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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transformation of an object and its surrounding area that differs from its normal focal length</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Perspective_correction_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Perspective correction (disambiguation)">Perspective correction</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camera_focal_length_distance_house_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Camera_focal_length_distance_house_animation.gif/220px-Camera_focal_length_distance_house_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Camera_focal_length_distance_house_animation.gif/330px-Camera_focal_length_distance_house_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Camera_focal_length_distance_house_animation.gif/440px-Camera_focal_length_distance_house_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Simulation showing how adjusting the angle of view of a camera, while varying the camera's distance and keeping the object in frame, results in vastly differing images. At narrow angles and long distances, light rays are nearly parallel, resulting in a "flattened" image. At wide angles and short distances, objects appear <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)#Foreshortening" title="Perspective (graphical)">foreshortened</a> or distorted.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>, <b>perspective distortion</b> is a warping or transformation of an object and its surrounding area that differs significantly from what the object would look like with a <a href="/wiki/Normal_lens" title="Normal lens">normal focal length</a>, due to the relative scale of nearby and distant features. Perspective distortion is determined by the relative distances at which the image is captured and viewed, and is due to the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a> of the image (as captured) being either wider or narrower than the angle of view at which the image is viewed, hence the apparent relative distances differing from what is expected. Related to this concept is <b>axial magnification</b> – the perceived depth of objects at a given magnification. </p><p>Perspective distortion takes two forms: <i>extension distortion</i> and <i>compression distortion,</i> also called <i>wide-angle distortion</i> and <i>long-lens</i> or <i>telephoto distortion,</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when talking about images with the same <a href="/wiki/Field_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Field size">field size</a>. Extension or wide-angle distortion can be seen in images shot from close using a <a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle lens</a> (with an angle of view wider than a <i>normal lens</i>). Objects close to the lens appear abnormally large relative to more distant objects, and distant objects appear abnormally small and hence farther away – distances are extended. Compression, long-lens, or telephoto distortion can be seen in images shot from a distance using a <a href="/wiki/Long_focus_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Long focus lens">long focus lens</a> or the more common <a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a> sub-type (with an angle of view narrower than a <i>normal lens</i>). Distant objects look approximately the same size – closer objects are abnormally small, and more distant objects are abnormally large, and hence the viewer cannot discern relative distances between distant objects – distances are compressed. </p><p>Note that linear perspective changes are caused by <i>distance,</i> not by the lens per se – two shots of the same scene from the same distance will exhibit identical perspective geometry, regardless of lens used. However, since wide-angle lenses have a wider field of view, they are generally used from closer, while telephoto lenses have a narrower field of view and are generally used from farther away. For example, if standing at a distance so that a normal lens captures someone's face, a shot with a wide-angle lens or telephoto lens from the same distance will have exactly the same linear perspective geometry on the face, though the wide-angle lens may fit the entire body into the shot, while the telephoto lens captures only the nose. However, crops of these three images with the same coverage will yield the same perspective distortion – the nose will look the same in all three. Conversely, if all three lenses are used from distances such that the face fills the field, the wide-angle will be used from closer, making the nose larger compared to the rest of the photo, and the telephoto will be used from farther, making the nose smaller compared to the rest of the photo. </p><p>Outside photography, extension distortion is familiar to many through <a href="/wiki/Side-view_mirror" title="Side-view mirror">side-view mirrors</a> (see "<a href="/wiki/Objects_in_mirror_are_closer_than_they_appear" title="Objects in mirror are closer than they appear">objects in mirror are closer than they appear</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Peephole" title="Peephole">peepholes</a>, though these often use a <a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye lens</a>, exhibiting different distortion. Compression distortion is most familiar in looking through <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic sights</a>, while a similar effect is seen in fixed-slit <a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">strip photography</a>, notably a <a href="/wiki/Photo_finish" title="Photo finish">photo finish</a>, where all capture is parallel to the capture, completely eliminating perspective (a side view). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of perspective distortion has fascinated artists, architects, and scientists for centuries, evolving alongside the development of visual culture and optical theory. Perspective distortion refers to the manipulation of visual perception through deliberate techniques that create altered or exaggerated views of objects or scenes. This concept has not only shaped art and architecture but has also played a critical role in challenging and expanding the limits of human perception. </p><p>The roots of perspective distortion trace back to ancient civilizations, where early artists sought to represent three-dimensional objects on two-dimensional surfaces. