggests that lenticulae are actually small areas of chaos and that the claimed pits, spots and domes are artefacts resulting from the over-interpretation of early, low-resolution Galileo images. The implication is that the ice is too thin to support the convective diapir model of feature formation.<sup id="cite_ref-thinice_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinice-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, a team of researchers, including researchers at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, presented evidence suggesting that many "<a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">chaos terrain</a>" features on Europa sit atop vast lakes of liquid water.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-europagreatlakeairhart_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europagreatlakeairhart-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lakes would be entirely encased in Europa's icy outer shell and distinct from a liquid ocean thought to exist farther down beneath the ice shell. Full confirmation of the lakes' existence will require a space mission designed to probe the ice shell either physically or indirectly, e.g. using radar.<sup id="cite_ref-europagreatlakeairhart_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europagreatlakeairhart-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaos features may also be a result of increased melting of the ice shell and deposition of marine ice at low latitudes as a result of heterogeneous heating.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work published by researchers from <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> suggests that chaos terrain may represent sites where impacting comets penetrated through the ice crust and into an underlying ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsurface_ocean">Subsurface ocean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subsurface ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_poster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Europa_poster.svg/440px-Europa_poster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Europa_poster.svg/660px-Europa_poster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Europa_poster.svg/880px-Europa_poster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Model of Europa's possible interior structure, with a thin ice crust and a <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">subsurface ocean</a> atop a rocky mantle and metallic core</figcaption></figure> <p>The scientific consensus is that a layer of liquid water exists beneath Europa's surface, and that heat from tidal flexing allows the <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">subsurface ocean</a> to remain liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-geology_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenberg_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberg-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa's surface temperature averages about 110 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−160 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>; −260 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) at the equator and only 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F) at the poles, keeping Europa's icy crust as hard as granite.<sup id="cite_ref-cyclo_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first hints of a subsurface ocean came from theoretical considerations of tidal heating (a consequence of Europa's slightly eccentric orbit and orbital resonance with the other Galilean moons). <i>Galileo</i> imaging team members argue for the existence of a subsurface ocean from analysis of <i>Voyager</i> and <i>Galileo</i> images.<sup id="cite_ref-greenberg_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberg-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most dramatic example is "chaos terrain", a common feature on Europa's surface that some interpret as a region where the subsurface ocean has melted through the icy crust. This interpretation is controversial. Most geologists who have studied Europa favor what is commonly called the "thick ice" model, in which the ocean has rarely, if ever, directly interacted with the present surface.<sup id="cite_ref-greeley_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greeley-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best evidence for the thick-ice model is a study of Europa's large craters. The largest impact structures are surrounded by concentric rings and appear to be filled with relatively flat, fresh ice; based on this and on the calculated amount of heat generated by Europan tides, it is estimated that the outer crust of solid ice is approximately 10 to 30 km (6 to 20 mi) thick,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a ductile "warm ice" layer, which could mean that the liquid ocean underneath may be about 100 km (60 mi) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to a volume of Europa's oceans of 3×10<sup>18</sup>m<sup>3</sup>, between two or three times the volume of Earth's oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thin-ice model suggests that Europa's ice shell may be only a few kilometers thick. However, most planetary scientists conclude that this model considers only those topmost layers of Europa's crust that behave elastically when affected by Jupiter's tides.<sup id="cite_ref-Billings_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billings-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is flexure analysis, in which Europa's crust is modeled as a plane or sphere weighted and flexed by a heavy load. Models such as this suggest the outer elastic portion of the ice crust could be as thin as 200 metres (660 ft). If the ice shell of Europa is really only a few kilometers thick, this "thin ice" model would mean that regular contact of the liquid interior with the surface could occur through open ridges, causing the formation of areas of chaotic terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Billings_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billings-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large impacts going fully through the ice crust would also be a way that the subsurface ocean could be exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Composition">Composition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_PIA2387x_-_Chaos_Transition,_Crisscrossing_Bands_%26_Chaos_Near_Agenor_Linea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_PIA2387x_-_Chaos_Transition%2C_Crisscrossing_Bands_%26_Chaos_Near_Agenor_Linea.jpg/300px-Europa_PIA2387x_-_Chaos_Transition%2C_Crisscrossing_Bands_%26_Chaos_Near_Agenor_Linea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_PIA2387x_-_Chaos_Transition%2C_Crisscrossing_Bands_%26_Chaos_Near_Agenor_Linea.jpg/450px-Europa_PIA2387x_-_Chaos_Transition%2C_Crisscrossing_Bands_%26_Chaos_Near_Agenor_Linea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_PIA2387x_-_Chaos_Transition%2C_Crisscrossing_Bands_%26_Chaos_Near_Agenor_Linea.jpg/600px-Europa_PIA2387x_-_Chaos_Transition%2C_Crisscrossing_Bands_%26_Chaos_Near_Agenor_Linea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>Closeup views of Europa obtained on 26 September 1998; images clockwise from upper left show locations from north to south as indicated at lower left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Galileo</i> orbiter found that Europa has a weak <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a>, which is induced by the varying part of the Jovian magnetic field. The field strength at the magnetic equator (about 120 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">nT</a>) created by this magnetic moment is about one-sixth the strength of Ganymede's field and six times the value of Callisto's.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the induced moment requires a layer of a highly electrically conductive material in Europa's interior. The most plausible candidate for this role is a large subsurface ocean of liquid saltwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Kivelson_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivelson-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Europa Closeups</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA26332-JupiterMoonEuropaCloseupA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PIA26332-JupiterMoonEuropaCloseupA.jpg/150px-PIA26332-JupiterMoonEuropaCloseupA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PIA26332-JupiterMoonEuropaCloseupA.jpg/225px-PIA26332-JupiterMoonEuropaCloseupA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PIA26332-JupiterMoonEuropaCloseupA.jpg/300px-PIA26332-JupiterMoonEuropaCloseupA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">29 September 2022</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25696-Europa-JupiterMoon-20220929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PIA25696-Europa-JupiterMoon-20220929.jpg/150px-PIA25696-Europa-JupiterMoon-20220929.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PIA25696-Europa-JupiterMoon-20220929.jpg/225px-PIA25696-Europa-JupiterMoon-20220929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PIA25696-Europa-JupiterMoon-20220929.jpg/300px-PIA25696-Europa-JupiterMoon-20220929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">9 September 2022</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Since the <i>Voyager</i> spacecraft flew past Europa in 1979, scientists have worked to understand the composition of the reddish-brown material that coats fractures and other geologically youthful features on Europa's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spectrographic evidence suggests that the darker, reddish streaks and features on Europa's surface may be rich in salts such as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">magnesium sulfate</a>, deposited by evaporating water that emerged from within.<sup id="cite_ref-McCord1998_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCord1998-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">Sulfuric acid</a> hydrate is another possible explanation for the contaminant observed spectroscopically.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson2005_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson2005-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either case, because these materials are colorless or white when pure, some other material must also be present to account for the reddish color, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> compounds are suspected.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvin_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvin-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_(NIRCam_image,_cropped)_(weic2323b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Europa_%28NIRCam_image%2C_cropped%29_%28weic2323b%29.jpg/170px-Europa_%28NIRCam_image%2C_cropped%29_%28weic2323b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Europa_%28NIRCam_image%2C_cropped%29_%28weic2323b%29.jpg/255px-Europa_%28NIRCam_image%2C_cropped%29_%28weic2323b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Europa_%28NIRCam_image%2C_cropped%29_%28weic2323b%29.jpg/340px-Europa_%28NIRCam_image%2C_cropped%29_%28weic2323b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">NIR</a> image of Europa by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, confirming the presence of carbon dioxide on the moon<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another hypothesis for the colored regions is that they are composed of abiotic <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a> collectively called <a href="/wiki/Tholins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholins">tholins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tholins_Europa_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tholins_Europa-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amino_acids_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amino_acids-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPL2015_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL2015-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morphology of Europa's impact craters and ridges is suggestive of fluidized material welling up from the fractures where <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiolysis" title="Radiolysis">radiolysis</a> take place. In order to generate colored tholins on Europa, there must be a source of materials (carbon, nitrogen, and water) and a source of energy to make the reactions occur. Impurities in the water ice crust of Europa are presumed both to emerge from the interior as <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">cryovolcanic</a> events that resurface the body, and to accumulate from space as interplanetary dust.<sup id="cite_ref-Tholins_Europa_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tholins_Europa-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tholins bring important <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiological</a> implications, as they may play a role in prebiotic chemistry and <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prebiotic_chem_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prebiotic_chem-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coll_2010_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll_2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> in the internal ocean has been suggested by a 450 nm absorption feature, characteristic of irradiated NaCl crystals, that has been spotted in <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> observations of the chaos regions, presumed to be areas of recent subsurface upwelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Trumbo2019_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trumbo2019-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subterranean ocean of Europa contains carbon<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was observed on the surface ice as a concentration of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> within Tara Regio, a geologically recently resurfaced terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_Europa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CO2_Europa.png/880px-CO2_Europa.png" decoding="async" width="880" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/CO2_Europa.png 1.5x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A series of images of Europa in different wavelengths by the James Webb Space Telescope. The different wavelengths show the presence of different forms of carbon dioxide on Europa.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources_of_heat">Sources of heat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources of heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europa receives thermal energy from <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a>, which occurs through the tidal friction and tidal flexing processes caused by <a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">tidal acceleration</a>: orbital and rotational energy are dissipated as heat in the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> of the moon, the internal ocean, and the ice crust.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_FAQ_2012_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_FAQ_2012-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tidal_friction">Tidal friction</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tidal friction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ocean tides are converted to heat by frictional losses in the oceans and their interaction with the solid bottom and with the top ice crust. In late 2008, it was suggested Jupiter may keep Europa's oceans warm by generating large planetary tidal waves on Europa because of its small but non-zero obliquity. This generates so-called <a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby waves</a> that travel quite slowly, at just a few kilometers per day, but can generate significant kinetic energy. For the current axial tilt estimate of 0.1 degree, the resonance from Rossby waves would contain 7.3<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001180000000000000♠"></span>18</span></sup> J of kinetic energy, which is two thousand times larger than that of the flow excited by the dominant tidal forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Zyga2008_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zyga2008-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyler2008_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler2008-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissipation of this energy could be the principal heat source of Europa's ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Zyga2008_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zyga2008-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyler2008_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler2008-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tidal_flexing">Tidal flexing</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tidal flexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tidal flexing kneads Europa's interior and ice shell, which becomes a source of heat.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the amount of tilt, the heat generated by the ocean flow could be 100 to thousands of times greater than the heat generated by the flexing of Europa's rocky core in response to the gravitational pull from Jupiter and the other moons circling that planet.