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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Socio-economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Population distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early pioneers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Windrush_generation"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Windrush_generation""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 The "Windrush generation" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Windrush_generation"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recession_and_turbulence,_1970s_and_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recession_and_turbulence,_1970s_and_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Recession and turbulence, 1970s and 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recession_and_turbulence,_1970s_and_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_and_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_and_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 1990s and 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_and_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windrush_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windrush_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Windrush scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windrush_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genome-wide_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome-wide_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Genome-wide studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-wide_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable contributions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable contributions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Academia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acting_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acting_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Acting and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acting_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Art and design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Athletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Boxing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.3 Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.4 Football </div> </a> <ul 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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carnivals_and_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnivals_and_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Carnivals and celebrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnivals_and_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Community centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Religious activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Language and dialect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_impact" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British ethnic group</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">British African-Caribbean people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Counties_of_the_UK_Caribbean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Counties_of_the_UK_Caribbean.svg/220px-Counties_of_the_UK_Caribbean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Counties_of_the_UK_Caribbean.svg/330px-Counties_of_the_UK_Caribbean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Counties_of_the_UK_Caribbean.svg/440px-Counties_of_the_UK_Caribbean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Distribution by local authority in the 2011 census</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> United Kingdom: 628,296 – 0.9% (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021/22 Census</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: 619,419 – 1.1% (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021census-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>: 2,214 – 0.04% (2022)<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2022census_Scot-3">[2]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>: 3,700 – 0.1% (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021census-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>: 2,963 – 0.2% (2021)<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-NICensus2021-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> · <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity</a> (69.1%); minority follows <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">other faiths</a> (2.7%)<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a> or are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">irreligious</a> (18.6%) 2021 census, England and Wales only<a href="#cite_note-Religion_E&W21-7">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> · <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">African-Caribbean</a> · Bahamian British · <a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyanese British">Guyanese British</a> · <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_British" title="Barbadian British">Barbadian British</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grenadian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadian British">Grenadian British</a> · <a href="/wiki/Montserratian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Montserratian British">Montserratian British</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_British" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian British">Trinidadian and Tobagonian British</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antiguan_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan British">Antiguan British</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> British African-Caribbean people or British Afro-Caribbean people are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> They are British citizens whose recent ancestors originate from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and further trace much of their ancestry to West and Central Africa or they are nationals of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> who reside in the UK. There are some self-identified Afro-Caribbean people who are multi-racial. The most common and traditional use of the term African-Caribbean community is in reference to groups of residents continuing aspects of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> culture, customs and traditions in the UK. The earliest generations of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a> to migrate to Britain trace their ancestry to a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro Caribbean</a> ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a> descend from disparate groups of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African peoples</a> who were brought, sold and taken from<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> as <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Atlantic slave trade">slaves</a> to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">colonial Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbcjuly2020-14">[11]</a> In addition, British African Caribbeans may have ancestry from various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">indigenous Caribbean</a> tribes, and from settlers of <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian ethnic groups">Asian ethnic groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Derbyshire2003-15">[12]</a> According to the National Library of Medicine, the average African Caribbean person has on average 20% European Admixture.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Arriving in small numbers to reside in port cities in England and Wales since the mid-18th century, the most significant wave of migration came after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> era and the dissolution of the British Empire. The governments of the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands promoted immigration to address domestic labor shortages.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> Known as the Windrush generation, they had arrived as <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies</a> (CUKCs) in the 1950s and 1960s owing to birth in the former <a href="/wiki/British_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonies">British colonies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Although those who settled in the UK prior to 1973 were granted either <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of abode (United Kingdom)">right of abode</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">indefinite leave to remain</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_1971" title="Immigration Act 1971">Immigration Act 1971</a>, a series of governmental policies had caused some to be erroneously labelled as unlawfully residing in the UK in the 2000s and 2010s, which subsequently became known as the <a href="/wiki/Windrush_scandal" title="Windrush scandal">Windrush scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-windrushreport2020-19">[16]</a> The population has a diverse background, with origins in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>. In the 21st century, Afro-Caribbean communities are present throughout the United Kingdom's major cities, and the surviving members of this generation, sometimes called the Windrush Britons, and their descendants, constitute the multi-ethnic cultural group residing in the country. As there is no specific <a href="/wiki/UK_census" class="mw-redirect" title="UK census">UK census</a> category which comprehensively covers the community, population numbers remain somewhat ambiguous. 'Black Caribbean' (under a '<a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a>' heading), and 'Mixed: White and Black Caribbean' (under a '<a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a>' heading) denote full or partial descent, and recorded 594,825 and 426,715 persons, respectively, at the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 United Kingdom census</a>. '<a href="/wiki/White_Other" class="mw-redirect" title="White Other">White</a>: White Caribbean', 'Mixed: Caribbean Asian' and 'Mixed: White Caribbean' are census categories which were also utilised.<a href="#cite_note-ONSdetailed-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONSwrite-in-21">[18]</a> In this regard, and illustrating complexities within African Caribbean peoplehood, there are notable examples of those with a parent or grandparent of African-Caribbean ancestry identifying with, or being perceived as, <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">white people in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-davison2017-2016-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-goody2009-2019-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-graham2015-2019-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2020-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-McRae2008-26">[23]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> A glossary published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Epidemiology_and_Community_Health" title="Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health">Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</a> with the intention of stimulating debate about the development of better and more internationally applicable terms to describe ethnicity and race, suggests a definition of Afro-Caribbean/African Caribbean as, "A person of African ancestral origins whose family settled in the Caribbean before emigrating and who self identifies, or is identified, as Afro-Caribbean (in terms of racial classifications, this population approximates to the group known as Negroid or similar terms)".<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> A survey of the use of terms to describe people of African descent in medical research notes that: "The term African Caribbean/Afro-Caribbean when used in Europe and North America usually refers to people with African ancestral origins who migrated via the Caribbean islands". It suggests that use of the term in the UK is inconsistent, with some researchers using it to describe people of Black and of Caribbean descent, whereas others use it to refer to those of either West African or Caribbean background.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Furthermore, as <a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">immigration to the United Kingdom</a> from Africa increased in the late 20th century, the term has sometimes been used to include British residents solely of African origin or as a term to define all <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black British</a> residents, though the phrase African and Caribbean has more often been used to cover such a broader grouping. The <a href="/wiki/British_Sociological_Association" title="British Sociological Association">British Sociological Association</a>'s guidelines on ethnicity and race state that "African-Caribbean has replaced the term Afro-Caribbean to refer to Caribbean peoples and those of Caribbean origin who are of African descent. There is now a view that the term should not be hyphenated and that indeed, the differences between such groups mean the people of African and Caribbean origins should be referred to separately".<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">Observer</a> style guide prescribes the use of "African-Caribbean" for use in the two newspapers, specifically noting "not Afro-Caribbean".<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Aspinall" title="Peter J. Aspinall">Peter J. Aspinall</a> argues that the term "Black" has been reclaimed by people of African and Caribbean origin in the UK, noting that in a 1992 health survey, 17 per cent of 722 African–Caribbeans surveyed, including 36 percent of those aged 16 to 29, described themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a>". This, he suggests, "appears to be a pragmatic and spontaneous (rather than politically led) response to the wish to describe an allegiance to a 'British' identity and the diminishing importance of ties with a homeland in the Caribbean".<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census">Census</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Census">edit</a>]</div> There isn't one particular 'ethnic group' census category used by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/UK_census" class="mw-redirect" title="UK census">UK census</a>, which comprehensively describes or encompasses persons who are a part of, or identified with, the African-Caribbean community in the United Kingdom. 'Black Caribbean' is the category which recorded the highest population figures (associated with African Caribbean heritage) at the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a> United Kingdom censuses. 'Black Caribbean' is under a '<a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>' heading in the census. 'Mixed: White and Black Caribbean' also had a significant recorded population within the country, denoting unquantified partial African Caribbean descent, as well as 'White' ancestry. This ethnic group category was listed under a '<a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a>' heading in the census.<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusEngWales-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[30]</a> Other 'Mixed' subcategories which identify some form of Caribbean descent are 'Mixed: Caribbean Asian' and 'Mixed: White Caribbean'.<a href="#cite_note-ONSdetailed-20">[17]</a> 'White Other: White Caribbean', a write-in ethnic group under the <a href="/wiki/White_Other" class="mw-redirect" title="White Other">White Other</a> census subcategory, may also denote partial or distant African Caribbean heritage.<a href="#cite_note-ONSwrite-in-21">[18]</a> Outside of censuses, there are notable examples of people with African Caribbean ancestry (often via a grandparent or great-grandparent) who are perceived as, or identified with, being <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">white people in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-davison2017-2016-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-goody2009-2019-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-graham2015-2019-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2020-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-McRae2008-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Caribbean_People,_2021_UK_Census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/British_Caribbean_People%2C_2021_UK_Census.png/220px-British_Caribbean_People%2C_2021_UK_Census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/British_Caribbean_People%2C_2021_UK_Census.png/330px-British_Caribbean_People%2C_2021_UK_Census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/British_Caribbean_People%2C_2021_UK_Census.png/440px-British_Caribbean_People%2C_2021_UK_Census.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Black Caribbeans by local authority, 2021 census</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Caribbean_population_pyramid_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black_Caribbean_population_pyramid_2021.svg/220px-Black_Caribbean_population_pyramid_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black_Caribbean_population_pyramid_2021.svg/330px-Black_Caribbean_population_pyramid_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black_Caribbean_population_pyramid_2021.svg/440px-Black_Caribbean_population_pyramid_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Black or Black British Afro-Caribbeans as a population pyramid in 2021 (in England and Wales)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 Census of England and Wales</a>, 623,115 people classified themselves as 'Black Caribbean", amounting to 1 per cent of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[30]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011#2011_Census_for_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 Census of England and Wales</a>, 594,825 individuals specified their ethnicity as "Caribbean" under the "Black/African/Caribbean/Black British" heading, and 426,715 as "White and Black Caribbean" under the "Mixed/multiple ethnic group" heading.<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusEngWales-32">[29]</a> In Scotland, 3,430 people classified themselves as "Caribbean, Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British" and 730 as "Other Caribbean or Black" under the broader "Caribbean or Black" heading.<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusScot-34">[31]</a> In Northern Ireland, 372 people specified their ethnicity as "Caribbean".<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusNI-35">[32]</a> The published results for the "Mixed" category are not broken down into sub-categories for Scotland and Northern Ireland as they are for England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusScot-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011CensusNI-35">[32]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">UK Census of 2001</a>, 565,876 people classified themselves in the category 'Black Caribbean', amounting to around 1 per cent of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-Census2001-36">[33]</a> Of the "minority ethnic" population, which amounted to 7.9 per cent of the total UK population, Black Caribbean people accounted for 12.2 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-Census2001-36">[33]</a> In addition, 14.6 per cent of the minority ethnic population (equivalent to 1.2 per cent of the total population) identified as mixed race, of whom around one third stated that they were of mixed Black Caribbean and White descent.<a href="#cite_note-Census2001-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthplace">Birthplace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birthplace">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Black_Caribbean_by_Country_of_Birth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/British_Black_Caribbean_by_Country_of_Birth.png/220px-British_Black_Caribbean_by_Country_of_Birth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/British_Black_Caribbean_by_Country_of_Birth.png/330px-British_Black_Caribbean_by_Country_of_Birth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/British_Black_Caribbean_by_Country_of_Birth.png/440px-British_Black_Caribbean_by_Country_of_Birth.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>Country of birth (2021 census, England and Wales)<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 295.09804091867px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 112.00117924292px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 53.350177136782px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 40.321436194175px; border-left-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 26.346466774617px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:92.744515333466px 37.39592057378px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:79.015501237569px 61.290705365298px 0 0; border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:78.628843213662px 61.785961309033px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Year of arrival (2021 census, England and Wales)<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Born in the UK (64.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Before 1950 (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1951 to 1960 (4.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1961 to 1970 (10.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1971 to 1980 (2.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1981 to 1990 (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1991 to 2000 (5.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2001 to 2010 (6.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2011 to 2021 (5.1%)</div> </div> </div></div>The Census also records respondents' countries of birth and the 2001 Census recorded 146,401 people born in Jamaica, 21,601 from Barbados, 21,283 from Trinidad and Tobago, 20,872 from Guyana, 9,783 from Grenada, 8,265 from Saint Lucia, 7,983 from Montserrat, 7,091 from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 6,739 from Dominica, 6,519 from Saint Kitts and Nevis, 3,891 from Antigua and Barbuda and 498 from Anguilla.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-39">[36]</a> Detailed country-of-birth data from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 Census</a> is published separately for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In England and Wales, 160,095 residents reported their country of birth as Jamaica, 22,872 Trinidad and Tobago, 18,672 Barbados, 9,274 Grenada, 9,096 St Lucia, 7,390 St Vincent and the Grenadines, 7,270 Montserrat, 6,359 Dominica, 5,629 St Kitts and Nevis, 3,697 Antigua and Barbuda, 2,355 Cuba, 1,812 The Bahamas and 1,303 Dominican Republic. 8,301 people reported being born elsewhere in the Caribbean, bringing the total Caribbean-born population of England and Wales to 264,125. Of this number, 262,092 were resident in England and 2,033 in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusEngWal-40">[37]</a> In Scotland, 2,054 Caribbean-born residents were recorded,<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusScot-cob-41">[38]</a> and in Northern Ireland 314.<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusNI-cob-42">[39]</a> Guyana is categorised as part of South America in the Census results, which show that 21,417 residents of England and Wales, 350 of Scotland and 56 of Northern Ireland were born in Guyana. Belize is categorised as part of Central America. 1,252 people born in Belize were recorded living in England and Wales, 79 in Scotland and 22 in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusScot-cob-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011CensusNI-cob-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011CensusEngWal-40">[37]</a> Based on a variety of official sources and extrapolating from figures for England alone, <a href="/wiki/Ceri_Peach" title="Ceri Peach">Ceri Peach</a> estimated that the number of people in Britain born in the West Indies grew from 15,000 in 1951, to 172,000 in 1961 and 304,000 in 1971, and then fell slightly to 295,000 in 1981. He estimates the population of West Indian ethnicity in 1981 to be between 500,000 and 550,000.<a href="#cite_note-Peach-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Black Caribbeans are more likely than White Britons to have formal qualifications. In 2001, around 29% of White Britons had no qualifications, compared to 27% for Black Caribbeans. In 2011, 24% of White British had no qualifications, higher than the national average of 23%, compared to 20% for Black Caribbeans.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a disproportionate number of Caribbean migrant children were (often wrongly) classified as "<a href="/wiki/Educationally_subnormal" title="Educationally subnormal">educationally subnormal</a>" and placed in special schools and units.<a href="#cite_note-migration-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> By the end of the 1980s, the chances of white school leavers finding employment were four times better than those of black pupils. In 2000–01, black pupils were three times more likely than white pupils and ten times more likely than <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Indian</a> pupils to be officially excluded from school for disciplinary reasons.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> In 2004, 23.2 per cent of Black Caribbean pupils in England achieved five or more <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSEs</a> or equivalent at grades A* to C including English and mathematics, compared with 41.6 per cent of White British pupils and 40.9 per cent of all pupils regardless of ethnicity. In 2013, the equivalent figures were 53.3 per cent for Black Caribbean pupils, 60.5 per cent for White British pupils and 60.6 per cent overall. Black Caribbean pupils from low income backgrounds tend to academically perform better than White British pupils from low income families.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Amongst pupils eligible for free school meals (used as a measure of low family incomes), Black Caribbean pupils outperformed White British pupils by 36.9 to 27.9 per cent for boys and 47.7 to 36.8 per cent for girls in 2013. A report published by the Department for Education in 2015 notes that "Black Caribbean and Mixed White & Black Caribbean students have...shown very strong improvement, from being half as likely [as] White British students to achieve the benchmarks of educational success in the early 2000s to near parity in 2013, although stubborn gaps do remain".<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Black Caribbean pupils have a higher university entry rate than White British students.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economics">Socio-economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Socio-economics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg/220px-Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg/330px-Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg/440px-Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Road_Market" title="Ridley Road Market">Ridley Road Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalston" title="Dalston">Dalston</a>, London, which sells African-Caribbean music, textiles, and food including goat meat, yams, mangos and spices.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> Socio-economic status is based on the type of work a person does, or what they used to do if they are retired. According to data based on the 2011 Census, 40.7% of Black Caribbeans placed in the top 3 socio-economic groups (higher/lower managerial, professional and intermediate). This ranked as the fifth highest combined percentage out of the 18 ethnicities featured.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> In terms of occupational class, research by Professor Yaojun Li finds that second-generation Black Caribbean men (i.e. those born in the UK or arrived before the age of 13) are more or less on par with White British men, while Black Caribbean women had a higher occupational class than White British women from the 1970s to the 1990s. Second-generation Black Caribbean women have now surpassed White British women.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Further research by Dr Richard Norrie of <a href="/wiki/Civitas_(think_tank)" title="Civitas (think tank)">Civitas</a> noted a growing Black middle class, with around 35.7% of Black Caribbean men in "middle class" jobs in 2020 (compared to only 7% in the 1970s/1980s). The corresponding 2020 figure for White British men is 35.8%. The report claims that this convergence is "testimony to the accomplishments of black Caribbean men, as well as the openness of British economic life".<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[54]</a> In 2007, a study by the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Foundation" title="Joseph Rowntree Foundation">Joseph Rowntree Foundation</a> found that Black Caribbeans had one of the lowest poverty rates among the different main ethnic minority groups in Britain. Of the largest non-white ethnic minority groups, Bangladeshis (65%), Pakistanis (55%) and Black Africans (45%) had the highest poverty rates. Black Caribbeans (30%) and Indians (25%) had the lowest rates. For families where at least one adult was in paid work, Black Caribbeans and Indians again had the lowest poverty rates of 10-15%, compared to around 60% for Bangladeshis, 40% for Pakistanis and 30% for Black Africans.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> In 2011, a further comparison found that Black Caribbeans (with British Chinese and Indians) had lower child and adult poverty rates than Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Black Africans.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> White Britons tend to have the highest net wealth. Estimates of Black Caribbean wealth vary, according to source. A 2020 report by the <a href="/wiki/Resolution_Foundation" title="Resolution Foundation">Resolution Foundation</a> found Black Caribbeans have a median net family wealth per adult of £120,000 (higher than Chinese, Black African, Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Other White), placing them in third place out of the major ethnic groups in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Civitas's study found that Black Caribbeans have an individual median wealth of £85,000 - again placing them in third place out of the major ethnic groups in the UK:<a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[54]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic group </th> <th>Individual median wealth </th></tr> <tr> <td>White British </td> <td>£166,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indian </td> <td>£144,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black Caribbean </td> <td>£85,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese </td> <td>£67,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>White Other </td> <td>£53,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistani </td> <td>£52,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladeshi </td> <td>£22,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black African </td> <td>£18,100 </td></tr></tbody></table> Between 1972-2020, of the largest ethnic minority groups in Britain, Black Caribbeans (and Indians) had the highest employment rates overall. For much of the 1970s, Black Caribbeans had the highest employment rates - even higher than the White ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[58]</a> Between 2004-2008 and 2013-2014, Black Caribbeans earned more than their White British counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a> conducted research into ethnic minority pay gaps between 1993-2014. The report found that UK born Black Caribbean men had closed much of the pay gap to White British males, while UK born Black Caribbean women consistently out-earned White British women.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> In 2019, Black Caribbeans had a higher hourly median wage than Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Black Africans, White other and the other Asian ethnic group. Black Caribbean women continued to earn more on average than White British women.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_distribution">Population distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population distribution">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:right; font-size:85%; margin:1em;"> <caption>Black Caribbean population by region and country </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#dedebb;"> <th>Region / Country</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Per cent of region </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td> <td>619,419</td> <td>1.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></td> <td>345,405</td> <td>3.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a></td> <td>90,192</td> <td>1.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></td> <td>43,523</td> <td>0.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></td> <td>41,884</td> <td>0.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a></td> <td>30,828</td> <td>0.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></td> <td>25,919</td> <td>0.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and The Humber</a></td> <td>22,736</td> <td>0.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a></td> <td>17,226</td> <td>0.