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian art">Mesopotamian art</a> often featured composite perspectives, blending different viewpoints into a single scene to communicate symbolic or hierarchical meaning. This approach was less about realism and more about conveying importance, with objects or figures often distorted to fit a cultural or narrative framework. </p><p>The formalization of <a href="/wiki/Linear_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear perspective">linear perspective</a> in Renaissance Europe marked a turning point in the history of perspective distortion. Pioneered by figures like <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, linear perspective provided a systematic approach to creating the illusion of depth on flat surfaces. Artists like <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> mastered this technique, but others began experimenting with its limits. <a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphosis</a>, a form of perspective distortion where an image appears distorted unless viewed from a specific angle, emerged during this period. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>’s <a href="/wiki/The_Ambassadors" title="The Ambassadors">The Ambassadors</a> (1533) famously employs this technique, featuring a distorted skull visible only when viewed obliquely, symbolizing the transient nature of life. </p><p>In the 20th century, perspective distortion expanded into photography and modern art, with wide-angle and telephoto lenses creating exaggerated or compressed views. Photographers like <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="André Kertész">André Kertész</a> used distortion to evoke emotional or psychological responses, while surrealists like <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> distorted perspective to challenge reality itself. Fred Leeman’s Hidden Image: Games of Perception delves into how perspective distortion is used for “playful subversion,” encouraging viewers to question their visual assumptions and engage in the active process of interpretation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optics">Optics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consider an idealised <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_optics" title="Gaussian optics">Gaussian optical system</a>, with the image and the object in the same medium. Thus, for an object in focus, the distance between the lens and image plane <span class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {i} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c19ea2b13230a3c2649b4bc3a21118c93a9044c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.78ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {i} }}"></span>,</span> the distance between lens and the object <span class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd62f0ebc2673bc7bd6c2d56e7d8560cc1b3c135" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}"></span>,</span> and the focal length <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> are related by the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)#Imaging_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">thin-lens equation</a>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {i} }}}+{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}={\frac {1}{f}}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {i} }}}+{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}={\frac {1}{f}}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/430b1ce7d15b53fb53d6f614f15cf31d92047523" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.685ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {i} }}}+{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}={\frac {1}{f}}\,.}"></span> </p><p>The transverse magnification <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> is related by </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M={\frac {s_{\mathrm {i} }}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M={\frac {s_{\mathrm {i} }}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/452de826fbc83b119c36217768449d9a532a6b97" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.555ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M={\frac {s_{\mathrm {i} }}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\,.}"></span> </p><p>The <i>axial magnification</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\text{ax}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ax</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\text{ax}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65e54848e551ab80953bf3bfead63e33fcb6aa8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.176ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\text{ax}}}"></span> of an object at <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd62f0ebc2673bc7bd6c2d56e7d8560cc1b3c135" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}"></span> is the rate of change of the lens–image distance <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {i} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c19ea2b13230a3c2649b4bc3a21118c93a9044c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.78ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {i} }}"></span> as the lens–object distance <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd62f0ebc2673bc7bd6c2d56e7d8560cc1b3c135" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {o} }}"></span> changes. For an object of finite depth, one can conceive of the <em>average</em> axial magnification as the ratio of the depth of the image and the depth of the object: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}M_{\text{ax}}&=\left|{\frac {\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {i} }}{\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right|=\left|{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\left({\frac {1}{f}}-{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right)^{-1}\right|\\&=\left|-\left({\frac {1}{f}}-{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right)^{-2}s_{\mathrm {o} }^{-2}\right|\\&={\frac {s_{\mathrm {i} }^{2}}{s_{\mathrm {o} }^{2}}}=M^{2}\,.\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ax</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}M_{\text{ax}}&=\left|{\frac {\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {i} }}{\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right|=\left|{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\left({\frac {1}{f}}-{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right)^{-1}\right|\\&=\left|-\left({\frac {1}{f}}-{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right)^{-2}s_{\mathrm {o} }^{-2}\right|\\&={\frac {s_{\mathrm {i} }^{2}}{s_{\mathrm {o} }^{2}}}=M^{2}\,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aee6930af74cc2d9eed877f6302773fb6fa77473" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -10.005ex; width:35.949ex; height:21.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}M_{\text{ax}}&=\left|{\frac {\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {i} }}{\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right|=\left|{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\left({\frac {1}{f}}-{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right)^{-1}\right|\\&=\left|-\left({\frac {1}{f}}-{\frac {1}{s_{\mathrm {o} }}}\right)^{-2}s_{\mathrm {o} }^{-2}\right|\\&={\frac {s_{\mathrm {i} }^{2}}{s_{\mathrm {o} }^{2}}}=M^{2}\,.