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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Proteina" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Proteina" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Proteina" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Proteina" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_eta_etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_eta_etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia eta etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia_eta_etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genoman_kodetutako_proteina_kopurua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genoman_kodetutako_proteina_kopurua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genoman kodetutako proteina kopurua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genoman_kodetutako_proteina_kopurua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biokimika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biokimika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biokimika</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biokimika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Biokimika azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biokimika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elkarrekintzak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elkarrekintzak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Elkarrekintzak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elkarrekintzak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugaritasuna_zeluletan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugaritasuna_zeluletan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ugaritasuna zeluletan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugaritasuna_zeluletan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sintesia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sintesia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sintesia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sintesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosintesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosintesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Biosintesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosintesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintesi_kimikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintesi_kimikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sintesi kimikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintesi_kimikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proteinen_degradazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteinen_degradazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Proteinen degradazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteinen_degradazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikerketa-metodoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikerketa-metodoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ikerketa-metodoak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ikerketa-metodoak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ikerketa-metodoak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ikerketa-metodoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proteinen_purifikazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteinen_purifikazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Proteinen purifikazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteinen_purifikazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kokapena_zelulan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kokapena_zelulan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kokapena zelulan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kokapena_zelulan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eboluzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eboluzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eboluzioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eboluzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egitura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Egitura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Egitura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Egitura azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Egitura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egitura_primarioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura_primarioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Egitura primarioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egitura_primarioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egitura_sekundarioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura_sekundarioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Egitura sekundarioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egitura_sekundarioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egitura_tertziarioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura_tertziarioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Egitura tertziarioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egitura_tertziarioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egitura_kuaternarioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egitura_kuaternarioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Egitura kuaternarioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egitura_kuaternarioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funtzioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funtzioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Funtzioak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funtzioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Funtzioak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funtzioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entzimak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entzimak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Entzimak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entzimak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Zelulen arteko komunikazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egiturazko_proteinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egiturazko_proteinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Egiturazko proteinak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egiturazko_proteinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietateak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietateak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Propietateak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietateak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailkapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailkapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sailkapena</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sailkapena-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sailkapena azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sailkapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formaren_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formaren_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Formaren arabera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formaren_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disolbagarritasunaren_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disolbagarritasunaren_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Disolbagarritasunaren arabera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disolbagarritasunaren_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konposizio_kimikoaren_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konposizio_kimikoaren_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Konposizio kimikoaren arabera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konposizio_kimikoaren_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrizioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrizioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Nutrizioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrizioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proteina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 161 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">161 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFen" title="Proteïen – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proteïen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتين – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروتين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروتين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="মাংসসাৰ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাংসসাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BClallar" title="Zülallar – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zülallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتئین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتئین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аҡһымдар – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡһымдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%ABms" title="Baltīms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baltīms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бялкі – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бялкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бялкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бялкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रोटीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parot%C3%A9in" title="Parotéin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Parotéin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပရိုတေင်း – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပရိုတေင်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটিন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bjelančevine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уураг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уураг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proteïna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ung-b%C4%83h-c%C3%A9k" title="Lâung-băh-cék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lâung-băh-cék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белокаш – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Белокаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina_(kimika)" title="Protina (kimika) – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Protina (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏓᎵᏥᏍᏗᏍᎩ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᎵᏥᏍᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرۆتین – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADlkovina" title="Bílkovina – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílkovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шурри – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шурри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޕްރޮޓީން – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕްރޮޓީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%90%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πρωτεΐνη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτεΐνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteino" title="Proteino – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proteino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgud" title="Valgud – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتئین – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتئین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiini" title="Proteiini – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proteiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9ine" title="Protéine – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protéine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiin" title="Proteiin – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proteiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaiwyt_(stof)" title="Aaiwyt (stof) – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aaiwyt (stof)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3it%C3%A9in" title="Próitéin – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próitéin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B2tain" title="Pròtain – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pròtain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteen" title="Proteen – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Proteen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0n-pha%CC%8Dk-ch%E1%B9%B3t" title="Thàn-pha̍k-chṳt – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thàn-pha̍k-chṳt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חלבון – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjelančevine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoteyin" title="Pwoteyin – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoteyin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9rje" title="Fehérje – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehérje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սպիտակուցներ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակուցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – ibanera" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белокаш – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Белокаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteino" title="Proteino – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Proteino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%ADn" title="Prótín – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prótín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="タンパク質 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンパク質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცილები – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცილები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Ақуыз – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақуыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단백질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="پرٛوٹیٖن – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پرٛوٹیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AEn" title="Proteîn – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proteîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protin" title="Protin – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Protin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Белок – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Белок" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ладзар – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ладзар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protena" title="Protena – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" title="Proteïne – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proteïne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruteina" title="Pruteina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pruteina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ປະໂລເຕອິນ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະໂລເຕອິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltymai" title="Baltymai – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltymai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbaltumvielas" title="Olbaltumvielas – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Olbaltumvielas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4teinina" title="Prôteinina – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôteinina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Белковина – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белковина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മാംസ്യം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാംസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Уураг (молекул) – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уураг (молекул)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="प्रथिने – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रथिने" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပရိုတိန်း – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Ашовт – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ашовт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتین – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پروتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiwitten" title="Eiwitten – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eiwitten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proteïna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burqata" title="Burqata – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burqata" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka" title="Białka – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروٹین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروټين – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutina" title="Prutina – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Prutina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%C4%83" title="Proteină – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proteină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Белки – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Протеін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протеін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruti%C3%ACna" title="Prutiìna – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutiìna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروٽين – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ප්‍රෝටීන් – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielkovina" title="Bielkovina – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bielkovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljakovina" title="Beljakovina – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beljakovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotiin" title="Borotiin – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaiwiete" title="Oaiwiete – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oaiwiete" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protini" title="Protini – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புரதம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మాంసకృత్తులు – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాంసకృత్తులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Сафедаҳо – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сафедаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตีน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belok" title="Belok – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Belok" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Аксым – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аксым" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Белок – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Белок" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Білки – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروٹین – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinlar" title="Proteinlar – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proteinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" title="Proteïne – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proteïne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteyene" title="Proteyene – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Proteyene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蛋白质" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Ууруг – kalmykera" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ууруг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmykera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ცილეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცილეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פראטעאין – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטעאין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蛋白质" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%8A" title="朊 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="朊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nn%CC%84g-pe%CC%8Dh-chit" title="Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蛋白質" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isakhamzimba" title="Isakhamzimba – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isakhamzimba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8054#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Proteina" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proteina"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proteina"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Proteina" 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#f8eaba;">Proteina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Protein_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/285px-Protein_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/428px-Protein_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/570px-Protein_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proteins" title="c:Category:Proteins"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proteins" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Proteins">Irudi gehiago</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Konposizioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">aminoazido</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lotura_peptidiko" title="Lotura peptidiko">Lotura peptidiko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mota</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biopolimero" title="Biopolimero">biopolimero</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_produktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene produktu (sortu gabe)">gene produktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polipeptido" class="mw-redirect" title="Polipeptido">polipeptido</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makromolekula_biologiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makromolekula biologiko (sortu gabe)">makromolekula biologiko</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #f8eaba;">Identifikatzaileak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Gmelin</th><td class="infobox-data">36080</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">MeSH</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/#/record/ui?ui=D011506">D011506</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">KEGG</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00017">C00017</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Proteinak</b> <a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">aminoazido</a>-hondakinen kate luze batek edo gehiagok osatutako <a href="/wiki/Biomolekula" title="Biomolekula">biomolekula</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula">makromolekula</a> handiak dira. Proteinek askotariko funtzioak dituzte organismoetan, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entzimen_katalisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entzimen katalisia (sortu gabe)">erreakzio metabolikoak katalizatzea</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNAren_erreplikazio" title="DNAren erreplikazio">DNA erreplikatzea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelulen arteko komunikazioa (sortu gabe)">estimuluei erantzutea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelulak</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina_fibrotsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteina fibrotsu (sortu gabe)">organismoak</a> <a href="/wiki/Zitoeskeleto" title="Zitoeskeleto">egituratzea</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula-barneko_garraio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelula-barneko garraio (sortu gabe)">molekulak leku batetik bestera</a> eramatea. Proteinak, nagusiki, beren aminoazido-sekuentziagatik bereizten dira. Aminoazidoen sekuentzia <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">geneen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleotido-sekuentzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleotido-sekuentzia (sortu