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa's seafloor could be heated by the moon's constant flexing, driving hydrothermal activity similar to undersea volcanoes in Earth's oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_FAQ_2012_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_FAQ_2012-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experiments and ice modeling published in 2016, indicate that tidal flexing dissipation can generate one order of magnitude more heat in Europa's ice than scientists had previously assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Stacey_2016_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacey_2016-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_2016_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy_2016-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their results indicate that most of the heat generated by the ice actually comes from the ice's <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystalline structure</a> (lattice) as a result of deformation, and not friction between the ice grains.<sup id="cite_ref-Stacey_2016_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacey_2016-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_2016_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy_2016-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greater the deformation of the ice sheet, the more heat is generated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Radioactive_decay">Radioactive decay</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radioactive decay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to tidal heating, the interior of Europa could also be heated by the decay of radioactive material (<a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic heating">radiogenic heating</a>) within the rocky mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_FAQ_2012_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_FAQ_2012-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the models and values observed are one hundred times higher than those that could be produced by radiogenic heating alone,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus implying that tidal heating has a leading role in Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plumes">Plumes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg/220px-Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg/330px-Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg/440px-Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Photo composite of suspected water plumes on Europa<sup id="cite_ref-Plumes2013_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plumes2013-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> acquired an image of Europa in 2012 that was interpreted to be a plume of water vapour erupting from near its south pole.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plumes2013_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plumes2013-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image suggests the plume may be 200 km (120 mi) high, or more than 20 times the height of Mt. Everest.,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131212-EU_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131212-EU-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though recent observations and modeling suggest that typical Europan plumes may be much smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that if plumes exist, they are episodic<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and likely to appear when Europa is at its farthest point from Jupiter, in agreement with <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal force</a> modeling predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_tidal_forces_2013_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_tidal_forces_2013-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional imaging evidence from the Hubble Space Telescope was presented in September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-plumes_2016_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plumes_2016-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2018, astronomers provided supporting evidence of water plume activity on Europa, based on an updated critical analysis of data obtained from the <i>Galileo</i> space probe, which orbited Jupiter between 1995 and 2003. <i>Galileo</i> flew by Europa in 1997 within 206 km (128 mi) of the moon's surface and the researchers suggest it may have flown through a water plume.<sup id="cite_ref-NA-20180514_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-20180514-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20180514_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20180514-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180514_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180514-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SP-20180514_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-20180514-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such plume activity could help researchers in a <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">search for life</a> from the subsurface Europan ocean without having to land on the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-NA-20180514_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-20180514-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tidal forces are about 1,000 times stronger than the Moon's effect on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. The only other moon in the Solar System exhibiting water vapor plumes is <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131212-EU_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131212-EU-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated eruption rate at Europa is about 7000 kg/s<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_tidal_forces_2013_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_tidal_forces_2013-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to about 200 kg/s for the plumes of Enceladus.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2006_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2006-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spencer2013_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer2013-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If confirmed, it would open the possibility of a flyby through the plume and obtain a sample to analyze <i>in situ</i> without having to use a lander and drill through kilometres of ice.<sup id="cite_ref-plumes_2016_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plumes_2016-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-europa_plume_in_situ_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa_plume_in_situ-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2020, a study was published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i> suggesting that the plumes may originate from water within the crust of Europa as opposed to its subsurface ocean. The study's model, using images from the Galileo space probe, proposed that a combination of freezing and pressurization may result in at least some of the cryovolcanic activity. The pressure generated by migrating briny water pockets would thus, eventually, burst through the crust, thereby creating these plumes. The hypothesis that cryovolcanism on Europa could be triggered by freezing and pressurization of liquid pockets in the icy crust was first proposed by Sarah Fagents at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, who in 2003, was the first to model and publish work on this process.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A press release from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory referencing the November 2020 study suggested that plumes sourced from migrating liquid pockets could potentially be less hospitable to life. This is due to a lack of substantial energy for organisms to thrive off, unlike proposed hydrothermal vents on the subsurface ocean floor.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL20201113_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL20201113-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRL20201105_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRL20201105-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA26239-EuropaMoon-OxygenProduction-20240304.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PIA26239-EuropaMoon-OxygenProduction-20240304.jpg/270px-PIA26239-EuropaMoon-OxygenProduction-20240304.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PIA26239-EuropaMoon-OxygenProduction-20240304.jpg/405px-PIA26239-EuropaMoon-OxygenProduction-20240304.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PIA26239-EuropaMoon-OxygenProduction-20240304.jpg/540px-PIA26239-EuropaMoon-OxygenProduction-20240304.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="4883" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of how Europa's atmosphere is created by bombardment from ionized particles</figcaption></figure><p> The atmosphere of Europa can be categorized as thin and tenuous (often called an exosphere), primarily composed of oxygen and trace amounts of water vapor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this quantity of oxygen is produced in a non-biological manner. Given that Europa's surface is icy, and subsequently very cold; as solar ultraviolet radiation and charged particles (ions and electrons) from the Jovian magnetospheric environment collide with Europa's surface, water vapor is created and instantaneously separated into oxygen and hydrogen constituents. As it continues to move, the hydrogen is light enough to pass through the surface gravity of the atmosphere leaving behind only oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface-bounded atmosphere forms through radiolysis, the <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociation</a> of molecules through radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1982_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1982-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This accumulated oxygen atmosphere can get to a height of 190 km (120 mi) above the surface of Europa. Molecular oxygen is the densest component of the atmosphere because it has a long lifetime; after returning to the surface, it does not stick (freeze) like a water or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> molecule but rather desorbs from the surface and starts another <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">ballistic</a> arc. Molecular hydrogen never reaches the surface, as it is light enough to escape Europa's surface gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-Liang_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smyth_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smyth-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa is one of the few moons in our solar system with a quantifiable atmosphere, along with <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa is also one of several moons in our solar system with very large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">ice (volatiles)</a>, otherwise known as "icy moons".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_field.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Europa_field.png/170px-Europa_field.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Europa_field.png/255px-Europa_field.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Europa_field.png/340px-Europa_field.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic field around Europa. The red line shows a trajectory of the <i>Galileo</i> spacecraft during a typical flyby (E4 or E14).</figcaption></figure><p>Europa is also considered to be geologically active due to the constant release of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures into space. As a result of the moon's particle venting, the atmosphere requires continuous replenishment.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa also contains a small magnetosphere (approximately 25% of Ganymede's). However, this magnetosphere varies in size as Europa orbits through Jupiter's magnetic field. This confirms that a conductive element, such as a large ocean, likely lies below its icy surface.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As multiple studies have been conducted over Europa's atmosphere, several findings conclude that not all oxygen molecules are released into the atmosphere. This unknown percentage of oxygen may be absorbed into the surface and sink into the subsurface. Because the surface may interact with the subsurface ocean (considering the geological discussion above), this molecular oxygen may make its way to the ocean, where it could aid in biological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chyba_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chyba-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One estimate suggests that, given the turnover rate inferred from the apparent ~0.5 Gyr maximum age of Europa's surface ice, subduction of radiolytically generated oxidizing species might well lead to oceanic free oxygen concentrations that are comparable to those in terrestrial deep oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-ChemDisequilib_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemDisequilib-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the slow release of oxygen and hydrogen, a neutral torus around Europa's orbital plane is formed. This "neutral cloud" has been detected by both the <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i> and <i>Galileo</i> spacecraft, and has a greater content (number of atoms and molecules) than the neutral cloud surrounding Jupiter's inner moon Io.<sup id="cite_ref-Smyth2006_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smyth2006-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This torus was officially confirmed using Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging. Europa's torus ionizes through the process of neutral particles exchanging electrons with its charged particles. Since Europa's magnetic field rotates faster than its orbital velocity, these ions are left in the path of its magnetic field trajectory, forming a plasma. It has been hypothesized that these ions are responsible for the plasma within Jupiter's magnetosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 March 2024, astronomers reported that the surface of Europa may have much less <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> than previously inferred.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240304km_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240304km-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240304jrs_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240304jrs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discovery_of_atmosphere">Discovery of atmosphere</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discovery of atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The atmosphere of Europa was first discovered in 1995 by astronomers D. T. Hall and collaborators using the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_High_Resolution_Spectrograph" title="Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph">Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph</a> instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall1995_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall1995-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This observation was further supported in 1997 by the <i>Galileo</i> orbiter during its mission within the Jovian system. The <i>Galileo</i> orbiter performed three radio occultation events of Europa, where the probe's radio contact with Earth was temporarily blocked by passing behind Europa. By analyzing the effects Europa's sparse atmosphere had on the radio signal just before and after the occultation, for a total of six events, a team of astronomers led by A. J. Kliore established the presence of an <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionized layer</a> in Europa's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Kliore1997_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kliore1997-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_and_weather">Climate and weather</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate and weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Gas_torus" title="Gas torus">gas torus</a>, Europa has no weather producing clouds. As a whole, Europa has no wind, precipitation, or presence of sky color as its gravity is too low to hold an atmosphere substantial enough for those features. Europa's gravity is approximately 13% of Earth's. The temperature on Europa varies from −160 °C at the equator, to −220 °C at either of its poles.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa's subsurface ocean is thought to be significantly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> warmer however. It is hypothesized that because of radioactive and tidal heating (as mentioned in the sections above), there are points in the depths of Europa's ocean that may be only slightly cooler than Earth's oceans. Studies have also concluded that Europa's ocean would have been rather acidic at first, with large concentrations of sulfate, calcium, and carbon dioxide. But over the course of 4.5 billion years, it became full<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, thus resembling our 1.94% chloride oceans on Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In 1973 <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> made the first closeup images of Europa. The probe was too far away to obtain more detailed images.