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a></td> <td>1,704</td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></td> <td>3,700</td> <td>0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[d]</a></td> <td>2,963</td> <td>0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a><a href="#cite_note-Census2021/22-65">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[f]</a></td> <td>2,214</td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Figures based on the 2021 United Kingdom Census<a href="#cite_note-2021regionethnic-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-2022census_Scot-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NICensus2021-5">[3]</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 United Kingdom census</a>, the ten local authorities with the largest proportion of Black Caribbean people were largely concentrated in Greater London: <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lewisham" title="London Borough of Lewisham">Lewisham</a> (10.61%), <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a> (9.24%), <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lambeth" title="London Borough of Lambeth">Lambeth</a> (9.13%), <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a> (6.91%), <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest" title="London Borough of Waltham Forest">Waltham Forest</a> (6.32%), <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">Brent</a> (6.26%), <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey" title="London Borough of Haringey">Haringey</a> (6.18%), <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="London Borough of Southwark">Southwark</a> (5.90%), <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a> (5.15%) and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (3.91%). In Wales, the highest proportion was in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> at 0.37%.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_group-68">[62]</a> In the 2011 Census, the greatest concentration of 'Black Caribbean' people is found in London, where 344,597 residents classified themselves as Black Caribbean, accounting for 4.2 per cent of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-2011CensusEngWales-32">[29]</a> Other significant concentrations were (not in order) <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-data-69">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, Wolverhampton,<a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>. In these cities, the community is traditionally associated with a particular area, such as <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlesden" title="Harlesden">Harlesden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonebridge,_London" title="Stonebridge, London">Stonebridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewisham" title="Lewisham">Lewisham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tottenham" title="Tottenham">Tottenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peckham" title="Peckham">Peckham</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/West_Bowling" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bowling">West Bowling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heaton,_West_Yorkshire" title="Heaton, West Yorkshire">Heaton</a> in Bradford, <a href="/wiki/Chapeltown,_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapeltown, West Yorkshire">Chapeltown</a> in Leeds,<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Pauls,_Bristol" title="St Pauls, Bristol">St. Pauls</a> in Bristol,<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands" title="Handsworth, West Midlands">Handsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aston" title="Aston">Aston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladywood" title="Ladywood">Ladywood</a> in Birmingham, <a href="/wiki/Moss_Side" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a> in Manchester, <a href="/wiki/St_Ann%27s,_Nottingham" title="St Ann's, Nottingham">St Ann's</a> in Nottingham, <a href="/wiki/Pitsmoor" title="Pitsmoor">Pitsmoor</a> in Sheffield and <a href="/wiki/Toxteth" title="Toxteth">Toxteth</a> in Liverpool. According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 UK Census">2011 UK Census</a> Birmingham was home to the largest Black Caribbean population, followed by <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lewisham" title="London Borough of Lewisham">Lewisham</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lambeth" title="London Borough of Lambeth">Lambeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">Brent</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Religion </th> <th colspan="4">England and Wales </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-religion-72">[66]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/20px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/30px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/40px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1052" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </td> <td>441,544 </td> <td>74.23% </td> <td>430,770 </td> <td>69.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>No religion </td> <td>76,616 </td> <td>12.88% </td> <td>116,143 </td> <td>18.64% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td>7,345 </td> <td>1.23% </td> <td>7,167 </td> <td>1.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/40px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> </td> <td>511 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>650 </td> <td>0.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/20px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/40px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> </td> <td>1,145 </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td>1,251 </td> <td>0.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/20px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/40px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> </td> <td>1,344 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>798 </td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/20px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/40px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> </td> <td>349 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>108 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religions </td> <td>4,065 </td> <td>0.68% </td> <td>6,909 </td> <td>1.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not Stated </td> <td>61,906 </td> <td>10.41% </td> <td>59,323 </td> <td>9.52% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_pioneers">Early pioneers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early pioneers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seacole_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Seacole_photo.jpg/170px-Seacole_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Seacole_photo.jpg/255px-Seacole_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Seacole_photo.jpg/340px-Seacole_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Seacole" title="Mary Seacole">Mary Seacole</a>, taken for a <a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">carte de visite</a> by Maull & Company in London (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1873)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_history" title="Afro-Caribbean history">Afro-Caribbean history</a></div> Beginning from the 16th century until the early 19th century, Africans were purchased by <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">European slave traders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">shipped across the Atlantic</a> to work as slaves in the various <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonies in the Americas</a>. Approximately 13 million Africans came to the Americas this way, to various locations such as <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Historians estimated approximately two million Africans were shipped to various <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonies</a> in the Caribbean and South America. These slaves would be given <a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">new names</a>, adopt European dress and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and be forced to work on <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> which produced <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> to be shipped back to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, completing the last leg of the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a>. Conditions on these plantations were harsh, and many escaped into the countryside or showed other forms of resistance.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> One impact of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a> was the differing historical development of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> and African-Caribbeans. Whereas the American colonists had legalised slavery via their <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">colonial assemblies</a>, slavery was never legal under British <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> and was thus prohibited in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> The much lauded <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">black Briton</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Sancho" title="Ignatius Sancho">Ignatius Sancho</a> was among the leading <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">British abolitionists</a> in the 18th century, and in 1783 an abolitionist movement spread throughout Britain to end slavery throughout the British Empire, with the poet <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a> writing in 1785: "We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it circulate through every vein."<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> There are records of small communities in the ports of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a> dating back to the mid-18th century. These communities were formed by freed slaves following the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">abolition of slavery in 1833</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> Typical occupations of the early migrants were <a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">footmen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">coachmen</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> Prominent African-Caribbean people in Britain during the 19th century include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Davidson_(conspirator)" title="William Davidson (conspirator)">William Davidson</a> (1781–1820), <a href="/wiki/Cato_Street_Conspiracy" title="Cato Street Conspiracy">Cato Street Conspirator</a></li> <li>Rev. <a href="/wiki/George_Cosens" title="George Cosens">George Cosens</a> (1805–1881), a Jamaican who became minister of <a href="/wiki/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church#History" title="Cradley Heath Baptist Church">Cradley Heath Baptist Church</a> in 1837</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Seacole" title="Mary Seacole">Mary Seacole</a> (1805–1881), a nurse in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. Voted the greatest ever Black Briton.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Tull" title="Walter Tull">Walter Tull</a> (1888–1918), footballer and soldier,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Watson_(footballer,_born_1856)" title="Andrew Watson (footballer, born 1856)">Andrew Watson</a> (1856–1921), footballer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wedderburn_(radical)" title="Robert Wedderburn (radical)">Robert Wedderburn</a> (1762–1835/6?), <a href="/wiki/Spencean" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencean">Spencean</a> revolutionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Wells" title="Nathaniel Wells">Nathaniel Wells</a> (1779–1852), landowner and yeomanry officer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The growing Caribbean presence in the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British military</a> led to approximately 15,000 Afro-Caribbean immigrants arriving in the north-west of England around the time of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to work in munitions factories.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> During the First World War, Sergeant <a href="/wiki/William_Robinson_Clarke" title="William Robinson Clarke">William Robinson Clarke</a> travelled from his native Jamaica and became Britain's first black pilot.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> poet and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a> came to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> following the First World War and became the first <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a> journalist, writing for the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Dreadnought" title="Workers' Dreadnought">Workers' Dreadnought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahamians" title="Bahamians">Bahamian</a> Dr <a href="/wiki/Allan_Glaisyer_Minns" title="Allan Glaisyer Minns">Allan Glaisyer Minns</a> became the first black mayor in Britain when he was elected Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Thetford,_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Thetford, Norfolk">Thetford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Indians_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_CH11478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/West_Indians_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_CH11478.jpg/170px-West_Indians_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_CH11478.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/West_Indians_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_CH11478.jpg/255px-West_Indians_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_CH11478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/West_Indians_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_CH11478.jpg/340px-West_Indians_in_Britain_during_the_Second_World_War_CH11478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Barbadian and Trinidadian pilots in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a></figcaption></figure> In February 1941, 345 West Indian workers were brought to work in and around <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> They were generally better skilled than the local <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a> population. There was some tension between them and <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West Africans</a> who had settled in the area.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Windrush_generation"">The "Windrush generation"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The "Windrush generation"">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many Caribbean people migrated to North America and Europe, especially to the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands. As a result of the losses during the war, the British government began to encourage mass immigration from mainland Europe to fill shortages in the labour market. Citizens from the former countries of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> also began to seek work in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-race-86">[80]</a> though the government's preference was for European workers to fill shortages.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Kenneth Lunn writes that, "By promoting employment schemes for white European workers to fill existing labour shortages and by choosing to discourage, albeit in an informal manner, black workers from the Commonwealth, a clear set of preferences were displayed".<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> The Ministry of Labour was particularly opposed to recruiting labour from the Caribbean, arguing that "previously advertised shortages no longer existed. In labor sectors where shortages could not be denied, the ministry concentrated on demonstrating that colonial citizens would make unsuitable workers".<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a> gave <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Citizenship of the UK and Colonies</a> to all people living in the United Kingdom and its colonies, and the right of entry and settlement in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Archives-90">[84]</a> Many West Indians were attracted by better prospects in what was often referred to as the mother country. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windrush_square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Windrush_square.jpg/220px-Windrush_square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Windrush_square.jpg/330px-Windrush_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Windrush_square.jpg/440px-Windrush_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>In 1998, a public open space in <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a>, south London, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Windrush_Square" title="Windrush Square">Windrush Square</a> to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the arrival of the ship bringing one of the first large groups of West Indian migrants to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a></figcaption></figure> The first ships to carry large groups of West Indian people from Jamaica to the United Kingdom were the SS Ormonde, which docked at Liverpool on 31 March 1947 with 241 passengers, and the SS Almanzora, which arrived at Southampton on 21 December that same year, with 200 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-NationalArchives-92">[86]</a> However, it was the voyage of <a href="/wiki/HMT_Empire_Windrush" title="HMT Empire Windrush">HMT Empire Windrush</a> in June the following year that was to become well-known. Empire Windrush arrived with a group of 802 migrants at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">port of Tilbury</a>, near London, on 22 June 1948.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecbc-94">[88]</a> Empire Windrush was a <a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">troopship</a> en route from Australia to England via the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, docking in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a>, in order to pick up servicemen who were on leave.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-95">[89]</a> An advertisement had appeared in a Jamaican newspaper offering cheap transport on the ship for anybody who wanted to travel to the United Kingdom. Many former servicemen took this opportunity to return to Britain with the hopes of rejoining the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a>, while others decided to make the journey just to see what England was like.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-95">[89]</a> Unlike the previous two ships, the arrival of the Windrush received a great deal of media attention and was reported by newspaper reporters and <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> cameras.<a href="#cite_note-Pathe1-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> The arrivals were temporarily housed in the <a href="/wiki/Clapham_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapham South">Clapham South</a> <a href="/wiki/London_deep-level_shelters" title="London deep-level shelters">deep shelter</a> in southwest London, about two miles (three kilometres) away from <a href="/wiki/Coldharbour_Lane" title="Coldharbour Lane">Coldharbour Lane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a>. Many intended to stay in Britain for less than a few years, and some did return to the Caribbean, but the majority remained to settle permanently in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-95">[89]</a> The arrival of the passengers became an important landmark in the history of modern Britain, and the image of West Indians filing off the ship's gangplank has come to symbolise the beginning of modern British <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> society.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-95">[89]</a> The arrival of West Indian immigrants on the Empire Windrush was not expected or approved of by the British government. <a href="/wiki/George_Isaacs" title="George Isaacs">George Isaacs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour and National Service">Minister of Labour and National Service</a> stated in Parliament that there would be no encouragement for others to follow their example. In June 1948, 11 Labour Members wrote to <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> complaining about excessive immigration. In the same month, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Creech_Jones" title="Arthur Creech Jones">Arthur Creech Jones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> noted in a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> memorandum that the Jamaican Government could not legally prevent people from departing, and the British government could not legally prevent them from landing. However, he also stated that the government was opposed to this immigration, the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> and the Jamaican Government would take all possible steps to discourage it.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen2000-98">[92]</a> In June 1950, a Cabinet committee was established to find "ways which might be adopted to check the immigration into this country of coloured people from British colonial territories." In February 1951, the committee reported that no restrictions were required.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> There was plenty of work in post-war Britain, and industries such as <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> and public transport recruited almost exclusively from Jamaica and Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> Though African-Caribbean people were encouraged to journey to Britain through immigration campaigns created by successive British governments, many new arrivals endured prejudice, intolerance and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> from sectors of <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">white society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ecbc-94">[88]</a> This experience marked African-Caribbean people's relations with the wider community over a long period.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> Early African-Caribbean immigrants found private employment and housing denied to them on the basis of race. Trade unions would often not help African-Caribbean workers and some pubs, clubs, dance halls and churches would bar black people from entering.<a href="#cite_note-ecbc-94">[88]</a> Housing was in short supply following the wartime bombing, and the shortage led to some of the first clashes with the established <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white community</a>. Clashes continued and worsened into the 1950s, and riots erupted in cities including London, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-race-86">[80]</a> In 1958, attacks in the London area of <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill" title="Notting Hill">Notting Hill</a> by white youths marred relations with West Indian residents, and the following year as a positive response by the Caribbean community an indoor carnival event organised by <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Gazette" title="West Indian Gazette">West Indian Gazette</a> editor <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Claudia Jones</a> took place in St Pancras Town Hall, and would be a precursor to what became the annual <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> Some of the racism and intolerance was stoked by explicitly <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">anti-immigration</a> movements including <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Empire_Loyalists" title="League of Empire Loyalists">League of Empire Loyalists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_Defence_League" title="White Defence League">White Defence League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Party_(UK,_1957)" title="National Labour Party (UK, 1957)">National Labour Party</a> and others. Influenced by this kind of propaganda, gangs of <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Boy">Teddy Boys</a> would sometimes attack black people in London.<a href="#cite_note-ecbc-94">[88]</a> Historian Winston James argues that the experience of suffering racism was a major factor in the development of a shared Caribbean identity among immigrants from a range of different island and class backgrounds. The shared experience of employment by organisations such as <a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Executive" title="London Transport Executive">London Transport</a> and the National Health Service also played a role in the building of a British African-Caribbean identity.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> Social Geographer <a href="/wiki/Ceri_Peach" title="Ceri Peach">Ceri Peach</a> estimates that the number of people in Britain born in the West Indies grew from 15,000 in 1951 to 172,000 in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Peach-43">[40]</a> In 1962, the UK enacted the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Immigrants_Act_1962" title="Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962">Commonwealth Immigrants Act</a>, restricting the entry of immigrants,<a href="#cite_note-race-86">[80]</a> and by 1972 only holders of work permits, or people with parents or <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandparents born in the United Kingdom</a>, could gain entry – effectively stemming most Caribbean immigration.<a href="#cite_note-Archives-90">[84]</a> Despite the restrictive measures, an entire generation of Britons with African-Caribbean heritage now existed, contributing to British society in virtually every field, a generation celebrated in the "Windrush 75 1948–2023 Souvenir Edition" of <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(British_newspaper)" title="The Voice (British newspaper)">The Voice</a> published in June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recession_and_turbulence,_1970s_and_1980s">Recession and turbulence, 1970s and 1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recession and turbulence, 1970s and 1980s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notting_Hill_Carnival_2002_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Notting_Hill_Carnival_2002_large.jpg/220px-Notting_Hill_Carnival_2002_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Notting_Hill_Carnival_2002_large.jpg/330px-Notting_Hill_Carnival_2002_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Notting_Hill_Carnival_2002_large.jpg/440px-Notting_Hill_Carnival_2002_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Dancers at the <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a></figcaption></figure> The 1970s and 1980s were decades of comparative turbulence in wider British society; industrial disputes preceded a period of deep <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> and widespread <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> which seriously affected the economically less prosperous African-Caribbean community. During the decades of the 1970s and 1980s, unemployment among the children of Caribbean migrants ran at three to four times that of white school leavers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> By 1982 the number of all people out of work in Britain had risen above three million for the first time since the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal racism</a>, discrimination, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, powerlessness and oppressive policing sparked a series of riots in areas with substantial African-Caribbean populations.<a href="#cite_note-scarman-107">[101]</a> These "uprisings" (as they were described by some in the community) took place in <a href="/wiki/St_Pauls,_Bristol" title="St Pauls, Bristol">St Pauls</a> in 1980, <a href="/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot" title="1981 Brixton riot">Brixton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxteth_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxteth riots">Toxteth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moss_Side" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a> in 1981, St Pauls again in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Gate" title="Notting Hill Gate">Notting Hill Gate</a> in 1982, Toxteth in 1982, and <a href="/wiki/1985_Handsworth_riots" title="1985 Handsworth riots">Handsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brixton_riot_(1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brixton riot (1985)">Brixton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot" title="Broadwater Farm riot">Tottenham</a> in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> The riots had a profoundly unsettling effect on local residents, and led the then <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw,_1st_Viscount_Whitelaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw">William Whitelaw</a> to commission the <a href="/wiki/Scarman_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarman report">Scarman report</a> to address the root causes of the disturbances. The report identified both "racial discrimination" and a "racial disadvantage" in Britain, concluding that urgent action was needed to prevent these issues becoming an "endemic, ineradicable disease threatening the very survival of our society".<a href="#cite_note-scarman-107">[101]</a> The era saw an increase in attacks on black people by white people. The Joint Campaign Against Racism committee reported that there had been more than 20,000 attacks on non-white Britons including <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Britons of Asian origin</a> during 1985.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_and_21st_century">1990s and 21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1990s and 21st century">edit</a>]</div> The police response to the 1993 murder of black teenager <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Lawrence">Stephen Lawrence</a> led to outcry and calls to investigate police conduct. The ensuing government inquiry, the Macpherson Report, concluded that there was <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a> in London's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> In 2009, 1.2% of British children under 16 were Black Caribbean and 1.1% were mixed white and black Caribbean. Among those children who were living with at least one Caribbean parent, only one in five was living with two Caribbean parents.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> In 2015 Catherine Ross, who came to the UK from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> as a child, founded the SKN (Skills, Knowledge and Networks) Heritage Museum, which became <a href="/wiki/Museumand" title="Museumand">Museumand: The National Caribbean Heritage Museum</a>, a "museum without walls" based in Nottingham.<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-113">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-museumand-about-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windrush_scandal">Windrush scandal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Windrush scandal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windrush_scandal" title="Windrush scandal">Windrush scandal</a></div> From November 2017<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2017-115">[109]</a> British newspapers reported that the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> had threatened Commonwealth immigrants who arrived before 1973 with deportation if they could not prove their right to remain in the UK. In April 2018, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> apologised to leaders of Caribbean countries about the way immigrants had been treated,<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> promising compensation to those affected.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> In what has become known as the "<a href="/wiki/Windrush_scandal" title="Windrush scandal">Windrush scandal</a>", Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Amber Rudd</a> initially denied the existence of, and later denied being aware of aggressive departmental deportation targets, but eventually resigned on 29 April 2018 after news outlets published documents indicating that she knew of the targets.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> Prior to Rudd's resignation, <a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a>, her successor as Home Secretary, had expressed sympathy for the victims of the scandal, telling the Sunday Telegraph that "I thought, 'That could be my mum ... my dad ... my uncle ... it could be me.'"<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> Landing cards relating to earlier passenger arrivals in the United Kingdom had been destroyed in October 2010.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> A public inquiry ordered by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, titled the Windrush Lessons Learned Review, was published in March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-windrushreport2020-19">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome-wide_studies">Genome-wide studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Genome-wide studies">edit</a>]</div> Genome-wide research of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a> have shown that the grouping, on average, have 77.4% African, 15.9% European, and 6.7% Asian DNA. This 2010 study represented African Caribbeans living within the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> Within the United Kingdom, men and women of African Caribbean origin or ancestry were also found to have around 13 percent of their DNA from sources other than <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. In the research, only volunteers who had all four grandparents of Afro-Caribbean origin were sampled.