gabe)">nukleotido-sekuentziak</a> ematen du, eta proteinaren jarduera zehazten duen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinen_egitura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteinen egitura (sortu gabe)">hiru dimentsioko egitura</a> espezifiko batean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinen_toleste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteinen toleste (sortu gabe)">tolesten da</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polipeptido" class="mw-redirect" title="Polipeptido">Polipeptido</a> deritzo aminoazidoen kate lineal bati. Proteina batek gutxienez polipeptido luze bat du. Polipeptido laburrak, 20-30 aminoazido baino gutxiago dituztenak, oso gutxitan hartzen dira proteinatzat eta normalean <a href="/wiki/Peptido" title="Peptido">peptido</a> esaten zaie. Banakako aminoazidoak <a href="/wiki/Lotura_peptidiko" title="Lotura peptidiko">lotura peptidikoen</a> eta aldameneko aminoazidoen bidez lotuta daude. Proteina baten aminoazidoen sekuentzia gene baten sekuentziak definitzen du, <a href="/wiki/Kode_genetiko" title="Kode genetiko">kode genetikoan</a> kodetuta. Oro har, kode genetikoak 20 aminoazido estandar zehazten ditu; baina zenbait organismotan, kode genetikoak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenozisteina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenozisteina (sortu gabe)">selenozisteina</a> eta -zenbait <a href="/wiki/Arkeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkeo">arkeoetan</a>- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirrolisina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirrolisina (sortu gabe)">pirrolisina</a> jaso dezake. Handik gutxira edo sintesian zehar, proteina baten hondakinak kimikoki aldatu ohi dira, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldaketa_postadukzional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldaketa postadukzional (sortu gabe)">aldaketa postadukzionalen</a> bidez; horrela aldatu egiten dituzte propietate fisikoak eta kimikoak, tolestea, egonkortasuna, jarduera eta, azken batean, proteinen funtzioa. Proteina batzuek talde ez-peptidikoak dituzte elkartuta, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talde_prostetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talde prostetiko (sortu gabe)">talde prostetiko</a> edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofaktore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofaktore (sortu gabe)">kofaktore</a> deritzenak. Proteinek ere elkarrekin lan egin dezakete funtzio jakin bat lortzeko, eta, askotan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina-konplexu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteina-konplexu (sortu gabe)">proteina-konplexu</a> egonkorrak eratzeko elkartzen dira. </p><p>Eratu ondoren, proteinak denbora-tarte jakin batean baino ez dira existitzen, eta, ondoren, zelula-makinek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteolisis (sortu gabe)">degradatu</a> eta birziklatu egiten dituzte, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinen_ordezkatze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteinen ordezkatze (sortu gabe)">proteinen ordezkatze</a> prozesuaren bidez. Proteina baten bizitza erabilgarria haren bizi-erdiaren bidez neurtzen da, eta espektro zabala hartzen du. Minutu gutxi batzuk edo urte luzez egon daitezke, eta batez beste 1-2 eguneko bizitza izan dezakete <a href="/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun">ugaztunen</a> zeluletan. Proteina anomaloak edo gaizki tolestuak azkarrago degradatzen dira, suntsitzen direlako edo ezegonkorrak direlako. </p><p>Beste makromolekula biologiko batzuk bezala, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Polisakarido" title="Polisakarido">polisakaridoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Azido_nukleiko" title="Azido nukleiko">azido nukleikoak</a>, proteinak organismoen funtsezko zatiak dira eta ia prozesu <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelular</a> guztietan parte hartzen dute. Proteina asko erreakzio biokimikoak <a href="/wiki/Katalisi" title="Katalisi">katalizatzen</a> dituzten eta <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolismorako</a> ezinbestekoak diren <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">entzimak</a> dira. Proteinek ere funtzio estrukturalak edo mekanikoak dituzte, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Aktina" title="Aktina">aktina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Miosina" title="Miosina">miosina</a> <a href="/wiki/Muskulu" title="Muskulu">muskuluan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zitoeskeleto" title="Zitoeskeleto">zitoeskeletoaren</a> proteinak, zelula-formari eusten dion aldamio-sistema osatzen dutenak. Beste proteina batzuk garrantzitsuak dira zelula-seinaleetan, <a href="/wiki/Antigorputz" title="Antigorputz">immunitate-erantzunetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atxikipen_zelular" title="Atxikipen zelular">atxikipen zelularrean</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula-ziklo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelula-ziklo (sortu gabe)">zelula-zikloan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Animali" class="mw-redirect" title="Animali">Animalietan</a>, proteinak beharrezkoak dira <a href="/wiki/Dieta" title="Dieta">dietan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminoazidoen_sintesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminoazidoen sintesi (sortu gabe)">sintetizatu</a> ezin diren funtsezko aminoazidoak emateko. <a href="/wiki/Digestio" title="Digestio">Digestioak</a> proteinak deskonposatzen ditu erabilera metabolikorako. </p><p>Proteinak beste zelula-osagai batzuetatik purifika daitezke, zenbait teknikaren bidez, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrazentrifugazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultrazentrifugazio (sortu gabe)">ultrazentrifugazioa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prezipitazio_(kimika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prezipitazio (kimika) (sortu gabe)">prezipitazioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektroforesi" title="Elektroforesi">elektroforesia</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromatografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromatografi (sortu gabe)">kromatografia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ingeniaritza_genetiko" title="Ingeniaritza genetiko">ingeniaritza genetikoa</a> iristean, metodo batzuk erabili dira purifikazioa errazteko. Proteinen egitura eta funtzioa aztertzeko erabili ohi diren metodoen artean daude <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunohistokimika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immunohistokimika (sortu gabe)">immunohistokimika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokira_zuzendutako_mutagenesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokira zuzendutako mutagenesi (sortu gabe)">tokira zuzendutako mutagenesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_izpien_kristalografia" class="mw-redirect" title="X izpien kristalografia">X izpien kristalografia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erresonantzia_magnetiko_nuklear" title="Erresonantzia magnetiko nuklear">erresonantzia magnetiko nuklearra</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masen_espektrometria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masen espektrometria (sortu gabe)">masen espektrometria</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_eta_etimologia">Historia eta etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia eta etimologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia eta etimologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/XVIII._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII. mende">XVIII. mendean</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Fourcroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Fourcroy (sortu gabe)">Antoine Fourcroyk</a> eta beste autore batzuek ikusi zuten proteinak molekula biologikoen beste mota bat zirela, eta beroarekin edo azidoarekin egindako tratamenduetan <a href="/wiki/Gatzapen" title="Gatzapen">koagulatzeko</a> edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flokulatze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flokulatze (sortu gabe)">flokulatzeko</a> duten gaitasunagatik bereizten zirela<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Garai hartako adibide aipagarriak ziren <a href="/wiki/Zuringo" title="Zuringo">zuringoaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Albumina" title="Albumina">albumina</a>, odoleko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serumaren_albumina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serumaren albumina (sortu gabe)">serumaren albumina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibrina" title="Fibrina">fibrina</a> eta gari-<a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">glutena</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardus_Johannes_Mulder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerardus Johannes Mulder (sortu gabe)">Gerardus Johannes Mulder</a> kimikari holandarrak lehen aldiz deskribatu zituen proteinak, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius (sortu gabe)">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> suediarrak izena eman zien 1838an<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mulderrek proteina arrunten oinarrizko analisiak egin zituen eta ia proteina guztiek formula enpiriko bera zutela aurkitu zuen: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C400H620N100O120P1S1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>400</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>620</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>120</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C400H620N100O120P1S1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01d0c14d32dd24f746e07609d5d16284021b7e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.749ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C400H620N100O120P1S1}}}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-perrett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perrett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Okerreko ondorioa atera zuen: molekula mota bakar batek (oso handiak) osatuak egon zitezkeela. Molekula horiek deskribatzeko "proteina" terminoa Berzeliusek proposatu zuen, Mulderren bazkideak; proteina hitza grekozko <span lang="el">πρώτειος</span> hitzetik dator, "primarioa", "buruan" edo "aurrean doana" esan nahi duena<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mulderrek proteinen degradazio-produktuak identifikatu zituen, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Leuzina" title="Leuzina">leuzina</a> aminoazidoa. Horretarako, 131 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unitatea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton (unitatea)">Da</a>-ko pisu molekularra (ia zuzena) aurkitu zuen. "Proteina" baino lehen, beste izen batzuk erabiltzen ziren, hala nola "albuminak" edo "material albuminosoak". </p><p>Nutrizioaren lehen zientzialariek, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_von_Voit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl von Voit (sortu gabe)">Carl von Voit</a> alemaniarrak, uste zuten proteina zela elikadurarik garrantzitsuena gorputzaren egiturari eusteko, oro har uste baitzen "haragiak haragia egiten duela". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinrich_Ritthausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Heinrich Ritthausen (sortu gabe)">Karl Heinrich Ritthausenek</a> <a href="/wiki/Azido_glutamiko" title="Azido glutamiko">azido glutamikoa</a> identifikatuz handitu zituen forma proteiko ezagunak. