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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brass_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Brass instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Keyboard instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Piano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-String_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#String_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>String instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-String_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodwind_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodwind_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Woodwind instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodwind_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross-fingering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-fingering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Cross-fingering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-fingering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_fingering_and_alternate_fingering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_fingering_and_alternate_fingering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>False fingering and alternate fingering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_fingering_and_alternate_fingering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Апликатура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апликатура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaci%C3%B3_(t%C3%A8cnica)" title="Digitació (tècnica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Digitació (tècnica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingersatz" title="Fingersatz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fingersatz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaci%C3%B3n_(t%C3%A9cnica)" title="Digitación (técnica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Digitación (técnica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingrado" title="Fingrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fingrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doigt%C3%A9" title="Doigté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Doigté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixitaci%C3%B3n_(t%C3%A9cnica)" title="Dixitación (técnica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dixitación (técnica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%B2%95" title="운지법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운지법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Ապլիկատուրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապլիկատուրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diteggiatura" title="Diteggiatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diteggiatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2" title="אצבוע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצבוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аппликатура – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аппликатура" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikat%C5%ABra" title="Aplikatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aplikatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingerzetting" title="Vingerzetting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vingerzetting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E6%8C%87" title="運指 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="運指" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikatura" title="Aplikatura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aplikatura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digita%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Digitação (música) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Digitação (música)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digita%C8%9Bie" title="Digitație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Digitație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аппликатура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аппликатура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering" title="Fingering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fingering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83" title="Прстореди тонова на кларинету – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прстореди тонова на кларинету" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prstoredi_tonova_na_klarinetu" title="Prstoredi tonova na klarinetu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prstoredi tonova na klarinetu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sormitus" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Choice of which fingers and hand positions to use when playing certain musical instruments</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about hand positioning on a musical instrument. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fingering_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fingering (disambiguation)">Fingering</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:String_technique_twinkle_star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/String_technique_twinkle_star.png/350px-String_technique_twinkle_star.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/String_technique_twinkle_star.png/525px-String_technique_twinkle_star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/String_technique_twinkle_star.png/700px-String_technique_twinkle_star.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> fingering of "<a href="/wiki/Twinkle,_Twinkle,_Little_Star" title="Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star">Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Position_(string_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Position (string technique)">hand positions</a> with ordinals, fingers with numbers, and strings indicated with <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>. The A could instead have been played <a href="/wiki/Stopped_note" title="Stopped note">open</a> like the D and the entire line could have been in 1st position.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <b>fingering</b>, or on stringed instruments sometimes also called <b>stopping</b>, is the choice of which <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a> and hand <a href="/wiki/Position_(string_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Position (string technique)">positions</a> to use when playing certain <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>. Fingering typically changes throughout a <a href="/wiki/Piece_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piece (music)">piece</a>; the challenge of choosing good fingering for a <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">piece</a> is to make the hand movements as comfortable as possible without changing hand position too often. A fingering can be the result of the working process of the <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, who puts it into the manuscript, an <a href="/wiki/Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor">editor</a>, who adds it into the printed score, or the <a href="/wiki/Performer" class="mw-redirect" title="Performer">performer</a>, who puts his or her own fingering in the score or in performance. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fingering...also stopping...(1) A system of symbols (usually Arabic numbers) for the fingers of the hand (or some subset of them) used to associate specific notes with specific fingers....