<a href="#cite_note-Derbyshire2003-15">[12]</a> Researchers have been able to attribute this partly to historic European males' sexual exploitation of enslaved African women.<a href="#cite_note-bbcjuly2020-14">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_contributions">Notable contributions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable contributions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia">Academia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Academia">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of African-Caribbean academics who are especially prominent in the arts and humanities. Professor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Afro-Guyanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> heritage, is one of Britain's leading academics, having taught <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldsmiths College">Goldsmiths College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> The Jamaican-born cultural theorist Professor <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> has also been a highly influential British <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beckford" title="Robert Beckford">Robert Beckford</a> has presented several national television and radio documentaries exploring African-Caribbean history, culture and religion.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Other prominent academics include Guyanese born Professor <a href="/wiki/Gus_John" title="Gus John">Gus John</a>, who has been active in education, schooling and political radicalism in Britain's inner cities such as Manchester, Birmingham and London since the 1960s. He was involved in the organising the "Black people's day of action", a response to the 1981 <a href="/wiki/New_Cross_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cross Fire">New Cross Fire</a>. In 1989 he was appointed Director of Education in Hackney and was the first black person to hold such a position. He has also worked as an education consultant in Europe, the Caribbean and Africa. John was the co-ordinator of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Parents_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Parents Movement">Black Parents Movement</a> in Manchester, founded the Education for Liberation book service and helped to organise the International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books in Manchester, London and Bradford. He has worked in a number of University settings, including a visiting Faculty Professor of Education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a> in Glasgow and is currently an associate professor of the Institute of Education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. Dr <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22William%22_Lez_Henry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""William" Lez Henry (page does not exist)">"William" Lez Henry</a> works with young people, particularly black boys. He is the founder of Black Liberation Afrikan Knowledge (BLK Friday) a platform for people to give presentations to the community. In 2005, he received an Excellence in Education Award at the Challenging The Genius: Excellent Education for Children: "Our Future is Not a dream", Conference in Chicago, USA. He is one of the founding members of the National Independent Education Coalition (NIEC). Henry previously hosted a fortnightly talk show on popular London pirate radio station Galaxy 102.5FM (formerly 99.5 FM) and who is also a former lecturer of <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldsmiths College">Goldsmiths College</a>. Prof. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Goldbourne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Goldbourne (page does not exist)">Harry Goldbourne</a> is a former member of the radical group the <a href="/wiki/Black_Unity_and_Freedom_Party" title="Black Unity and Freedom Party">Black Unity and Freedom Party</a> who went on to teach at the <a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">University of the South Bank</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acting_and_entertainment">Acting and entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Acting and entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_television" class="mw-redirect" title="British television">British television</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="British cinema">British cinema</a></div> The 1970s saw the emergence of independent filmmakers such as Trinidadian-born <a href="/wiki/Horace_Ov%C3%A9" title="Horace Ové">Horace Ové</a>, the director of <a href="/wiki/Pressure_(1975_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure (1975 film)">Pressure</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> London's <a href="/wiki/Talawa_Theatre_Company" title="Talawa Theatre Company">Talawa Theatre Company</a> was founded in the 1985 by Jamaican-born <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Brewster" title="Yvonne Brewster">Yvonne Brewster</a>, their first production being based on <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a>'s historical account of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> Since the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_Theatre" title="Blue Mountain Theatre">Blue Mountain Theatre</a>'s productions have offered a more earthy style of populist comedy, often bringing over Jamaican artists such as <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Samuels" title="Oliver Samuels">Oliver Samuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyanese</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(actor)" title="Robert Adams (actor)">Robert Adams</a> became the first African-Caribbean dramatic actor to appear on British television on 11 May 1938 (in a production of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Jones" title="The Emperor Jones">The Emperor Jones</a>), African-Caribbean entertainers were first widely popularised on British television broadcasts with the postwar resumption of <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television in 1946 (pre-war Black entertainers on the BBC – the first in the world – had primarily been <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> stars).<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> The profile of African-Caribbean actors on <a href="/wiki/British_television" class="mw-redirect" title="British television">television</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lennie_James" title="Lennie James">Lennie James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Jacob" title="Judith Jacob">Judith Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diane_Parish" title="Diane Parish">Diane Parish</a>, has widened substantially since 1970s programmes such as: <a href="/wiki/Love_Thy_Neighbour_(1972_TV_series)" title="Love Thy Neighbour (1972 TV series)">Love Thy Neighbour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Walker" title="Rudolph Walker">Rudolph Walker</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rising_Damp" title="Rising Damp">Rising Damp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Don_Warrington" title="Don Warrington">Don Warrington</a>) when their role was often to act simply as either the butt of, or foil to, racist jokes made by White characters. The most influential programme in moving away from this formula was the 1989–94 <a href="/wiki/Channel_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Four">Channel Four</a> barbershop sitcom <a href="/wiki/Desmond%27s" title="Desmond's">Desmond's</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Norman_Beaton" title="Norman Beaton">Norman Beaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Munroe" title="Carmen Munroe">Carmen Munroe</a>. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison" title="Peter Davison">Peter Davison</a>, who is of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Afro-Guyanese</a> and English descent, was the then-youngest-ever actor to play the Doctor in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>.<a href="#cite_note-davison2017-2016-22">[19]</a> One of the biggest African-Caribbean names in <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> is <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Henry" title="Lenny Henry">Lenny Henry</a>, who began his career as a stand-up comedian but whose television sketch shows, where he often caricatured Caribbean <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrés</a>, made him popular enough to headline numerous primetime comedy shows from, for instance, Lenny Henry in 1984 to The Lenny Henry Show in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> Becoming a prominent television personality between 2002 and 2009 after appearing on series <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)" title="Big Brother (British TV series)">Big Brother</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade_Goody" title="Jade Goody">Jade Goody</a> was of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">Afro-Jamaican</a> and English descent.<a href="#cite_note-goody2009-2019-23">[20]</a> Another Big Brother contestant, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Hammond" title="Alison Hammond">Alison Hammond</a>, has appeared on many television programmes and in 2020, <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> announced a shake-up of <a href="/wiki/This_Morning_(TV_programme)" title="This Morning (TV programme)">This Morning</a> presenters, with Hammond replacing <a href="/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes" title="Eamonn Holmes">Eamonn Holmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Langsford" title="Ruth Langsford">Ruth Langsford</a> on a Friday, presenting alongside <a href="/wiki/Dermot_O%27Leary" title="Dermot O'Leary">Dermot O'Leary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> Hammond is of Afro-Jamaican descent. Another big African-Caribbean name is <a href="/wiki/Ainsley_Harriott" title="Ainsley Harriott">Ainsley Harriott</a>, who has appeared in several shows including <a href="/wiki/Ready_Steady_Cook" title="Ready Steady Cook">Ready Steady Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Cook,_Won%27t_Cook" title="Can't Cook, Won't Cook">Can't Cook, Won't Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Hospital_(British_TV_series)" title="City Hospital (British TV series)">City Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Dwarf" title="Red Dwarf">Red Dwarf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing" title="Strictly Come Dancing">Strictly Come Dancing</a>. In September 2008, Harriott explored his Caribbean heritage, taking part in the genealogy documentary series, <a href="/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)">Who Do You Think You Are?</a>. Other television personalities and presenters include <a href="/wiki/Angellica_Bell" title="Angellica Bell">Angellica Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andi_Oliver" title="Andi Oliver">Andi Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alesha_Dixon" title="Alesha Dixon">Alesha Dixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josie_d%27Arby" title="Josie d'Arby">Josie d'Arby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diane-Louise_Jordan" title="Diane-Louise Jordan">Diane-Louise Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floella_Benjamin" title="Floella Benjamin">Floella Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Taylor" title="Margherita Taylor">Margherita Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trisha_Goddard" title="Trisha Goddard">Trisha Goddard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Wallace" title="Shaun Wallace">Shaun Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Evans_(fitness_instructor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derrick Evans (fitness instructor)">Mr Motivator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Scott_(footballer,_born_1984)" title="Alex Scott (footballer, born 1984)">Alex Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Humes" title="Marvin Humes">Marvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rochelle_Humes" title="Rochelle Humes">Rochelle Humes</a>. The highest professional achievement by a British African-Caribbean actor was <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Jean-Baptiste" title="Marianne Jean-Baptiste">Marianne Jean-Baptiste</a>'s 1996 nominations for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> (Oscar), <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy Award</a> (bafta) for her feature-film debut role in <a href="/wiki/Secrets_%26_Lies_(film)" title="Secrets & Lies (film)">Secrets & Lies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naomie_Harris" title="Naomie Harris">Naomie Harris</a> replicated this in 2017, with nominations for a Golden Globe, BAFTA and Oscar for her performance in <a href="/wiki/Moonlight_(2016_film)" title="Moonlight (2016 film)">Moonlight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> Numerous British African-Caribbean actors have become successful in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> film and television. In 2009 portraying <a href="/wiki/Lord_Voldemort#Portrayals_within_films" title="Lord Voldemort">Lord Voldemort</a> – one of the most famous characters in cinematic history – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dillane" title="Frank Dillane">Frank Dillane</a> has <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">Afro-Jamaican</a> and English heritage.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> Oxfordshire-born <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Miller" title="Wentworth Miller">Wentworth Miller</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prison_Break" title="Prison Break">Prison Break</a> fame is also of partial Jamaican descent. Miller earned a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Award nomination</a> for his Prison Break role<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> and won a <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn Award</a> for his guest appearance in the critically acclaimed <a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)" title="The Flash (2014 TV series)">The Flash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> Actor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Graham" title="Stephen Graham">Stephen Graham</a>, who has featured in three <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> directed productions, has <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">Afro-Jamaican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a> and English ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-graham2015-2019-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delroy_Lindo" title="Delroy Lindo">Delroy Lindo</a> earned a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Awards" title="Satellite Awards">Satellite Award</a> for his role in American <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a> <a href="/wiki/Glory_%26_Honor" title="Glory & Honor">Glory & Honor</a> and won numerous accolades for his role as Paul, in <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee's</a> highly praised <a href="/wiki/Da_5_Bloods" title="Da 5 Bloods">Da 5 Bloods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> Lindo is of Jamaican heritage. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Salmon" title="Colin Salmon">Colin Salmon</a>, who is also of Jamaican descent, is known for playing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robinson_(James_Bond)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Robinson (James Bond)">Charles Robinson</a> in three <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond in film">James Bond films</a> and James "One" Shade in the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(film_series)" title="Resident Evil (film series)">Resident Evil film series.</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Thomason" title="Marsha Thomason">Marsha Thomason</a>, who is of mixed Jamaican and English heritage, has appeared in Disney's <a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Mansion_(2003_film)" title="The Haunted Mansion (2003 film)">The Haunted Mansion</a>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a>, and US television series <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_(TV_series)" title="Las Vegas (TV series)">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost (2004 TV series)">Lost</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Collar_(TV_series)" title="White Collar (TV series)">White Collar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Walters_(actor)" title="Ashley Walters (actor)">Ashley Walters</a>, of Jamaican ancestry, played the role as Antoine in <a href="/wiki/Get_Rich_or_Die_Tryin%27_(film)" title="Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)">Get Rich or Die Tryin'</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Harewood" title="David Harewood">David Harewood</a>, who is Barbadian descent, played David Estes, Director of the CIA's Counter-terrorism Centre in the highly successful television series <a href="/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)">Homeland</a>. He also played a lead role in the popular American superhero TV series <a href="/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)" title="Supergirl (TV series)">Supergirl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> Harewood was honoured with the <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> Outstanding Achievement Award in recognition of his work and success in both the U.K. and U.S.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lashana_Lynch" title="Lashana Lynch">Lashana Lynch</a> featured opposite <a href="/wiki/Brie_Larson" title="Brie Larson">Brie Larson</a> in 2019's <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(film)" title="Captain Marvel (film)">Captain Marvel</a> and played the role of Nomi, the secret agent who replaces <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Craig's</a> retired <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">Bond</a> in <a href="/wiki/No_Time_to_Die" title="No Time to Die">No Time to Die</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Lynch won a BAFTA for her role in No Time to Die, thanking her Jamaican parents while accepting the award.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Lester" title="Adrian Lester">Adrian Lester</a>, who is of Jamaican descent, featured in the political blockbuster <a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)">Primary Colors</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nicholls</a> and co-starring <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Bates" title="Kathy Bates">Kathy Bates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton" title="Billy Bob Thornton">Billy Bob Thornton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a>. This part earned Lester a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association" title="Chicago Film Critics Association">Chicago Film Critics Association</a> award nomination for "Most Promising Actor".<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_design">Art and design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art and design">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_art" class="mw-redirect" title="British art">British art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tate_Britain_(5822081512)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tate_Britain_%285822081512%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Tate_Britain_%285822081512%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tate_Britain_%285822081512%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Tate_Britain_%285822081512%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tate_Britain_%285822081512%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Tate_Britain_%285822081512%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4744" data-file-height="3452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>, which houses works by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rodney" title="Donald Rodney">Donald Rodney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Boyce" title="Sonia Boyce">Sonia Boyce</a></figcaption></figure> One of the most influential African-Caribbean people in the British art world has been Prof. <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Chambers_(writer_and_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddie Chambers (writer and artist)">Eddie Chambers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> Chambers, along with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rodney" title="Donald Rodney">Donald Rodney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Smith_(artist)" title="Marlene Smith (artist)">Marlene Smith</a> and curator, artist, critic and academic <a href="/wiki/Keith_Piper_(artist)" title="Keith Piper (artist)">Keith Piper</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/BLK_Art_Group" title="BLK Art Group">BLK Art Group</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> in 1982, when they were initially based in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_conurbation" title="West Midlands conurbation">West Midlands</a>. According to Chambers, significant artists such as the Guyanese-born painters <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Williams" title="Aubrey Williams">Aubrey Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bowling" title="Frank Bowling">Frank Bowling</a> and the Jamaican sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Moody" title="Ronald Moody">Ronald Moody</a> initially found that, despite achieving worldwide renown, it was difficult to find acceptance in the highest echelons of the art establishment.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> Chambers worked with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rodney" title="Donald Rodney">Donald Rodney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Boyce" title="Sonia Boyce">Sonia Boyce</a>, both of whose work is represented in the permanent collections of the London's <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a> museum. In 1986 the <a href="/wiki/Hayward_Gallery" title="Hayward Gallery">Hayward Gallery</a> presented the exhibition <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Story_(exhibition)" title="The Other Story (exhibition)">The Other Story</a>, which provided a survey of African-Caribbean, African and Asian artists working in the UK. Other African-Caribbean artists of note include <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Abdu%27allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal Abdu'allah">Faisal Abdu'allah</a> of Jamaican heritage,<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> Guyanese-born <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Pollard" title="Ingrid Pollard">Ingrid Pollard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> British-based Jamaican painter <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Palmer_(artist)" title="Eugene Palmer (artist)">Eugene Palmer</a>, the sculptor <a href="/wiki/George_%22Fowokan%22_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="George "Fowokan" Kelly">George "Fowokan" Kelly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tam_Joseph" title="Tam Joseph">Tam Joseph</a>, whose 1983 work Spirit of Carnival was a vivid depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> The movement was also part of the impetus that led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Black_Photographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Black Photographers">Association of Black Photographers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sealy" title="Mark Sealy">Mark Sealy</a> and others. In 1999 the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a> (not to be confused with the Hollywood filmstar) won Britain's most prestigious art prize, the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a>, for his video Deadpan.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> The artist and producer <a href="/wiki/Pogus_Caesar" title="Pogus Caesar">Pogus Caesar</a> was commissioned by Artangel to direct a film based on McQueen's work. Forward Ever – Backward Never was premiered at the Lumiere in London in 2002. Caesar has also established the <a href="/wiki/OOM_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="OOM Gallery">OOM Gallery</a> Archives, based in Birmingham, which has in excess of 14,000 images including photographs of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a> culture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Cleo_Laine" title="Cleo Laine">Cleo Laine</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Jazz_Vocal_Performance,_Female" title="Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female">Best Female Jazz Vocal Performance</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cleo_at_Carnegie:_The_10th_Anniversary_Concert" title="Cleo at Carnegie: The 10th Anniversary Concert">Cleo at Carnegie: The 10th Anniversary Concert</a>. Laine has Jamaican heritage.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Queen_(No_More_Love_on_the_Run)" title="Caribbean Queen (No More Love on the Run)">Caribbean Queen</a> scored <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ocean" title="Billy Ocean">Billy Ocean</a> two Grammy Award nominations and won him the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Male_R%26B_Vocal_Performance" title="Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance">Best Male R&B Vocal Performance</a> at the <a href="/wiki/27th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="27th Annual Grammy Awards">1985 Grammy Awards</a>. Ocean was born in Trinidad but has lived in <a href="/wiki/Sunningdale" title="Sunningdale">Sunningdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> since 1978. In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Reggae_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album">Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon_the_Bandit" title="Babylon the Bandit">Babylon The Bandit</a>. Original band members (<a href="/wiki/David_Hinds" title="David Hinds">David Hinds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Gabbidon" title="Basil Gabbidon">Basil Gabbidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_McQueen" title="Ronald McQueen">Ronald McQueen</a>) are all of Jamaican descent. Formed in 1988, <a href="/wiki/Soul_II_Soul" title="Soul II Soul">Soul II Soul</a> gained significant popularity in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> and achieved two Grammy Awards. Founding member <a href="/wiki/Jazzie_B" title="Jazzie B">Jazzie B</a> is of Antiguan descent, while lead singer, <a href="/wiki/Caron_Wheeler" title="Caron Wheeler">Caron Wheeler</a>, has Jamaican ancestry. With worldwide record sales of more than 70 million, Grammy Award-nominated <a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a> has various members of Caribbean heritage. With multiple UK number-one achievements between 1999 and 2001, <a href="/wiki/S_Club_7" class="mw-redirect" title="S Club 7">S Club 7</a> had two members of African-Caribbean heritage. <a href="/wiki/Bradley_McIntosh" title="Bradley McIntosh">Bradley McIntosh</a> was born to <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">African-Jamaican</a> parents, who had been members of funk group <a href="/wiki/The_Cool_Notes" title="The Cool Notes">The Cool Notes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tina_Barrett" title="Tina Barrett">Tina Barrett</a>, who has <a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">African-Guyanese</a> and English ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mel_B" title="Mel B">Melanie Brown</a> was an integral part of the 90s girl group <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">The Spice Girls</a>, reportedly the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_girl_groups" title="List of best-selling girl groups">best-selling female group of all time</a>. Brown was born to a father from Saint Kitts and Nevis. <a href="/wiki/Leigh-Anne_Pinnock" title="Leigh-Anne Pinnock">Leigh-Anne Pinnock</a> is a member of <a href="/wiki/Little_Mix" title="Little Mix">Little Mix</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_girl_groups" title="List of best-selling girl groups">best-selling girl groups of all time</a>. Pinnock has <a href="/wiki/Barbadians" title="Barbadians">Barbadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a> ancestry. <a href="/wiki/Estelle_(musician)" title="Estelle (musician)">Estelle</a>, who has a Grenadian father, picked up a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap/Sung_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration">Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration</a> in 2009. <a href="/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae" title="Corinne Bailey Rae">Corinne Bailey Rae</a>, achieved Grammy Awards in 2008 and 2012. Her father is from Saint Kitts and Nevis. Part-Jamaican, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Mai" title="Ella Mai">Ella Mai</a>, won <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Song" title="Grammy Award for Best R&B Song">the Grammy Award for Best R&B Song</a> in 2019. A <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Prize" title="Mercury Prize">Mercury Prize</a> and <a href="/wiki/63rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="63rd Annual Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a>-nominated artist, rapper <a href="/wiki/Slowthai" title="Slowthai">Slowthai</a> has <a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Barbadian">Afro-Barbadian</a>, English and <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2020-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nil%C3%BCfer_Yanya" title="Nilüfer Yanya">Nilüfer Yanya</a> has the same background, and also <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> heritage.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> Other Grammy nominated British-Caribbean artists include <a href="/wiki/Joan_Armatrading" title="Joan Armatrading">Joan Armatrading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aswad" title="Aswad">Aswad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_David" title="Craig David">Craig David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Grant" title="Eddy Grant">Eddy Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lianne_La_Havas" title="Lianne La Havas">Lianne La Havas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leona_Lewis" title="Leona Lewis">Leona Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahalia_(singer)" title="Mahalia (singer)">Mahalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Marley" title="Julian Marley">Julian Marley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_Youth" title="Musical Youth">Musical Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nao_(singer)" title="Nao (singer)">Nao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_Priest" title="Maxi Priest">Maxi Priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorja_Smith" title="Jorja Smith">Jorja Smith</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Ms_Diane_Abbott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Official_portrait_of_Ms_Diane_Abbott.jpg/170px-Official_portrait_of_Ms_Diane_Abbott.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Official_portrait_of_Ms_Diane_Abbott.jpg/255px-Official_portrait_of_Ms_Diane_Abbott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Official_portrait_of_Ms_Diane_Abbott.jpg/340px-Official_portrait_of_Ms_Diane_Abbott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3797" data-file-height="5315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Diane Abbott</a>, born to Jamaican parents, became the first black woman elected to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in 1987.</figcaption></figure> African-Caribbeans have made significant contributions to British politics and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionism">trade unionism</a>. Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Diane Abbott</a> became the first black female to be elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> Elected alongside her was one other African-Caribbean Labour MP, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Grant" title="Bernie Grant">Bernie Grant</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyanese</a> heritage. Linda C. Douglas was the first black member of the party's <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a>, representing the later expelled <a href="/wiki/Militant_tendency" title="Militant tendency">Militant tendency</a>. Jamaican-born <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morris,_Baron_Morris_of_Handsworth" title="Bill Morris, Baron Morris of Handsworth">Bill Morris</a> was <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary">General Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union" title="Transport and General Workers' Union">Transport and General Workers' Union</a> from 1992 to 2003, and became the first black leader of a major British trade union. Jamaican-born <a href="/wiki/Lurline_Champagnie" title="Lurline Champagnie">Lurline Champagnie</a> became the first black woman to stand as a parliamentary candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> Guyana-born <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos,_Baroness_Amos" title="Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos">Valerie Amos</a> became the first black woman to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet minister</a> in 2003<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> Dawn Butler, who has Jamaican ancestry, became the first black female to speak from the <a href="/wiki/Despatch_box" title="Despatch box">despatch box</a> in the House of Commons in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> Dominican-born <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Scotland" title="Patricia Scotland">Patricia Scotland</a> was elected the first female <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Commonwealth Secretary-General</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Rees" title="Marvin Rees">Marvin Rees</a>, who has partial Jamaican heritage, is the UK's first directly elected black mayor.