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Connecticuteko_Nekazaritzako_Estazio_Esperimentala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connecticuteko Nekazaritzako Estazio Esperimentala (sortu gabe)">Connecticuteko Nekazaritzako Estazio Esperimentalean</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Burr_Osborne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Burr Osborne (sortu gabe)">Thomas Burr Osbornek</a> landare-proteinen berrikuspen zehatza bildu zuen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lafayette_Mendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lafayette Mendel (sortu gabe)">Lafayette Mendelekin</a> lan eginez eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laborategiko_arratoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laborategiko arratoi (sortu gabe)">laborategiko arratoien</a> elikaduran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liebigen_minimoaren_legea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liebigen minimoaren legea (sortu gabe)">Liebigen minimoaren legea</a> aplikatuz, nutrizioaren ikuspegitik funtsezkoak diren aminoazidoak ezarri ziren. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cumming_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Cumming Rose (sortu gabe)">William Cumming Rosek</a> jarraitu eta jakinarazi zuen lana. Proteinak polipeptido gisa ulertzea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Hofmeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Hofmeister (sortu gabe)">Franz Hofmeister</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">Hermann Emil Fischeren</a> lanei esker iritsi zen 1902an<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Organismo bizidunetan entzima gisa proteinek zuten eginkizun nagusia ez zen guztiz hauteman 1926ra arte, <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumnerrek</a> frogatu zuenean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ureasa (sortu gabe)">ureasa</a> entzima proteina bat zela berez<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Proteinak kantitate handitan purifikatzeko zailtasunak asko zaildu zuen proteinetan espezializatutako lehen biokimikarien azterketa. Horregatik, lehen azterketetan, kopuru handitan purifika zitezkeen proteinak aztertu ziren, hala nola, <a href="/wiki/Odol" title="Odol">odolarenak</a>, arrautza-zuringoarenak, hiltegietatik ateratako digestio-/metabolismo-toxina eta -entzimak. 1950eko hamarkadan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour_and_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armour and Company (sortu gabe)">Armour Hot Dog Co.-k</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardi" title="Ardi">ardien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pankrea" title="Pankrea">pankreatik</a> eratorritako <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_erribonukleasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A erribonukleasa (sortu gabe)">A erribonukleasa </a> kilogramo bat purifikatu zuen, eta doan jarri zuen zientzialarien eskura; keinu horri esker, A erribonukleasa azterketa biokimikoaren helburu nagusietako bat bihurtu zen hurrengo hamarkadetan<sup id="cite_ref-perrett_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perrett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Paulingek</a> proposatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno_lotura" title="Hidrogeno lotura">hidrogeno-loturetan</a> oinarritutako proteinen bigarren mailako egitura erregularren ideia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Astbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Astbury (sortu gabe)">William Astburyk</a> azaldu zuen lehen aldiz ideia hori 1933an<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Desnaturalizazioari buruz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Kauzmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Kauzmann (sortu gabe)">Walter Kauzmannek</a> egin zituen ondorengo lanek<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, neurri batean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaj_Linderstr%C3%B8m-Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang (sortu gabe)">Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang</a> taldearen aurretiazko azterketetan oinarrituta<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinen_toleste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteinen toleste (sortu gabe)">proteinen tolestea</a> eta egitura ulertzen lagundu zuten, interakzio <a href="/wiki/Hidrofobia" title="Hidrofobia">hidrofobikoen</a> bidez neurtua. </p><p>Sekuentziatutako lehen proteina <a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">intsulina</a> izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sangerrek</a> 1949an. Sangerrek behar bezala zehaztu zuen intsulinaren aminoazidoen sekuentzia, eta garbi erakutsi zuen proteinak aminoazidoen <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimero</a> linealez osatuta zeudela, eta ez kate adarkatuz, <a href="/wiki/Koloide" title="Koloide">koloidez</a> edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziklol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziklol (sortu gabe)">ziklolez</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lorpen horrengatik Nobel saria jaso zuen 1958an. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:KendrewMyoglobin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/KendrewMyoglobin.jpg/220px-KendrewMyoglobin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/KendrewMyoglobin.jpg/330px-KendrewMyoglobin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/KendrewMyoglobin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mioglobina" title="Mioglobina">mioglobina</a>-eredu bat prestatzen.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/X_izpien_kristalografia" class="mw-redirect" title="X izpien kristalografia">X izpien kristalografiaren</a> garapenak proteinen egiturak sekuentziatzea ahalbidetu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Konpondutako lehen proteina-egiturak hemoglobinarenak izan ziren, <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mioglobina" title="Mioglobina">mioglobinarenak</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrewek</a> proposatua 1958an<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ordenagailuen erabilerak eta kalkulu-potentzia gero eta handiagoak ere proteina konplexuen sekuentziazioa erraztu zuten. 1999an, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Kornberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Kornberg">Roger Kornbergek</a> <a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerasa" title="RNA polimerasa">RNA polimerasaren</a> egitura konplexua sekuentziatzea lortu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Sinkrotroi" title="Sinkrotroi">sinkrotroi</a> bateko intentsitate handiko X izpiak erabiliz. </p><p>Ordutik, multzo makromolekular handien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriomikroskopia_elektroniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriomikroskopia elektroniko (sortu gabe)">kriomikroskopia elektronikoa</a> (cryo-EM) garatu da<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kriomikroskopia elektronikoak proteina izoztuen laginak erabiltzen ditu <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalen</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroi_izpi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroi izpi (sortu gabe)">elektroi izpien</a> ordez X izpien ordez. Laginari kalte gutxiago egiten dio, eta, horri esker, zientzialariek informazio gehiago lortu eta egitura handiagoak azter ditzakete. Lagina gutxiago kaltetzen denez, zientzialariek informazio gehiago lor dezakete eta egitura handiagoak azter ditzakete<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Proteina-eremu txikien egituraren iragarpen konputazionalak ere lagundu die ikertzaileei proteina-egituren bereizmenera hurbiltzen. 2017an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinen_Datu_Bankua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteinen Datu Bankua (sortu gabe)">Proteinen Datu Bankuak</a> 126.060 proteina-egitura baino gehiago ditu ebazpen atomikoarekin<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genoman_kodetutako_proteina_kopurua">Genoman kodetutako proteina kopurua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Genoman kodetutako proteina kopurua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Genoman kodetutako proteina kopurua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">Genoma</a> batean kodetutako proteinen kopurua bat dator, gutxi gorabehera, gene-kopuruarekin (hala ere, proteinen <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a> kodetzen duten gene asko egon daitezke, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/RNA_erribosomiko" title="RNA erribosomiko">RNA erribosomikoak</a>). <a href="/wiki/Birus" title="Birus">Birusek</a> proteina gutxi batzuetatik ehunka batzuetara kodetu ohi dituzte, <a href="/wiki/Arkeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkeo">arkeoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio">bakterioak</a> ehunka gutxi batzuetatik mila batzuetara arteko; <a href="/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto">eukariotoek</a>, berriz, milaka gutxi batzuetatik dozenaka mila proteinara kodetu ohi dituzte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biokimika">Biokimika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Biokimika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Biokimika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Biokimika" title="Biokimika">Biokimika</a>», «<a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">Aminoazido</a>» eta «<a href="/wiki/Lotura_peptidiko" title="Lotura peptidiko">Lotura peptidiko</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Peptide-Figure-Revised.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Peptide-Figure-Revised.png/220px-Peptide-Figure-Revised.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Peptide-Figure-Revised.png/330px-Peptide-Figure-Revised.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Peptide-Figure-Revised.png/440px-Peptide-Figure-Revised.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Lotura peptidikoaren egitura kimikoa (behean), eta bere hiru-dimentsioko egitura, <a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">alanina</a> baten eta ondoan duen aminoazidoaren artean (goian). Lotura bera <a href="/w/index.php?title=CHON&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CHON (sortu gabe)">CHON</a> elementuz osatuta dago.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proteina gehienak 20 <a href="/wiki/Kiralitate" class="mw-disambig" title="Kiralitate">L-α</a>-aminoazido arteko serieetatik sortutako polimero linealez osatuta daude. Aminoazido proteinogeniko guztiek egitura-ezaugarri komunak dituzte, α-karbono bati lotutako <a href="/wiki/Amino_talde" title="Amino talde">amino talde</a> bat, <a href="/wiki/Karboxilo" title="Karboxilo">karboxilo</a> talde bat eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alboko_kate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alboko kate (sortu gabe)">alboko kate</a> aldakor bat. <a href="/wiki/Prolina" title="Prolina">Prolina</a> baino ez da oinarrizko egitura horretatik bereizten, N muturreko amino taldean ezohiko eraztun bat baitauka, CO-NH frakzioari formazio finko bat lotzen zaiona. Aminoazido estandarren albo-kateek, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminoazido_proteogeniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminoazido proteogeniko (sortu gabe)">aminoazido estandarren zerrendan</a> zehaztutakoek, egitura eta propietate kimiko ugari dituzte; proteina baten aminoazidoen alboko kate guztien efektu konbinatuak zehazten du, azken batean, haren egitura tridimentsionala eta <a href="/wiki/Erreaktibotasun" title="Erreaktibotasun">erreaktibotasun kimikoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kate polipeptidiko bateko aminoazidoak <a href="/wiki/Lotura_peptidiko" title="Lotura peptidiko">lotura peptidikoen</a> bidez lotuta daude. Behin proteina-katean elkartuta, aminoazido indibidual bati hondakin esaten zaio, eta karbono, nitrogeno eta oxigeno atomoen serie estekatuari kate nagusi edo eskeleto proteiko deritzo<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lotura peptidikoak bi <a href="/wiki/Mesomeria" title="Mesomeria">erresonantzia</a>-forma ditu, <a