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_-_July_9_1979_(18267960842).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Europa_-_July_9_1979_%2818267960842%29.jpg/220px-Europa_-_July_9_1979_%2818267960842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Europa_-_July_9_1979_%2818267960842%29.jpg/330px-Europa_-_July_9_1979_%2818267960842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Europa_-_July_9_1979_%2818267960842%29.jpg/440px-Europa_-_July_9_1979_%2818267960842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="992" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Europa seen in detail in 1979 by <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Exploration of Europa began with the Jupiter flybys of <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i> in 1973 and 1974, respectively. The first closeup photos were of low resolution compared to later missions. The two Voyager probes traveled through the <a href="/wiki/Jovian_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovian system">Jovian system</a> in 1979, providing more-detailed images of Europa's icy surface. The images caused many scientists to speculate about the possibility of a liquid ocean underneath. Starting in 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)"><i>Galileo</i> space probe</a> orbited Jupiter for eight years, until 2003, and provided the most detailed examination of the Galilean moons to date. It included the "Galileo Europa Mission" and "Galileo Millennium Mission", with numerous close flybys of Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> imaged Europa, as it flew by the Jovian system while on its way to <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the <i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> orbiter flew by Europa at a distance of 352 km (219 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20220930_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220930-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-20220929_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-20220929-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (JUICE) was selected by the European Space Agency (<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>) as a planned mission.<sup id="cite_ref-selection_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selection-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l1_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l1-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That mission includes two flybys of Europa, but is more focused on <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-juice-objectives_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juice-objectives-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was launched in 2023, and is expected to reach Jupiter in July 2031 after four gravity assists and eight years of travel.<sup id="cite_ref-juice-journey_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juice-journey-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, a Europa mission was recommended by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey" title="Planetary Science Decadal Survey">Planetary Science Decadal Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zab_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zab-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, NASA commissioned concept studies of a Europa lander in 2011, along with concepts for a Europa flyby (<i>Europa Clipper</i>), and a Europa orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orbiter element option concentrates on the "ocean" science, while the multiple-flyby element (<i>Clipper</i>) concentrates on the chemistry and energy science. On 13 January 2014, the House Appropriations Committee announced a new bipartisan bill that includes $80 million in funding to continue the Europa mission concept studies.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2013 an updated concept for a flyby Europa mission called <i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> was presented by the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) and the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> (APL).<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2015, NASA announced that it had accepted development of the <i>Europa Clipper</i> mission, and revealed the instruments it would use.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropaClipperAnnounce_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropaClipperAnnounce-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of <i>Europa Clipper</i> is to explore Europa in order to investigate its <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a>, and to aid in selecting sites for a future lander. The <i>Europa Clipper</i> would not orbit Europa, but instead orbit Jupiter and conduct 45 low-altitude <a href="/wiki/Planetary_flyby" title="Planetary flyby">flybys</a> of Europa during its envisioned mission. The probe would carry an ice-penetrating radar, short-wave infrared spectrometer, topographical imager, and an ion- and neutral-mass spectrometer. The mission was launched on 14 October 2024 aboard a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-202107232_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-202107232-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_missions">Future missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Future missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conjectures regarding <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a> have ensured a high profile for Europa and have led to steady lobbying for future missions.<sup id="cite_ref-Europabudget_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europabudget-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PlanetarySocEuropa_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlanetarySocEuropa-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aims of these missions have ranged from examining Europa's chemical composition to searching for extraterrestrial life in its hypothesized subsurface oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropaLife_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropaLife-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muir2002_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muir2002-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robotic missions to Europa need to endure the high-radiation environment around Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanetarySocEuropa_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlanetarySocEuropa-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it is deeply embedded within <a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_magnetosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's magnetosphere">Jupiter's magnetosphere</a>, Europa receives about 5.40 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Sv</a> of radiation per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Ringwald2000_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringwald2000-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a> is a recent NASA concept mission under study. 2018 research suggests Europa may be covered in tall, jagged ice spikes, presenting a problem for any potential landing on its surface.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_proposals">Old proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Old proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryobot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cryobot.jpg/220px-Cryobot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cryobot.jpg/330px-Cryobot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cryobot.jpg/440px-Cryobot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Artist's concept of the <a href="/wiki/Cryobot" title="Cryobot">cryobot</a> and its deployed "hydrobot" submersible</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 2000s, <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></i> led by NASA and the <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a></i> led by the ESA were proposed together as an <a href="/wiki/Outer_Planet_Flagship_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Planet Flagship Mission">Outer Planet Flagship Mission</a> to Jupiter's icy moons called <a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission">Europa Jupiter System Mission</a>, with a planned launch in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2009_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2009-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 it was given priority over <i><a href="/wiki/Titan_Saturn_System_Mission" title="Titan Saturn System Mission">Titan Saturn System Mission</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rincon2009_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rincon2009-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, there was competition from other proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA2007_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA2007-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">Japan</a> proposed <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></i>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></i> was an ESA Cosmic Vision concept study from 2007. Another concept was <i>Ice Clipper</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-McKay2002_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay2002-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would have used an impactor similar to the <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i> mission—it would make a controlled crash into the surface of Europa, generating a plume of debris that would then be collected by a small spacecraft flying through the plume.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay2002_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay2002-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodman1998_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman1998-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></i> (JIMO) was a partially developed fission-powered spacecraft with ion thrusters that was cancelled in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanetarySocEuropa_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlanetarySocEuropa-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budget_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was part of <a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Europa Lander Mission</i> proposed a small nuclear-powered Europa lander for JIMO.<sup id="cite_ref-elm_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elm-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would travel with the orbiter, which would also function as a communication relay to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-elm_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elm-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></i> – Its objective would be to characterize the extent of the ocean and its relation to the deeper interior. Instrument payload could include a radio subsystem, <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">laser altimeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_probe" title="Langmuir probe">Langmuir probe</a>, and a mapping camera.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Europa Orbiter</i> received the go-ahead in 1999 but was canceled in 2002. This orbiter featured a special ice-penetrating radar that would allow it to scan below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-waterworld_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterworld-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More ambitious ideas have been put forward including an impactor in combination with a thermal drill to search for <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a> that might be frozen in the shallow subsurface.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss2010_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss2010-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thermal_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermal-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another proposal put forward in 2001 calls for a large <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear-powered</a> "melt probe" (<a href="/wiki/Cryobot" title="Cryobot">cryobot</a>) that would melt through the ice until it reached an ocean below.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanetarySocEuropa_167-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlanetarySocEuropa-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight2002_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight2002-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once it reached the water, it would deploy an autonomous underwater vehicle (<a href="/wiki/AUV" class="mw-redirect" title="AUV">hydrobot</a>) that would gather information and send it back to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridges2000_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridges2000-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the cryobot and the hydrobot would have to undergo some form of extreme sterilization to prevent detection of Earth organisms instead of native life and to prevent <a href="/wiki/Forward-contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward-contamination">contamination</a> of the subsurface ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-NASSSB_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASSSB-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggested approach has not yet reached a formal conceptual planning stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell2005_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell2005-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitability">Habitability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Habitability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22479-Europa-JupiterMoon-ArtistConcept-20180723.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PIA22479-Europa-JupiterMoon-ArtistConcept-20180723.jpg/400px-PIA22479-Europa-JupiterMoon-ArtistConcept-20180723.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PIA22479-Europa-JupiterMoon-ArtistConcept-20180723.jpg/600px-PIA22479-Europa-JupiterMoon-ArtistConcept-20180723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PIA22479-Europa-JupiterMoon-ArtistConcept-20180723.jpg/800px-PIA22479-Europa-JupiterMoon-ArtistConcept-20180723.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Europa – possible effect of radiation on biosignature chemicals</figcaption></figure> <p>So far, there is no evidence that life exists on Europa, but the moon has emerged as one of the most likely locations in the Solar System for potential habitability.<sup id="cite_ref-ChemDisequilib_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemDisequilib-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schulze-Makuch2001_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze-Makuch2001-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life could exist in its under-ice ocean, perhaps in an environment similar to Earth's deep-ocean <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropaLife_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropaLife-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones2001_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2001-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if Europa lacks volcanic hydrothermal activity, a 2016 NASA study found that Earth-like levels of hydrogen and oxygen could be produced through processes related to <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinization</a> and ice-derived oxidants, which do not directly involve <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl_2016-05-18_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl_2016-05-18-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, scientists announced that salt from a <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">subsurface ocean</a> may likely be coating some geological features on Europa, suggesting that the ocean is interacting with the seafloor. This may be important in determining if Europa could be habitable.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150512_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150512-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The likely presence of liquid water in contact with Europa's rocky <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> has spurred calls to send a probe there.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2006_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2006-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The energy provided by tidal forces drives active geological processes within Europa's interior, just as they do to a far more obvious degree on its sister moon <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>. Although Europa, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_internal_heat_budget" title="Earth's internal heat budget">like the Earth</a>, may possess an internal energy source from radioactive decay, the energy generated by tidal flexing would be several orders of magnitude greater than any radiological source.