(2)Control of finger movements and position to achieve physiological efficiency, acoustical accuracy [frequency and amplitude] (or effect) and <a href="/wiki/Musical_articulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical articulation">musical articulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A <b>substitute fingering</b> is an alternative to the indicated fingering, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">finger substitution</a>. Depending on the instrument, not all the fingers may be used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophonists</a> do not use the right thumb and <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> (usually) only use the fingers and not the thumbs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brass_instruments">Brass instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brass instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fingering applies to the <a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve#Use_in_brass_instruments" title="Rotary valve">rotary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piston_valve#Brass_instruments" title="Piston valve">piston valves</a> employed on many brass instruments. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>, a fully <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic" title="Diatonic and chromatic">chromatic</a> brass instrument without <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">valves</a>, employs equivalent numbered notation for slide positions rather than fingering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_instruments">Keyboard instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Keyboard instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clementi1801Fingering.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Clementi1801Fingering.png/220px-Clementi1801Fingering.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Clementi1801Fingering.png/330px-Clementi1801Fingering.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Clementi1801Fingering.png/440px-Clementi1801Fingering.png 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>English fingering · zero variant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummel1827Fingering.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hummel1827Fingering.png/220px-Hummel1827Fingering.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hummel1827Fingering.png/330px-Hummel1827Fingering.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hummel1827Fingering.png/440px-Hummel1827Fingering.png 2x" data-file-width="2266" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>English fingering · cross variant</figcaption></figure> <p>In notation for <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard instruments</a>, numbers are used to relate to the fingers themselves, not the hand position on the keyboard. In modern scores, the fingers are numbered from 1 to 5 on each hand: the thumb is 1, the index finger is 2, the middle finger is 3, the ring finger is 4 and the little finger is 5. </p><p>Earlier usage varied by region. In Britain in the 19th century, the thumb was shown by a cross (+) or number 0 and the fingers were numbered from 1 to 4. This was known as "English fingering" while the other way (from 1 to 5) was known as "Continental fingering." However, from the beginning of the 20th century the British adopted the Continental (1 to 5) fingering, which remains in use everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piano">Piano</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Piano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Cristofori</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Pianoforte" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianoforte">pianoforte</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> in 1700, and after it became popular in the decades after 1740, eventually replacing the harpsichord, the piano technique developed tremendously (it was parallel with the piano builders´ progress and piano pedagogy, and as part of it piano fingering changed). </p><p>There are only a few publications about piano fingering. </p><p>It is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>) in his book <i>Versuch über die wahre Art, das Clavier zu spielen</i> (<i>Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09716-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09716-1">0-393-09716-1</a>) where he dedicated several paragraphs to this topic (see the German original: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koelnklavier.de/quellen/versuch/kap1-1a.html">"Von der Fingersetzung"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206160114/http://www.koelnklavier.de/quellen/versuch/kap1-1a.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </p><p>The British pianist <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Matthay" title="Tobias Matthay">Tobias Matthay</a> wrote a small book <i>Principles of Fingering</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900180420" title="Special:BookSources/0900180420">0900180420</a>). </p><p>In 1971 <a href="/wiki/Julien_Musafia" title="Julien Musafia">Julien Musafia</a> published his book "The Art of Fingering in Piano Playing" (M.C.A., New York, N.Y., 90 pages).<sup id="cite_ref-Musafia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musafia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book includes musical examples mostly from the Beethoven's Violin and <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonatas_(Beethoven)" title="Piano sonatas (Beethoven)">Piano Sonatas</a> and from the Preludes and Fugues of <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a>. </p><p>In 2012 <a href="/wiki/Rami_Bar-Niv" title="Rami Bar-Niv">Rami Bar-Niv</a> published his book "The Art of Piano Fingering -- Traditional, Advanced, and Innovative" (AndreA 1060, Tel Aviv, Israel, 212 pages).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book teaches the craft of piano fingering using music examples, photos and diagrams, exercises, and injury-free techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> introduced an innovation in fingering for the organ and the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavier</a>. (A similar, although according to Bach's son <a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach</a> less radical, innovation was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>, at roughly the same time in 1716, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/L%27art_de_toucher_le_clavecin" title="L'art de toucher le clavecin">L'art de toucher le clavecin</a></i>.) Prior to Bach, playing rarely involved the thumb. Bach's new fingering retained many features of the conventional fingering up until that point, including the passing of one finger under or over another (playing many of Bach's works requires such fingering, especially passing the third finger over the fourth or the fourth finger over the fifth.), but introduced the far greater use of the thumb. Modern fingering also uses the thumb to a similar extent, and involves the passing of the thumb under the other fingers, but does not, as Bach's did, generally involve the passing of any other fingers over or under one another.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lindley" title="Mark Lindley">Lindley</a> and Boxall showed that the above relies solely on C.P.E. Bach's testimony: all the extant fingerings from J.S.Bach and his circle use the ancient methods, with very limited use of the thumb. More recently it has been shown that all his harpsichord works and most of the organ works as well are playable with the old technique.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String_instruments">String instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: String instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cello_first_position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cello_first_position.svg/220px-Cello_first_position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cello_first_position.svg/330px-Cello_first_position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cello_first_position.svg/440px-Cello_first_position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Cello first position fingerings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuitarFingeringScore.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GuitarFingeringScore.png/220px-GuitarFingeringScore.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GuitarFingeringScore.png/330px-GuitarFingeringScore.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GuitarFingeringScore.png/440px-GuitarFingeringScore.