href="/wiki/Lotura_bikoitz" title="Lotura bikoitz">lotura bikoitzaren</a> nolabaiteko izaera ematen dutenak eta ardatzaren inguruko errotazioa inhibitzen dutenak; beraz, alfa karbonoak gutxi gorabehera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planokide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planokide (sortu gabe)">planokideak</a> dira. Lotura peptidikoaren beste bi <a href="/wiki/Angelu_diedro" title="Angelu diedro">angelu diedroek</a> proteinaren eskeletoak hartzen duen forma lokala zehazten dute. Amino talde aske bat duen muturra <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-terminal (sortu gabe)">N-terminal</a> edo aminoterminala da, eta karboxilo talde aske bat duen proteinaren muturra, berriz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C-terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-terminal (sortu gabe)">C-terminal</a> edo karboxi-terminal. Proteinaren sekuentzia N-terminaletik C-terminalera idazten da, ezkerretik eskumara<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Proteina, <i>polipeptido</i> eta <i><a href="/wiki/Peptido" title="Peptido">peptido</a></i> hitzak anbiguo samarrak dira eta beren esanahian gaindi daitezke. Oro har, proteina erabiltzen da molekula biologiko osoa konformazio egonkor batean adierazteko; peptidoa, berriz, aminoazidoen oligomero motz baterako gordetzen da, zeinak, askotan, ez baitu egitura tridimentsional egonkorrik. Baina bien arteko muga ez dago ondo zehaztuta, eta, maiz, 20-30 bat hondakin artean dago. Polipeptidoa aminoazidoen edozein kate lineal sinple izan daiteke, eskuarki haien luzera edozein dela ere, baina, sarritan, ez da konformazio zehatzik izaten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elkarrekintzak">Elkarrekintzak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elkarrekintzak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Elkarrekintzak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinek elkarrekintza ugari izan ditzakete molekula askorekin, tartean beste proteina batzuekin, <a href="/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido">lipidoekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbohidrato" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbohidrato">karbohidratoekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNArekin</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugaritasuna_zeluletan">Ugaritasuna zeluletan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ugaritasuna zeluletan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ugaritasuna zeluletan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamaina ertaineko <a href="/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio">bakterioek</a> zelula bakoitzeko 2 milioi proteina inguru dituztela kalkulatzen da (adibidez, <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i> eta <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>). Bakterio txikienek, hala nola <i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></i>k edo <a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" title="Spirochaetes">espiroketek</a>, molekula gutxiago dituzte, 50.000 eta 1 milioi artean. Zelula <a href="/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto">eukariotoak</a>, aldiz, handiagoak dira, eta, beraz, askoz proteina gehiago dituzte. Adibidez, kalkulatzen da <a href="/wiki/Legami" class="mw-redirect" title="Legami">legamia</a>-zelulek 50 milioi proteina inguru dituztela, eta <a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">giza</a> zelulek, berriz, 1.000 eta 3.000 milioi bitartean<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Proteina mota bakoitzaren kopien kontzentrazioa zelula bakoitzeko molekula gutxi batzuetatik 20 milioira bitartekoa da<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Proteinak kodetzen dituzten gene guztiak ez dira zelula gehienetan adierazten, eta haien kopurua, adibidez, zelula motaren eta kanpoko estimuluen araberakoa da. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Giza_genoma" title="Giza genoma">giza genomak</a> kodetutako 20.000 proteinetatik 6.000 baino ez dira detektatzen zelula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linfoblastoide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linfoblastoide (sortu gabe)">linfoblastoideetan</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sintesia">Sintesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sintesia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Sintesia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosintesia">Biosintesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Biosintesia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Biosintesia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Genetic_code.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Genetic_code.svg/220px-Genetic_code.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Genetic_code.svg/330px-Genetic_code.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Genetic_code.svg/440px-Genetic_code.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Kode genetikoaren transkripzioa bi pausotan gertatzen da: lehenengo <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNAk</a> <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> kodetzen du, eta honek proteinak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proteinak aminoazidoetatik abiatuta sintetizatzen dira, <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">geneetan</a> kodetutako informazioa erabiliz. Proteina bakoitzak bere aminoazido-sekuentzia bakarra du, kodetzen duen genearen <a href="/wiki/Nukleotido" title="Nukleotido">nukleotido</a>-sekuentziak zehaztua. <a href="/wiki/Kode_genetiko" title="Kode genetiko">Kode genetikoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Kodoi" title="Kodoi">kodoi</a> izeneko hiru nukleotidoren multzoa da, eta hiru nukleotidoren konbinazio bakoitzak aminoazido bat adierazten du; adibidez, AUG (<a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">adenina</a> <a href="/wiki/Urazilo" title="Urazilo">urazilo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">guanina</a>) <a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">metioninaren</a> kodea da. DNAk lau nukleotido dituenez, guztira 64 dira kodoi posibleak; horregatik dago nolabaiteko erredundantzia kode genetikoan, aminoazido batzuk kodoi batekin baino gehiagorekin zehazten baitira<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. DNAn kodetutako geneak RNA aurremezulari (<a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a>) gisa transkribatuko dira lehenik, <a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerasa" title="RNA polimerasa">RNA polimerasaren</a> gisako proteinen bidez. Ondoren, organismo gehienek RNApre-m (transkribatu primario ere esaten zaio) prozesatzen dute transkripzio ondoko zenbait aldaketaren bidez, RNA heldua eratzeko; <a href="/wiki/Erribosoma" title="Erribosoma">erribosomak</a> proteinen sintesirako molde gisa erabiltzen du. Prokariotetan, mRNA sortu bezain laster erabil daiteke, edo erribosoma batek lotu dezake nukleoidetik urrundu ondoren. Eukariotoek, aldiz, <a href="/wiki/Zelula-nukleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelula-nukleo">zelula-nukleoan</a> sortzen dute mRNA, eta <a href="/wiki/Mintz_nuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintz nuklear">mintz nuklearretik</a> garraiatzen dute <a href="/wiki/Zitoplasma" title="Zitoplasma">zitoplasmaraino</a>, non proteinen sintesia gertatzen baita. Proteinen sintesi-tasa handiagoa da prokariotetan eukariotoetan baino, eta segundoko 20 aminoazidoraino irits daiteke<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Itzulpen_(genetika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzulpen (genetika)">Itzulpen</a> deritzo proteina baten sintesi-prozesuari, mRNA batetik abiatuta. mRNA erribosoman kargatzen da, eta hirunaka irakurtzen da hiru nukleotidotan, kodoi bakoitza eta <a href="/wiki/Base_pare" title="Base pare">baseak parekatzeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Antikodoi" title="Antikodoi">antikodoia</a> bat eginik. <a href="/wiki/Transferentziako_RNA" title="Transferentziako RNA">Transferentziako RNA</a> molekula batean dago kodoiari dagokion aminoazidoa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminoazil_tRNA_sintetasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminoazil tRNA sintetasa (sortu gabe)">Aminoazil tRNA sintetasa</a> entzimak tRNA molekulak aminoazido zuzenekin "kargatzen" ditu. Hazten ari den polipeptidoari kate jaioberri esaten zaio. Proteinak beti biosintetizatzen dira <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-terminal (sortu gabe)">N-terminaletik</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C-terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-terminal (sortu gabe)">C-terminalera</a>. </p><p>Sintetizatutako proteina baten tamaina aminoazido-kopuruaren eta bere <a href="/wiki/Masa_molekular" title="Masa molekular">masa molekular</a> osoaren bidez neur daiteke. Masa hori, eskuarki, <a href="/wiki/Masa_atomikoaren_unitate" title="Masa atomikoaren unitate">dalton</a> unitateetan adierazten da (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_atomikoko_unitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa atomikoko unitate (sortu gabe)">masa atomikoko unitateen</a> sinonimoa), edo kilodalton unitate deribatuaren (kDa) bidez. Proteina baten batez besteko tamaina handitu egiten da Archaeatik Bakteriora eta Eukariotara (283, 311, 438 hondakin eta 31, 34, 49 kDa, hurrenez hurren), goi-mailako organismoetan proteinak domeinu gehiago dituelako<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Adibidez, legamien proteinen batez besteko luzera 466 aminoazidokoa da eta masa 53 kDa-koa. Ezagutzen diren proteina handienak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titina (sortu gabe)">titinak</a> dira, <a href="/wiki/Muskulu" title="Muskulu">muskulu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sarkomero" title="Sarkomero">sarkomeroaren</a> osagaia, ia 3.000 kDa-ko masa molekularra eta 27.000 aminoazidoko luzera dituena<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sintesi_kimikoa">Sintesi kimikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sintesi kimikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sintesi kimikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteina laburrak kimikoki sintetiza daitezke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesi_peptidiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesi peptidiko (sortu gabe)">sintesi peptidiko</a> izeneko metodo-familia baten bidez; metodo horiek sintesi organikoko tekniketan oinarritzen dira, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kimiko" title="Lotura kimiko">lotura kimikoan</a>, errendimendu handiko peptidoak ekoizteko<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sintesi kimikoari esker, kate polipeptidikoetan aminoazido ez-naturalak sar daitezke, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zunda_fluoreszente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zunda fluoreszente (sortu gabe)">zunda fluoreszenteak</a> aminoazidoen alboko kateekin lotzea<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Metodo horiek erabilgarriak dira laborategiko biokimikan eta <a href="/wiki/Biologia_zelular" title="Biologia zelular">biologia zelularrean</a>, baina ez aplikazio komertzialetarako. Sintesi kimikoa ez da eraginkorra 300 aminoazidotik gorako polipeptidoentzat, eta sintetizatutako proteinek erraz har dezakete beren jatorrizko egitura tertziarioa. Sintesi kimikoko metodo gehienak C-terminaletik N-terminalera doaz, erreakzio biologikoaren kontrako noranzkoan<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proteinen_degradazioa">Proteinen degradazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Proteinen degradazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Proteinen degradazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinen sintesia bezala, makromolekula hauen degradazioa ere prozesu konplexua eta modu finean erregulatua da. Proteinak degradatzeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubikitina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubikitina (sortu gabe)">ubikitinaz</a> markatzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ubikitina 74 aminoazidoz osatutako polipeptidoa da. Eboluzioan zehar asko kontserbatu da ubikitina eta bakterioetatik bestelako bizidunetara zabaltzen da. Oro har onartuta dago ubikitinarekin lotzeko proteinaren terminalean NH<sub>2</sub>- talde bat aske edukitzea ezinbestekoa dela, baina prozesua gertatzeko behar den konformazioa oraindik ikertzeke dago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikerketa-metodoak">Ikerketa-metodoak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikerketa-metodoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ikerketa-metodoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinen egiturak eta aktibitateak <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>, in vivo</i> eta <i>in silico</i> azter daitezke. Ingurune kontrolatuetan purifikatutako proteinen <i>in vitro</i> ikerketak proteinek bere funtzioa nola betetzen duten ulertzeko baliagarriak dira. Esate baterako, zinetika entzimatikoko saioek entzima baten aktibitate katalitikoaren mekanismo kimikoak eta substratu desberdinekiko afinitateak aztertzen dituzte. <i>In vivo</i> saioak, aldiz, <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelula</a> baten zein <a href="/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo">organismo</a> oso baten testuinguruan entzimak duen rol fisiologikoa aztertzeko erabiltzen dira. Azkenik, <i>in silico</i> saioetan proteinak aztertzeko metodo konputazionalak erabiltzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proteinen_purifikazioa">Proteinen purifikazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Proteinen purifikazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Proteinen purifikazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteina baten <i>in vitro</i> analisia egiteko, gainontzeko zelula-osagaietatik banatu behar da. Prozesua zelularen lisiarekin hasten da, alegia, zelularen mintzaren apurketarekin eta barruko edukiaren kanporaketarekin. Soluzioa zentrifugazio diferentzial bidez purifikatu, eta hainbat frakzio lortzen dira: proteina disolbagarriak, lipidoak eta mintzeko proteinak, organuluak eta <a href="/wiki/Azido_nukleiko" title="Azido nukleiko">azido nukleikoak</a>. Proteinak kontzentratzeko, gatz-kontzentrazio handien bidezko prezipitazio-metodoa erabil daiteke. Intereseko proteina edo proteinak isolatzeko, askotariko <a href="/wiki/Kromatografia" title="Kromatografia">kromatografiak</a> daude, masa molekularrean, karga netoan zein lotura-afinitatean oinarritzen direnak. Azkenik, purifikazio-maila monitoriza daiteke: <a href="/wiki/Elektroforesi" title="Elektroforesi">gel-elektroforesi</a> bidez proteinaren masa molekularra eta <a href="/wiki/Puntu_isoelektriko" title="Puntu isoelektriko">puntu isoelektrikoa</a> ezagutzen dira. Ondoren, proteina <a href="/wiki/Espektroskopia" title="Espektroskopia">espektroskopia</a> bidez aztertzen da ezaugarri egokiak dituen ikusteko. Proteinak isoelektroenfoke-teknika bidez ere isola daitezke. Isoelektroenfokea proteinaren kargan oinarritzen da. </p><p>Proteina naturalen kasuan, purifikazio-urrats asko behar izaten dira beharrezkoa den purifikazio-mailara iristeko. Prozesua sinplifikatzeko, askotan <a href="/wiki/Ingeniaritza_genetiko" title="Ingeniaritza genetiko">ingeniaritza genetikoa</a> erabiltzen da proteinari ezaugarri-kimikoak gehitzeko; modu horretan, purifikazioa errazagoa da eta ez dira proteinaren egitura eta funtzioak aldatzen. Teknikarik ohikoena proteinaren amaieran etiketa bat lotzean datza, aminoazido-sekuentzia bat izaten dena (<a href="/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina">histidina</a>). Lisia <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikela</a> duen kromatografia-zutabetik pasatzen da eta histidinaren eta nikelaren arteko lotura eratzen da. Intereseko proteina zutabean itsatsita gelditzen da eta lotu ez diren konposatu guztiak zutabetik ateratzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kokapena_zelulan">Kokapena zelulan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kokapena zelulan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Kokapena zelulan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinen <i>in vivo</i> saioetan zelulan duten kokapena eta sintesi-lekua zein diren aztertzen da. Jakina da zelula barruko proteina asko zitoplasman sintetizatzen direla eta mintzeko eta mintzeko proteinak eta proteina jariakorrak <a href="/wiki/Erretikulu_endoplasmatiko" title="Erretikulu endoplasmatiko">erretikulu endoplasmatikoan</a> sintetizatzen direla, baina proteina bakoitza organuluetara eta egitura desberdinetara nola garraiatzen den ez da ongi ezagutzen. Hori dela eta, zelulako kokapena estimatzeko, <a href="/wiki/Ingeniaritza_genetiko" title="Ingeniaritza genetiko">ingeniaritza genetikoa</a> erabiltzen da fusio-proteina baten adierazpena erabiliz. Proteina horrek bi osagai ditu: proteina naturala eta gehitzen zaion markatzailea, proteina berde fluoreszentea (<i>green fluorescent protein</i>, GFP). Fusio-proteinaren kokapena mikroskopia bidez aztertzen da, irudian ikus daitekeen bezala. </p><p>Proteinak zelulan lokalizatzeko beste aukera bat da antigorputz markatuak erabiltzea, hau da, zeharkako <a href="/wiki/Immunofluoreszentzia" title="Immunofluoreszentzia">immunofluoreszentzia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eboluzioa">Eboluzioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eboluzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Eboluzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biologia molekularrean, funtsezkoa da proteinek nolako bilakaera duten aztertzea. Bestalde, <a href="/wiki/Mutazio" title="Mutazio">mutazioek</a> eragindako egitura- eta funtzio-aldaketak ere aztertzen dira. Proteina baten aminoazido gehienak aldatu egin daitezke jarduera edo funtzio-aldaketarik pairatu gabe, espezie desberdinetako proteina <a href="/wiki/Homologia" title="Homologia">homologoetan</a> ikusi den moduan.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutazioen ondorio larriak saihesteko, gene bat bikoiztu egin daiteke libreki mutatu baino lehen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">Entzima</a> askok <a href="/wiki/Substratu_(kimika)" title="Substratu (kimika)">substratuaren</a> espezifikotasuna alda dezakete mutazio batekin edo gehiagorekin. <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substratuaren espezifikotasunaren aldaketak substratuaren promiskuitateak errazten ditu, hau da, hainbat substratu elkartu eta prozesatzeko entzima askoren gaitasuna. </p><p>Mutazioak gertatzen direnean, entzima baten espezifikotasuna handitu edo txikitu egin daiteke entzima-jarduerarekin batera. <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horri esker, bakterioak edo beste organismo batzuk substratu ez-naturalak diren elikagai-iturrietara egokitu daitezke, hala nola plastikora.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egitura">Egitura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinek lau antolakuntza-maila dituzte eta horietako bakoitzak aurrekoak espazioan duen egitura azaltzen du. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egitura_primarioa">Egitura primarioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura primarioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura primarioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egitura primario deritzo kate polipeptidikoen barruan <a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">aminoazidoek</a> duten segida linealari. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:IRUDIAK_IGONE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/IRUDIAK_IGONE.jpg/312px-IRUDIAK_IGONE.jpg" decoding="async" width="312" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/IRUDIAK_IGONE.jpg/468px-IRUDIAK_IGONE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/IRUDIAK_IGONE.jpg/624px-IRUDIAK_IGONE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Proteinen lau antolakuntza-mailak.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egitura_sekundarioa">Egitura sekundarioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura sekundarioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura sekundarioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egitura sekundarioak proteinaren aminoazido-sekuentziak dituen toleste-patroi lokalak dira, eta elkarrekiko gertu dauden aminoazioen arteko hidrogeno-zubiei esker sortzen dira. Hidrogeno-zubiak lotura peptidikoan parte hartzen duten karbonoen <a href="/wiki/Karbonilo" title="Karbonilo">karbonilo</a> (-CO-) eta <a href="/wiki/Amino_talde" title="Amino talde">amino</a> (-NH-) taldeen artean sortzen dira. <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno-zubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidrogeno-zubi">Hidrogeno-zubiak</a> ahulak direnez, proteinek erraz galtzen dute haien egitura sekundarioa. Egitura sekundario ohikoenak hauek dira: </p> <ul><li><i>α helizea</i>. Kate polipeptidikoa bere ardatzaren inguruan biratzen da eskuin alderantz eta helize baten itxura hartzen du. Birak aminoazido bakoitzaren α karbonoaren inguruan gertatzen dira. α helizea oso erregularra da eta beti izaten ditu neurri berdinak. Bira bat osatzeko 3,6 aminoazido-hondar behar dira.</li> <li><i>β konformazioa</i>. Egitura sekundario honetan katea ez da tolesten. Horren ordez, kate polipeptidikoaren zati desberdinak elkartu, eta aminoazido-sekuentziek xafla baten itxura hartzen dute. Era honetako egiturak ez du egitura guztiz laua, zig-zag modukoa baizik. Gainera, egitura honetako bi kate elkartuz gero, β orri tolestu deritzon egitura sortzen da.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egitura_tertziarioa">Egitura tertziarioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura tertziarioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura tertziarioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polipeptido" class="mw-redirect" title="Polipeptido">Polipeptido</a> baten bigarren mailako egitura bere buruarekiko tolesten denean sortzen den egiturari egitura tertziario deritzo. Egitura tertziarioa proteinaren osaketa globaltzat har daiteke eta aurreko egiturek baldintzatzen dute. Gainera, proteinaren funtzio biologikoa baldintzatzen du. Disulfuro loturek (S-S), <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_indar" title="Van der Waalsen indar">Van der Waalsen indarrek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno_zubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidrogeno zubi">hidrogeno-zubiek</a> egonkortzen dituzte proteinen egitura tertziarioak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egitura_kuaternarioa">Egitura kuaternarioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egitura kuaternarioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Egitura kuaternarioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteina berdinak edo ezberdinak elkartzen direnean eratzen den goi-mailako proteinen egiturari egitura kuaternario deritzo. Egitura kuaternariodun proteinak azpiunitatez osaturik daude. Unitateok elkarrekintza hidrofobikoz eta elektrostatikoz loturik daude, eta haien hirugarren mailako egitura mantentzen dute. <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobina" title="Hemoglobina">Hemoglobina</a>k eta <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">entzima</a> batzuek egitura kuaternarioa dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funtzioak">Funtzioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Funtzioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Funtzioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinak zelularen barruko aktore nagusiak dira, eta geneetan kodetutako informazioak zehaztutako funtzioak betetzen dituztela esaten da. <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a> mota batzuk izan ezik, gainerako molekula biologiko gehienak proteinek eragiten dieten elementuak dira. Proteinak <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> zelularen pisu lehorraren erdia dira, eta beste makromolekula batzuk, hala nola DNA eta RNA, %3 eta %20 baino ez dira, hurrenez hurren. Zelula-mota jakin batean adierazitako proteina-multzoari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteoma (sortu gabe)">proteoma</a> deritzo. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model,_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png/220px-Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png/330px-Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png/440px-Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexokinasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexokinasa (sortu gabe)">Hexokinasa</a> entzima eredu molekular konbentzional gisa ageri da. Eskalan, goiko eskuineko izkinan, bi substratu agertzen dira: <a href="/wiki/ATP" class="mw-disambig" title="ATP">ATP</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Era askotako funtzioak dituzten proteinen ezaugarri nagusia beste molekula batzuekin modu espezifiko eta estuan lotzeko gaitasuna da. Beste molekula bat elkartzeaz arduratzen den proteina-eskualdeari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotura-gune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotura-gune (sortu gabe)">lotura-gune</a> deritzo, eta depresioa edo poltsikoa izaten da gainazal molekularrean. Lotura-ahalmen hori proteinaren hirugarren mailako egituraren (lotura-gunearen poltsikoa definitzen du) eta inguruko aminoazidoen alboko kateen propietate kimikoen araberakoa da. Proteinen elkarketa oso estua eta berariazkoa izan daiteke; adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erribonukleasaren_inhibitzaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erribonukleasaren inhibitzaile (sortu gabe)">erribonukleasak inhibitzen</a> dituen proteina giza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiogenina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiogenina (sortu gabe)">angiogeninarekin</a> elkartzen da kontzentrazio subfemtomolarren (10<sup>-15</sup> M) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disoziazio-konstante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disoziazio-konstante (sortu gabe)">disoziazio-konstante</a> batekin, baina ez da inola ere bat egiten homologo <a href="/wiki/Anfibio" title="Anfibio">anfibioa</a> den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkonasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onkonasa (sortu gabe)">onkonasarekin</a> (>1 M). Askoz aldaketa kimiko txikiagoak, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Metil" class="mw-redirect" title="Metil">metil</a> talde bakar bat elkartzea, batzuetan nahikoak izan daitezke lotura ia erabat ezabatzeko; adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valina (sortu gabe)">valina</a> izeneko aminoazidoarentzat espezifikoa den <a href="/w/index.php?title=TRNA_aminoazil_sintetasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRNA aminoazil sintetasa (sortu gabe)">tRNA aminoazil sintetasak</a> diskriminatzen du oso antzekoa den <a href="/wiki/Isoleuzina" title="Isoleuzina">isoleuzinarekin</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Proteinak beste proteina batzuekin eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekula_txiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekula txiki (sortu gabe)">molekula txikien</a> substratuekin lot daitezke. Proteinak molekula beraren beste kopia batzuei lotzen zaizkienean, <a href="/wiki/Oligomero" title="Oligomero">oligomerizatu</a> egin daitezke zuntzak eratzeko; prozesu hori, askotan, egitura-proteinetan gertatzen da, hots, zuntz zurrunak eratzeko berez elkartzen diren <a href="/wiki/Monomero" title="Monomero">monomero</a> globularretan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina-proteina_elkarrekintza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteina-proteina elkarrekintza (sortu gabe)">Proteina-proteina elkarrekintzek</a> jarduera entzimatikoa ere erregulatzen dute, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelula-ziklo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelula-ziklo (sortu gabe)">zelula-zikloaren</a> bidezko progresioa kontrolatzen dute eta funtzio biologiko komun batekin lotura estua duten erreakzio asko egiten dituzten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina-konplexu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteina-konplexu (sortu gabe)">proteina-konplexu</a> handiak mihiztatzeko aukera ematen dute. Proteinak ere <a href="/wiki/Zelula-mintz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelula-mintz">zelula-mintzekin</a> lotu daitezke, baita mintz horietan integratu ere. Lotura-kideek proteinetan konformazio-aldaketak eragiteko duten gaitasunari esker, seinaleztapen-sare oso konplexuak eraiki daitezke. Proteinen arteko elkarreraginak itzulgarriak direnez eta, neurri handi batean, funtzio multzo diskretuak egiteko gai diren agregatuak osatzeko elkartutako proteina-talde desberdinak izatearen mende daudenez, proteina espezifikoen arteko elkarrekintzak aztertzea funtsezkoa da funtzio zelularraren alderdi garrantzitsuak ulertzeko, eta, azken batean, zenbait zelula-mota bereizten dituzten propietateak ulertzeko<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entzimak">Entzimak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Entzimak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Entzimak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">Entzima</a>»</div> <p>Proteinek zelulan duten funtziorik ezagunena <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">entzimena</a> da, erreakzio kimikoak <a href="/wiki/Katalisi" title="Katalisi">katalizatzen</a> baitituzte. Entzimak oso espezifikoak izaten dira eta erreakzio kimiko bakarra edo gutxi batzuk bizkortzen dituzte. Entzimek metabolismoan inplikatutako erreakzio gehienak gauzatzen dituzte, <a href="/wiki/DNAren_erreplikazio" title="DNAren erreplikazio">DNAren erreplikazioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNAren_konponketa" class="mw-redirect" title="DNAren konponketa">DNAren konponketa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/DNAren_transkripzio" class="mw-redirect" title="DNAren transkripzio">transkripzioa</a> bezalako prozesuetan manipulatzeaz gain. Entzima batzuek beste proteina batzuei eragiten diete talde kimikoak gehitzeko edo ezabatzeko, trantsizio osteko aldaketa gisa ezagutzen den prozesu batean<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Entzimek katalizatutako 4.000 erreakzio inguru ezagutzen dira. Katalisi entzimatikoak emandako abiaduraren azelerazioa handia izaten da askotan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orotato_deskarboxilasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orotato deskarboxilasa (sortu gabe)">orotato deskarboxilasaren</a> kasuan, abiadura 10<sup>17</sup> aldiz biderkatzen da katalizatu gabeko erreakzioarekiko (78 milioi urte entzimarik gabe, 18 milisegundo entzimarekin)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Entzimei lotutako molekulei substratuak esaten zaie. Entzimak ehunka aminoazidoz osatuak egon daitezkeen arren, normalean hondakinen zati txiki batek baino ez du substratuarekin kontaktuan jartzen, eta zati txikiago batek (batez beste, hiru-lau hondakin) zuzenean esku hartzen du katalisian. Substratuarekin bat egiten duen eta hondakin katalitikoak dituen entzimaren eskualdea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gune_aktibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gune aktibo (sortu gabe)">gune aktibo</a> gisa ezagutzen da. </p><p>Proteina nagusiak beste entzima batzuek sintetizatutako konposatu baten <a href="/wiki/Estereokimika" title="Estereokimika">estereokimika</a> diktatzen duten proteina mota batekoak dira<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zelulen_arteko_komunikazioa">Zelulen arteko komunikazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zelulen arteko komunikazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Zelulen arteko komunikazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egiturazko_proteinak">Egiturazko proteinak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egiturazko proteinak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Egiturazko proteinak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propietateak">Propietateak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Propietateak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Propietateak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:IRUDIAK_IGONE_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IRUDIAK_IGONE_%281%29.jpg/320px-IRUDIAK_IGONE_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IRUDIAK_IGONE_%281%29.jpg/480px-IRUDIAK_IGONE_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IRUDIAK_IGONE_%281%29.jpg/640px-IRUDIAK_IGONE_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Proteina baten desnaturalizazio eta birnaturalizazio prozesuak.</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Desnaturalizazio" class="mw-disambig" title="Desnaturalizazio">Desnaturalizazioa</a>:</b> proteina-egituraren aldaketa da, eta prozesu hau dela eta, haren funtzio biologikoak galtzen dituzte proteinek. Hauek dira desnaturalizazioan eragina duten faktoreak: pHa, tenperatura-aldaketa bortitzak, presio osmotikoa eta presio hidrostatikoa. Desnaturalizazioa eragiten duten faktore horiei agente desnaturalizatzaile deritze. Desnaturalizazioaren ondorioetako bat disolbagarritasunaren galera da. Desnaturalizazioa itzulezina zein itzulgarria izan daiteke. Baldintza oso gogorretan proteinaren egitura desantolatu, eta desnaturalizazioa itzulezin bihurtzen da. Hala ere, baldintza kontrolatuetan proteinen desnaturalizazio leun eta geldoa eragin daiteke eta, ondoren, alderantzizko metodo baten bidez birnaturalizatu. Fenomeno hori proteina gutxi batzuetan soilik gerta daiteke, erribonukleasa A proteinan adibidez.</li> <li><b>Disolbagarritasuna:</b> aminoazidoen erradikalek urarekin erreakziona dezakete. Erradikal gehienak hidrofiloak baldin badira, proteina uretan disolbatzen da; erradikal gehienak hidrofoboak badira, aldiz, proteina ez da disolbatzen. Tenperatura zein pHa igoz gero, disolbagarritasuna galtzen da.</li> <li><b>Espezifikotasuna:</b> proteina bakoitzak funtzio jakin bat daukate, lehen mailako egiturak determinatzen duena.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>-aren indargetzailea (tanpoi efektua):</b> proteinek, haien izaera anfoteroa dela eta, hots, izaera azidoa (elektroi-emailea) zein izaera basikoa (elektroi-hartzailea) hartu ahal izateari esker, pH-a indargetu dezakete.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sailkapena">Sailkapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sailkapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Sailkapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinak sailkatzeko hainbat irizpide erabil daitezke, ez baitago sailkatzeko sistema unibertsalik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formaren_arabera">Formaren arabera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Formaren arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Formaren arabera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Proteina haritsuak (edo zuntz-proteinak)</b>: proteina hauek kate polipeptidiko luzeak dituzte. Gainera, hirugarren mailako egitura dute non bigarren mailako egitura bat nagusitzen den: alfa helizea edo beta orria. Hondakinen sekuentzia errepikakorrak dituzte, eta, eskuarki, egitura-funtzioa betetzen dute. Paraleloan lotzen dira, eta, sarritan, inguruko kateak lotura kobalenteekin (disulfuro zubiekin edo bestelakoekin) gurutzatuta egoten dira. Disolbaezinak dira uretan eta ur-disoluzioetan. Proteina haritsuen adibide batzuk <a href="/wiki/Keratina" title="Keratina">keratina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolageno" title="Kolageno">kolagenoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fibrina" title="Fibrina">fibrina</a> dira.</li> <li><b>Proteina globularrak</b>: proteina hauek forma esferikoan edo trinkoan estututako kateak dituzte, talde hidrofobikoak proteinaren barrurantz utzita, eta talde hidrofiloak, berriz, kanporantz. Hori dela eta, disolbagarriak dira disolbatzaile polarretan, hala nola uretan. Proteina globularrek kate polipeptidiko berean hainbat egitura sekundario dituzte, adibidez, alfa helizeak, beta orriak, biraketak, itzuliak eta berez desordenatuta dauden eskualdeak. Entzima, antigorputz, hormona eta garraio-proteina gehienak proteina globularrak dira.