\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>As the magnification increases, the ratio of axial to transverse magnification also increases. For example, if <span class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2801ac77396e68de0b640087e1531a2329067e9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.703ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=2}"></span>,</span> then <span class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\text{ax}}=4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ax</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\text{ax}}=4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d7813da383fe84ebc229d4723119944d8b99b85" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.437ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\text{ax}}=4}"></span>,</span> and the image will be twice as tall and four times as deep as the object. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influencing_factors">Influencing factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influencing factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perspective distortion is influenced by the relationship between two factors: the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a> at which the image is captured by the <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> and the angle of view at which the photograph of the subject is presented or viewed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angle_of_view_of_the_capture">Angle of view of the capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Angle of view of the capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When photographs are viewed <i>at the ordinary viewing distance</i>, the angle of view at which the image is captured accounts completely for the appearance of perspective distortion. The general assumption that "undoctored" photos cannot distort a scene is incorrect. Perspective distortion is particularly noticeable in <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portraits</a> taken with wide-angle lenses at short camera-to-subject distances. They generally give an unpleasant impression, making the nose appear too large with respect to the rest of the face, and distorting the facial expression. Framing the same subject identically while using a moderate telephoto or long focus lens (with a narrow angle of view) flattens the image to a more flattering perspective. It is for this reason that, for a 35 mm camera, lenses with focal lengths from about 85 through 135 mm are generally considered to be good portrait lenses. It does however make difference, whether the photograph is taken landscape or portrait. A 50 mm lens is suitable for photographing people when the orientation is landscape. Conversely, using lenses with much longer focal lengths for portraits results in more extreme flattening of facial features, which also may be objectionable to the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-PSA_Journal_2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA_Journal_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photograph_viewing_distance">Photograph viewing distance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Photograph viewing distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photographs are ordinarily viewed at a distance approximately equal to their diagonal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. When viewed at this distance, the distortion effects created by the angle of view of the capture are apparent. However, theoretically, if one views pictures exhibiting extension (wide angle) distortion at a closer distance, thus widening the angle of view of the presentation, then the phenomenon abates. Similarly, viewing pictures exhibiting compression (telephoto) distortion from a greater distance, thus narrowing the angle of view of the presentation, reduces the effect. In both cases, at some critical distance, the apparent distortion disappears completely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below, a series of three photos shows the same scene shot from the same position with three different lenses: a wide-angle lens, a normal lens, and a telephoto lens. Notice that because the proportions in the image do not change with the angle of view, if the photos made with the wide-angle lens and the normal lens were cropped to contain the same scene as the photo made with the telephoto lens, then the image content would be exactly the same. The apparent difference in proportions results solely from the content added around the edges of the frame in the normal lens photo and the wide-angle photo. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Photos taken using a <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> still camera at a constant distance from the subject with a 28 mm lens, a 50 mm lens and a 70 mm lens.<i></i></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 299.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 297.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angleofview_28mm_f4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="28 mm"><img alt="28 mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Angleofview_28mm_f4.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">28 mm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 306.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 304.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angleofview_50mm_f4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="50 mm"><img alt="50 mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Angleofview_50mm_f4.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">50 mm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angleofview_70mm_f4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="70 mm"><img alt="70 mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Angleofview_70mm_f4.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">70 mm</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Below, a series of four photos shows an object framed as nearly the same as possible with four different lenses. As a result of the different <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a> of each lens, the photographer moved closer to the object with each photo. Note that the angle of view changes significantly (compare the background in each photo), and the distance between objects appears greater with each succeeding image. In the fourth image at the lower right, taken with the widest lens, the building behind the object appears much further away than in reality. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Photos taken using a 35 mm camera with a 100 mm, a 70 mm, a 50 mm, and a 28 mm lens, at different distances from the subject.</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sameframe_100mm_f8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="100mm"><img alt="100mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Sameframe_100mm_f8.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">100mm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sameframe_70mm_f8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="70 mm"><img alt="70 mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Sameframe_70mm_f8.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">70 mm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sameframe_50mm_f8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="50 mm"><img alt="50 mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Sameframe_50mm_f8.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">50 mm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sameframe_28mm_f8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="28 mm"><img alt="28 mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Sameframe_28mm_f8.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">28 mm</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_uses">Artistic uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artistic uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_background">Technical background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Focal_length.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Focal_length.jpg/220px-Focal_length.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Focal_length.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>How <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> affects perspective: 18 mm (<a href="/wiki/Wide_angle_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Wide angle lens">wide-angle</a>), 34 mm (<a href="/wiki/Normal_lens" title="Normal lens">normal</a>), and 55 mm (<a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">modest telephoto</a>) at identical <a href="/wiki/Field_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Field size">field size</a> achieved by different camera-subject distances. Notice that the shorter the focal length and the wider the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a>, <b>perspective distortion</b> and size differences change.</figcaption></figure><p>Although perspective distortion is often annoying when unintended, it is also intentionally used for artistic purposes. Extension (<a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide angle</a>) distortion is often implemented to emphasize some element of the scene by making it appear larger and spatially removed from the other elements. Compression (<a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a>) distortion is often used to give the appearance of compressed distance between distant objects, such as buildings or automobiles in order to convey a feeling of congestion. Longer lenses magnify the subject more, apparently compressing distance and (when focused on the foreground) blurring the background because of their shallower <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>. Wider lenses tend to magnify distance between objects while allowing greater depth of field. </p><p>Another result of using a wide-angle lens is a greater apparent perspective distortion when the camera is not aligned perpendicularly to the subject: parallel lines converge at the same rate as with a <a href="/wiki/Normal_lens" title="Normal lens">normal lens</a>, but converge more due to the wider total field. For example, buildings appear to be falling backwards much more severely when the camera is pointed upward from ground level than they would if photographed with a normal lens at the same distance from the subject, because more of the subject building is visible in the wide-angle shot. </p><p>Because different lenses generally require a different camera–subject distance to preserve the size of a subject, changing the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a> can indirectly distort perspective, changing the apparent relative size of the subject and background. If identical <a href="/wiki/Field_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Field size">field size</a> is maintained, wide-angle lenses make subjects appear larger by introducing size differences along with the converging lines mentioned above, and they make rooms and spaces around the subject appear more vast by increasing the distance between subject and background (expanded perspective). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mood_effect_and_famous_uses">Mood effect and famous uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mood effect and famous uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mood effect of perspective distortion achieved by <a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_lens" title="Rectilinear lens">rectilinear</a> extreme wide-angle lenses is that the resulting image looks grotesque and unsettling, while not looking as unrealistic as <a href="/wiki/Curvilinear_perspective" title="Curvilinear perspective">curvilinear</a> <a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye lenses</a> which display <a href="/wiki/Barrel_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel distortion">barrel distortion</a>. The effect is especially noticeable the closer the camera is to the subject, as its amount increases the shorter the focal length is at the same field size. </p><p>One notable director that frequently employs rectilinear <a href="/wiki/Ultra_wide_angle_lens" title="Ultra wide angle lens">ultra wide angle lenses</a> in order to achieve a distinctive signature style defined by extreme perspective distortion is <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>. Also <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (in <i><a href="/wiki/Paths_of_Glory" title="Paths of Glory">Paths of Glory</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></i>, among others) as well as <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial</a></i>, partly <i>Orson Welles' London</i>, segment <i>Four Clubmen</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah" title="Sam Peckinpah">Sam Peckinpah</a> (in <i><a href="/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(1971_film)" title="Straw Dogs (1971 film)">Straw Dogs</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Offence" title="The Offence">The Offence</a></i>) have occasionally done the same in the past, though mostly in moderation, for single shots or sequences only, while Gilliam hardly ever uses any lens longer than 14 mm, which has garnered lenses of that particular focal length the informal nickname <i>"The Gilliam"</i> among