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Fingered music for guitar: the numbers <b>1</b> to <b>4</b> indicate the stopping fingers, <b>0</b> an open note, circled numbers strings, and dashed numbers slipping</figcaption></figure> <p>On string instruments fingers are numbered from 1 to 4, beginning with the index finger, the thumb not being counted because it does not normally play on a string, and 0 indicating an <a href="/wiki/Open_string_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open string (music)">open string</a>. In those cases on string instruments where the thumb <i>is</i> used (such as high notes on a cello in <a href="/wiki/Thumb_position" title="Thumb position">thumb position</a>), it is represented by a symbol the shape of an O with a vertical stem below(somewhat similar to Ǫ or ϙ, for instance).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar music</a> indicates thumb, occasionally used to finger <a href="/wiki/Bass_note" title="Bass note">bass notes</a> on the low E string, with a 'T'. <a href="/wiki/Position_(string_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Position (string technique)">Position</a> may be indicated through <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal number (linguistics)">ordinal numbers</a> (e.g., 3rd) or <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numerals</a>. A string may also be indicated through Roman numerals, often I-IV, or by its open-string note. A change in positions is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Shift_(string_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift (string technique)">shift</a>. Guitar music indicates position with Roman numerals and string designations with circled numbers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">classical guitar</a> also has a fingering notation system for the <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar#Plucking_of_the_string" title="Classical guitar">plucking</a> hand, known as <i>pima</i> (or less commonly <i>pimac</i>), abbreviations of Spanish; where <b>p</b>=<i>pulgar</i> (thumb), <b>i</b>=<i>índice</i> (index finger), <b>m</b>=<i>medio</i> (middle finger), <b>a</b>=<i>anular</i> (ring finger) and, very rarely, <b>c</b>=<i>chico</i> (little finger).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually only notated in scores where a passage is particularly difficult, or requires specific fingering for the plucking hand. Otherwise, plucking-hand fingering is generally left to the discretion of the guitarist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodwind_instruments">Woodwind instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Woodwind instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)#Fingering" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">Recorder (musical instrument) § Fingering</a></div> <p>Fingering of woodwind instruments is not always simple or intuitive, depending on how the <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_impedance" title="Acoustic impedance">acoustic impedance</a> of the bore is affected by the distribution and size of apertures along its length, leading to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a> at the desired pitch. Several alternate fingerings may exist for any given pitch. </p><p>Simple <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorders</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipe</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanter" title="Chanter">chanters</a> have <a href="/wiki/Tone_hole" title="Tone hole">open holes</a> which are closed by the pads of the player's fingertips. Some such instruments use simple keywork to extend the player's reach for one or two notes. The keywork on instruments such as modern <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a> is elaborate and variable. Modern flutes typically use the <a href="/wiki/Boehm_system" title="Boehm system">Boehm system</a> of keywork, while clarinets typically use a <a href="/wiki/Boehm_system_(clarinet)" title="Boehm system (clarinet)">similarly named system</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Klos%C3%A9" title="Hyacinthe Klosé">Hyacinthe Klosé</a>. Another system of clarinet keywork, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96hler_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Öhler system">Öhler system</a>, is used mostly in Germany and Austria. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaxophonefingeringchartHorizontal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SaxophonefingeringchartHorizontal.png/350px-SaxophonefingeringchartHorizontal.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SaxophonefingeringchartHorizontal.png/525px-SaxophonefingeringchartHorizontal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SaxophonefingeringchartHorizontal.png/700px-SaxophonefingeringchartHorizontal.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">Saxophone</a> fingerings for normal range</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cross-fingering">Cross-fingering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cross-fingering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cross-fingering" redirects here. For the fiddling technique, see <a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crossed_fingers" title="Crossed fingers">Crossed fingers</a></div> <p><b>Cross-fingering</b> is any fingering, "requiring a closed hole or holes below an open one."<sup id="cite_ref-Randel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Opening successive tone holes in woodwind instruments shortens the standing wave in the bore. However, the standing wave propagates past the first open hole, so its frequency can be affected by closing other tone holes further downstream. This is called cross fingering, and in some instruments is used to produce the 'sharps and flats' missing from their natural scales."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Baroque period cross-fingering improved, allowing music in an increasing variety of keys, but in the Classical and Romantic periods flute design changes such as larger tone holes made cross-fingering less practical while keywork increasingly provided an easy alternative to playing chromatic notes without cross-fingerings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boehm system was developed in part to replace cross-fingerings.<sup id="cite_ref-Randel_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first key added to the flute, the short F key,<sup id="cite_ref-Randel_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crossed the flute's body, replacing a fingering with an open hole above a closed one, and is presumably the origin of the name for such "cross" fingerings. </p><p><b>Fork fingering</b> is any fingering where a central hole is uncovered while the holes to each side are kept covered. One advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgi flute">Giorgi flute</a> was that it removed the necessity of fork fingering for playing chromatic notes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="False_fingering_and_alternate_fingering">False fingering and alternate fingering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: False fingering and alternate fingering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "false fingering" is used in instruments such as woodwinds, brass, and stringed instruments where different fingerings can produce the same note, but where the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> or tone quality is distinctly different from each other. For example, on a guitar, the same note played on a wound string will sound significantly different from one played on a solid wire string, so playing the same note on different strings in short succession can accentuate the different tone colors without actually changing the note. When the note is played in such a way as to draw the distinction from the expected tone quality (which will vary depending on the exact musical passage it appears in) it is often called a "false fingering". The technique is common in jazz contexts, especially on wind instruments such as the saxophone. If the tone quality is not distinctly different between the two notes, the term "alternate fingering" is often used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger_numbering" title="Finger numbering">Finger numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">Monochord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingering_(music)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Don Michael Randel</a>; ed. (2003). The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Dictionary_of_Music" title="Harvard Dictionary of Music">Harvard Dictionary of Music</a>: Fourth Edition, p.314-5. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01163-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01163-5">0-674-01163-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08820">"English fingering"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+fingering&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFingering+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musafia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musafia_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusafia" class="citation web cs1">Musafia, Julien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205033109/http://www.scribd.com/doc/21254231/Musafia-The-Art-of-Fingering-in-Piano-Playing">"The Art of Fingering in Piano Playing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/21254231/Musafia-The-Art-of-Fingering-in-Piano-Playing">the original</a> on 2013-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Fingering+in+Piano+Playing&rft.aulast=Musafia&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F21254231%2FMusafia-The-Art-of-Fingering-in-Piano-Playing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFingering+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyn_Bronson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lyn Bronson (Summer 2012). "Books & Recordings". <i>Piano Fingering and Establishing a Home Digital Recording Center</i>. California Music Teacher: 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Piano+Fingering+and+Establishing+a+Home+Digital+Recording+Center&rft.atitle=Books+%26+Recordings&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Lyn+Bronson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFingering+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer,_Newman,_Albert_SchweitzerC_M_Widor1967" class="citation book cs1">Schweitzer, Newman, Albert Schweitzer; C M Widor (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jsbach0000schw/page/206">"IX. The Artist and Teacher"</a></span>. <i>J.S. Bach, Volume 1</i>. Translated by Newman, Ernest. Courier Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jsbach0000schw/page/206">206–209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21631-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21631-4"><bdi>0-486-21631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX.+The+Artist+and+Teacher&rft.btitle=J.S.+Bach%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=206-209&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-486-21631-4&rft.au=Schweitzer%2C+Newman%2C+Albert+Schweitzer&rft.au=C+M+Widor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjsbach0000schw%2Fpage%2F206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFingering+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Lindley and Maria Boxall. <i>Early Keyboard Fingerings: an Anthology</i>. Schott, London 1982. Revised and expanded 1991. ASIN B003AGJC7I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Mar1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Del Mar, Norman</a> (1981). <i>Anatomy of the Orchestra</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 482–484 (1987 paperback edition). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05062-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05062-2"><bdi>0-520-05062-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Orchestra&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=482-484+%281987+paperback+edition%29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-520-05062-2&rft.aulast=Del+Mar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFingering+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002633/http://ustguitar.org/curriculum.php#1">"Course of Study for Classical Guitar"</a>. University of Santo Tomas Conservatory of Music Guitar Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ustguitar.org/curriculum.php#1">the original</a> on 16 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Course+of+Study+for+Classical+Guitar&rft.pub=University+of+Santo+Tomas+Conservatory+of+Music+Guitar+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ustguitar.org%2Fcurriculum.php%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFingering+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randel-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randel_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randel, Don Michael (2003). <i>The Harvard Dictionary of Music</i>, p.228. Harvard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674011632" title="Special:BookSources/9780674011632">9780674011632</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, John and Wolfe, Joe. <i>International Congress on Acoustics</i>, Rome, Session 8.09, pp.14-15 quoted in Larsen, Grey (2011). <i>The Essential Guide to Irish Flute and Tin Whistle</i>, p.42 n.VI Mel Bay. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610658898" title="Special:BookSources/9781610658898">9781610658898</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsen (2011), p.51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randel (2003), p.352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernfeld" class="citation web cs1">Kernfeld, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-2000145300?mediaType=Article">"False fingering"</a>. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.atitle=False+fingering&rft.aulast=Kernfeld&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-2000145300%3FmediaType%3DArticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFingering+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_techniques" title="Template:Musical techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_techniques" title="Template talk:Musical techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Musical techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">Articulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Finger vibrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiphonic" title="Multiphonic">Multiphonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_phrasing" title="Musical phrasing">Phrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(music)" title="Position (music)">Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopped_note" title="Stopped note">Stopped note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_position" title="Thumb position">Thumb position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone_technique" title="Saxophone technique">Saxophone technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_breathing" title="Circular breathing">Circular breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">Embouchure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter-tonguing" title="Flutter-tonguing">Flutter-tonguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growling_(wind_instruments)" title="Growling (wind instruments)">Growling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonica_techniques" title="Harmonica techniques">Harmonica technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overblowing" title="Overblowing">Overblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_tonguing" title="Slap tonguing">Slap tonguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_tone" title="Split tone">Split tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonguing" title="Tonguing">Tonguing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_extended_techniques" title="Piano extended techniques">Piano extended techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tapping_(piano)" title="Finger tapping (piano)">Finger tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luth%C3%A9al" title="Luthéal">Luthéal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-hand_effect" title="Three-hand effect">Three-hand technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_piano" title="String piano">String piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed string instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument_extended_technique" title="Bowed string instrument extended technique">Bowed string instrument extended technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Violin technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_technique" title="Cello technique">Cello technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C3%B3k_pizzicato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartók pizzicato">Bartók pizz.