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Paulette_Hamilton" title="Paulette Hamilton">Paulette Hamilton</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Erdington" title="Erdington">Erdington</a> by-election to become <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham's</a> first Black MP.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> Hamilton has Jamaican ancestry. Other notable contributors include <a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennette_Arnold" title="Jennette Arnold">Jennette Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Barrow" title="Jocelyn Barrow">Jocelyn Barrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Lawrence" title="Doreen Lawrence">Doreen Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lowe" title="Alison Lowe">Alison Lowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Dacres" title="Brenda Dacres">Brenda Dacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakira_Martin_(NUS_president)" title="Shakira Martin (NUS president)">Shakira Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Simmons" title="Lydia Simmons">Lydia Simmons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gunter" title="Henry Gunter">Henry Gunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Beaver_King" title="Sam Beaver King">Sam Beaver King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Moody" title="Harold Moody">Harold Moody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport in the United Kingdom</a></div> British African-Caribbean people are well represented in traditional British sports such as <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, and have also represented the nation at the highest level in sports where Caribbean people typically excel in the home countries such as <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>. Some British African-Caribbean people have gone on to become international sports stars and top global earners in their chosen sporting field. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Athletics">Athletics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> Britain's first <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> sprint medals came from <a href="/wiki/Harry_Edward" title="Harry Edward">Harry Edward</a>, born in Guyana, who won two individual bronze medals at the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 games in Antwerp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fast-167">[161]</a> Many years later, sprinter <a href="/wiki/Linford_Christie" title="Linford Christie">Linford Christie</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica">Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica</a>, won 23 major championship medals, more than any other British male athlete to date. Christie's career highlight was winning a <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a> in the immensely competitive <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 metres</a> event in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Barcelona Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> hurdler <a href="/wiki/Colin_Jackson" title="Colin Jackson">Colin Jackson</a>, who went to considerable lengths to explore his Jamaican heritage in a BBC documentary,<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> held the <a href="/wiki/110_metres_hurdles" title="110 metres hurdles">110 metres hurdles</a> world record for 11 years between 1993 and 2004.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Scott" title="Ethel Scott">Ethel Scott</a> (1907–84), who had a Jamaican father and an English mother, was the first black woman to represent Great Britain in an international athletics competition. She was a sprinter active in international competitions for a brief period in the 1930s. Jamaican-born <a href="/wiki/Tessa_Sanderson" title="Tessa Sanderson">Tessa Sanderson</a> became the first British African-Caribbean woman to win Olympic gold, receiving the medal for her <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin</a> performance in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Denise_Lewis" title="Denise Lewis">Denise Lewis</a>, of Jamaican heritage, won <a href="/wiki/Heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">heptathlon</a> gold in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Sydney Olympics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jam-171">[165]</a> a games where 13 of Britain's 18 track and field representatives had Afro-Caribbean roots.<a href="#cite_note-Fast-167">[161]</a> Four years later in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">Athens Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Holmes" title="Kelly Holmes">Kelly Holmes</a>, the daughter of a Jamaican-born car mechanic, achieved the rare feat of taking gold in both the <a href="/wiki/800_metres" title="800 metres">800</a> and <a href="/wiki/1500_metres" title="1500 metres">1500 metres</a> races.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> In the same games, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay" title="Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay">men's 4 × 100-metre relay team</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Devonish" title="Marlon Devonish">Marlon Devonish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darren_Campbell" title="Darren Campbell">Darren Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lewis-Francis" title="Mark Lewis-Francis">Mark Lewis-Francis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Gardener" title="Jason Gardener">Jason Gardener</a>, all of African-Caribbean heritage, beat the favoured United States quartet to claim Olympic gold.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Ennis-Hill" title="Jessica Ennis-Hill">Jessica Ennis-Hill</a>, the daughter of a Jamaican self-employed painter and decorator, won heptathlon gold in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 London Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boxing">Boxing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Boxing">edit</a>]</div> British <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxers</a> of a Caribbean background have played a prominent role in the national boxing scene since the early 1980s. In 1995 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bruno" title="Frank Bruno">Frank Bruno</a>, whose mother was a <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> lay preacher from Jamaica, became Britain's first <a href="/wiki/List_of_heavyweight_boxing_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heavyweight boxing champions">world heavyweight boxing champion</a> in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> Bruno's reign was shortly followed by British-born Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lewis" title="Lennox Lewis">Lennox Lewis</a>, who defeated <a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Evander Holyfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a> to become the world's premier heavyweight during the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> Middleweights <a href="/wiki/Chris_Eubank" title="Chris Eubank">Chris Eubank</a>, who spent his early years in Jamaica, and <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Benn" title="Nigel Benn">Nigel Benn</a>, of Barbadian descent, both claimed world titles and fought a series of brutal battles in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">Sydney Olympics</a> of 2000, <a href="/wiki/Audley_Harrison" title="Audley Harrison">Audley Harrison</a> (who has Jamaican heritage) became Britain's first <a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the 2000 Summer Olympics">heavyweight gold medalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> Other boxing champions from the British African-Caribbean community include the welterweight <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Honeyghan" title="Lloyd Honeyghan">Lloyd Honeyghan</a>, nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Ragamuffin</a> Man" by boxing superstar <a href="/wiki/Donald_Curry" title="Donald Curry">Donald Curry</a> in 1986, in reference to his (in comparison to Curry's extravagance) normal appearance; Honeyghan subsequently spectacularly defeated Curry.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_DeGale" title="James DeGale">James DeGale</a>, who is of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadians" title="Afro-Grenadians">Afro-Grenadian</a> and English descent, represented Great Britain at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Olympics">2008 Olympics</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">amateur</a>, winning a gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/Middleweight" title="Middleweight">middleweight</a> division. He became the first British boxer in history to win both an Olympic gold medal and a professional world title after landing the IBF super-middleweight crown in April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Haye" title="David Haye">David Haye</a>, who has English and Jamaican heritage, was the first British boxer to reach the final of the <a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Boxing_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Amateur Boxing Championships">World Amateur Boxing Championships</a>. Haye is one of only three boxers in history to have unified the cruiserweight world titles and become a world heavyweight champion.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> Jamaican-born <a href="/wiki/Dillian_Whyte" title="Dillian Whyte">Dillian Whyte</a>, has held the <a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Council" title="World Boxing Council">WBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Interim_championship" title="Interim championship">interim</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">heavyweight</a> title since March 2021. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cricket">Cricket</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cricket">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> has long been a popular pastime among African-Caribbean people in both the West Indies and the United Kingdom, though this has waned somewhat since its peak during the 1960s–1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Oval-182">[176]</a> After the period of widespread immigration, tours of England by the combined <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indian cricket team">West Indian cricket team</a> became cultural celebrations of Caribbean culture in Britain, particularly at cricket grounds such as <a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">The Oval</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oval-182">[176]</a> Almost all the great <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Indian_Test_cricketers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of West Indian Test cricketers">West Indian cricketers</a> became regular features of the <a href="/wiki/County_Championship" title="County Championship">domestic county game</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Sobers" title="Garfield Sobers">Garfield Sobers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivian Richards">Vivian Richards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Holding" title="Michael Holding">Michael Holding</a>. In turn, British cricketers of Caribbean origin also began to make an impact in English cricket. In the 1980s–1990s, players including <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_Small" title="Gladstone Small">Gladstone Small</a> (born in Barbados),<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Devon_Malcolm" title="Devon Malcolm">Devon Malcolm</a> (born in Jamaica)<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phillip_DeFreitas" title="Phillip DeFreitas">Phillip DeFreitas</a> (born in <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>)<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> represented <a href="/wiki/English_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="English cricket team">England</a>, making significant contributions to the side. Phillip DeFreitas, Devon Malcolm and Gladstone Small made 44, 40 and 17 <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">test match</a> appearances for England respectively. DeFreitas also played 103 <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day Internationals</a> for England. Malcolm made 10 appearances and Small made 53 appearances in the shorter format. Small and DeFreitas also represented England in the final of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1987 Cricket World Cup">1987 Cricket World Cup</a> against Australia.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Football">Football</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_Ferdinand_by_Walterlan_Papetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rio_Ferdinand_by_Walterlan_Papetti.jpg/220px-Rio_Ferdinand_by_Walterlan_Papetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rio_Ferdinand_by_Walterlan_Papetti.jpg/330px-Rio_Ferdinand_by_Walterlan_Papetti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rio_Ferdinand_by_Walterlan_Papetti.jpg/440px-Rio_Ferdinand_by_Walterlan_Papetti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rio_Ferdinand" title="Rio Ferdinand">Rio Ferdinand</a>, whose father came from <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a> to Britain,<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> is a former captain of the <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England national team</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabian_Delph_2018-06-28_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fabian_Delph_2018-06-28_3.jpg/200px-Fabian_Delph_2018-06-28_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Fabian_Delph_2018-06-28_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Delph" title="Fabian Delph">Fabian Delph</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyanese</a> ancestry, won the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Premier_League" title="2017–18 Premier League">2017–18 Premier League</a> with <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C." title="Manchester City F.C.">Manchester City</a> and represented <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MichaelJohnson02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MichaelJohnson02.jpg/200px-MichaelJohnson02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MichaelJohnson02.jpg/300px-MichaelJohnson02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MichaelJohnson02.jpg/400px-MichaelJohnson02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Derby_County_F.C." title="Derby County F.C.">Derby County</a> player <a href="/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(footballer_born_1973)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Johnson (footballer born 1973)">Michael Johnson</a>, who has played for the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team" title="Jamaica national football team">Jamaica national football team</a></figcaption></figure> The inaugural West Indian-born <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">footballer</a> to play football at a high level in Britain was <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Watson_(footballer,_born_1856)" title="Andrew Watson (footballer, born 1856)">Andrew Watson</a>, who played for <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C." title="Queen's Park F.C.">Queen's Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>) and went on to play for <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland</a>. Born in May 1857 in <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, Watson lived and worked in Scotland and came to be known as one of the best players of his generation. He played in 36 games for Queen's Park and also appeared for the London Swifts in the English <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> championship of 1882, making him the first Black player in English Cup history. Watson earned two <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cup" title="Scottish Cup">Scottish Cup</a> medals and four Charity Cup medals during his career; Who's Who also acknowledged his performances in international matches. Watson's place in football history included a spell in management as Club Secretary for Queen's Park – making Watson the first Afro-Caribbean man to reach the boardroom.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> Other early Caribbean footballers included <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tull" title="Walter Tull">Walter Tull</a>, of Barbadian descent, who played for the north London club <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C." title="Tottenham Hotspur F.C.">Tottenham Hotspur</a> in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> Some years later, Jamaican-born <a href="/wiki/Lindy_Delapenha" title="Lindy Delapenha">Lloyd "Lindy" Delapenha</a> made an impact playing for <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesbrough Football Club">Middlesbrough</a> between 1950 and 1957, becoming a leading goal scorer and the first Black player to win a championship medal.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> However, it was not until the 1970s that African-Caribbean players began to make a major impact on the game. <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Best" title="Clyde Best">Clyde Best</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C." title="West Ham United F.C.">West Ham United</a> 1969–1976), born in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> paved the way for players such as <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Regis" title="Cyrille Regis">Cyrille Regis</a> (born in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>),<a href="#cite_note-regis-192">[186]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luther_Blissett_(footballer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther Blissett (footballer)">Luther Blissett</a> (born in Jamaica).<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> Blissett and Regis joined <a href="/wiki/Viv_Anderson" title="Viv Anderson">Viv Anderson</a> to form the first wave of Black footballers to play for the <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England national team</a>. Although the number of players of African-Caribbean origin in the English league was increasing far beyond proportions in wider society, when Black players represented the England national team, they still had to endure racial attacks at home and abroad. When selected to play for England, Regis received a bullet through the mail with the threat: "You'll get one of these through your knees if you step on our <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley</a> turf."<a href="#cite_note-regis-192">[186]</a> By the 1980s the British African-Caribbean community was well represented at all playing levels of the game. <a href="/wiki/John_Barnes" title="John Barnes">John Barnes</a>, born in Jamaica, was one of the most talented players of his generation and one of the few footballers to win every honour in the domestic English game including the <a href="/wiki/PFA_Players%27_Player_of_the_Year" title="PFA Players' Player of the Year">PFA Players' Player of the Year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-194">[188]</a> Although Barnes played for England on 78 occasions between 1983 and 1991, his performances rarely matched his club standard.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes_racism-195">[189]</a> Subsequently, Barnes identified a culture of racism in football during his era as a player.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-194">[188]</a> Players of African-Caribbean origin continued to excel in English football, in the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ince" title="Paul Ince">Paul Ince</a> – whose parents were from <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> – went on to captain <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool</a> and the England national team. The contribution was reciprocated when a number of British born footballers including <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Earle" title="Robbie Earle">Robbie Earle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinclair" title="Frank Sinclair">Frank Sinclair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darryl_Powell" title="Darryl Powell">Darryl Powell</a> represented the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team" title="Jamaica national football team">Jamaica national football team</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 World Cup</a> finals. At the turn of the millennium, British-born Black footballers constituted about 13% of the <a href="/wiki/FA_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="FA Premier League">English league</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> and a number of groups including "Kick It Out" were highlighting issues of racism still in the game.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 World Cup finals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theo_Walcott" title="Theo Walcott">Theo Walcott</a>, a striker of English and Jamaican parents,<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> became the youngest ever player to join an <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_squads#England" title="2006 FIFA World Cup squads">England World Cup squad</a> – a side that included African-Caribbean players in every department, goal-keeping, defence, midfield and attack. The England football squad for the 2006 world cup also contained <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Cole" title="Ashley Cole">Ashley Cole</a> (Barbadian father),<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_Ferdinand" title="Rio Ferdinand">Rio Ferdinand</a> (father from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sol_Campbell" title="Sol Campbell">Sol Campbell</a> (Jamaican parents)<a href="#cite_note-Jam-171">[165]</a> alongside goalkeeper <a href="/wiki/David_James_(footballer,_born_1970)" title="David James (footballer, born 1970)">David James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jenas" title="Jermaine Jenas">Jermaine Jenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Lennon" title="Aaron Lennon">Aaron Lennon</a>, all with ancestors from the Caribbean. <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Mings" title="Tyrone Mings">Tyrone Mings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Rashford" title="Marcus Rashford">Marcus Rashford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raheem_Sterling" title="Raheem Sterling">Raheem Sterling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Walker" title="Kyle Walker">Kyle Walker</a> are some of the British African-Caribbeans who represented England in 2021. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motorsports">Motorsports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Motorsports">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton" title="Lewis Hamilton">Lewis Hamilton</a>, whose paternal grandparents immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/2008_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="2008 Formula One World Championship">2008 Formula One World Championship</a>, in only his second season in the sport; and, after narrowly finishing second in his debut season. He won the Drivers' Championship again in 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 becoming the most successful British driver in the history of Formula One. Hamilton is of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Grenadian">Afro-Grenadian</a> and English descent.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby_league_and_union">Rugby league and union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rugby league and union">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Clive_Sullivan" title="Clive Sullivan">Clive Sullivan</a>, who had both Jamaican and <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antiguan</a> heritage, captained the Great Britain team which won the <a href="/wiki/1972_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="1972 Rugby League World Cup">1972 Rugby League World Cup</a>. Sullivan was the first black captain for a Great Britain team, in any sport.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> Part of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2003 Rugby World Cup">2003 Rugby World Cup</a> victory, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Robinson_(rugby)" title="Jason Robinson (rugby)">Jason Robinson</a> was the first African-Caribbean to captain the England rugby union side. He is of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">Afro-Jamaican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> descent,<a href="#cite_note-Heppenstall2019-203">[197]</a> and his biological son <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Tierney" title="Lewis Tierney">Lewis Tierney</a> has the same background with also English ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Hanley" title="Ellery Hanley">Ellery Hanley</a>, who has Jamaican heritage, became the first man to captain his side to three consecutive <a href="/wiki/Challenge_Cup" title="Challenge Cup">Challenge Cup</a> victories.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> Hanley is the only player to win the coveted <a href="/wiki/Man_of_Steel_Awards" title="Man of Steel Awards">Man of Steel award</a> on three occasions and is widely considered to be one of the greatest players in rugby league history.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Peters_(rugby)" title="Jimmy Peters (rugby)">Jimmy Peters</a>, who was of partial Jamaican descent, was the first black man to play rugby union for <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> Another England international rugby union player, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Cipriani" title="Danny Cipriani">Danny Cipriani</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Afro-Trinidadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> and English ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-McRae2008-26">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Guscott" title="Jeremy Guscott">Jeremy Guscott</a>, who is of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">Afro-Jamaican</a> and English descent, played for <a href="/wiki/Bath_Rugby" title="Bath Rugby">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lions">British and Irish Lions</a>. Other professional players of Afro-Jamaican heritage include <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Golding" title="Ashton Golding">Ashton Golding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_(rugby_league)" title="Michael Lawrence (rugby league)">Michael Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umyla_Hanley" title="Umyla Hanley">Umyla Hanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sullivan_(rugby)" title="Anthony Sullivan (rugby)">Anthony Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Des_Drummond" title="Des Drummond">Des Drummond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jones-Bishop" title="Ben Jones-Bishop">Ben Jones-Bishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heppenstall2019-203">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cultural influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture of the United Kingdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnivals_and_celebrations">Carnivals and celebrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Carnivals and celebrations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leicester_Caribbean_carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Leicester_Caribbean_carnival.jpg/220px-Leicester_Caribbean_carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Leicester_Caribbean_carnival.jpg/330px-Leicester_Caribbean_carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Leicester_Caribbean_carnival.jpg/440px-Leicester_Caribbean_carnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Caribbean_Carnival" title="Leicester Caribbean Carnival">Leicester Caribbean Carnival</a></figcaption></figure> African-Caribbean communities organise and participate in Caribbean Carnivals (Caribbean-style carnivals) throughout the UK. The best known of these is the annual <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>, attracting up to 1.5 million people from Britain and around the world, making it the largest street festival in Europe. The carnival began in 1964 as a small procession of Trinidadians in memory of festivals in their home country, and today is regarded as a significant event in <a href="/wiki/British_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="British culture">British culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-culture-210">[204]</a> In 2006 the carnival was voted onto the list of icons of England.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luton_Carnival" title="Luton Carnival">Luton Carnival</a>, which has taken place since 1976,<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> is the largest one day carnival in the U.K. (it is second only to Notting Hill carnival, which takes place over two days). <a href="/wiki/Leeds_West_Indian_Carnival" title="Leeds West Indian Carnival">Leeds West Indian Carnival</a> is Europe's oldest West Indian carnival and now attracts around 130,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> Other carnivals include the Leicester Caribbean Carnival and the Birmingham International Carnival. In 2018, following campaigns and a petition started by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vernon" title="Patrick Vernon">Patrick Vernon</a> for 22 June to be recognized as a national day to commemorate and celebrate migration and migrant communities in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> and at the height of the Windrush scandal, it was announced by the British government that an annual <a href="/wiki/Windrush_Day" title="Windrush Day">Windrush Day</a> would be held, supported by a grant of up to £500,000, to recognise and honour the contribution of those who arrived between 1948 and 1971 and to "keep their legacy alive for future generations, ensuring that we all celebrate the diversity of Britain's history."<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windrushfestival.com">Windrush Festival</a> in London was created in 2018 as a way for home-grown Black businesses and Caribbean-British born Windrush Generation performers to have a platform to celebrate their culture and presence in Britain. The main event Radiate Windrush Festival<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> is always held on the last weekend of June to follow on from National Windrush Day, other festivals across the country are held generally in the month of June or July. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HotPeppersinMarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HotPeppersinMarket.jpg/220px-HotPeppersinMarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HotPeppersinMarket.jpg/330px-HotPeppersinMarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HotPeppersinMarket.jpg/440px-HotPeppersinMarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scotch_bonnet" title="Scotch bonnet">Scotch bonnet</a> peppers imported from the Caribbean on sale at London's <a href="/wiki/Brixton_Market" title="Brixton Market">Brixton Market</a>. The peppers are a key ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">jerk</a> dishes.</figcaption></figure> The earliest Caribbean immigrants to post-war Britain found differences in diet and availability of food an uncomfortable challenge.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> and many people longed for a "taste of home".