film-makers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Jeunet" title="Jean-Pierre Jeunet">Jean-Pierre Jeunet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Caro" title="Marc Caro">Marc Caro</a>, two French filmmakers influenced by Gilliam, adopted his typical wide-angle photography in their two most "Gilliamesque" features, <i><a href="/wiki/Delicatessen_(1991_film)" title="Delicatessen (1991 film)">Delicatessen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_Lost_Children" title="The City of Lost Children">The City of Lost Children</a></i>. Orson Welles's <i>The Trial</i> is notable for heavily influencing Gilliam's signature style years before the American ex-patriate joined the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> comedy troupe while only being a one-feature style for Welles. </p><p>Due to the grotesque, unsettling mood effect peculiar to wide-angle lenses, films making use of such perspective distortion can often be placed in one of two categories: Grotesque and surreal satire and fantasy, also to some extent black comedy (Gilliam, Jeunet & Caro, Orson Welles, <i>Dr. Strangelove</i>) on the one hand, and serious, more realistic films with a particular edge for <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social criticism</a> on the other, whereas social conventions, collective society, and/or the motives and acts of leaders are portrayed as grotesque and absurd, and often also feature tyrannical characters with conformist values who act out in an extremely hostile and prejudiced way towards individualism and outsiders (<i>Paths of Glory</i>, <i>Straw Dogs</i>, <i>The Offence</i>). </p><p>On the other end of the focal length spectre, <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> used extreme <a href="/wiki/Telephoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephoto">telephoto</a> lenses to compress large crowds in <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></i> while the <i>Führer</i> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> is seen through normal lenses and often from a <a href="/wiki/Low-angle_shot" title="Low-angle shot">low angle</a> to appear tall in comparison. </p><p>In cinematography, perspective distortion also has bearing on the in-camera <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effect</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">dolly zoom</a>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom lens</a> zooms out at the same time as the camera moves toward the subject, in such a way as to keep the subject the same size in the frame while the background "changes size" relative to the subject. This effect was made popular in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jaws_(film)" title="Jaws (film)">Jaws</a></i>. Another example of this can be seen in the first <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">Lord of the Rings</a></i> film, just before the <a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Black Rider</a> comes down the road. The dolly zoom is used to create a compression effect in the road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_2">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The photo below of the gondolas is an illustration of the use of extension distortion, and the photo of the buildings below it is an example of compression distortion. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 340.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 338.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondolas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of "wide angle" distortion used for artistic purposes. Created by an 18 mm lens on a full-frame 35 mm camera."><img alt="An example of "wide angle" distortion used for artistic purposes. Created by an 18 mm lens on a full-frame 35 mm camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Gondolas.jpg" decoding="async" width="339" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of "wide angle" distortion used for artistic purposes. Created by an 18 mm lens on a full-frame 35 mm camera.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nybldgs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of "telephoto" distortion used for artistic purposes. Created by a 300 mm lens on a full-frame 35 mm camera."><img alt="An example of "telephoto" distortion used for artistic purposes. Created by a 300 mm lens on a full-frame 35 mm camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nybldgs.jpg/251px-Nybldgs.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Nybldgs.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of "telephoto" distortion used for artistic purposes. Created by a 300 mm lens on a full-frame 35 mm camera.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreshortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshortening">Foreshortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_correction_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective correction lens">Perspective Control (PC) Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_gradient" title="Texture gradient">Texture gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvilinear_perspective" title="Curvilinear perspective">Curvilinear perspective</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYDbRc4QKK8C&dq=%22long+lens%22+distortion&pg=PA73">Mark Galer, Photography Foundations for Art and Design, page 73</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSA_Journal_2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSA_Journal_2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723160516/https://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1306/is_n9_v56/ai_8851922">"Best viewing distance for photographers - determining at what distance a photograph should be viewed - PSA Journal - Find Articles at BNET"</a>. PSA Journal. 2008-05-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1306/is_n9_v56/ai_8851922">the original</a> on 2010-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+viewing+distance+for+photographers+-+determining+at+what+distance+a+photograph+should+be+viewed+-+PSA+Journal+-+Find+Articles+at+BNET&rft.pub=PSA+Journal&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1306%2Fis_n9_v56%2Fai_8851922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+distortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stubbs, Phil: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/tidegill.htm">"Terry Gilliam talks <i>Tideland</i>," <i>Dreams</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_distortion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glamoureffekt.de/blog/compressing-distance-and-altering-perspective-hochzeitsfotograf">Compressing distance and altering perspective</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one 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