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decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"43\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/60px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/80px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EOd 1. do 30. novembra 2024. učestvujte u projektu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Azijski_mjesec/2024.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Azijski mjesec/2024.\"\u003E\"Azijski mjesec\"\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vrste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vrste</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vrste-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Vrste</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vrste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ukorijenjeno_stablo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukorijenjeno_stablo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ukorijenjeno stablo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukorijenjeno_stablo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neukorijenjeno_stablo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neukorijenjeno_stablo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neukorijenjeno stablo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neukorijenjeno_stablo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Račvasto_stablo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Račvasto_stablo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Račvasto stablo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Račvasto_stablo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posebne_vrste_stabala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posebne_vrste_stabala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Posebne vrste stabala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posebne_vrste_stabala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konstrukcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konstrukcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Konstrukcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konstrukcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Vanjski linkovi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Slike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opći_pogled_na_temu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opći_pogled_na_temu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Opći pogled na temu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opći_pogled_na_temu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Filogenetsko stablo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 42 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شجرة تطور السلالات – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شجرة تطور السلالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيلوجينيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيلوجينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_filoxen%C3%A9ticu" title="Árbol filoxenéticu – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árbol filoxenéticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_filogen%C3%A8tic" title="Arbre filogenètic – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arbre filogenètic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylogenetick%C3%BD_strom" title="Fylogenetický strom – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fylogenetický strom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetischer_Baum" title="Phylogenetischer Baum – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phylogenetischer Baum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phylogenetic tree" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogeneza_arbo" title="Filogeneza arbo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filogeneza arbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_filogen%C3%A9tico" title="Árbol filogenético – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árbol filogenético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="درخت تبارزایی – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درخت تبارزایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluutiopuu" title="Evoluutiopuu – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evoluutiopuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Arbre phylogénétique – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbre phylogénétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann_f%C3%ADliginiteach" title="Crann fíliginiteach – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crann fíliginiteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbore_filoxen%C3%A9tica" title="Árbore filoxenética – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Árbore filoxenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A5_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="עץ פילוגנטי – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עץ פילוגנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohon_filogenetika" title="Pohon filogenetika – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pohon filogenetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albero_filogenetico" title="Albero filogenetico – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albero filogenetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%A8%B9" title="系統樹 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="系統樹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эволюциялық ағаш – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эволюциялық ағаш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EC%88%98" title="계통수 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계통수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_filojenetical_de_vive" title="Arbor filojenetical de vive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arbor filojenetical de vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Филогенетско дрво – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филогенетско дрво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="വംശവൃക്ഷം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം) – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശവൃക്ഷം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pokok filogenetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylogenetische_stamboom" title="Fylogenetische stamboom – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fylogenetische stamboom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamtre_(evolusjon)" title="Stamtre (evolusjon) – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stamtre (evolusjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_filogenetic" title="Arbre filogenetic – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arbre filogenetic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drzewo_filogenetyczne" title="Drzewo filogenetyczne – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drzewo filogenetyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rvore_filogen%C3%A9tica" title="Árvore filogenética – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árvore filogenética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbore_filogenetic" title="Arbore filogenetic – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arbore filogenetic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Филогенетическое дерево – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филогенетическое дерево" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punong_pilohenetiko" title="Punong pilohenetiko – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punong pilohenetiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetik_a%C4%9Fac%C4%B1" title="Filogenetik ağacı – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filogenetik ağacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Філогенетичне дерево – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філогенетичне дерево" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="ارتقائی شجر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارتقائی شجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2y_ph%C3%A1t_sinh_h%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng" title="Cây phát sinh hệ thống – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cây phát sinh hệ thống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="系統發生樹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%B9" title="進化樹 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="進化樹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q242125#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phylogenetic_trees" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q242125" title="Link na povezane podatke spremišnih stavki [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3595132">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-wraplinks a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding-bottom:0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding-top:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.4em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-navbar{padding-top:0.6em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Dio serije o</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija">Evoluciji</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datoteka:CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg&lang=bs" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg/langbs-200px-CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg/langbs-300px-CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg/langbs-400px-CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0 0 0.8em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:90%;">Dijagram <a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dka_divergencija" title="Genetička divergencija">divergencije</a> modernih <a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">taksonomskih grupa</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Zajedni%C4%8Dki_predak" title="Zajednički predak">zajedničkog pretka</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Ključne teme</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvod_u_evoluciju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvod u evoluciju (stranica ne postoji)">Uvod u