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_bowing" title="Free bowing">Free bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances-Marie_Uitti" title="Frances-Marie Uitti">Two bows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downpicking" title="Downpicking">Downpicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerstyle_guitar" title="Fingerstyle guitar">Fingerstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatpicking" title="Flatpicking">Flatpicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_picking" title="Guitar picking">Picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_picking" title="Hybrid picking">Hybrid picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bending" title="String bending">String bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambour_(guitar_technique)" title="Tambour (guitar technique)">Tambour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">Third bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_harp" title="Prepared harp">Prepared harp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum_technique" title="Snare drum technique">Snare drum technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_grip" title="Burton grip">Burton grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbal_choke" title="Cymbal choke">Cymbal choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_roll" title="Drum roll">Drum roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_grip" title="Stevens grip">Stevens grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimshot" title="Rimshot">Rimshot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Human voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_vocal_technique" title="Extended vocal technique">Extended vocal technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="Étude">Étude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_performance_techniques" title="Category:Musical performance techniques">Category:Musical performance techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Violin_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violin_family" title="Template:Violin family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violin_family" title="Template talk:Violin family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violin_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violin family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violin_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">Violin family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_violin" title="Electric violin">Electric violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-string_violin" title="Five-string violin">Five-string violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violino_piccolo" title="Violino piccolo">Violino piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_violin" title="Alexander violin">Alexander violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">Stroh violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_viola" title="Vertical viola">Vertical viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pomposa" title="Viola pomposa">Viola pomposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">Tenor violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">Bass violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_violin" title="Baritone violin">Baritone violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_da_spalla" title="Cello da spalla">Cello da spalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellone" title="Cellone">Cellone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cello" title="Electric cello">Electric cello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_upright_bass" title="Electric upright bass">Electric upright bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octobass" title="Octobass">Octobass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_construction_and_mechanics" title="Violin construction and mechanics">Parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_bar" title="Bass bar">Bass bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_frog" title="Bow frog">Frog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinrest" title="Chinrest">Chinrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpin" title="Endpin">Endpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">F-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument)" title="Nut (string instrument)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_(music)" title="Scroll (music)">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_rest" title="Shoulder rest">Shoulder rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_post" title="Sound post">Sound post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailpiece" title="Tailpiece">Tailpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_mechanisms_for_stringed_instruments" title="Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments">Tuning peg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_stroke" title="Bow stroke">Bow stroke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_harmonic" title="String harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a> (changing string tuning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles<br /> and genres of music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">String quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">String trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">String quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">String sextet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_octet" title="String octet">String octet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">String section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">String orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_concerto" title="Violin concerto">Violin concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_concerto" title="Viola concerto">Viola concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_concerto" title="Cello concerto">Cello concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass_concerto" title="Double bass concerto">Double bass concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata" title="Violin sonata">Violin sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_sonata" title="Viola sonata">Viola sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_sonata" title="Cello sonata">Cello sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggione" title="Arpeggione">Arpeggione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton">Baryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_da_braccio" title="Lira da braccio">Lira da braccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirone" title="Lirone">Lirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinton_(musical_instrument)" title="Quinton (musical instrument)">Quinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slap bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">Viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_making_and_maintenance" title="Violin making and maintenance">Violin lutherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_musical_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Violin musical styles">Violin musical styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_octet" title="Violin octet">Violin octet</a></li></ul> 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