<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> In later years, as the community developed and food imports became more accessible to all, <a href="/wiki/Grocer" class="mw-redirect" title="Grocer">grocers</a> specialising in Caribbean produce opened in British <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">high streets</a>. Caribbean restaurants can now also be found in most areas of Britain where West Indian communities reside, serving traditional <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean dishes</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Curried_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Curried goat">curried goat</a>, fried <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ackee" title="Ackee">ackee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">salt fish</a> (the national dish of Jamaica), <a href="/wiki/Pelau" title="Pelau">Pelau</a> (the national dish of Trinidad and Tobago), <a href="/wiki/Cou-Cou" class="mw-redirect" title="Cou-Cou">Cou-Cou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying Fish</a> (the national dish of Barbados), Pudding and Souse, as well as Fish Cakes from Barbados, the spices known as "<a href="/wiki/Jamaican_jerk_spice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican jerk spice">jerk</a>", and the traditional Sunday West Indian meal of <a href="/wiki/Rice_and_peas" title="Rice and peas">rice and peas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> The best-known Caribbean food brands in the UK are Jamaican Sun, Tropical Sun, Dunn's River and <a href="/wiki/Grace_(food_company)" title="Grace (food company)">Grace</a>. In March 2007, Grace foods bought ENCO Products, owners of the Dunn's River Brand, as well as Nurishment, and the Encona Sauce Range. Tropical Sun products have been widely available in the UK for more than two decades and there is a sister brand, Jamaica Sun, with products sourced exclusively from Jamaica. The most popular brands can now often be found in the large supermarkets; although the full range continues to be offered only by the local ethnic stores, the interest by the mainstream supermarkets reflects the wider population's interest in ethnic and more lately Afro-Caribbean foods.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> Caribbean food topped a (2015) list of the types of cuisine British diners would like to see more of on menus.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> According to a report by the Caribbean Export Development Agency (Caribbean Export), the number of Caribbean restaurants in the UK tripled in the 12 months leading up to August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_centres">Community centres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Community centres">edit</a>]</div> In many parts of Britain, African-Caribbean people have been recognised as being part of a distinct community.<a href="#cite_note-data-69">[63]</a> In the 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Community_centre" title="Community centre">community centres</a> and associations sprung up in some British towns and cities with an aim to serve African-Caribbean populations. One such example was the African Caribbean Self Help Organisation (ACSHO), founded in 1994 in the district of <a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands" title="Handsworth, West Midlands">Handsworth</a> in Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> Responsibilities included arranging social events, such as <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>, carnivals and coach trips, which helped bring the communities together.<a href="#cite_note-pubs-230">[224]</a> Large centres presently operating include the Leeds West Indian centre<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> and the Manchester West Indian centre.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> Typical of present-day centres is the Afro Caribbean Millennium Centre in Birmingham, which was established with <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a> funding to support principally Caribbean people in areas such as employment, housing, education, immigration, and cultural issues.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_activity">Religious activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Religious activity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></div> The influx of African-Caribbean people to the United Kingdom was accompanied by religious practices more common to the North American continent. In Britain, many African-Caribbean people continued to practise <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Non-conformist</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant denominations</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> influence such as <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day Baptist">Seventh Day Baptism</a>. African-Caribbean people have supported new churches in many areas of the country, which have grown to act as social centres for the community. <a href="/wiki/Mike_Phillips_(writer)" title="Mike Phillips (writer)">Mike Phillips</a>, writing for the UK national archive project, described the influences of the new churches thus; "[they] gave the entire Caribbean community a sense of stability. At a time when migrants were under severe psychological pressure and distrusted the official services, or were misunderstood when they went to them, the Black church groups offered invaluable advice and comfort."<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> magazine discussed the growth of evangelical churches in London and Birmingham; "Another reason is that Britain's most prominent Afro-Caribbean institutions – the Black evangelical churches – are dominated by the urban poor. That has to do with the way the Caribbean was missionised: the hotter brand of Christianity gained most converts among the dispossessed, who then re-exported it to Britain."<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> The manner of worship in some of these churches is more akin to that of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> practices than to traditional <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Great Britain">English Catholic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican</a> liturgy. <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a> also came to play a part in British cultural life. African-Caribbean people played a central role establishing British gospel choirs, most notably the <a href="/wiki/London_Community_Gospel_Choir" title="London Community Gospel Choir">London Community Gospel Choir</a>. Some British African-Caribbean people continue to practise other religious beliefs such as <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, which developed in Jamaica. The Rastafarian belief system, associated personal symbols such as <a href="/wiki/Dreadlocks" title="Dreadlocks">dreadlocks</a> and cultural practices concerning <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> have influenced British society far beyond the African-Caribbean community, being adopted by both white British and others.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_dialect">Language and dialect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Language and dialect">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:13pt;line-height:1.0em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British African-Caribbean community</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Community and subgroups</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguans_and_Barbudans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antiguans and Barbudans in the United Kingdom">Antiguans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_British" title="Barbadian British">Bajans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Guyanese in the United Kingdom">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Grenadians in the United Kingdom">Grenadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="British Jamaican">Jamaicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Kittian and Nevisian British">Kittians and Nevisians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserratians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Montserratians in the United Kingdom">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucian British">Saint Lucians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincentian British">Vincentians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_British" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian British">Trinidadians</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community#History" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire#The_Americas" title="British Empire">British rule of the Caribbean</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire#The_West_Indies_/_Caribbean" title="British Empire">Decline and legacy of the British Empire</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMT_Empire_Windrush" title="HMT Empire Windrush">HMT Empire Windrush</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community#African-Caribbean_culture_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the UK</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguans_and_Barbudans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antiguans and Barbudans in the United Kingdom">Antiguans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barbadian_Britons" title="List of Barbadian Britons">Bajans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Notable_Dominican_Britons">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guyanese_Britons" title="List of Guyanese Britons">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_British_people" title="List of Jamaican British people">Jamaicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserratians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Montserratians in the United Kingdom">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trinidadian_Britons" title="List of Trinidadian Britons">Trinidadians</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_African-Caribbean_community" title="Template:British African-Caribbean community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_African-Caribbean_community" title="Template talk:British African-Caribbean community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_African-Caribbean_community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British African-Caribbean community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_Black_English" class="mw-redirect" title="British Black English">British Black English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></div> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">official language</a> of the former British West Indies, therefore African-Caribbean immigrants had few communication difficulties upon arrival in the UK compared to immigrants from other regions.<a href="#cite_note-data-69">[63]</a> As integration continued, African-West Indians born in Britain instinctively adopted hybrid dialects combining Caribbean and local <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dialects of the English language">British dialects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Creole-237">[231]</a> These dialects and accents gradually entered mainstream British vernacular, and shades of Caribbean dialects can be heard among Britons regardless of cultural origin. A <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a> study[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] has identified an emergence in certain areas of Britain of a distinctive accent which borrows heavily from Jamaican creole. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_shopping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Africa_shopping.jpg/220px-Africa_shopping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Africa_shopping.jpg/330px-Africa_shopping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Africa_shopping.jpg/440px-Africa_shopping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A shop in <a href="/wiki/Electric_Avenue" title="Electric Avenue">Electric Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a>. In 1999 the street was hit by a nail bomb planted by the Neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/David_Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="David Copeland">David Copeland</a>, who targeted the local African-Caribbean community.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a></figcaption></figure> Jamaican poet <a href="/wiki/James_Berry_(poet)" title="James Berry (poet)">James Berry</a> was one of the first Caribbean writers to come to Britain after the 1948 British Nationality Act. He was followed by writers including Barbadians <a href="/wiki/George_Lamming" title="George Lamming">George Lamming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kamau_Brathwaite" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Kamau Brathwaite">Edward Kamau Brathwaite</a>, Trinidadians <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Selvon" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Selvon">Samuel Selvon</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a>, Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Salkey" title="Andrew Salkey">Andrew Salkey</a> and the Guyanese writer <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Harris" title="Wilson Harris">Wilson Harris</a>. These writers viewed London as the centre of the English literary scene, and took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a> show <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Voices" title="Caribbean Voices">Caribbean Voices</a> to gain attention and be published. By relocating to Britain, these writers also gave <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a> an international readership for the first time and established Caribbean writing as an important perspective within <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Windrush_literature-239">[233]</a> Some Caribbean writers also began writing about the hardships faced by settlers in post-war Britain. Lamming addressed these issues in his 1954 <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Emigrants_(Lamming_novel)" title="The Emigrants (Lamming novel)">The Emigrants</a>, which traced the journey of migrants from Barbados as they struggled to integrate into British life.<a href="#cite_note-Windrush_literature-239">[233]</a> Selvon's novel <a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Londoners" title="The Lonely Londoners">The Lonely Londoners</a> (1956) details the life of West Indians in post-World War II London. Writing much later, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Dennis" title="Ferdinand Dennis">Ferdinand Dennis</a> both in his journalism and novels, such as The Sleepless Summer (1989) and The Last Blues Dance (1996), deals with "an older generation of Caribbean immigrants, whose narratives, stoical and unpolemical, rarely find expression".<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> By the mid-1980s, a more <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">radical</a> wave of writers and poets were addressing the African-Caribbean experience in Britain, promoted by a group of new mainly black-led publishing houses such as Akira, Karia Press (founded by <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Johnson" title="Buzz Johnson">Buzz Johnson</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dangaroo_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangaroo Press">Dangaroo Press</a>, and Karnak House (founded by <a href="/wiki/Amon_Saba_Saakana" title="Amon Saba Saakana">Amon Saba Saakana</a>), alongside the older established <a href="/wiki/New_Beacon_Books" title="New Beacon Books">New Beacon Books</a> (founded in 1966 by <a href="/wiki/John_La_Rose" title="John La Rose">John La Rose</a>), <a href="/wiki/Allison_%26_Busby" title="Allison & Busby">Allison & Busby</a> (founded in 1967 by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Busby" title="Margaret Busby">Margaret Busby</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bogle-L%27Ouverture_Publications" title="Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications">Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications</a> (founded in 1969 by <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Huntley" title="Jessica Huntley">Jessica Huntley</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/International_Book_Fair_of_Radical_Black_and_Third_World_Books" title="International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books">International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books</a> (1982–95).<a href="#cite_note-Windrush_literature-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> In 1984, the poet <a href="/wiki/Fred_D%27Aguiar" title="Fred D'Aguiar">Fred D'Aguiar</a> (born in London to Guyanese parents) won the <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot_Prize" title="T. S. Eliot Prize">T. S. Eliot Prize</a>, and in 1994 won the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Book_Awards" title="Costa Book Awards">Whitbread First Novel Award</a> for The Longest Memory. <a href="/wiki/Linton_Kwesi_Johnson" title="Linton Kwesi Johnson">Linton Kwesi Johnson</a>'s rhyming and socio-political commentary over <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a> beats – including such favourites as "Dread Beat An' Blood" and "Inglan Is A Bitch" – made him the unofficial poet laureate of the British African-Caribbean community.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">dub poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zephaniah" title="Benjamin Zephaniah">Benjamin Zephaniah</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> to Jamaican parents, overcame a spell in prison to become a well-known writer and public figure.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> In 2003 he declined an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a>, stating that it reminded him of "thousands of years of brutality, it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised".<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> African-Caribbean British writers have achieved recent literary acclaim. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Levy" title="Andrea Levy">Andrea Levy</a>'s novel Small Island won the <a href="/wiki/Whitbread_Book_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitbread Book of the Year">Whitbread Book of the Year</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Prize_for_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Prize for Fiction">Orange Prize for Fiction</a>, one of Britain's highest literary honours. The book also earned her the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a>. Levy, born in London to Jamaican parents, is the author of four novels, each exploring the problems faced by Black British-born children of Jamaican emigrants.<a href="#cite_note-levy-245">[239]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Dreda_Say_Mitchell" title="Dreda Say Mitchell">Dreda Say Mitchell</a> became the first black British writer to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/CWA_New_Blood_Dagger" title="CWA New Blood Dagger">Crime Writers Association's John Creasey Dagger</a> for her debut book Running Hot. The book drew upon Mitchell's experiences of working with prisoners and is a chase thriller about a young man trying to break the cycle of going to prison.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> Mitchell is of Grenadian extraction. In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Zadie_Smith" title="Zadie Smith">Zadie Smith</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize#Commonwealth_Writers'_Prize:_Best_Book_(1987–2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Best Book Award</a> (Eurasia Section) and the Orange Prize for <a href="/wiki/On_Beauty" title="On Beauty">On Beauty</a>. Smith's acclaimed first novel, <a href="/wiki/White_Teeth" title="White Teeth">White Teeth</a> (2000), was a portrait of contemporary multicultural London, drawing from her own upbringing with an English father and a Jamaican mother.<a href="#cite_note-zadie-247">[241]</a> White Teeth was an international best seller and won multiple accolades, including the <a href="/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize" title="James Tait Black Memorial Prize">James Tait Black Memorial Prize</a> for fiction, the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Book_Awards" title="Costa Book Awards">Whitbread Book Award</a> in category best first novel, the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_First_Book_Award" title="Guardian First Book Award">Guardian First Book Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Betty_Trask_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Trask Award">Betty Trask Award</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine included the novel in its <a href="/wiki/Time%27s_List_of_the_100_Best_Novels" title="Time's List of the 100 Best Novels">list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> The UK also has a modest output of African-Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Popular_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular fiction">popular fiction</a>. A widely known example is Yardie, a work of <a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban fiction</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Headley" title="Victor Headley">Victor Headley</a> in 1992, describing the life of a Jamaican courier carrying cocaine from Jamaica to London. The book was published by Steve Pope and <a href="/wiki/Dotun_Adebayo" title="Dotun Adebayo">Dotun Adebayo</a> of Xpress books.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> Spare Room was Dedra Say Mitchell's first <a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">psychological thriller</a>. Published in 2019, the book became a critically acclaimed international best seller.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> At the 2020 <a href="/wiki/British_Book_Awards" title="British Book Awards">British Book Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candice_Carty-Williams" title="Candice Carty-Williams">Candice Carty-Williams</a> became the first black woman to win the "Book of the Year" accolade, for her novel <a href="/wiki/Queenie_(novel)" title="Queenie (novel)">Queenie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> The novel, which describes the life and loves of Queenie Jenkins, a vibrant, young British-Jamaican, received positive reviews and was marketed as "a black <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Jones" title="Bridget Jones">Bridget Jones</a>".<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> Queenie entered the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a> Bestseller hardback chart at number two and went on to win numerous accolades.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">Media of the United Kingdom</a></div> <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(British_newspaper)" title="The Voice (British newspaper)">The Voice</a> newspaper was the primary African-Caribbean newspaper in Britain, and was founded in the early 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Val_McCalla" title="Val McCalla">Val McCalla</a>. However, today it is owned by a Jamaican publisher and has a Caribbean focus. <a href="/wiki/Pride_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride magazine">Pride magazine</a>, which has been going for 21 years, is the largest lifestyle magazine for the community and was described by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> newspaper as the dominant lifestyle magazine for the black community in the UK for more than 15 years. Its owner Pride Media also specialises in helping organisations target the community through a range of media. Other publications have included the <a href="/wiki/Gleaner_Company" title="Gleaner Company">Gleaner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Voice">Black Voice</a>, New Editor and <a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Times" title="The Caribbean Times">The Caribbean Times</a>. The growth of such media is a response to the perceived imbalances of "mainstream" media. In 2006, Sir <a href="/wiki/Ian_Blair" title="Ian Blair">Ian Blair</a>, Chief Commissioner of London's Metropolitan Police, joined a long list of commentators in branding the mainstream media as <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">"institutionally racist"</a> for its alleged failure to offer a proper balance in reporting affairs related to the community.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> Trinidad-born Sir <a href="/wiki/Trevor_McDonald" title="Trevor McDonald">Trevor McDonald</a> is one of the community's best-known journalists, having been the main presenter (newscaster) for the national <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> network for more than 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> Other notable media figures include <a href="/wiki/Gary_Younge" title="Gary Younge">Gary Younge</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> columnist, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Myrie" title="Clive Myrie">Clive Myrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Joseph" title="Gillian Joseph">Gillian Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlene_White" title="Charlene White">Charlene White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darren_Jordon" title="Darren Jordon">Darren Jordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moira_Stuart" title="Moira Stuart">Moira Stuart</a>, the veteran BBC news presenter.<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> Trinidadian-born <a href="/wiki/Darcus_Howe" title="Darcus Howe">Darcus Howe</a> wrote regularly in the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> and fronted a number of documentary series, including the <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> current affairs programme Devil's Advocate. Much of Howe's work related to the experiences of British African-Caribbean people and racism faced by the Black community.<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> Other notable producer/directors are <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jervis" title="Terry Jervis">Terry Jervis</a> (Jervis Media) and <a href="/wiki/Pogus_Caesar" title="Pogus Caesar">Pogus Caesar</a> (Windrush Productions); both have made multicultural, entertainment and sports programmes for <a href="/wiki/Carlton_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton TV">Carlton TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC TV">BBC TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> The community has a strong tradition of "underground" <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> broadcasters. Among the most established are London's Lightning Radio, Genesis Radio and Galaxy Radio, which play a mix of <a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">ragga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">bashment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>. Pirate radio stations such as Supreme Radio, Galaxy Radio (which calls itself "the only de-brainwashing station"), Genesis Radio (known as "the people's station" or "the black power station") and the more recently emerged radio station Omega FM Radio are particularly highly regarded in the Afro Caribbean community for not only playing a variety of music such as soca, soul, dancehall, jazz, hip hop, Reveail and Funky House, but also for dedicating time to have "talk shows" and "information shows" often taking an uncompromising stance in view. Thus giving the community the opportunity to phone in and participate in an array of subjects that mainstream radio, wider media and even other pirate radio stations refuse to address. In 2002, the BBC established its digital broadcasting strand, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC Radio 1Xtra</a>, to focus on new Black music – which in effect means catering to the tastes of the country's African-Caribbean youth.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> The Internet has afforded the community the opportunity to publish en-masse, and there are now thousands of websites and blogs produced by or for African-Caribbean people in the UK such as the BBC's Family History page,<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> and The African-Caribbean Network, Blacknet UK, launched in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> Award-winning Myrna Loy, a female poet and published writer who has recited poetry alongside Linton Kwesi Johnson is a poet in her own right. Her poetry radiates passion for political situations, rages against hypocrisy and abuse and balances it with appreciation and gratitude. She came second in the <a href="/wiki/Bridport_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridport Prize">Bridport Prize</a>, which is one of the UK's notable and prestigious poetry competitions; and came second for her poem "The Last Poem", performed at the Castillo Centre in Manhattan. Loy is three-times published, her book The Other Side of Tourism shares her conflict between her British and Jamaican roots, and her two poetry books Poetry's Teacher and Poetry's Promise share her person and professional life experiences. As a Black Briton, she says: "British culture teaches us to conform, to hide our light under a bushel, to not sing our praises, so as a result I reveal "my light" through my poetry, paintings and my quarterly magazine called Blackbright News, which celebrates the wonderful works Black People (not only in Britain) have done. I may eventually be relegated to the area where tyrants and revolutions belong, but in the meantime, I intend to shout from the roof-tops what I feel and why I feel it!" Myrna (aka Lady Loy) is a radio presenter on Jamrock Radio, and uses this arena to promote black music and black talent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_impact">Musical impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Musical impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis_Seaton_Singer_Musical_Youth_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dennis_Seaton_Singer_Musical_Youth_2005.JPG/220px-Dennis_Seaton_Singer_Musical_Youth_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dennis_Seaton_Singer_Musical_Youth_2005.JPG/330px-Dennis_Seaton_Singer_Musical_Youth_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dennis_Seaton_Singer_Musical_Youth_2005.JPG/440px-Dennis_Seaton_Singer_Musical_Youth_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Musical_Youth" title="Musical Youth">Musical Youth</a> frontman Dennis Seaton in 2005</figcaption></figure> The period of large-scale immigration brought many new musical styles to the United Kingdom. These styles gained popularity amongst Britons of all cultural origins, and aided Caribbean music in gaining international recognition. The earliest of these exponents was the <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_(calypsonian)" title="Lord Kitchener (calypsonian)">Lord Kitchener</a>, who arrived in Britain on the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Windrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Windrush">Windrush</a> in 1948 accompanied by fellow musician <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beginner" title="Lord Beginner">Lord Beginner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lord-263">[257]</a> Already a star in his native <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, Lord Kitchener got an immediate booking at the only West Indian club in London. Six months later, he was appearing in three clubs nightly, and his popularity extended beyond the West Indian and African <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclub</a> audiences, to include <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety show</a> audiences.<a href="#cite_note-lord-263">[257]</a> Kitchener's recording "London is the place for me" exemplified the experience of the Windrush generation.<a href="#cite_note-Kwela-264">[258]</a> Other calypso musicians began to collaborate with African <a href="/wiki/Kwela" title="Kwela">Kwela</a> musicians and <a href="/wiki/British_jazz" title="British jazz">British jazz</a> players in London clubs.<a href="#cite_note-Kwela-264">[258]</a> Jamaican music styles reached Britain in the 1960s, becoming the staple music for young British African-Caribbean people. Tours by <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Buster" title="Prince Buster">Prince Buster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Skatalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Skatalites">Skatalites</a> fed the growing British-Caribbean music scene, and the success of Jamaican artists <a href="/wiki/Millie_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millie (singer)">Millie Small</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Dekker" title="Desmond Dekker">Desmond Dekker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Griffiths" title="Marcia Griffiths">Bob and Marcia</a> propelled Caribbean music and people into mainstream cultural life. British African-Caribbean people followed the changing styles of Jamaican music and began to produce homegrown music appealing to both Black and White communities. In 1968, <a href="/wiki/The_Cats_(reggae_band)" title="The Cats (reggae band)">The Cats</a> released a cover of <a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a>, which became the first Top 50 by a British reggae group and the following year, the British African-Caribbean ska band <a href="/wiki/Symarip" title="Symarip">Symarip</a> recorded "<a href="/wiki/Skinhead_Moonstomp" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinhead Moonstomp">Skinhead Moonstomp</a>" – a cover of the <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Morgan" title="Derrick Morgan">Derrick Morgan</a> song <a href="/wiki/Moon_Hop" title="Moon Hop">Moon Hop</a> – which had a huge effect on the British ska scene. The ska sound and <a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">rude boy</a> imagery inspired a generation of White <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> youths (especially <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinheads</a>), and later helped spawn Britain's <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multi-cultural</a> <a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a> movement in the late-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldie_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Goldie_2003.jpg/170px-Goldie_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Goldie_2003.jpg/255px-Goldie_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Goldie_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>The DJ and musician <a href="/wiki/Goldie" title="Goldie">Goldie</a>, born to Scottish and Jamaican parents<a href="#cite_note-goldie-266">[260]</a></figcaption></figure>As Jamaican ska gave way to the slower styles of <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a> and the more politicised <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, British African-Caribbean people followed suit. <a href="/wiki/Reggae_sound_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggae sound system">Sound systems</a> to rival those in Jamaica sprung up throughout communities, and "Blues parties" – parties in private houses, where one paid at the door – became an institution. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1971 helped spawn a Black British music industry based on reggae. His association with the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafarian</a> movement influenced waves of young people, reared in Britain, to discover their Caribbean roots. <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_British" title="Barbadian British">British Barbadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bovell" title="Dennis Bovell">Dennis Bovell</a> became Britain's prominent reggae band leader and producer, working with many international reggae stars, and introducing a reggae flavour to the British pop charts with non-reggae acts such as: <a href="/wiki/Dexys_Midnight_Runners" title="Dexys Midnight Runners">Dexys Midnight Runners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bananarama" title="Bananarama">Bananarama</a>. Bovell also worked extensively with London-based <a href="/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">dub poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Linton_Kwesi_Johnson" title="Linton Kwesi Johnson">Linton Kwesi Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> British music with reggae roots prospered in the 1980s and early-1990s. British African-Caribbean artists <a href="/wiki/Musical_Youth" title="Musical Youth">Musical Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aswad_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswad (band)">Aswad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_Priest" title="Maxi Priest">Maxi Priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Grant" title="Eddy Grant">Eddy Grant</a> had major commercial successes, and the multicultural band <a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a> helped promote reggae to an international audience. Birmingham-based <a href="/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a> became one of the world's foremost exponents of <a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">roots reggae</a> and accompanying <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">black consciousness</a>, their 1978 debut album <a href="/wiki/Handsworth_Revolution" title="Handsworth Revolution">Handsworth Revolution</a> becoming a seminal release.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> British African-Caribbean music had been generally synonymous with Caribbean styles until the 1990s, although some artists had been drawing on British and American musical forms for several decades. In the 1970s and 1980s, British African-Caribbean artists such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_Chocolate_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Chocolate (band)">Hot Chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imagination_(band)" title="Imagination (band)">Imagination</a> became leaders of the British <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> and R&B scenes.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> By the mid-1980s, British African-Caribbean people were also incorporating American <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> styles, becoming leading figures in Britain's developing dance music culture. This led to an explosion of musical forms. British artists created musical hybrids combining many elements including European <a href="/wiki/Techno_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno music">techno</a>, Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a>, dub, <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeats</a> and contemporary American R&B. These unique blends began to gain international acclaim through the success of <a href="/wiki/Soul_II_Soul" title="Soul II Soul">Soul II Soul</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> and the multi-racial <a href="/wiki/Massive_Attack" title="Massive Attack">Massive Attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> British African-Caribbean people were at the leading edge of the <a href="/wiki/Oldschool_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldschool jungle">jungle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a> movements of the 1990s. Although the fast-tempo drums and loud intricate bass lines sounded fresh, Caribbean roots could still be detected.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> Two successful exponents of these styles were DJs <a href="/wiki/Goldie" title="Goldie">Goldie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roni_Size" title="Roni Size">Roni Size</a>, both of Jamaican heritage.<a href="#cite_note-goldie-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> Later, British African-Caribbean musicians and DJs were at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grime_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music)">Grime</a> scenes.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_issues">Social and political issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Social and political issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_and_racism">Discrimination and racism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Discrimination and racism">edit</a>]</div> Historically, community centres have sought to address issues that arise within the community, including problems of <a href="/wiki/Sus_law" title="Sus law">police harassment</a> and concerns about the housing of African Caribbeans, which was viewed as discriminatory during the early decades of mass immigration. One such community centre was the Gloucestershire West Indian Association, which was formed in 1962. The formation of this group was in response to a number of issues that arose within the community at this time. These included problems around police harassment and concerns about the housing of Black people on certain council estates in the city, which was viewed as discrimination and segregation.<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> The centres also allowed African-Caribbean peoples to socialise without risking the potential racial discrimination and aggression of "unfriendly <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">pubs</a>".<a href="#cite_note-pubs-230">[224]</a> Many of these associations appointed a Community Relations Officer, whose role was to liaise between the community and wider British society, including the <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">establishment</a>. Although the community does not face any official or informal restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Participation_(decision_making)" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation (decision making)">political participation</a>, Britons of Caribbean origin are under-represented in local and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">national politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-data-69">[63]</a> British African-West Indians have long asserted that they encounter discriminatory barriers to most middle- and higher-status occupations, as well as discrimination in hiring practices at all levels of <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>. There is also considerable evidence that African-Caribbean people experience differential treatment at the hands of public officials, the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United Kingdom">British courts</a> and penal system, and the <a href="/wiki/Policing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing in the United Kingdom">police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-data-69">[63]</a> Studies have proposed that the isolation of certain regional urban areas by financial institutions such as insurance brokers disproportionately affects the community to its detriment.<a href="#cite_note-data-69">[63]</a> Britain's <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">school system</a>, despite efforts to address issues of discrimination,<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> has often been accused of being racially biased to a perceived lack of representation of Black history and culture in the cirricula.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> Grenadian author <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coard" title="Bernard Coard">Bernard Coard</a> published <a href="/wiki/How_the_West_Indian_Child_Is_Made_Educationally_Sub-normal_in_the_British_School_System" title="How the West Indian Child Is Made Educationally Sub-normal in the British School System">How the West Indian Child Is Made Educationally Sub-normal in the British School System</a> in May 1971. For example, the distinct <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean dialects</a>, <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a> (patwah) spoken by many African-Caribbean immigrants and their descendants, have been problematic in the field of education. In a study by language and education specialist professor Viv Edwards, The West Indian language issue in British schools, language – the Creole spoken by the students – was singled out as an important factor disadvantaging Caribbean children in British schools. The study cited negative attitudes of teachers towards any non-standard variety, noting that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The teacher who does not or is not prepared to recognise the problems of the Creole-speaking child in a British English situation can only conclude that he is stupid when he gives either an inappropriate response or no response at all. The stereotyping process leads features of Creole to be stigmatised and to develop connotations of, amongst other things, low academic ability.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a></blockquote> Although there are hundreds of African-Caribbean teachers in the UK, it has been suggested that their under-representation in inner-city schools is a major factor in the failure, particularly of secondary-level schools, to achieve a satisfactory average of achievement for the community's children (see <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coard" title="Bernard Coard">Bernard Coard</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swann_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swann Report (page does not exist)">Swann Report</a> of 1985).<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, Greater London Authority Economics produced a report to examine the economic contribution black businesses made to London's economy. The report found that black businesses made up 4% of all London's businesses, provided more than 70,000 jobs and had a total turnover of almost £4.5 billion. Of this total, 42% of the businesses were owned by Black Caribbeans or those of partial Black Caribbean origin.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> Businesses owned by Africans and Caribbeans generate more than £10bn for the UK each year, according to the Centre for Research in Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship (CREME).<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> Notable high profile Black Caribbean business successes include <a href="/wiki/Levi_Roots" title="Levi Roots">Levi Roots</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Reggae_Reggae_Sauce" title="Reggae Reggae Sauce">Reggae Reggae sauce</a> and Levi Roots brand has grown into a multi-million pound enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Emmanuel-Jones" title="Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones">Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones</a>' The Black Farmer range of food products has annual revenues of more than £7m.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_McGrath_(make-up_artist)" title="Pat McGrath (make-up artist)">Pat McGrath Labs</a> has an estimated value of $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Caribbean_War_Memorial" title="African and Caribbean War Memorial">African and Caribbean War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African American British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Belizean British">Belizean British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indo-Caribbean_people" title="British Indo-Caribbean people">British Indo-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Cards_Act_2006#Ethnic_minorities" title="Identity Cards Act 2006">British national identity card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museumand:_The_National_Caribbean_Heritage_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Museumand: The National Caribbean Heritage Museum">Museumand: The National Caribbean Heritage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nation" title="New Nation">New Nation</a>, an Afro-Caribbean newspaper</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Only includes those who identified as 'Caribbean or Black: Caribbean, Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British', does not include those who identified as 'Caribbean or Black: Other Caribbean or Black' which numbered 4,018. If combined together, this adds up to 6,232 (0.1%). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Includes all those who identified as 'Black Other' i.e. not 'Black African' which numbered 8,069 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a> (1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a> (0.2%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a> (0.02%), <a href="/wiki/Rastafarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarianism">Rastafarianism</a> and others </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Includes all those who identified as 'Black Other' i.e. not 'Black African' which numbered 8,069 </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2021/22-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Census2021/22_65-0">^</a> Scotland held its census a year later after England and Wales due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the data shown is from 2022 as opposed to 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Only includes those who identified as 'Caribbean or Black: Caribbean, Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British', does not include those who identified as 'Caribbean or Black: Other Caribbean or Black' which numbered 4,018. If combined together, this adds up to 6,232 (0.1%). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021census-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021">"Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021"</a>. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+group%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+Census+2021&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Fethnicity%2Fbulletins%2Fethnicgroupenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022census_Scot-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022census_Scot_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022census_Scot_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RM031+Ethnic+group+by+religion&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FRM031%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2F217f1401-dab4-43d3-aa77-6c9382220c0c%23summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/style-guide/ethnic-groups">"List of ethnic groups"</a>. Ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk. 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Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=The+National+Archives+-+Homepage&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fbound-for-britain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43782241">"Windrush generation: Who are they and why are they facing problems?"</a>. BBC News. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Windrush+generation%3A+Who+are+they+and+why+are+they+facing+problems%3F&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-43782241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi2e8/syllabus/afterwindrush/thompson_afro-caribbean_migration.pdf">"Forty-and-one years on: An overview of Afro-Caribbean migration to the United Kingdom"</a> (PDF). Warwick Univsrsity. 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Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wsj.com&rft.atitle=When+the+Slave+Traders+Were+African&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.aulast=Nwaubani&rft.aufirst=Adaobi+Tricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwhen-the-slave-traders-were-african-11568991595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Sieff2018" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Sieff (30 January 2018) [2018-01-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/an-african-country-reckons-with-its-history-of-selling-slaves/2018/01/29/5234f5aa-ff9a-11e7-86b9-8908743c79dd_story.html">"An African country reckons with its history of selling slaves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1330888409">1330888409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=An+African+country+reckons+with+its+history+of+selling+slaves&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1330888409&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.au=Kevin+Sieff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fan-african-country-reckons-with-its-history-of-selling-slaves%2F2018%2F01%2F29%2F5234f5aa-ff9a-11e7-86b9-8908743c79dd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Template:WaPoCheckDates" title="Template:WaPoCheckDates">please check these dates</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcjuly2020-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcjuly2020_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcjuly2020_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53527405">"Genetic impact of African slave trade revealed in DNA study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 24 July 2020. <q>They believe enslaved <a href="/wiki/Nigerians" title="Nigerians">Nigerians</a> were transported from the <a href="/wiki/British_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="British Caribbean">British Caribbean</a> to other areas, "presumably to maintain the slave economy as transatlantic slave-trading was increasingly prohibited" ... Researchers said a strong bias towards African female contributions in the gene pool – even though the majority of slaves were male – could be attributed to "the rape of enslaved African women by slave owners and other sexual exploitation".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genetic+impact+of+African+slave+trade+revealed+in+DNA+study&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-53527405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derbyshire2003-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derbyshire2003_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derbyshire2003_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Derbyshire2003" class="citation news cs1">David Derbyshire (5 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3305145/One-British-black-man-in-four-has-white-ancestor.html">"One British black man in four 'has white ancestor'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3305145/One-British-black-man-in-four-has-white-ancestor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. <q>Around a quarter of Afro-Caribbean British men are directly descended from white Europeans, according to a new study ... The study also found that around 13 per cent of the DNA inherited by Afro-Caribbean men and women did not originate from Africa ... Most of Britain's black community are descended from the millions of Africans who worked as slaves on the Caribbean sugar plantations. The DNA tests were carried out on 229 British volunteers with four Afro-Caribbean grandparents</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=One+British+black+man+in+four+%27has+white+ancestor%27&rft.date=2003-02-05&rft.au=David+Derbyshire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F3305145%2FOne-British-black-man-in-four-has-white-ancestor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayBeatyMathiasRafaels2010" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Tanda; Beaty, Terri H.; Mathias, Rasika A.; Rafaels, Nicholas; Grant, Audrey Virginia; Faruque, Mezbah U.; Watson, Harold R.; Ruczinski, Ingo; Dunston, Georgia M.; Barnes, Kathleen C. 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J.; Kittles, R. A.; Shriver, M. D. (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1440">"Implications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research"</a>. Nature Genetics. 36 (11): S54–S60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1440">10.1038/ng1440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1718">1546-1718</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15508005">15508005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13712615">13712615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Implications+of+correlations+between+skin+color+and+genetic+ancestry+for+biomedical+research&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=S54-S60&rft.date=2004-11&rft.issn=1546-1718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13712615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15508005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng1440&rft.aulast=Parra&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=Kittles%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Shriver%2C+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fng1440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousins2010" class="citation web cs1">Cousins, Emily (8 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/notting-hill-riots-1958/">"The Notting Hill Riots (1958) •"</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Notting+Hill+Riots+%281958%29+%E2%80%A2&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fglobal-african-history%2Fnotting-hill-riots-1958%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-windrushreport2020-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-windrushreport2020_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-windrushreport2020_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Williams,_HMCPSI2020" class="citation web cs1">Wendy Williams, <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Crown_Prosecution_Service_Inspectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate">HMCPSI</a> (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/876336/6.5577_HO_Windrush_Lessons_Learned_Review_LoResFinal.pdf">"Windrush Lessons Learned Review"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/UK_Home_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Home Office">UK Home Office</a>. <q>They were from a group of British people who held what became CUKC (citizens of the UK and Colonies) citizenship, and their children, who came to the UK between 1948 and 1973, mostly from Caribbean countries ... <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Housing" title="Chartered Institute of Housing">Chartered Institute of Housing</a>: "the Windrush Britons often had compelling anecdotal and other evidence demonstrating their lengthy residence in the UK".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windrush+Lessons+Learned+Review&rft.pub=UK+Home+Office&rft.date=2020-03&rft.au=Wendy+Williams%2C+HMCPSI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F876336%2F6.5577_HO_Windrush_Lessons_Learned_Review_LoResFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONSdetailed-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONSdetailed_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONSdetailed_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/qs211ew">"Ethnic group (detailed)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. <q>White: White Caribbean; Mixed/multiple ethnic group: Caribbean Asian; Mixed/multiple ethnic group: White Caribbean</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+group+%28detailed%29&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fqs211ew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONSwrite-in-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONSwrite-in_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONSwrite-in_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/adhocs/010146ct10222011census/ct10222011census.xls">"Selected ethnic group (write-in responses)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. <q>White: White Caribbean; 569</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+ethnic+group+%28write-in+responses%29&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Fethnicity%2Fadhocs%2F010146ct10222011census%2Fct10222011census.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davison2017-2016-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davison2017-2016_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davison2017-2016_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davison2017-2016_22-2">c</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamilla_Palmer2017" class="citation news cs1">Camilla Palmer (11 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/aug/11/peter-davison-actor-father-sister">"Peter Davison: 'Britain wasn't as welcoming as it should have been for my father'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <q>My father, Claude, who was from <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> ... Britain wasn't as welcoming as it should have been for him with his <a href="/wiki/Dark_skin" title="Dark skin">dark skin</a> and hair, West Indian accent and gold tooth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peter+Davison%3A+%27Britain+wasn%27t+as+welcoming+as+it+should+have+been+for+my+father%27&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft.au=Camilla+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2017%2Faug%2F11%2Fpeter-davison-actor-father-sister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Plunkett2016" class="citation news cs1">Josh Plunkett (2 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/jun/02/steven-moffat-there-was-going-to-be-a-black-doctor-who">"We nearly appointed a black Doctor, says Doctor Who showrunner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Steven_Moffat" title="Steven Moffat">Moffat</a> said the show had tried to go one further by casting the first non-white <a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_(Doctor_Who)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Doctor (Doctor Who)">Doctor</a>, but the choice later fell through.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=We+nearly+appointed+a+black+Doctor%2C+says+Doctor+Who+showrunner&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft.au=Josh+Plunkett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2016%2Fjun%2F02%2Fsteven-moffat-there-was-going-to-be-a-black-doctor-who&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-goody2009-2019-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goody2009-2019_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goody2009-2019_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goody2009-2019_23-2">c</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_James_Smith2009" class="citation news cs1">David James Smith (12 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/who-killed-jade-goody-dn6xsjgnwzf">"Who killed Jade Goody?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Jade_Goody" title="Jade Goody">Jade</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> herself (her late father had been half-<a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a>)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Who+killed+Jade+Goody%3F&rft.date=2009-07-12&rft.au=David+James+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwho-killed-jade-goody-dn6xsjgnwzf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_White2019" class="citation news cs1">Adam White (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/jade-goody-10-years-big-brother-star-shaped-celebrity-culture/">"From hate figure to nation's sweetheart: who was the real Jade Goody?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/jade-goody-10-years-big-brother-star-shaped-celebrity-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. <q>It's also an easier story to focus on than our own complicity in her prolonged abuse and belittlement, our somewhat baffling "people's princess" reaction to her demise (the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> defended itself in 2009 against accusations that its coverage of <a href="/wiki/Jade_Goody" title="Jade Goody">Goody</a>'s final weeks was "excessive"), or our eagerness to forgive a wealthy white woman for hurling racist abuse against a <a href="/wiki/Women_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Women of color">woman of colour</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=From+hate+figure+to+nation%27s+sweetheart%3A+who+was+the+real+Jade+Goody%3F&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.au=Adam+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftv%2F0%2Fjade-goody-10-years-big-brother-star-shaped-celebrity-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-graham2015-2019-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graham2015-2019_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham2015-2019_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham2015-2019_24-2">c</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50431391">"Stephen Graham: Actor tells Desert Island Discs 'I didn't know how to cope'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 17 November 2019. <q>He can now be seen playing mobster Anthony Provenzano in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s film The Irishman. The director had previously cast him in Gangs of New York and as Al Capone in HBO's Boardwalk Empire. ... One of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Graham" title="Stephen Graham">Graham</a>'s grandfathers was <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a>, and he told <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Laverne" title="Lauren Laverne">Laverne</a> that at times in his youth he didn't know where he "belonged". "There were times there growing up when I was slightly unsure where I fitted in," he said, referencing his white and black cousins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stephen+Graham%3A+Actor+tells+Desert+Island+Discs+%27I+didn%27t+know+how+to+cope%27&rft.date=2019-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-50431391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerena_Davies2015" class="citation news cs1">Serena Davies (4 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/11907028/This-Is-England-90-episode-four-review.html">"This Is England '90, review: 'end of an era'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/11907028/This-Is-England-90-episode-four-review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. <q>Last night the narrative came full circle. A young black man, Milky (<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Shim" title="Andrew Shim">Andrew Shim</a>), got revenge on Combo (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Graham" title="Stephen Graham">Stephen Graham</a>), the white racist who had beaten him to a pulp in the <a href="/wiki/This_Is_England" title="This Is England">original film</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=This+Is+England+%2790%2C+review%3A+%27end+of+an+era%27&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft.au=Serena+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2Ftv-and-radio-reviews%2F11907028%2FThis-Is-England-90-episode-four-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer2020-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2020_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2020_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2020_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Sawyer2020" class="citation news cs1">Miranda Sawyer (22 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/nov/22/slowthai-new-album-tyron-interview-nhs">"Slowthai: 'I know who I am, I know what I stand for'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <q>He knows that part of what people react to is what they think they see: a shaven-headed young white guy, "<a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">EDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>". In fact, <a href="/wiki/Slowthai" title="Slowthai">Slowthai</a>'s mum is half-<a href="/wiki/Bajan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajan people">Bajan</a>, and he grew up knowing his background was mixed. "It's not that being called white bothers me," he says. "It's like: 'You don't know me. You don't know my family's struggles, when my great nan came here in the <a href="/wiki/Windrush_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Windrush generation">Windrush generation</a>, or my family being from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Slowthai%3A+%27I+know+who+I+am%2C+I+know+what+I+stand+for%27&rft.date=2020-11-22&rft.au=Miranda+Sawyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2020%2Fnov%2F22%2Fslowthai-new-album-tyron-interview-nhs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McRae2008-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McRae2008_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae2008_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae2008_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_McRae2008" class="citation news cs1">Donald McRae (8 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jan/08/rugbyunion.sixnations">"'I've been dying to get picked since I was so young'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <q>His father, Jay, separated from Anne soon after his birth and returned to <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. While he has remained in contact with his dad, and is amused to point out that he and his mother are the only <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">white members</a> of an extended Caribbean family, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Cipriani" title="Danny Cipriani">Cipriani</a> insists...