</li> <li><b>Proteina mistoak</b>: zati fibrilarra (eskuarki proteinaren erdian) eta beste zati globular bat (muturretan) dituzten proteinak dira.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disolbagarritasunaren_arabera">Disolbagarritasunaren arabera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Disolbagarritasunaren arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Disolbagarritasunaren arabera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Proteina globularrak</b>: uretan eta ur-disoluzioetan disolbatzen dira.</li> <li><b>Zuntz-proteinak</b>: disolbaezinak dira uretan eta ur-disoluzioetan.</li> <li><b>Mintzeko proteina integralak (edo mintzean zeharreko proteinak):</b> hondakin hidrofobikoen sekuentziak dituzte, eta normalean alfa helizearen edo beta harizpien konformazioak hartzen dituzte. Konformazio horiek zelula-mintzen zati hidrofobikoaren antzekoak dira. Mintzeko proteinek ez dituzte proteina-zitoplasmatikoen toleste-mekanismoak pairatzen.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Berez desordenatutako proteinak</b>: proteina hauek egitura malgua dute, eta egitura hori aldatzen da disolbatzailearekin edo beste molekula batzuekin duten elkarrekintzaren arabera. Normalean, lisina, arginina, glutamatoa, aspartatoa eta histidina bezalako kargadun hondakinetan aberatsak izaten dira, eta ugariagoak dira eukariotoetan prokariotoetan baino. Proteina askok berez desordenatutako domeinuak dituzte, <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> adibidez. <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konposizio_kimikoaren_arabera">Konposizio kimikoaren arabera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konposizio kimikoaren arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Konposizio kimikoaren arabera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Proteina sinpleak edo holoproteinak:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hidrolisi" title="Hidrolisi">hidrolizatzen</a> direnean aminoazidoak baino ez dituzte sortzen. Horien adibide dira <a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">intsulina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolageno" title="Kolageno">kolagenoa</a> eta albumina.</li> <li><b>Proteina konjugatuak edo heteroproteinak:</b> proteina hauek kate polipeptidikoak eta talde prostetikoak dituzte. Aminoazidoa ez den zatiari talde prostetiko esaten zaio, eta azido nukleikoa, lipidoa, azukrea edo ioi ez-organikoa izan daiteke. Proteina konjugatuen adibide modura, <a href="/wiki/Mioglobina" title="Mioglobina">mioglobina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zitokromo" title="Zitokromo">zitokromoa</a> aipa daitezke. Mota honetako proteinak haien talde prostetikoen izaeraren arabera sailkatzen dira: <ul><li><i>Nukleoproteinak</i>: haien talde prostetikoa azido nukleikoz osatuta dago.</li> <li><i>Fosfoproteinak</i>: fosfatoa duen erradikal batekin uztartutako proteinak dira, azido nukleiko edo fosfolipido baten desberdina dena.</li> <li><i>Metaloproteinak</i>: haien talde prostetikoa metalez osatuta dago.</li> <li><i>Kromoproteinak</i>: talde kromoforo batekin konbinatutako proteinak dira.</li> <li><i>Glukoproteinak</i>: haien talde prostetikoa karbohidratoz osatuta dago.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrizioa">Nutrizioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nutrizioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Nutrizioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mikroorganismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroorganismo">Mikroorganismo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landare</a> gehienek 20 <a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">aminoazido</a> estandarrak biosintetiza ditzakete, eta animaliek, gizakiak barne, zenbait aminoazido lortu behar dituzte <a href="/wiki/Dieta" title="Dieta">dietatik</a>. Organismo batek sintetizatu ezin dituen aminoazidoei <a href="/wiki/Aminoazido_esentzial" title="Aminoazido esentzial">aminoazido esentzial</a> deritze. Zenbait aminoazido sintetizatzen dituzten entzimak ez daude animalietan, aspartokinasa, esaterako, zeinak <a href="/wiki/Aspartato" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartato">aspartatoaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">lisina</a>ren, <a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">metionina</a>ren eta <a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">treoninaren</a> sintesiaren lehenengo urratsa katalizatzen duen. Aminoazidoak ingurunean badaude, mikroorganismoek energia kontserba dezakete inguruko aminoazidoak xurgatuz eta haien bide biosintetikoak murriztuz. </p><p>Animaliek proteinatan aberatsak diren elikagaiak janez lortzen dituzte aminoazidoak. Irentsitako proteinak aminoazidotan deskonposatzen dira <a href="/wiki/Digestio" title="Digestio">digestioaren</a> bidez eta, normalean, proteinak <a href="/wiki/Desnaturalizazio" class="mw-disambig" title="Desnaturalizazio">desnaturalizatu</a> egiten dira <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidoaren</a> eraginpean egoteagatik eta <a href="/wiki/Hidrolisi" title="Hidrolisi">hidrolisi entzimatikoaren</a> ondorioz. Sortutako aminoazido batzuk proteinen biosintesirako erabiltzen dira; beste batzuk, berriz, <a href="/wiki/Glukoneogenesi" title="Glukoneogenesi">glukoneogenesiaren</a> bidez <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a> bihurtzen dira, edo <a href="/wiki/Azido_zitrikoaren_zikloa" class="mw-redirect" title="Azido zitrikoaren zikloa">azido zitrikoaren zikloan</a> sartzen dira. Proteina erregai gisa erabiltzea oso garrantzitsua da <a href="/wiki/Inanizioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanizioa">inanizio-egoeran</a>. Izan ere, aukera dago gorputzeko proteinak bizia bermatzeko helburuarekin erabiltzeko, bereziki <a href="/wiki/Muskulu-ehun" title="Muskulu-ehun">muskuluan</a> daudenak.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFOsborne1909">Osborne, Thomas Burr.  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(2019-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15252/msb.20188462">«Enzyme promiscuity shapes adaptation to novel growth substrates»</a> <i>Molecular Systems Biology</i> 15 (4)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15252%2Fmsb.20188462">10.15252/msb.20188462</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1744-4292">1744-4292</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-27)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRoohiBanoKuddusZaheer2017-07-07">Roohi; Bano, Kulsoom; Kuddus, Mohammed; Zaheer, Mohammed R.; Zia, Qamar; Khan, Mohammed F.; Ashraf, Ghulam Md.; Gupta, Anamika <i>et al</i>..  (2017-07-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201018666170523165742">«Microbial Enzymatic Degradation of Biodegradable Plastics»</a> <i>Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology</i> 18 (5)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F1389201018666170523165742">10.2174/1389201018666170523165742</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1389-2010">1389-2010</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-27)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSankaranarayananMoras2001-06-30">Sankaranarayanan, R.; Moras, D..  (2001-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.ptbioch.edu.pl/index.php/abp/article/view/3918">«The fidelity of the translation of the genetic code.»</a> <i>Acta Biochimica Polonica</i> 48 (2): 323–335.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18388%2Fabp.2001_3918">10.18388/abp.2001_3918</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1734-154X">1734-154X</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-09-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCoplandSheffield-MooreKoldzic-ZivanovicGentry2009-06">Copland, John A.; Sheffield-Moore, Melinda; Koldzic-Zivanovic, Nina; Gentry, Sean; Lamprou, George; Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou, Fotini; Zoumpourlis, Vassilis; Urban, Randall J. <i>et al</i>..  (2009-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.200800138">«Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible?»</a> <i>BioEssays</i> 31 (6): 629–641.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.200800138">10.1002/bies.200800138</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-09-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSamarinNusrat2009-01-01">Samarin, Stanislav; Nusrat, Asma.  (2009-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imrpress.com/journal/FBL/14/3/10.2741/3298">«Regulation of epithelial apical junctional complex by Rho family GTPases»</a> <i>Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark</i> 14 (3): 1129–1142.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2741%2F3298">10.2741/3298</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2768-6701">2768-6701</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-09-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBairoch2000-01-01">Bairoch, A..  (2000-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/nar/28.1.304">«The ENZYME database in 2000»</a> <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i> 28 (1): 304–305.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.1.304">10.1093/nar/28.1.304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10592255">10592255</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC102465">PMC102465</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-09-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRadzickaWolfenden1995-01-06">Radzicka, Anna; Wolfenden, Richard.  (1995-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7809611">«A Proficient Enzyme»</a> <i>Science</i> 267 (5194): 90–93.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7809611">10.1126/science.7809611</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-09-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPickelSchaller2013-10-01">Pickel, Benjamin; Schaller, Andreas.  (2013-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5167-4">«Dirigent proteins: molecular characteristics and potential biotechnological applications»</a> <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i> 97 (19): 8427–8438.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-013-5167-4">10.1007/s00253-013-5167-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1432-0614">1432-0614</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-09-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDunkerKriwacki2011-04">Dunker, A. Keith; Kriwacki, Richard W..  (2011-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0411-68">«The Orderly Chaos of Proteins»</a> <i>Scientific American</i> 304 (4): 68–73.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0411-68">10.1038/scientificamerican0411-68</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-27)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrosnan2003-06-01">Brosnan, John T..  (2003-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.6.2068s">«Interorgan Amino Acid Transport and its Regulation»</a> <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i> 133 (6): 2068S–2072S.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.6.2068s">10.1093/jn/133.6.2068s</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-3166">0022-3166</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-27)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q8054">Q8054</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proteins">Proteins</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q8054%22">Q8054</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936447p">11936447p</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936447p">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076388-2">4076388-2</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> 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