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2007_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2007-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life on Europa could exist clustered around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, or below the ocean floor, where <a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">endoliths</a> are known to inhabit on Earth. Alternatively, it could exist clinging to the lower surface of Europa's ice layer, much like algae and bacteria in Earth's polar regions, or float freely in Europa's ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-limit_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limit-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Should Europa's oceans be too cold, biological processes similar to those known on Earth could not occur; too salty, only extreme <a href="/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">halophiles</a> could survive in that environment.<sup id="cite_ref-limit_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limit-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, a model proposed by Richard Greenberg of the University of Arizona proposed that irradiation of ice on Europa's surface could saturate its crust with oxygen and peroxide, which could then be transported by tectonic processes into the interior ocean. Such a process could render Europa's ocean as oxygenated as our own within just 12 million years, allowing the existence of complex, multicellular lifeforms.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests the existence of lakes of liquid water entirely encased in Europa's icy outer shell and distinct from a liquid ocean thought to exist farther down beneath the ice shell,<sup id="cite_ref-europagreatlake_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europagreatlake-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-europagreatlakeairhart_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europagreatlakeairhart-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as pockets of water that form M-shaped ice ridges when the water freezes on the surface – as in Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If confirmed, the lakes and pockets of water could be yet another potential habitat for life. Evidence suggests that hydrogen peroxide is abundant across much of the surface of Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because hydrogen peroxide decays into oxygen and water when combined with liquid water, the authors argue that it could be an important energy supply for simple life forms. Nonetheless, on 4 March 2024, astronomers reported that the surface of Europa may have much less <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> than previously inferred.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240304km_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240304km-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240304jrs_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240304jrs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">Clay-like minerals</a> (specifically, <a href="/wiki/Phyllosilicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllosilicates">phyllosilicates</a>), often associated with <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> on Earth, have been detected on the icy crust of Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131211_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131211-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> or comet.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131211_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131211-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scientists have speculated that life on Earth could have been blasted into space by asteroid collisions and arrived on the moons of Jupiter in a process called <a href="/wiki/Panspermia#Lithopanspermia" title="Panspermia">lithopanspermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> (the four biggest moons of Jupiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Jupiter's moons in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Europa" title="List of craters on Europa">List of craters on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa" title="List of geological features on Europa">List of geological features on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lineae_on_Europa" title="List of lineae on Europa">List of lineae on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial water">Extraterrestrial water</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (<i>a</i>) and eccentricity (<i>e</i>): <i>a</i>(1 − <i>e</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (<i>a</i>) and eccentricity (<i>e</i>): <i>a</i>(1 + <i>e</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surface area derived from the radius (<i>r</i>): 4<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span><i>r</i><sup> 2</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volume derived from the radius (<i>r</i>): <sup>4</sup>/<sub>3</sub><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span><i>r</i><sup> 3</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surface gravity derived from the mass (<i>m</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a> (<i>G</i>) and the radius (<i>r</i>): G<i>m</i>/<i>r</i><sup>2</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Escape velocity derived from the mass (<i>m</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a> (<i>G</i>) and the radius (<i>r</i>): <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {2Gm/r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mi>G</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {2Gm/r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49dad6d03cb538ba302224ee081628149e4a1476" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.564ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {2Gm/r}}}"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25334-junocam-image-of-europa-from-flyby">"JunoCam Image of Europa from Flyby"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=JunoCam+Image+of+Europa+from+Flyby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2Fpia25334-junocam-image-of-europa-from-flyby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Newsletter+of+the+Historical+Astronomy+Division+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Naming+the+Satellites+of+Jupiter+and+Saturn&rft.issue=32&rft.date=1994-08&rft.aulast=Van+Helden&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhad.aas.org%2Fsites%2Fhad.aas.org%2Ffiles%2FHADN32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarius1614" class="citation book cs1">Marius, SImon (1614). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/748b6fe7-62da-5877-ae84-885372b3030c"><i>Mundus Iovialis: anno MDCIX detectus ope perspicilli Belgici, hoc est, quatuor Jovialium planetarum, cum theoria, tum tabulæ</i></a>. Nuremberg: Sumptibus & Typis Iohannis Lauri. p. B2, recto and verso (images 35 and 36), with erratum on last page (image 78). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702154450/https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/748b6fe7-62da-5877-ae84-885372b3030c">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"I nomi dei satelliti di Giove: da Galileo a Simon Marius" [The names of Jupiter's satellites: from Galileo to Simon Marius]. <i>Lettere Italiane</i> (in Italian). <b>57</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>407. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26267017">26267017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lettere+Italiane&rft.atitle=I+nomi+dei+satelliti+di+Giove%3A+da+Galileo+a+Simon+Marius&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26267017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marazzini&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US National Research Council (2000) <i>A Science Strategy for the Exploration of Europa</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-datasheet-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-datasheet_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-datasheet_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970105180851/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/europa/">"Europa, a Continuing Story of Discovery"</a>. <i>Project Galileo</i>. NASA, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/europa/#overview">the original</a> on 5 January 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Galileo&rft.atitle=Europa%2C+a+Continuing+Story+of+Discovery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fgalileo%2Feuropa%2F%23overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301191456/http://documents.wolfram.com/applications/astronomer/AdditionalInformation/PlanetographicCoordinates.html">"Planetographic Coordinates"</a>. Wolfram Research. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.wolfram.com/applications/astronomer/AdditionalInformation/PlanetographicCoordinates.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetographic+Coordinates&rft.pub=Wolfram+Research&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.wolfram.com%2Fapplications%2Fastronomer%2FAdditionalInformation%2FPlanetographicCoordinates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Showman1997-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Showman1997_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Showman1997_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Showman1997_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowmanMalhotra1997" class="citation journal cs1">Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (May 1997). "Tidal Evolution into the Laplace Resonance and the Resurfacing of Ganymede". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>127</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..127...93S">1997Icar..127...93S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1996.5669">10.1006/icar.1996.5669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55790129">55790129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Tidal+Evolution+into+the+Laplace+Resonance+and+the+Resurfacing+of+Ganymede&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1997-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55790129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1996.5669&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Icar..127...93S&rft.aulast=Showman&rft.aufirst=Adam+P.&rft.au=Malhotra%2C+Renu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2003-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2003_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, W. B. (2003). "Tidal heating and convection in Io". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>108</b> (E8): 5096. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRE..108.5096M">2003JGRE..108.5096M</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.558.6924">10.1.1.558.6924</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001943">10.1029/2002JE001943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Tidal+heating+and+convection+in+Io&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=E8&rft.pages=5096&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.558.6924%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JE001943&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRE..108.5096M&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Jia-Rui C. (18 September 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-283">Long-stressed Europa Likely Off-kilter at One Time</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140817113356/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-283">Archived</a> 17 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. jpl.nasa.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masses-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masses_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mass of Europa: 48<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001210000000000000♠"></span>21</span></sup> kg. Mass of Triton plus all smaller moons: 39.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001210000000000000♠"></span>21</span></sup> kg (see note <i>k</i> <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)#cite_ref-nMassOthers_44-0" title="Triton (moon)">here</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKargelKayeHeadMarion2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Kaye, Jonathan Z.; Head, James W.; Marion, Giles M.; Sassen, Roger; Crowley, James K.; Ballesteros, Olga Prieto; Grant, Steven A.; Hogenboom, David L. (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1229838">"Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>148</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">226–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Icar..148..226K">2000Icar..148..226K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6471">10.1006/icar.2000.6471</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731043909/https://zenodo.org/record/1229838">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Europa%27s+Crust+and+Ocean%3A+Origin%2C+Composition%2C+and+the+Prospects+for+Life&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6471&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Icar..148..226K&rft.aulast=Kargel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Jonathan+Z.&rft.au=Head%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Marion%2C+Giles+M.&rft.au=Sassen%2C+Roger&rft.au=Crowley%2C+James+K.&rft.au=Ballesteros%2C+Olga+Prieto&rft.au=Grant%2C+Steven+A.&rft.au=Hogenboom%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1229838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips_2014-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_2014_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsPappalardo2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_B._Phillips" title="Cynthia B. 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"Active formation of 'chaos terrain' over shallow subsurface water on Europa". <i>Nature</i>. <b>479</b> (7374): <span class="nowrap">502–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.479..502S">2011Natur.479..502S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10608">10.1038/nature10608</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22089135">22089135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4405195">4405195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Active+formation+of+%27chaos+terrain%27+over+shallow+subsurface+water+on+Europa&rft.volume=479&rft.issue=7374&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4405195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22089135&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.479..502S&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Britney&rft.au=Blankenship%2C+Don&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Wes&rft.au=Schenk%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/europa-moon-double-ridges-subsurface-water">Icy Europa's mysterious double ridges may hint at hidden pockets of water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422020629/https://www.space.com/europa-moon-double-ridges-subsurface-water">Archived</a> 22 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Rahul Rao, Space.com. 21 April 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/europa20130404.html">NASA – Mapping the Chemistry Needed for Life at Europa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408082530/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/europa20130404.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nasa.gov (4 April 2013). Retrieved on 23 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20131211-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20131211_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20131211_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2013" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Jia-Rui C. (11 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-362">"Clay-Like Minerals Found on Icy Crust of Europa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130044515/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-362">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Clay-Like+Minerals+Found+on+Icy+Crust+of+Europa&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Jia-Rui+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2013-362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2013" class="citation news cs1">Choi, Charles Q. (8 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrobiology.com/2013/12/life-could-have-hitched-a-ride-to-outer-planet-moons.html">"Life Could Have Hitched a Ride to Outer Planet Moons"</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i>. Astrobiology Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131212223353/http://astrobiology.com/2013/12/life-could-have-hitched-a-ride-to-outer-planet-moons.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Life+Could+Have+Hitched+a+Ride+to+Outer+Planet+Moons&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.com%2F2013%2F12%2Flife-could-have-hitched-a-ride-to-outer-planet-moons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarland2000" class="citation book cs1">Harland, David M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jupiterodysseyst0000harl"><i>Jupiter odyssey: the story of NASA's Galileo mission</i></a>. Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences. London; New York : Chichester: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-301-0"><bdi>978-1-85233-301-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jupiter+odyssey%3A+the+story+of+NASA%27s+Galileo+mission&rft.place=London%3B+New+York+%3A+Chichester&rft.series=Springer-Praxis+books+in+astronomy+and+space+sciences&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-301-0&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjupiterodysseyst0000harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothery1999" class="citation book cs1">Rothery, David A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ukpGOp1tj_QC"><i>Satellites of the outer planets: worlds in their own right</i></a> (2. ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512555-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512555-9"><bdi>978-0-19-512555-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satellites+of+the+outer+planets%3A+worlds+in+their+own+right&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512555-9&rft.aulast=Rothery&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DukpGOp1tj_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)" class="extiw" title="commons:Europa (moon)"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Europa (moon)</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326221921/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Europa">Europa Profile</a> at NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/europa.html">Europa Facts</a> at <i>The Nine Planets</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm">Europa Facts</a> at <i>Views of the Solar System</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9895&page=R1">Preventing Forward Contamination of Europa</a> – USA Space Studies Board (2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Europa">Images of Europa at JPL's Planetary Photojournal</a></li> <li>Movie of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sos.noaa.gov/videos/Europa.mp4">Europa's rotation</a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03526">Europa map with feature names</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/">Planetary Photojournal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/EUROPA/target">Europa nomenclature</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/europa_comp.pdf">Europa map with feature names</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov">USGS planetary nomenclature page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stereomoons.blogspot.com/2009/09/broken-land-touring-conamara-chaos.html">Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Europa and other outer Solar System satellites</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stereomoons.blogspot.com/2009/10/galileo-4-moons-at-400-years.html">see also</a></li> <li>Large, high-resolution <i>Galileo</i> image mosaics of Europan terrain from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gishbartimes.org/2010/03/and-now-for-something-completely.html">Jason Perry</a> at JPL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~perry/io_images/17ESREGMAP01.png">1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~perry/io_images/17ESAGENOR03.png">2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~perry/io_images/17ESSOUTHP01.png">3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~perry/io_images/17ESREGMAP02.png">4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~perry/io_images/19ESRHADAM01.png">5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~perry/io_images/15ESREGMAP01.png">6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~perry/io_images/15ESREGMAP02.png">7</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0903/europa_galileo_big.jpg">Europa image montage from <i>Galileo</i> spacecraft</a> NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/pia16827.html">View of Europa from <i>Galileo</i> flybys</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/space/europa/@-0.6093333,127.5239384,8527522m/data=!3m1!1e3">Google Europa 3D</a>, interactive map of the moon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYcUk-2SJCE">High-resolution animation</a> by Kevin M. Gill of a flyover of Europa; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinmgill/albums/72157677986931756">album</a> for more</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa" title="List of geological features on Europa">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaotic terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conamara_Chaos" title="Conamara Chaos">Conamara Chaos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Europa" title="List of craters on Europa">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pwyll_(crater)" title="Pwyll (crater)">Pwyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilix_(crater)" title="Cilix (crater)">Cilix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lineae_on_Europa" title="List of lineae on Europa">List of lineae on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa" title="List of geological features on Europa">List of geological features on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Europa" title="List of craters on Europa">List of craters on Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_in_natural_color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/150px-Europa_in_natural_color.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/225px-Europa_in_natural_color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/300px-Europa_in_natural_color.png 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2744" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">En route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> <small>(2023)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> <small>(2024)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P/Europa Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Europa">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction#Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Europa in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europa_(moon)" title="Category:Europa (moon)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moons_of_Jupiter356" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template talk:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Jupiter356" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><i>Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Themisto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leda_(moon)" title="Leda (moon)">Leda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa_(moon)" title="Ersa (moon)">Ersa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_2" title="S/2018 J 2">S/2018 J 2</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Himalia_(moon)" title="Himalia (moon)">Himalia</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(moon)" title="Pandia (moon)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysithea_(moon)" title="Lysithea (moon)">Lysithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elara_(moon)" title="Elara (moon)">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2011_J_3" title="S/2011 J 3">S/2011 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(moon)" title="Dia (moon)">Dia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Carpo group (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_4" title="S/2018 J 4">S/2018 J 4</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Valetudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a> (26)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euporie_(moon)" title="Euporie (moon)">Euporie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LV" title="Jupiter LV">Jupiter LV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(moon)" title="Eupheme (moon)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_3" title="S/2021 J 3">S/2021 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LII" title="Jupiter LII">Jupiter LII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIV" title="Jupiter LIV">Jupiter LIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme_(moon)" title="Mneme (moon)">Mneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euanthe_(moon)" title="Euanthe (moon)">Euanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_16" title="S/2003 J 16">S/2003 J 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyke_(moon)" title="Harpalyke (moon)">Harpalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosie_(moon)" title="Orthosie (moon)">Orthosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_3" title="S/2022 J 3">S/2022 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helike_(moon)" title="Helike (moon)">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_2" title="S/2021 J 2">S/2021 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidike_(moon)" title="Praxidike (moon)">Praxidike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIV" title="Jupiter LXIV">Jupiter LXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_1" title="S/2021 J 1">S/2021 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_12" title="S/2003 J 12">S/2003 J 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVIII" title="Jupiter LXVIII">Jupiter LXVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelxinoe_(moon)" title="Thelxinoe (moon)">Thelxinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyone_(moon)" title="Thyone (moon)">Thyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_2" title="S/2003 J 2">S/2003 J 2</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ananke_(moon)" title="Ananke (moon)">Ananke</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iocaste_(moon)" title="Iocaste (moon)">Iocaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermippe_(moon)" title="Hermippe (moon)">Hermippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXX" title="Jupiter LXX">Jupiter LXX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a> (30)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_1" title="S/2022 J 1">S/2022 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_2" title="S/2022 J 2">S/2022 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_3" title="S/2016 J 3">S/2016 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithee_(moon)" title="Pasithee (moon)">Pasithee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIX" title="Jupiter LXIX">Jupiter LXIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_6" title="S/2021 J 6">S/2021 J 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_24" title="S/2003 J 24">S/2003 J 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldene" title="Chaldene">Chaldene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIII" title="Jupiter LXIII">Jupiter LXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonoe_(moon)" title="Isonoe (moon)">Isonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_4" title="S/2021 J 4">S/2021 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallichore_(moon)" title="Kallichore (moon)">Kallichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinome" title="Erinome">Erinome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(moon)" title="Kale (moon)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(moon)" title="Eirene (moon)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitne_(moon)" title="Aitne (moon)">Aitne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukelade" title="Eukelade">Eukelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche_(moon)" title="Arche (moon)">Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete_(moon)" title="Taygete (moon)">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXXII" title="Jupiter LXXII">Jupiter LXXII</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Carme_(moon)" title="Carme (moon)">Carme</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herse_(moon)" title="Herse (moon)">Herse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXI" title="Jupiter LXI">Jupiter LXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LI" title="Jupiter LI">Jupiter LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_9" title="S/2003 J 9">S/2003 J 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVI" title="Jupiter LXVI">Jupiter LXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyke" title="Kalyke">Kalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_3" title="S/2018 J 3">S/2018 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_5" title="S/2021 J 5">S/2021 J 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_10" title="S/2003 J 10">S/2003 J 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a> (18)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne_(moon)" title="Philophrosyne (moon)">Philophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydome_(moon)" title="Eurydome (moon)">Eurydome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LVI" title="Jupiter LVI">Jupiter LVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_4" title="S/2003 J 4">S/2003 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_4" title="S/2016 J 4">S/2016 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVII" title="Jupiter LXVII">Jupiter LXVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone_(moon)" title="Hegemone (moon)">Hegemone</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_(moon)" title="Pasiphae (moon)">Pasiphae</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponde" title="Sponde">Sponde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaclite" title="Megaclite">Megaclite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(moon)" title="Cyllene (moon)">Cyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinope_(moon)" title="Sinope (moon)">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIX" title="Jupiter LIX">Jupiter LIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoede_(moon)" title="Aoede (moon)">Aoede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonoe_(moon)" title="Autonoe (moon)">Autonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(moon)" title="Callirrhoe (moon)">Callirrhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_23" title="S/2003 J 23">S/2003 J 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_(moon)" title="Kore (moon)">Kore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Jupiter's moons in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Category:Moons of Jupiter">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jupiter398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter" title="Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">Jupiter's North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">Jupiter's South Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impacts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">2016 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a>,<br />orbital<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo project</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023, en route)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> (2024, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></i> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a> (2038)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jupiter" title="Category:Jupiter">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Europa93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Europa93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Europa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System297" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_moons" title="Template:Solar System moons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_moons" title="Template talk:Solar System moons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_moons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System moons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System297" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_terrestrial_planets_and_asteroids" title="Template:Moons of terrestrial planets and asteroids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_terrestrial_planets_and_asteroids" title="Template talk:Moons of terrestrial planets and asteroids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_terrestrial_planets_and_asteroids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of terrestrial planets and asteroids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_terrestrial_planets_and_asteroids72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial planets">terrestrial planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Asteroid moons</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Binary_asteroids" title="Category:Binary asteroids">Binaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_moons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of asteroid moons">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template talk:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Jupiter356" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><i>Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Themisto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leda_(moon)" title="Leda (moon)">Leda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa_(moon)" title="Ersa (moon)">Ersa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_2" title="S/2018 J 2">S/2018 J 2</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Himalia_(moon)" title="Himalia (moon)">Himalia</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(moon)" title="Pandia (moon)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysithea_(moon)" title="Lysithea (moon)">Lysithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elara_(moon)" title="Elara (moon)">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2011_J_3" title="S/2011 J 3">S/2011 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(moon)" title="Dia (moon)">Dia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Carpo group (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_4" title="S/2018 J 4">S/2018 J 4</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Valetudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a> (26)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euporie_(moon)" title="Euporie (moon)">Euporie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LV" title="Jupiter LV">Jupiter LV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(moon)" title="Eupheme (moon)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_3" title="S/2021 J 3">S/2021 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LII" title="Jupiter LII">Jupiter LII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIV" title="Jupiter LIV">Jupiter LIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme_(moon)" title="Mneme (moon)">Mneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euanthe_(moon)" title="Euanthe (moon)">Euanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_16" title="S/2003 J 16">S/2003 J 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyke_(moon)" title="Harpalyke (moon)">Harpalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosie_(moon)" title="Orthosie (moon)">Orthosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_3" title="S/2022 J 3">S/2022 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helike_(moon)" title="Helike (moon)">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_2" title="S/2021 J 2">S/2021 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidike_(moon)" title="Praxidike (moon)">Praxidike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIV" title="Jupiter LXIV">Jupiter LXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_1" title="S/2021 J 1">S/2021 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_12" title="S/2003 J 12">S/2003 J 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVIII" title="Jupiter LXVIII">Jupiter LXVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelxinoe_(moon)" title="Thelxinoe (moon)">Thelxinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyone_(moon)" title="Thyone (moon)">Thyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_2" title="S/2003 J 2">S/2003 J 2</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ananke_(moon)" title="Ananke (moon)">Ananke</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iocaste_(moon)" title="Iocaste (moon)">Iocaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermippe_(moon)" title="Hermippe (moon)">Hermippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXX" title="Jupiter LXX">Jupiter LXX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a> (30)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_1" title="S/2022 J 1">S/2022 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_2" title="S/2022 J 2">S/2022 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_3" title="S/2016 J 3">S/2016 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithee_(moon)" title="Pasithee (moon)">Pasithee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIX" title="Jupiter LXIX">Jupiter LXIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_6" title="S/2021 J 6">S/2021 J 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_24" title="S/2003 J 24">S/2003 J 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldene" title="Chaldene">Chaldene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIII" title="Jupiter LXIII">Jupiter LXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonoe_(moon)" title="Isonoe (moon)">Isonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_4" title="S/2021 J 4">S/2021 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallichore_(moon)" title="Kallichore (moon)">Kallichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinome" title="Erinome">Erinome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(moon)" title="Kale (moon)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(moon)" title="Eirene (moon)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitne_(moon)" title="Aitne (moon)">Aitne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukelade" title="Eukelade">Eukelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche_(moon)" title="Arche (moon)">Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete_(moon)" title="Taygete (moon)">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXXII" title="Jupiter LXXII">Jupiter LXXII</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Carme_(moon)" title="Carme (moon)">Carme</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herse_(moon)" title="Herse (moon)">Herse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXI" title="Jupiter LXI">Jupiter LXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LI" title="Jupiter LI">Jupiter LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_9" title="S/2003 J 9">S/2003 J 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVI" title="Jupiter LXVI">Jupiter LXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyke" title="Kalyke">Kalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_3" title="S/2018 J 3">S/2018 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_5" title="S/2021 J 5">S/2021 J 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_10" title="S/2003 J 10">S/2003 J 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a> (18)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne_(moon)" title="Philophrosyne (moon)">Philophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydome_(moon)" title="Eurydome (moon)">Eurydome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LVI" title="Jupiter LVI">Jupiter LVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_4" title="S/2003 J 4">S/2003 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_4" title="S/2016 J 4">S/2016 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVII" title="Jupiter LXVII">Jupiter LXVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone_(moon)" title="Hegemone (moon)">Hegemone</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_(moon)" title="Pasiphae (moon)">Pasiphae</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponde" title="Sponde">Sponde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaclite" title="Megaclite">Megaclite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(moon)" title="Cyllene (moon)">Cyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinope_(moon)" title="Sinope (moon)">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIX" title="Jupiter LIX">Jupiter LIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoede_(moon)" title="Aoede (moon)">Aoede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonoe_(moon)" title="Autonoe (moon)">Autonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(moon)" title="Callirrhoe (moon)">Callirrhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_23" title="S/2003 J 23">S/2003 J 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_(moon)" title="Kore (moon)">Kore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Jupiter's moons in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Category:Moons of Jupiter">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Saturn" title="Template:Moons of Saturn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Saturn" title="Template talk:Moons of Saturn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Saturn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Saturn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Saturn719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Moons of Saturn</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>Listed in approximate increasing distance from Saturn</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#Ring_moonlets" title="Moons of Saturn">Ring moonlets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2009_S_1" title="S/2009 S 1">S/2009 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegaeon_(moon)" title="Aegaeon (moon)">Aegaeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_moon" title="Shepherd moon">Ring shepherds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(moon)" title="Pan (moon)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis_(moon)" title="Daphnis (moon)">Daphnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(moon)" title="Prometheus (moon)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)" title="Epimetheus (moon)">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(moon)" title="Janus (moon)">Janus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(moon)" title="Atlas (moon)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(moon)" title="Pandora (moon)">Pandora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#The_Alkyonides" title="Moons of Saturn">Alkyonides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methone_(moon)" title="Methone (moon)">Methone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthe_(moon)" title="Anthe (moon)">Anthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallene_(moon)" title="Pallene (moon)">Pallene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Large moons<br />(with <a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">trojans</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(moon)" title="Telesto (moon)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(moon)" title="Calypso (moon)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helene_(moon)" title="Helene (moon)">Helene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydeuces_(moon)" title="Polydeuces (moon)">Polydeuces</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_group" title="Inuit group">Inuit group</a> (13)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kiviuq subgroup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_1" title="S/2019 S 1">S/2019 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiviuq_(moon)" title="Kiviuq (moon)">Kiviuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2005_S_4" title="S/2005 S 4">S/2005 S 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_1" title="S/2020 S 1">S/2020 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijiraq_(moon)" title="Ijiraq (moon)">Ijiraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paaliaq subgroup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paaliaq" title="Paaliaq">Paaliaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Siarnaq subgroup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_31" title="S/2004 S 31">S/2004 S 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarqeq" title="Tarqeq">Tarqeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_14" title="S/2019 S 14">S/2019 S 14</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Siarnaq" title="Siarnaq">Siarnaq</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_3" title="S/2020 S 3">S/2020 S 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_6" title="S/2019 S 6">S/2019 S 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_5" title="S/2020 S 5">S/2020 S 5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallic_group" title="Gallic group">Gallic group</a> (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Albiorix_(moon)" title="Albiorix (moon)">Albiorix</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebhionn_(moon)" title="Bebhionn (moon)">Bebhionn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2007_S_8" title="S/2007 S 8">S/2007 S 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_LX" title="Saturn LX">Saturn LX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erriapus" title="Erriapus">Erriapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarvos_(moon)" title="Tarvos (moon)">Tarvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_4" title="S/2020 S 4">S/2020 S 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_group" title="Norse group">Norse group</a> (100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phoebe_subgroup15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phoebe subgroup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_20" title="S/2006 S 20">S/2006 S 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_9" title="S/2006 S 9">S/2006 S 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skathi_(moon)" title="Skathi (moon)">Skathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2007_S_5" title="S/2007 S 5">S/2007 S 5</a></li> <li>S/2007 S 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2007_S_2" title="S/2007 S 2">S/2007 S 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_37" title="S/2004 S 37">S/2004 S 37</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 47</li> <li>S/2004 S 40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_2" title="S/2019 S 2">S/2019 S 2</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_7" title="S/2020 S 7">S/2020 S 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skoll_(moon)" title="Skoll (moon)">Skoll</a></li> <li>S/2020 S 2</li> <li>S/2019 S 4</li> <li>S/2004 S 41</li> <li>S/2004 S 42</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin_(moon)" title="Hyrrokkin (moon)">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greip_(moon)" title="Greip (moon)">Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_13" title="S/2004 S 13">S/2004 S 13</a></li> <li>S/2007 S 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundilfari_(moon)" title="Mundilfari (moon)">Mundilfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_1" title="S/2006 S 1">S/2006 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_43" title="S/2004 S 43">S/2004 S 43</a></li> <li>S/2006 S 10</li> <li>S/2019 S 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridr_(moon)" title="Gridr (moon)">Gridr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir_(moon)" title="Bergelmir (moon)">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnsaxa_(moon)" title="Jarnsaxa (moon)">Jarnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narvi_(moon)" title="Narvi (moon)">Narvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr_(moon)" title="Suttungr (moon)">Suttungr</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 44</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2007_S_3" title="S/2007 S 3">S/2007 S 3</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 45</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_(moon)" title="Hati (moon)">Hati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_17" title="S/2004 S 17">S/2004 S 17</a></li> <li>S/2006 S 11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_12" title="S/2004 S 12">S/2004 S 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggther_(moon)" title="Eggther (moon)">Eggther</a></li> <li>S/2006 S 13</li> <li>S/2007 S 9</li> <li>S/2019 S 7</li> <li>S/2019 S 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farbauti_(moon)" title="Farbauti (moon)">Farbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrymr_(moon)" title="Thrymr (moon)">Thrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla_(moon)" title="Bestla (moon)">Bestla</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_46" title="S/2004 S 46">S/2004 S 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrboda_(moon)" title="Angrboda (moon)">Angrboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_11" title="S/2019 S 11">S/2019 S 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegir_(moon)" title="Aegir (moon)">Aegir</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(moon)" title="Beli (moon)">Beli</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_(moon)" title="Gerd (moon)">Gerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_13" title="S/2019 S 13">S/2019 S 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_14" title="S/2006 S 14">S/2006 S 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnlod_(moon)" title="Gunnlod (moon)">Gunnlod</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 15</li> <li>S/2020 S 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_7" title="S/2004 S 7">S/2004 S 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_3" title="S/2006 S 3">S/2006 S 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2005_S_5" title="S/2005 S 5">S/2005 S 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrymir_(moon)" title="Skrymir (moon)">Skrymir</a></li> <li>S/2006 S 16</li> <li>S/2006 S 15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_28" title="S/2004 S 28">S/2004 S 28</a></li> <li>S/2020 S 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi_(moon)" title="Alvaldi (moon)">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_(moon)" title="Kari (moon)">Kari</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 48</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirrod_(moon)" title="Geirrod (moon)">Geirrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir_(moon)" title="Fenrir (moon)">Fenrir</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 50</li> <li>S/2006 S 17</li> <li>S/2004 S 49</li> <li>S/2019 S 17</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtur_(moon)" title="Surtur (moon)">Surtur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_18" title="S/2006 S 18">S/2006 S 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loge_(moon)" title="Loge (moon)">Loge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir_(moon)" title="Ymir (moon)">Ymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_19" title="S/2019 S 19">S/2019 S 19</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_21" title="S/2004 S 21">S/2004 S 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_39" title="S/2004 S 39">S/2004 S 39</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 16</li> <li>S/2004 S 53</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_36" title="S/2004 S 36">S/2004 S 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiazzi_(moon)" title="Thiazzi (moon)">Thiazzi</a></li> <li>S/2019 S 20</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_19" title="S/2006 S 19">S/2006 S 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_LXIV" title="Saturn LXIV">Saturn LXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornjot_(moon)" title="Fornjot (moon)">Fornjot</a></li> <li>S/2004 S 51</li> <li>S/2020 S 10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2020_S_9" title="S/2020 S 9">S/2020 S 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_LVIII" title="Saturn LVIII">Saturn LVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2019_S_21" title="S/2019 S 21">S/2019 S 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_52" title="S/2004 S 52">S/2004 S 52</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Outlier prograde<br />irregular moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2006_S_12" title="S/2006 S 12">S/2006 S 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_24" title="S/2004 S 24">S/2004 S 24</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Rings of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chiron (hypothetical moon)">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">Chrysalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_3" title="S/2004 S 3">S/2004 S 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_4" title="S/2004 S 4">S/2004 S 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2004_S_6" title="S/2004 S 6">S/2004 S 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_(moonlet)" title="Peggy (moonlet)">Peggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleriot_(moonlet)" title="Bleriot (moonlet)">Bleriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction#Moons" title="Saturn in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Uranus" title="Template:Moons of Uranus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Uranus" title="Template talk:Moons of Uranus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Uranus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Uranus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Uranus137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Moons of Uranus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Listed in approximately increasing distance from <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Rings of Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordelia_(moon)" title="Cordelia (moon)">Cordelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(moon)" title="Ophelia (moon)">Ophelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianca_(moon)" title="Bianca (moon)">Bianca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressida_(moon)" title="Cressida (moon)">Cressida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desdemona_(moon)" title="Desdemona (moon)">Desdemona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_(moon)" title="Juliet (moon)">Juliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portia_(moon)" title="Portia (moon)">Portia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_(moon)" title="Rosalind (moon)">Rosalind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_(moon)" title="Cupid (moon)">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinda_(moon)" title="Belinda (moon)">Belinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdita_(moon)" title="Perdita (moon)">Perdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_(moon)" title="Puck (moon)">Puck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mab_(moon)" title="Mab (moon)">Mab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Major (spheroid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Outer (irregular)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prograde</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_(moon)" title="Margaret (moon)">Margaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retrograde</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_(moon)" title="Francisco (moon)">Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_(moon)" title="Caliban (moon)">Caliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephano_(moon)" title="Stephano (moon)">Stephano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2023_U_1" title="S/2023 U 1">S/2023 U 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinculo_(moon)" title="Trinculo (moon)">Trinculo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycorax_(moon)" title="Sycorax (moon)">Sycorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospero_(moon)" title="Prospero (moon)">Prospero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setebos_(moon)" title="Setebos (moon)">Setebos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_(moon)" title="Ferdinand (moon)">Ferdinand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Geological features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Ariel" title="List of geological features on Ariel">Arielian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachina_Chasmata" title="Kachina Chasmata">Kachina Chasmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangoor_(crater)" title="Yangoor (crater)">Yangoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Miranda" title="List of geological features on Miranda">Mirandian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verona_Rupes" title="Verona Rupes">Verona Rupes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Oberon" title="List of geological features on Oberon">Oberonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(crater)" title="Hamlet (crater)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mommur_Chasma" title="Mommur Chasma">Mommur Chasma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Puck" class="mw-redirect" title="List of geological features on Puck">Puckian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Titania" title="List of geological features on Titania">Titanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_(crater)" title="Gertrude (crater)">Gertrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina_Chasmata" title="Messina Chasmata">Messina Chasmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_(crater)" title="Ursula (crater)">Ursula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousillon_Rupes" title="Rousillon Rupes">Rousillon Rupes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Umbriel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of geological features on Umbriel">Umbrielian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wunda_(crater)" title="Wunda (crater)">Wunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuver_(crater)" title="Vuver (crater)">Vuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynd_(crater)" title="Skynd (crater)">Skynd</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Neptune" title="Template:Moons of Neptune"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Neptune" title="Template talk:Moons of Neptune"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Neptune" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Neptune"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Neptune368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Moons of Neptune</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>Listed in approximately increasing distance from <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">Regular</a> (inner)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naiad_(moon)" title="Naiad (moon)">Naiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa_(moon)" title="Thalassa (moon)">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despina_(moon)" title="Despina (moon)">Despina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" title="Galatea (moon)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_(moon)" title="Larissa (moon)">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocamp_(moon)" title="Hippocamp (moon)">Hippocamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon" title="Irregular moon">Irregular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Triton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton" title="Atmosphere of Triton">atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Triton" title="Climate of Triton">climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Triton" title="Geology of Triton">geology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prograde</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(moon)" title="Sao (moon)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2002_N_5" title="S/2002 N 5">S/2002 N 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomedeia" title="Laomedeia">Laomedeia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retrograde</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halimede_(moon)" title="Halimede (moon)">Halimede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(moon)" title="Psamathe (moon)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neso_(moon)" title="Neso (moon)">Neso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_N_1" title="S/2021 N 1">S/2021 N 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Rings of Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Neptune" title="Category:Moons of Neptune">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_dwarf_planets" title="Template:Moons of dwarf planets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_dwarf_planets" title="Template talk:Moons of dwarf planets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_dwarf_planets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of dwarf planets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_likely_dwarf_planets86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">likely dwarf planets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/225088_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="225088 Gonggong">Gonggong</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Haumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings of Haumea">ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" class="mw-redirect" title="90482 Orcus">Orcus</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_FY27" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 FY27">2013 FY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">27</span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar#Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27#Satellite" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">moon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template talk:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Planetary<br />satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/150px-Jupiter_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/225px-Jupiter_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/300px-Jupiter_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1654" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/150px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/225px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/300px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="501" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/150px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/225px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/300px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Dwarf planet<br />satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Minor-planet<br />moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Near-Earth</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/3122_Florence" title="3122 Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/65803_Didymos" title="65803 Didymos">Didymos</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup" title="66391 Moshup">Moshup</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup#Satellite" title="66391 Moshup">Squannit</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(136617)_1994_CC" title="(136617) 1994 CC">1994 CC</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(153591)_2001_SN263" title="(153591) 2001 SN263">2001 SN<sub>263</sub></a></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Main belt</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/22_Kalliope" title="22 Kalliope">Kalliope</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Linus_(moon)" title="Linus (moon)">Linus</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/31_Euphrosyne" title="31 Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/41_Daphne" title="41 Daphne">Daphne</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Peneius</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/45_Eugenia" title="45 Eugenia">Eugenia</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Petit-Prince_(moon)" title="Petit-Prince (moon)">Petit-Prince</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/87_Sylvia" title="87 Sylvia">Sylvia</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romulus_(moon)" title="Romulus (moon)">Romulus</a></span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Remus_(moon)" title="Remus (moon)">Remus</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/93_Minerva" title="93 Minerva">Minerva</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Aegis</span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Gorgoneion</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/107_Camilla" title="107 Camilla">Camilla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/130_Elektra" title="130 Elektra">Elektra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/216_Kleopatra" title="216 Kleopatra">Kleopatra</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Alexhelios</span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Cleoselene</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">Ida</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(moon)" title="Dactyl (moon)">Dactyl</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/317_Roxane" title="317 Roxane">Roxane</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympias (moon)">Olympias</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/762_Pulcova" title="762 Pulcova">Pulcova</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3749_Balam" title="3749 Balam">Balam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/152830_Dinkinesh" title="152830 Dinkinesh">Dinkinesh</a> (Selam)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Jupiter trojans</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/617_Patroclus" title="617 Patroclus">Patroclus</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Menoetius_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menoetius (moon)">Menoetius</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/624_Hektor" title="624 Hektor">Hektor</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Skamandrios_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skamandrios (moon)">Skamandrios</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3548_Eurybates" title="3548 Eurybates">Eurybates</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Queta_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queta (moon)">Queta</a></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>TNOs</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo" title="47171 Lempo">Lempo</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Hiisi" title="47171 Lempo">Hiisi</a></span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Paha" title="47171 Lempo">Paha</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(55637)_2002_UX25" title="(55637) 2002 UX25">2002 UX<sub>25</sub></a></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/79360_Sila%E2%80%93Nunam" title="79360 Sila–Nunam">Sila–Nunam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/G%C7%83%C3%B2%CA%BC%C3%A9_%C7%83H%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǃòʼé ǃHú">Gǃòʼé ǃHú</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">2013 FY<sub>27</sub></a></span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Ranked<br />by size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> <ul><li><small><b>largest</b>: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Discovery timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_moon" title="Inner moon">Inner moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon" title="Irregular moon">Irregular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">Planetary-mass moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_moons" title="Naming of moons">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">Regular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Discovery timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_moon" title="Inner moon">Inner moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon" title="Irregular moon">Irregular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_moons" title="Naming of moons">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">Regular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan moon">Trojan moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System547" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template talk:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Planetary<br />satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/150px-Jupiter_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/225px-Jupiter_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/300px-Jupiter_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1654" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/150px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/225px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/300px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="501" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/150px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/225px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/300px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Dwarf planet<br />satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Minor-planet<br />moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Near-Earth</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/3122_Florence" title="3122 Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/65803_Didymos" title="65803 Didymos">Didymos</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup" title="66391 Moshup">Moshup</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup#Satellite" title="66391 Moshup">Squannit</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(136617)_1994_CC" title="(136617) 1994 CC">1994 CC</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(153591)_2001_SN263" title="(153591) 2001 SN263">2001 SN<sub>263</sub></a></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Main belt</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/22_Kalliope" title="22 Kalliope">Kalliope</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Linus_(moon)" title="Linus (moon)">Linus</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/31_Euphrosyne" title="31 Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/41_Daphne" title="41 Daphne">Daphne</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Peneius</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/45_Eugenia" title="45 Eugenia">Eugenia</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Petit-Prince_(moon)" title="Petit-Prince (moon)">Petit-Prince</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/87_Sylvia" title="87 Sylvia">Sylvia</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romulus_(moon)" title="Romulus (moon)">Romulus</a></span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Remus_(moon)" title="Remus (moon)">Remus</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/93_Minerva" title="93 Minerva">Minerva</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Aegis</span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Gorgoneion</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/107_Camilla" title="107 Camilla">Camilla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/130_Elektra" title="130 Elektra">Elektra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/216_Kleopatra" title="216 Kleopatra">Kleopatra</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Alexhelios</span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;">Cleoselene</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">Ida</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(moon)" title="Dactyl (moon)">Dactyl</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/317_Roxane" title="317 Roxane">Roxane</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympias (moon)">Olympias</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/762_Pulcova" title="762 Pulcova">Pulcova</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3749_Balam" title="3749 Balam">Balam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/152830_Dinkinesh" title="152830 Dinkinesh">Dinkinesh</a> (Selam)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Jupiter trojans</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/617_Patroclus" title="617 Patroclus">Patroclus</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Menoetius_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menoetius (moon)">Menoetius</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/624_Hektor" title="624 Hektor">Hektor</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Skamandrios_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skamandrios (moon)">Skamandrios</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3548_Eurybates" title="3548 Eurybates">Eurybates</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Queta_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queta (moon)">Queta</a></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>TNOs</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo" title="47171 Lempo">Lempo</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Hiisi" title="47171 Lempo">Hiisi</a></span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Paha" title="47171 Lempo">Paha</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(55637)_2002_UX25" title="(55637) 2002 UX25">2002 UX<sub>25</sub></a></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/79360_Sila%E2%80%93Nunam" title="79360 Sila–Nunam">Sila–Nunam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/G%C7%83%C3%B2%CA%BC%C3%A9_%C7%83H%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǃòʼé ǃHú">Gǃòʼé ǃHú</a></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">2013 FY<sub>27</sub></a></span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Ranked<br />by size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> <ul><li><small><b>largest</b>: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Discovery timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_moon" title="Inner moon">Inner moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon" title="Irregular moon">Irregular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">Planetary-mass moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_moons" title="Naming of moons">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">Regular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atmospheres200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheres" title="Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheres" title="Template talk:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atmospheres200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmospheres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Sun</a></b></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere"><img alt="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/150px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/225px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/300px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saturn#Atmosphere" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Uranus</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Neptune#Atmosphere" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Pluto</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makemake#Atmosphere" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)#Surface_and_atmosphere" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Io</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Atmosphere">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Atmosphere" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">Titan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton" title="Atmosphere of Triton">Triton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GJ_1132_b#Atmosphere" title="GJ 1132 b">GJ 1132 b</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b#Stratosphere_and_upper_clouds" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b#Cloud_mapping" title="Kepler-7b">Kepler-7b</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water533" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water" title="Template talk:Water"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/105px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/140px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Subsurface_ocean">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Portal</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water" title="Category:Water">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water">Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extraterrestrial_life414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template talk:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extraterrestrial_life414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Events and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shergotty_meteorite" title="Shergotty meteorite">Shergotty meteorite</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhla_meteorite" title="Nakhla meteorite">Nakhla meteorite</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteorite</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking lander biological experiments</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_77005" title="Allan Hills 77005">Allan Hills 77005</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato 000593</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI1_fossils" title="CI1 fossils">CI1 fossils</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Signals of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Misidentified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21" title="PSR B1919+21">CP 1919</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified pulsar)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTA-102" title="CTA-102">CTA-102</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified quasar)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Stars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star" title="Tabby's Star">KIC 8462852</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_204278916" title="EPIC 204278916">EPIC 204278916</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVV-WIT-07" title="VVV-WIT-07">VVV-WIT-07</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164595" title="HD 164595">HD 164595 signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SHGb02%2B14a" title="SHGb02+14a">SHGb02+14a</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio source)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(inconclusive)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLC1" title="BLC1">BLC1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio signal)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Life in the Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System" title="Planetary habitability in the Solar System">Planetary habitability in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Life on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Titan" title="Life on Titan">Life on Titan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology#Missions" title="Astrobiology">Space missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">Foton-M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_mission" title="Tanpopo mission">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">Venus In Situ Explorer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_communication" title="Interstellar communication">Interstellar<br />communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_SETI" title="Active SETI">Active SETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_message" title="Arecibo message">Arecibo message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_SETI_Research_Center" title="Berkeley SETI Research Center">Berkeley SETI Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracewell_probe" title="Bracewell probe">Bracewell probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_with_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence">Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_Pythagorean_right_triangle_proposal" title="Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal">Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIROSETI" title="NIROSETI">NIROSETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cyclops" title="Project Cyclops">Project Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Ozma" title="Project Ozma">Project Ozma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Phoenix_(SETI)" title="Project Phoenix (SETI)">Project Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERENDIP" title="SERENDIP">SERENDIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SETI@home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SetiQuest" title="SetiQuest">setiQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hole_(radio)" title="Water hole (radio)">Water hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Xenolinguistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_pluralism" title="Cosmic pluralism">Cosmic pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" title="Directed panspermia">Directed panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediocrity_principle" title="Mediocrity principle">Mediocrity principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a> solutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_hypothesis" title="Aestivation hypothesis">Aestivation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker_hypothesis" title="Berserker hypothesis">Berserker hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_forest_hypothesis" title="Dark forest hypothesis">Dark forest hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firstborn_hypothesis" title="Firstborn hypothesis">Firstborn hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Filter" title="Great Filter">Great Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%E2%80%93Tipler_conjecture" title="Hart–Tipler conjecture">Hart–Tipler conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatastrophism" title="Neocatastrophism">Neocatastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetarium_hypothesis" title="Planetarium hypothesis">Planetarium hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis" title="Rare Earth hypothesis">Rare Earth hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_hypothesis" title="Zoo hypothesis">Zoo hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_extraterrestrial_life" title="Outline of extraterrestrial life">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroecology" title="Astroecology">Astroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Report" title="Brookings Report">Brookings Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_extraterrestrial_life_debate" title="History of the extraterrestrial life debate">History of the extraterrestrial life debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">Noogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_cultural_impact_of_extraterrestrial_contact" title="Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact">Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marino Scale">San Marino Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astrobiology384" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology384" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" title="Category:Astrobiology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,_dwarfs,_minors275" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Large Minor Planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation,<br />evolution</a>, <br /> contents, <br /> and <br /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses#Capture_hypothesis" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">Capture theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Triton" title="Capture of Triton">Capture of Triton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant#Disk_instability" title="Ice giant">Disk instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">Grand tack hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice_2_model" title="Nice 2 model">Nice 2 model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Five-planet Nice model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbital configuration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordylewski_cloud" title="Kordylewski cloud">Kordylewski cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical <br />objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Other_claims" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Bagby's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chiron (hypothetical moon)">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">Chrysalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Giant" title="Fifth Giant">Fifth Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Hyperion (hypothetical planet)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_moon_of_Mercury" title="Hypothetical moon of Mercury">Mercury's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Petit's_moon" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Petit's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Kuiper_cliff_and_"Planet_Ten"" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synestia#Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Synestia">Synestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Waltemath's_moons" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Waltemath's moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small<br />Solar<br />System<br />bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_UO14" title="2019 UO14">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object#Near-Earth_asteroids" title="Near-Earth object">NEAs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks tfd tfd-dated tfd-default tfd-dedup">‹ The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> below (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth%27s_location_in_the_Universe" title="Template:Earth's location in the Universe">Earth's location in the Universe</a></i>) is being considered for merging with LocationOfEarth-ImageMap. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2025_February_12#Template:Earth's_location_in_the_Universe" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 February 12">templates for discussion</a> to help reach a consensus. ›</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Each arrow (<span style="font-size:120%">→</span>) may be read as "within" or "part of".</span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3143#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata670" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3143#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata670" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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