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27I%27ve+been+dying+to+get+picked+since+I+was+so+young%27&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft.au=Donald+McRae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2008%2Fjan%2F08%2Frugbyunion.sixnations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhopal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bhopal, Raj (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732794">"Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: for reflection and debate"</a>. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 58 (6): 441–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjech.2003.013466">10.1136/jech.2003.013466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732794">1732794</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15143107">15143107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Epidemiology+%26+Community+Health&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+terms+relating+to+ethnicity+and+race%3A+for+reflection+and+debate&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=441-445&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1732794%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15143107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjech.2003.013466&rft.aulast=Bhopal&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1732794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgyemangBhopalBruijnzeels2005" class="citation journal cs1">Agyemang, Charles; Bhopal, Raj; Bruijnzeels, Marc (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732973">"Negro, Black, Black African, African Caribbean, African American or what? Labelling African origin populations in the health arena in the 21st century"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Windrush+generation%3A+Theresa+May+apologises+to+Caribbean+leaders&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-43792411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartWalkerGentlemanRawlinson2018" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Heather; Walker, Peter; Gentleman, Amelia; Rawlinson, Kevin (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/20/theresa-may-says-windrush-victims-will-be-paid-compensation">"Theresa May says Windrush victims will be paid compensation"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+says+Windrush+victims+will+be+paid+compensation&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Walker%2C+Peter&rft.au=Gentleman%2C+Amelia&rft.au=Rawlinson%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2Fapr%2F20%2Ftheresa-may-says-windrush-victims-will-be-paid-compensation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrickBuchan2018" class="citation web cs1">Merrick, Rob; Buchan, Lizzy (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/windrush-generation-scandal-compensation-theresa-may-affected-immigration-crackdown-a8314896.html">"Windrush scandal: Theresa May says people affected by immigration crackdown will receive 'compensation'"</a>. The Independent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Windrush+scandal%3A+Theresa+May+says+people+affected+by+immigration+crackdown+will+receive+%27compensation%27&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Merrick&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Buchan%2C+Lizzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fwindrush-generation-scandal-compensation-theresa-may-affected-immigration-crackdown-a8314896.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43846047">"Theresa May: Compensation for Windrush generation"</a>. BBC News. 21 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Theresa+May%3A+Compensation+for+Windrush+generation&rft.date=2018-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-43846047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartGentlemanHopkins2018" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Heather; Gentleman, Amelia; Hopkins, Nick (30 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/apr/29/amber-rudd-resigns-as-home-secretary-after-windrush-scandal">"Amber Rudd resigns hours after Guardian publishes deportation targets letter"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Amber+Rudd+resigns+hours+after+Guardian+publishes+deportation+targets+letter&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Gentleman%2C+Amelia&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2Fapr%2F29%2Famber-rudd-resigns-as-home-secretary-after-windrush-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentish2018" class="citation news cs1">Kentish, Benjamin (29 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/windrush-latest-sajid-javid-personal-amber-rudd-deportation-local-elections-2018-a8327921.html">"Sajid Javid says Windrush scandal felt 'very personal' because 'it could have been me'"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 30 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sajid+Javid+says+Windrush+scandal+felt+%27very+personal%27+because+%27it+could+have+been+me%27&rft.date=2018-04-29&rft.aulast=Kentish&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fwindrush-latest-sajid-javid-personal-amber-rudd-deportation-local-elections-2018-a8327921.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalnick2018" class="citation news cs1">Malnick, Edward (29 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/04/28/sajid-javids-windrush-fury-could-have-mum-dad/">"Sajid Javid's Windrush fury: 'It could have been me, my mum or my dad'"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/04/28/sajid-javids-windrush-fury-could-have-mum-dad/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sajid+Javid%27s+Windrush+fury%3A+%27It+could+have+been+me%2C+my+mum+or+my+dad%27&rft.date=2018-04-29&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Malnick&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F04%2F28%2Fsajid-javids-windrush-fury-could-have-mum-dad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-43806710">"Windrush: Theresa May hits back at Labour over landing cards"</a>. BBC News. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Windrush%3A+Theresa+May+hits+back+at+Labour+over+landing+cards&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-43806710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayBeatyMathiasRafaels2010" class="citation journal cs1">Murray T, Beaty TH, Mathias RA, Rafaels N, Grant AV, Faruque MU, Watson HR, Ruczinski I, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_M._Dunston" title="Georgia M. Dunston">Dunston GM</a>, Barnes KC (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3837693">"African and Non-African Admixture Components in African Americans and An African Caribbean Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genetic_Epidemiology_(journal)" title="Genetic Epidemiology (journal)">Genetic Epidemiology</a>. 34 (6): 561–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgepi.20512">10.1002/gepi.20512</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3837693">3837693</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20717976">20717976</a>. <q>We selected 416 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) to estimate and compare admixture proportions using STRUCTURE in 906 unrelated <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> (AAs) and 294 <a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Barbadians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbeans">ACs</a>) from a study of asthma. This analysis showed AAs on average were 72.5% African, 19.6% European and 8% Asian, while ACs were 77.4% African, 15.9% European, and 6.7% Asian which were significantly different.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=African+and+Non-African+Admixture+Components+in+African+Americans+and+An+African+Caribbean+Population&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=561-8&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3837693%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20717976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgepi.20512&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Beaty%2C+TH&rft.au=Mathias%2C+RA&rft.au=Rafaels%2C+N&rft.au=Grant%2C+AV&rft.au=Faruque%2C+MU&rft.au=Watson%2C+HR&rft.au=Ruczinski%2C+I&rft.au=Dunston%2C+GM&rft.au=Barnes%2C+KC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3837693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learning.berkeley.edu/cipolat/PDF/ISF100A/Lectures/Gilroy.pdf">Paul Gilroy profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622142835/http://learning.berkeley.edu/cipolat/PDF/ISF100A/Lectures/Gilroy.pdf">Archived</a> 22 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Berkeley education website. Retrieved 13 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol7no1/Hall.htm">"A Conversation With Stuart Hall"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211103804/http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol7no1/Hall.htm">Archived</a> 11 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Journal of the International Institute. Retrieved 13 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckford2002" class="citation news cs1">Beckford, Robert (4 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/04/race.uk">"For Empire, read exploitation"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=For+Empire%2C+read+exploitation&rft.date=2002-08-04&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Faug%2F04%2Frace.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/booksvideo/video/catalogue/index.php/page/item_view/code/439">BFI website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127134458/http://www.bfi.org.uk/booksvideo/video/catalogue/index.php/page/item_view/code/439">Archived</a> 27 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Pressure" description. Retrieved 1 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/yvonne_brewster.html">Yvonne Brewster profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010115501/http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/yvonne_brewster.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 100 Great Black Britons. Retrieved 8 October 2006. ° <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/caribbean/culture/theatre4.htm">New Black theatre companies</a> Migration histories. Retrieved 8 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluemountaintheatre.com/NewFiles/whatson.html">Blue Mountain Theatre website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427201922/http://www.bluemountaintheatre.com/NewFiles/whatson.html">Archived</a> 27 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 8 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne2006" class="citation web cs1">Bourne, Stephen (12 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216205525/http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/news/ART42059.html">"A Sort Of Magic: The Black Presence On Pre-War British Television"</a>. untoldlondon.org.uk. Museum of London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/news/ART42059.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=untoldlondon.org.uk&rft.atitle=A+Sort+Of+Magic%3A+The+Black+Presence+On+Pre-War+British+Television&rft.date=2006-12-12&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.untoldlondon.org.uk%2Fnews%2FART42059.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/talent/h/henry_lenny.shtml">Lenny Henry BBC shows history</a>. BBC online. Retrieved 22 December 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/thismorning/articles/alison-hammond-and-dermot-oleary-to-join-this-morning-presenting-family">"Alison Hammond and Dermot O'Leary to join This Morning presenting family"</a>. ITV. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITV&rft.atitle=Alison+Hammond+and+Dermot+O%27Leary+to+join+This+Morning+presenting+family&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fthismorning%2Farticles%2Falison-hammond-and-dermot-oleary-to-join-this-morning-presenting-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://film.guardian.co.uk/Player/Player_Page/0,,68701,00.html">Marianne Jean-Baptiste profile</a> Guardian Online. Retrieved 7 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0365140/awards">"Naomie Harris"</a>. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Naomie+Harris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0365140%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlen_Lavigne2018" class="citation book cs1">Carlen Lavigne (2018). Post-Apocalyptic Patriarchy: American Television and Gendered Visions of Survival. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786499069" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786499069"><bdi>978-0786499069</bdi></a>. <q>According to IMDB, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dillane" title="Frank Dillane">Frank Dillane</a> is biracial (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dillane" title="Stephen Dillane">his father</a> is white and his mother is of Afro-Jamaican heritage). The character Nick is apparently white ... the Nick role was originally cast with white actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheehan" title="Robert Sheehan">Robert Sheehan</a> before Dillane took over ... For an example, see "Why We Should Talk About Nick Being White,"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Apocalyptic+Patriarchy%3A+American+Television+and+Gendered+Visions+of+Survival&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0786499069&rft.au=Carlen+Lavigne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/wentworth-miller">"Wentworth Miller"</a>. Goldenglobes.com. Retrieved 16 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goldenglobes.com&rft.atitle=Wentworth+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldenglobes.com%2Fperson%2Fwentworth-miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2015" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, Craig (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flashtvnews.com/the-flash-is-honored-with-3-saturn-awards/20884">"The Flash Is Honored With 3 Saturn Awards | FlashTVNews"</a>. Retrieved 16 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Flash+Is+Honored+With+3+Saturn+Awards+%7C+FlashTVNews&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflashtvnews.com%2Fthe-flash-is-honored-with-3-saturn-awards%2F20884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2021" class="citation web cs1">Cruz, Clarissa (29 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/the-awardist-podcast/delroy-lindo-da-5-bloods/">"Delroy Lindo on his titanic performance in 'Da 5 Bloods'"</a>. EW.com. 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Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yakety+Yak&rft.atitle=Colin+Salmon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yaketyyak.co.uk%2Fartists%2Fcolin-salmon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/award-edition-movie.php?edition-id=satellite_1998&movie-id=673892">"3rd Satellite Awards8"</a>. FilmAffinity. 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Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heart&rft.atitle=Who+is+Marsha+Thomason%3F+The+Bay+actress%27+age%2C+career+and+husband+revealed&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heart.co.uk%2Fshowbiz%2Ftv-movies%2Fwho-marsha-thomason-the-bay-age-career-husband%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaketyyak.co.uk/artists/ashley-walters">"Ashley Walters"</a>. Yakety Yak. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yakety+Yak&rft.atitle=Ashley+Walters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yaketyyak.co.uk%2Fartists%2Fashley-walters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Jessica (23 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1524928/david-harewood-homeland-death-dead-career-rock-bottom-family-news-net-worth-latest-news">"David Harewood: Homeland star speaks out on career 'falling off a cliff'"</a>. Express.co.uk. 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Variety. 4 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815065825/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/david-harewood-receive-variety-outstanding-091201920.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News+UK&rft.atitle=David+Harewood+to+Receive+Variety+Outstanding+Achievement+Award+With+Edinburgh+TV+Festival&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Fdavid-harewood-receive-variety-outstanding-091201920.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2021" class="citation web cs1">Nugent, Annabel (9 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lashana-lynch-james-bond-no-time-to-die-b1934965.html">"Lashana Lynch on ear for eye, Bond and why there's still a long way to go for change"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307143852/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lashana-lynch-james-bond-no-time-to-die-b1934965.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Lashana+Lynch+on+ear+for+eye%2C+Bond+and+why+there%27s+still+a+long+way+to+go+for+change&rft.date=2021-10-09&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilms%2Ffeatures%2Flashana-lynch-james-bond-no-time-to-die-b1934965.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2022" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Jhaneal (14 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribbeannationalweekly.com/caribbean-breaking-news-featured/british-jamaican-actress-lashana-lynch-scores-win-at-2022-bafta-awards/">"British Jamaican Actress Lashana Lynch Scores Win at 2022 BAFTA Awards"</a>. 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Music Eyz. 26 September 2012. <q><a href="/wiki/Tina_Barrett" title="Tina Barrett">Tina Barrett</a>: "I am half South American, my mum's South American"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Eyz&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Tina+Barrett&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusiceyz.co.uk%2F2012%2F09%2F26%2Finterview-with-tina-barrett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2019" class="citation news cs1">Bray, Elisa (24 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/nilufer-yanya-interview-miss-universe-album-imposter-syndrome-a8833701.html">"Nilüfer Yanya interview: 'I get imposter syndrome a lot'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Nil%C3%BCfer+Yanya+interview%3A+%27I+get+imposter+syndrome+a+lot%27&rft.date=2019-03-24&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Fnilufer-yanya-interview-miss-universe-album-imposter-syndrome-a8833701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00bbdly">"Desert Island Discs – Diane Abbott"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Kelly Holmes: The Autobiography (Kelly Holmes) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-224-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85227-224-4">1-85227-224-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,749439,00.html">New kid on the blocks</a> Guardian Unlimited "The Brit pack, almost all of whom are Afro-Caribbean, includes Christian Malcolm, Dwain Chambers and Darren Campbell, but even in this exalted company Lewis-Francis is seen as exceptional." Accessed 17 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4057249,00.html">Fast and loose</a> Guardian Online. 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Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playboy.com/arts-entertainment/features/hboboxing/lennoxlewis/">"The Lennox Lewis interview"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022081530/http://www.playboy.com/arts-entertainment/features/hboboxing/lennoxlewis/">Archived</a> 22 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Playboy online. April 2002. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/nigel_benn-chris_eubanks.html">100 Great Black Britons</a>. Chris Eubank biography. Retrieved 6 October 2006. °<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news/Benn-Eubank-Watson.php">The Rubank-Benn-Watson rivalry</a> Eastsideboxing.com. 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Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricketweb.net/worldcup2007/scorecards/WCFinal1987.txt">Australia v England scorecard 1987</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070531223128/http://www.cricketweb.net/worldcup2007/scorecards/WCFinal1987.txt">Archived</a> 31 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cricket web.net. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefa.com/WorldCup2006/NewsAndFeatures/Postings/2006/06/WorldCup_Rioready.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FA&rft.atitle=Rio%3A+Game+is+%27great+occasion%27&rft.date=2006-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefa.com%2FWorldCup2006%2FNewsAndFeatures%2FPostings%2F2006%2F06%2FWorldCup_Rioready.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.black-history-month.co.uk/articles/andrew_watson.html">First Black footballer Andrew Watson inspired British soccer in 1870s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610052137/http://www.black-history-month.co.uk/articles/andrew_watson.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Black history month.co.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425073356/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtull.htm">"Walter Tull"</a>. spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtull.htm">the original</a> on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk&rft.atitle=Walter+Tull&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FFWWtull.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furd.org/default.asp?intPageID=269">"Football Unites, Racism Divides"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213335/http://www.furd.org/default.asp?intPageID=269">Archived</a> 26 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Official website. Biography of Lloyd "Lindy" Delapenha.Accessed 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfa.bm/headline.php?storyId=72">FIFA Order of Merit Presented to Clyde Best</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070522112032/http://www.bfa.bm/headline.php?storyId=72">Archived</a> 22 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bermuda Football Association homepage. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-regis-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regis_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-regis_192-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furd.org/default.asp?intPageID=34">Football Unites, Racism Divides</a> Cyril Regis. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefa.com/Features/EnglishDomestic/Postings/2003/07/54903.htm">Englishmen Abroad: Luther Blissett</a> F.A. com. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_194-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tv_and_radio/world_football/2399629.stm">Society has to change – Barnes</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Green_(broadcaster)" title="Alan Green (broadcaster)">Alan Green</a> talks to John Barnes. BBC Online. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes_racism-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_racism_195-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.football-england.com/john_barnes.html">John Barnes profile. Football-England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116205048/http://www.football-england.com/john_barnes.html">Archived</a> 16 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "His international career began when there was a definite hooligan element among England's support. There was also a definite racist element. Famously, a group of travelling supporters was heard remarking, after Barnes had scored his wonderful goal in Brazil, that England had only won 1–0 because his goal didn't count. It is true that the consistent brilliance he showed for Liverpool always eluded him in an England Shirt but for everybody who thought the problem lay with him there was as many again who felt it was the inadequacy of his teammates." Accessed 21 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furd.org/default.asp?intPageID=69">Football Unites Racism Divides</a>, Furd.org, Accessed 26 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kickitout.org/index.php?id=4">Kick It Out is football's anti-racism campaign.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427092207/http://www.kickitout.org/index.php?id=4">Archived</a> 27 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 26 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20060610T220000-0500_106677_OBS_ENGLAND_S_TEENAGED_STAR_WALCOTT_LINKED_TO_JAMAICA_.asp">England's teenaged star Walcott linked to Jamaica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615170131/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20060610T220000-0500_106677_OBS_ENGLAND_S_TEENAGED_STAR_WALCOTT_LINKED_TO_JAMAICA_.asp">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Jamaica Observer. 11 June 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://football.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,1360980,00.html">"Defender cast in unwanted role of target man"</a>, The Guardian. 27 November 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/12/12/looks.shtml">England's Ferdinand looks forward to World Cup clash against Trinidad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526092638/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/12/12/looks.shtml">Archived</a> 26 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Caribbean net news. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Taylor2020" class="citation news cs1">Jeremy Taylor (13 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lewis-hamilton-on-racing-home-for-christmas-and-why-f1-needs-more-diversity-dq9bhjzdp">"Lewis Hamilton on racing home for Christmas and why F1 needs more diversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Lewis+Hamilton+on+racing+home+for+Christmas+and+why+F1+needs+more+diversity&rft.date=2020-12-13&rft.au=Jeremy+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flewis-hamilton-on-racing-home-for-christmas-and-why-f1-needs-more-diversity-dq9bhjzdp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/clive-sullivan-rugby-league-wales/">"Clive Sullivan: The remarkable story of rugby league's trailblazer"</a>. LoveRugbyLeague. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LoveRugbyLeague&rft.atitle=Clive+Sullivan%3A+The+remarkable+story+of+rugby+league%27s+trailblazer&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loverugbyleague.com%2Fpost%2Fclive-sullivan-rugby-league-wales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heppenstall2019-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heppenstall2019_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heppenstall2019_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Heppenstall2019" class="citation news cs1">Ross Heppenstall (19 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-league/2019/10/19/jason-robinson-has-gone-back-roots-help-jamaicas-rugby-leaguereggae/">"Why Jason Robinson has gone back to his roots to help Jamaica's rugby league Reggae Warriors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-league/2019/10/19/jason-robinson-has-gone-back-roots-help-jamaicas-rugby-leaguereggae/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. <q><a href="/wiki/Jason_Robinson_(rugby)" title="Jason Robinson (rugby)">Robinson</a>'s mother is Scottish and his biological father William Thorpe, a Jamaican living in Leeds, abandoned him before he was born. ... "I played for England throughout my career but I'm actually half-Jamaican and half-Scottish," says the 45-year-old ... Jamaica can call on several Super League players with Jamaican heritage such as <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jones-Bishop" title="Ben Jones-Bishop">Ben Jones-Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Golding" title="Ashton Golding">Ashton Golding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_(rugby_league)" title="Michael Lawrence (rugby league)">Michael Lawrence</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Why+Jason+Robinson+has+gone+back+to+his+roots+to+help+Jamaica%27s+rugby+league+Reggae+Warriors&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft.au=Ross+Heppenstall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Frugby-league%2F2019%2F10%2F19%2Fjason-robinson-has-gone-back-roots-help-jamaicas-rugby-leaguereggae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Andy (23 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/23/lewis-tierney-jason-robinson-wigan-warriors">"Jason Robinson's son Lewis Tierney signs with Wigan Warriors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jason+Robinson%27s+son+Lewis+Tierney+signs+with+Wigan+Warriors&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2012%2Foct%2F23%2Flewis-tierney-jason-robinson-wigan-warriors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/rugby-league/wigan-warriors/on-this-day/feature/on-this-day-ellery-hanley-makes-history-with-third-successive-challenge-cup_397718.html">"On this day: Ellery Hanley makes history with third"</a>. Sports Mole. 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sports+Mole&rft.atitle=On+this+day%3A+Ellery+Hanley+makes+history+with+third&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsmole.co.uk%2Frugby-league%2Fwigan-warriors%2Fon-this-day%2Ffeature%2Fon-this-day-ellery-hanley-makes-history-with-third-successive-challenge-cup_397718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2020" class="citation web cs1">Holland, Zach (27 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/ellery-hanley-the-greatest-player-in-british-rugby-league-history/">"Ellery Hanley: The greatest player in British rugby league history"</a>. LoveRugbyLeague. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LoveRugbyLeague&rft.atitle=Ellery+Hanley%3A+The+greatest+player+in+British+rugby+league+history&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loverugbyleague.com%2Fpost%2Fellery-hanley-the-greatest-player-in-british-rugby-league-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/listings/region/bradford/ellery-hanley-in-conversation/">"Ellery Hanley in Conversation"</a>. Black History Month 2022. 27 June 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+History+Month+2022&rft.atitle=Ellery+Hanley+in+Conversation&rft.date=2021-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackhistorymonth.org.uk%2Farticle%2Flistings%2Fregion%2Fbradford%2Fellery-hanley-in-conversation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaybourn2020" class="citation web cs1">Laybourn, Ian (5 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/top-10-greatest-british-rugby-110000314.html">"Top 10 greatest British rugby league players"</a>. Yahoo.com. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Top+10+greatest+British+rugby+league+players&rft.date=2020-04-05&rft.aulast=Laybourn&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftop-10-greatest-british-rugby-110000314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/49755681">"Jimmy Peters: England's first black rugby union international"</a>. BBC Sport. 23 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004023405/http://bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/49755681">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Peters%3A+England%27s+first+black+rugby+union+international&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Frugby-union%2F49755681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture-210"><a href="#cite_ref-culture_210-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/knowledge/culture/nottinghill/">Professor David Dabydeen, "Notting Hill Carnival"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219092813/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/knowledge/culture/nottinghill/">Archived</a> 19 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Yesu Persaud Centre for Caribbean Studies, Warwick. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4952920.stm">"New icons of Englishness unveiled"</a>. No. 27 April 2006. BBC News. 10 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+icons+of+Englishness+unveiled&rft.issue=27+April+2006&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F4952920.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Spring Bank Holiday Celebrations Official Programme from 1976 displayed at an exhibition at Stockwood Discovery Centre in June 2016. Luton Culture, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutonculture.com/whats-on/whats-on/2016/06/01/the-spirit-of-carnival/1868/">What's On: The Spirit Of Carnival</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/leeds/index.shtml">"Legacies – Immigration and Emigration – England – Leeds – Partying towards equality"</a>. BBC. 13 November 2003. 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Yorkshire Evening Post. 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Retrieved 22 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fantasticfiction.com/m/dreda-say-mitchell/spare-room.htm">"Spare Room by Dreda Say Mitchell"</a>. Fantasticfiction.com. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fantasticfiction.com&rft.atitle=Spare+Room+by+Dreda+Say+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantasticfiction.com%2Fm%2Fdreda-say-mitchell%2Fspare-room.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dredamitchell.com/psychological-thrillers/">"Psychological Thrillers – Dreda Say Mitchell and Ryan Carter"</a>. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psychological+Thrillers+%E2%80%93+Dreda+Say+Mitchell+and+Ryan+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdredamitchell.com%2Fpsychological-thrillers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwin2020" class="citation web cs1">Sherwin, Adam (29 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/culture/books/candice-carty-williams-first-black-female-book-of-the-year-queenie-454668">"Candice Carty-Williams named first black female Book of the Year winner for Queenie"</a>. inews.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inews.co.uk&rft.atitle=Candice+Carty-Williams+named+first+black+female+Book+of+the+Year+winner+for+Queenie&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft.aulast=Sherwin&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fcandice-carty-williams-first-black-female-book-of-the-year-queenie-454668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Diana (12 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/12/queenie-candice-carty-williams-review">"Queenie by Candice Carty-Williams review – timely and important"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Queenie+by+Candice+Carty-Williams+review+%E2%80%93+timely+and+important&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fapr%2F12%2Fqueenie-candice-carty-williams-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2019" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Heloise (12 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebookseller.com/news/news/carty-williams-leaves-vintage-1022341">"Candice Carty-Williams leaves Vintage"</a>. The Bookseller. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bookseller&rft.atitle=Candice+Carty-Williams+leaves+Vintage&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Heloise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookseller.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fcarty-williams-leaves-vintage-1022341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4651368.stm">"Met chief accuses media of racism"</a>, BBC news online. 26 January 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htmlM/mcdonaldtre/mcdonaldtre.htm">Trevor McDonald, profile</a> Museum of Broadcast Communications. "McDonald is not only one of the most respected elder statesmen of news broadcasting". Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackbritain.co.uk/lifestyle/details.aspx?i=45&c=Book+Review&h=Stranger+in+a+Strange+Land+by+Gary+Younge">"Young writes from the perspective of an African descendant"</a>, blackbritain.co.uk, 16 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007195100/http://www.blackbritain.co.uk/lifestyle/details.aspx?i=45&c=Book+Review&h=Stranger+in+a+Strange+Land+by+Gary+Younge">Archived</a> 7 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Black Britain website. "Throughout his book, [Gary Younge] never lets you forget that he has this unique African Caribbean/British outlook on life in the land of the free." Accessed 17 November 2006. °<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/5177274.stm">Honorary degree for Moira Stuart</a> BBC Online. "Ms Stuart's maternal grandparents, both from the Caribbean, met while they were studying medicine at Edinburgh University." Accessed 17 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050315054726/http://www.awigp.com/default.asp?numcat=darcus">"Darcus Howe profile"</a>. The new West Indian. N° 13 Février 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awigp.com/default.asp?numcat=darcus">the original</a> on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 17 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+new+West+Indian&rft.atitle=Darcus+Howe+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awigp.com%2Fdefault.asp%3Fnumcat%3Ddarcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/terry_jervis.html">Terry Jervis profile</a>, "Successful black producer", 100 Great Black Britons. Retrieved 17 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/index.shtml?survey=no&url=www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/index.shtml&js=yes">1Xtra BBC Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313213332/http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/index.shtml?survey=no&url=www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/index.shtml&js=yes">Archived</a> 13 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 17 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChater2011" class="citation web cs1">Chater, Kathy (17 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/caribbean_01.shtml">"Caribbean Family History"</a>. BBC Online. Retrieved 17 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Family+History&rft.pub=BBC+Online&rft.date=2011-04-17&rft.aulast=Chater&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Ffamilyhistory%2Fget_started%2Fcaribbean_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacknet.co.uk">Blacknet UK</a>. Accessed 17 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-lord-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lord_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lord_263-1">b</a> Hall, Stuart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/nottinghillcarnival2002/story/0,,773465,00.html">"Calypso kings"</a>. The Guardian, 28 June 2002. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kwela-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kwela_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwela_264-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nthposition.com/londonistheplacefor.php">London is the place for me</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115092923/http://www.nthposition.com/londonistheplacefor.php">Archived</a> 15 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Review by Ian Simmons. NthPosition.com. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skinheadnation.co.uk/traditionalskinheads.htm">"Bring back the skins"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004233900/http://skinheadnation.co.uk/traditionalskinheads.htm">Archived</a> 4 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Skinhead nation.co.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-goldie-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldie_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldie_266-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/524/clubs.asp">Goldie profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083511/http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/524/clubs.asp">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> City Guide by Don Crispy. Japan Today magazine. "Born to a Scottish-Jamaican couple in England and put up for adoption, Goldie was raised in various foster homes". Retrieved 8 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lkjrecords.com/dennisbovell.htm">Dennis Bovell profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061105222557/http://www.lkjrecords.com/dennisbovell.htm">Archived</a> 5 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, LJK records website. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-drum.org.uk/event_info.php?id=328&eid=47">Handsworth Evolution programme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008071352/http://www.the-drum.org.uk/event_info.php?id=328&eid=47">Archived</a> 8 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Drum national centre for Black British arts and culture. "Steel Pulse exploded onto the UK reggae scene in the late-70s with their seminal album – Handsworth Revolution". Retrieved 6 October 2006. ↑Allmusic. "Handsworth Revolution" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r104064">"Steel Pulse's debut album set the band decisively apart from its British colleagues"</a> (review). Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/errol_brown.html">Errol Brown profile</a> 100 Great Black Britons. "(Hot Chocolate frontman) Errol Brown was born in Jamaica and moved to Britain when he was 12". Retrieved 6 October 2006. ° <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socanews.com/artman_new/publish/Features/1674.shtml">"St Lucia celebrates 27 years of Independence"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070920123545/http://www.socanews.com/artman_new/publish/Features/1674.shtml">Archived</a> 20 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Soca News. 7 February 2006. "In the UK, many of the younger generation of St Lucian parentage continue to excel in various fields including [Imagination singer] Leee John (singer/songwriter)". Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2016/bbc-music-my-generation-80s">"BBC Music: My Generation goes back to the 80s with Soul II Soul frontman Jazzie B"</a>. BBC Music. 2 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105192746/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2016/bbc-music-my-generation-80s">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2022. <q>Soul II Soul, by the end of the 80s, created and released their own music which [...] topped the charts around the globe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Music&rft.atitle=BBC+Music%3A+My+Generation+goes+back+to+the+80s+with+Soul+II+Soul+frontman+Jazzie+B&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmediacentre%2Flatestnews%2F2016%2Fbbc-music-my-generation-80s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060825194321/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/profiles/massiveattack.shtml">"Music >> Artist Profiles – everything you need to know about Massive attack"</a>. bbc.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/profiles/massiveattack.shtml">the original</a> on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Music+%3E%3E+Artist+Profiles+%E2%80%93+everything+you+need+to+know+about+Massive+attack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Fprofiles%2Fmassiveattack.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uk-clubbing-directory.co.uk/pages/genre_types.asp">Type of club genre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061025203102/http://www.uk-clubbing-directory.co.uk/pages/genre_types.asp">Archived</a> 25 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UKCD.com – Clubbing. "Jungle sped up breakbeats to 200 beats per minute and added ragga vocals from the Caribbean and heavy bassline". Retrieved 6 October 2006. ° Story of Reggae, UK Urban and Dance. BBC online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://niceup.com/history/bbc/ukurbandance.html">[1]</a>. "When the UK started making its own dance music, the dub and remix techniques and bass-heavy sound balances of reggae dictated how things shaped up – drum'n'bass didn't even bother to think up a new name for itself. The later styles, jungle and UK garage, borrowed heavily from dancehall in terms of attitude and presentation". Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyomusicconcerts/concert/348/tokyomusicconcertsinc.htm">Roni Size Concert preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061118052100/http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyomusicconcerts/concert/348/tokyomusicconcertsinc.htm">Archived</a> 18 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tokyo music concerts. "Born to Jamaican immigrant parents, Size was weaned on the sounds of hip hop and reggae". Retrieved 8 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Story of Reggae, UK Urban and Dance. BBC online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://niceup.com/history/bbc/ukurbandance.html">[2]</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/untold_stories/african/wi_association.shtml">"Voices: Our Untold Stories >>African Caribbean Stories"</a>. BBC Online. 24 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321075343/https://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/untold_stories/african/wi_association.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=Voices%3A+Our+Untold+Stories+%3E%3EAfrican+Caribbean+Stories&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fgloucestershire%2Funtold_stories%2Fafrican%2Fwi_association.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717034605/http://www.movinghere.org.uk/deliveryfiles/LMA/ILEA_S_LR_11_144/0/1.pdf">"Inner London Education Authority Television Service Teachers Notes: West Indian English"</a> (PDF). movinghere.org.uk. Corporation of London. LMA/ILEA/S/LR/11/144. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movinghere.org.uk/deliveryfiles/LMA/ILEA_S_LR_11_144/0/1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=movinghere.org.uk&rft.atitle=Inner+London+Education+Authority+Television+Service+Teachers+Notes%3A+West+Indian+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movinghere.org.uk%2Fdeliveryfiles%2FLMA%2FILEA_S_LR_11_144%2F0%2F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth2005" class="citation web cs1">Firth, Danny (21 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926092418/http://www.irr.org.uk/2005/december/ha000017.html">"Schools still failing Black children"</a>. iRR news. 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Mayor of London. December 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ready+for+Business%3A+The+contribution+of+black+businesses+to+London%27s+economy&rft.pub=Mayor+of+London&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fready_for_business.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2021" class="citation web cs1">Houghton, Tom (26 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-live.co.uk/enterprise/17-young-black-entrepreneurs-who-21962328">"17 young black entrepreneurs who are changing industries across the North West"</a>. Business Live. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Live&rft.atitle=17+young+black+entrepreneurs+who+are+changing+industries+across+the+North+West&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-live.co.uk%2Fenterprise%2F17-young-black-entrepreneurs-who-21962328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunsby2021" class="citation web cs1">Dunsby, Megan (21 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://startups.co.uk/dragons-den/levi-roots/">"Dragons' Den success stories: Levi Roots"</a>. Startups.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Startups.co.uk&rft.atitle=Dragons%27+Den+success+stories%3A+Levi+Roots&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Dunsby&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstartups.co.uk%2Fdragons-den%2Flevi-roots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/d6f2361a-6356-11e4-8a63-00144feabdc0">"My First Million – Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231243/https://www.ft.com/content/d6f2361a-6356-11e4-8a63-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=My+First+Million+%E2%80%93+Wilfred+Emmanuel-Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fd6f2361a-6356-11e4-8a63-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/beauty/make-up-nails/a26748058/pat-mcgrath-labs-kylie-cosmetics/">"Pat McGrath Labs is worth more than Kylie Cosmetics (and it's finally coming to the UK)"</a>. Harper's BAZAAR. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+BAZAAR&rft.atitle=Pat+McGrath+Labs+is+worth+more+than+Kylie+Cosmetics+%28and+it%27s+finally+coming+to+the+UK%29&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpersbazaar.com%2Fuk%2Fbeauty%2Fmake-up-nails%2Fa26748058%2Fpat-mcgrath-labs-kylie-cosmetics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+African-Caribbean+people" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Adi" title="Hakim Adi">Adi, Hakim</a>, The History of African and Caribbean Communities in Britain, London: Wayland, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7502-1517-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7502-1517-8">0-7502-1517-8</a></li> <li>Bygott, David, Black and British, Oxford University Press (18 April 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-913305-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-913305-0">0-19-913305-0</a></li> <li>Palmer, Ransford W., In Search of a Better Life: Perspectives on Migration from the Caribbean, Praeger Publishers (21 May 1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-93409-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-93409-8">0-275-93409-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Phillips_(writer)" title="Mike Phillips (writer)">Phillips, Mike</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Phillips" title="Trevor Phillips">Trevor Phillips</a>, Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain, HarperCollins Publishers, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255909-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255909-9">0-00-255909-9</a></li> <li>Taylor, Simon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224004946/http://www.fircroft.ac.uk/Land_of_Dreams.html">A Land of Dreams: A Study of Jewish and Afro-Caribbean Migrant Communities in England</a>, Routledge (April 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08447-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08447-4">0-415-08447-4</a></li> <li>Waters, Rob. Colonized by Humanity: Caribbean London and the Politics of Integration at the End of Empire (Oxford University Press, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60486">online scholarly review</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018034727/http://www.theplebeian.net/">"Young Blacks, Political Groups and the Police in Handsworth"</a>. An examination of police attempts to isolate young Blacks and attempts by leftist political groups to attract Black youth into their political orbit that preceded the Handsworth protests of 1985.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpresence.co.uk/">The Black Presence in Britain </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voice-online.co.uk/">The Voice Newspaper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820042056/http://digitalhandsworth.org.uk/">Digital Handsworth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byempowerment.blogspot.com/">Black Youth Empowerment UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/OnlineResources/RWWC/Themes/1102/">Reassessing what we collect website – The Caribbean Community in London</a> History of Caribbean London with objects and images</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/item.asp?item_id=50">Windrush settlers arrive in Britain, 1948 – treasures of The National Archives (UK).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/additional_image_types.asp?extra_image_type_id=2&image_id=69">Windrush settlers arrive in Britain, 1948 – Transcript</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windrushfoundation.org">Windrush Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnivals_and_celebrations_2">Carnivals and celebrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Carnivals and celebrations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leedscarnival.co.uk">Leeds Carnival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londoncarnival.co.uk">London Notting Hill Carnival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luton.gov.uk/carnival">Luton Carnival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiatefestival.com">Radiate Windrush Festival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_sites">Community sites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_African-Caribbean_people&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Community sites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacknet.co.uk">UK Black Community website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060724002727/http://www.limelightmagazine.com/front.htm">African Caribbean Coventry website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itzcaribbean.com/">itzcaribbean.com </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090938/http://www.acmccentre.com/acmc.shtml">Afro Caribbean Millennium Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626010926/http://www.calibbian.com/privacy.htm">Caribbean</a> Website for the Birmingham-based community centre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap-centre.com/">Community Action Project</a> Sandwel based community centre website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529090346/http://www.blackcnet.com/">African and Caribbean Black Community Network</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMT_Empire_Windrush" title="HMT Empire Windrush">Empire Windrush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windrush_scandal" title="Windrush scandal">Windrush scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bus_Boycott" title="Bristol Bus Boycott">Bristol Bus Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1965" title="Race Relations Act 1965">Race Relations Act 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Decline and legacy of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_British_history" title="Category:Black British history">Race riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people#Culture_and_community" title="Black British people">Black British culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_British_music" title="Category:Black British music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britfunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Britfunk">Britfunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_rock" title="Lovers rock">Lovers rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Civic and economic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Asian_Studies_Association" title="Black and Asian Studies Association">Black and Asian Studies Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Equity_Organisation" title="Black Equity Organisation">Black Equity Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Relief_of_the_Black_Poor" title="Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor">Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Police_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Black Police Association (United Kingdom)">National Black Police Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Ethnic and national sub-divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African-Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguans_and_Barbudans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antiguans and Barbudans in the United Kingdom">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_British" title="Barbadian British">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Guyanese in the United Kingdom">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserratians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Montserratians in the United Kingdom">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_British" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian British">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Congolese (Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the United Kingdom">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ghanaians in the United Kingdom">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ivorians in the United Kingdom">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan migration to the United Kingdom">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Nigerians" title="British Nigerians">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leoneans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sierra Leoneans in the United Kingdom">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tanzanians in the United Kingdom">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ugandan migration to the United Kingdom">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">Other black groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black Britons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_diaspora" title="Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_diaspora" title="Template talk:African diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">Americas</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Anguillians" title="Afro-Anguillians">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arubans" title="Afro-Arubans">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bahamians" title="Afro-Bahamians">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudians" title="Black Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caymanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1" title="Arará">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Cuba" title="Cape Verdeans in Cuba">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Longoba" title="Ganga-Longoba">Ganga-Longoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cura%C3%A7aoans" title="Afro-Curaçaoans">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans_(Dominica)" title="Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadians" title="Afro-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Marron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Saint_Lucians" title="Afro–Saint Lucians">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentians" title="Afro-Vincentians">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islanders" title="Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people" title="Belizean Creole people">Belize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Costa_Ricans" title="Afro–Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadorans" title="Afro-Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalans" title="Afro-Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hondurans" title="Afro-Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Black_Canadians" title="Indigenous Black Canadians">Indigenous Black Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_New_Brunswick" title="Black Canadians in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_Ontario" title="Black Canadians in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Post–Civil_War" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Seminole freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)#Louisiana_Redbone_cultural_group" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Louisiana Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Somali Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93French_Guianans" title="Afro–French Guianans">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Paraguayans" title="Afro-Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Uruguayans" title="Afro-Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans" title="Black Europeans">Blacks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Austrians" title="Afro-Austrians">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belgians" title="Black Belgians">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_people_of_African_descent" title="Category:Danish people of African descent">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_French_people" title="Black French people">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_community_of_Paris" title="Sub-Saharan African community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Greeks" title="Black Greeks">Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch_people" title="Afro-Dutch people">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanians" title="Afro-Romanians">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniards" title="Afro-Spaniards">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Cambridge" title="Black people in Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Liverpool" title="Black people in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_presence_in_London" title="History of African presence in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jordanians" title="Afro-Jordanians">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Saudis" title="Afro-Saudis">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Turkey" title="Africans in Turkey">Africans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Asia</a> and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians in South Asia</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">in Karnataka</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Africans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Secondary Afro-American diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liberia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra Leone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African Americans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Asia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">African Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Anti-Black racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Yoruba people in the Atlantic slave trade">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" title="Category:African diaspora">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:African diaspora">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Caribbean_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caribbean_diaspora" title="Template:Caribbean diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caribbean_diaspora" title="Template talk:Caribbean diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Caribbean_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/23px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/35px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/45px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_people" title="Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> diaspora</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Australian">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Brazilian">Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Canadians" title="Caribbean Canadians">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Afro-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indo-Caribbean</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afro-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indo-Caribbean_people" title="British Indo-Caribbean people">Indo-Caribbean</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diasporas_from_the_Americas_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AmericansinUK" title="Template:AmericansinUK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AmericansinUK" title="Template talk:AmericansinUK"><abbr title="Discuss this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indo-Caribbean_people" title="British Indo-Caribbean people">Indo-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguans_and_Barbudans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antiguans and Barbudans in the United Kingdom">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_British" title="Barbadian British">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Grenadians in the United Kingdom">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserratians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Montserratians in the United Kingdom">Montserratian</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_British" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian British">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Latin American migration to the United Kingdom">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Bolivians in the United Kingdom">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Brazilians in the United Kingdom">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chileans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Chileans in the United Kingdom">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Colombians in the United Kingdom">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Guyanese in the United Kingdom">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peruvians in the United Kingdom">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1. Montserrat is a <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British overseas territory</a> and not an independent state</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_group_classifications_in_the_2021_UK_Census" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Template:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_group_classifications_in_the_2021_UK_Census" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Ethnic group classifications</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2021_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 UK Census">2021 UK Census</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>White and Black Caribbean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_White_and_Black_African_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mixed White and Black African people in the United Kingdom">White and Black African</a></li> <li>White and Asian</li> <li>Any other Mixed or multiple ethnic background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian or Asian British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a></li> <li><a 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