evoluciju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajedni%C4%8Dki_predak" title="Zajednički predak">Zajednički predak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokazi_evolucije" title="Dokazi evolucije">Dokazi evolucije</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Procesi i ishodi</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populacijska_genetika" title="Populacijska genetika">Populacijska genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dka_varijacija" title="Genetička varijacija">Varijacija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dka_raznolikost" title="Genetička raznolikost">Raznolikost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutacija" title="Mutacija">Mutacija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selekcija" title="Selekcija">Selekcija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptacija" title="Adaptacija">Adaptacija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polimorfizam_(biologija)" title="Polimorfizam (biologija)">Polimorfizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dki_drift" title="Genetički drift">Genetički drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genski_tok" class="mw-redirect" title="Genski tok">Genski tok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specijacija" title="Specijacija">Specijacija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptivna_radijacija" title="Adaptivna radijacija">Adaptivna radijacija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kooperacija_(evolucija)" title="Kooperacija (evolucija)">Kooperacija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koevolucija" title="Koevolucija">Koevolucija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergentna_evolucija" title="Divergentna evolucija">Divergentna evolucija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konvergentna_evolucija" title="Konvergentna evolucija">Konvergentna evolucija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralelna_evolucija" title="Paralelna evolucija">Paralelna evolucija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izumiranje" title="Izumiranje">Izumiranje</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Prirodna historija</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogeneza" title="Abiogeneza">Porijeklo života</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historija_evolucije_%C5%BEivota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historija evolucije života (stranica ne postoji)">Historija života</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hronologija_historije_evolucije_%C5%BEivota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hronologija historije evolucije života (stranica ne postoji)">Hronologija života</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolucija_%C4%8Dovjeka" title="Evolucija čovjeka">Evolucija čovjeka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filogenetsko stablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ka_raznolikost" title="Biološka raznolikost">Biološka raznolikost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografija" title="Biogeografija">Biogeografija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">Taksonomija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija_taksonomije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucija taksonomije (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucija taksonomije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">Kladistika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranzicija_fosila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranzicija fosila (stranica ne postoji)">Tranzicija fosila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masovna_izumiranja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masovna izumiranja (stranica ne postoji)">Masovna izumiranja</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Historija teorije evolucije</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historija_evolucijske_misli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historija evolucijske misli (stranica ne postoji)">Pregled</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijske_ideje_u_renesansi_i_prosvjetiteljstvu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijske ideje u renesansi i prosvjetiteljstvu (stranica ne postoji)">Renesansa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmutacija_vrsta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmutacija vrsta (stranica ne postoji)">Prije Darwina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_porijeklu_vrsta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O porijeklu vrsta (stranica ne postoji)">Porijeklo vrsta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eklipsa_darvinizma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eklipsa darvinizma (stranica ne postoji)">Prije sinteze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_evolucijska_sinteza" title="Moderna evolucijska sinteza">Moderna sinteza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historija_molekulske_evolucije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historija molekulske evolucije (stranica ne postoji)">Molekulska evolucija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_razvojna_biologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska razvojna biologija (stranica ne postoji)">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_bilogija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska bilogija (stranica ne postoji)">Trenutna istraživanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historija_paleontologije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historija paleontologije (stranica ne postoji)">Historija paleontologije</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hronologija_paleontologije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hronologija paleontologije (stranica ne postoji)">hronologija</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Polja po oblastima</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primjene_evolucije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primjene evolucije (stranica ne postoji)">Primjene evolucije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosocijalna_kriminologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biosocijalna kriminologija (stranica ne postoji)">Biosocijalna kriminologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekolo%C5%A1ka_genetika" title="Ekološka genetika">Ekološka genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_estetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska estetika (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska estetika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_antropologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska antropologija (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska antropologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijsko_ra%C4%8Dunarstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijsko računarstvo (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijsko računarstvo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_ekologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska ekologija (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska ekologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_ekonomija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska ekonomija (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska ekonomija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_epistemologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska epistemologija (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska epistemologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_etika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska etika (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska etika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_teorija_igara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska teorija igara (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska teorija igara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_lingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska lingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska lingvistika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_medicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska medicina (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_neuronauka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska neuronauka (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska neuronauka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_fiziologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska fiziologija (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska fiziologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijska_psihologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijska psihologija (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucijska psihologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimentalna_evolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimentalna evolucija (stranica ne postoji)">Eksperimentalna evolucija</a></li> <li><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" title="Filogenetika">Filogenetika</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleovirologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleovirologija (stranica ne postoji)">Paleovirologija</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selektivno_kri%C5%BEanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selektivno križanje (stranica ne postoji)">Selektivno križanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosistematika" title="Biosistematika">Biosistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Univerzalni_darvinizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Univerzalni darvinizam (stranica ne postoji)">Univerzalni darvinizam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Socijalne implikacije</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija_kao_%C4%8Dinjenica_i_teorija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucija kao činjenica i teorija (stranica ne postoji)">Evolucija kao činjenica i teorija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socijalni_efekt_evolucijske_teorije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socijalni efekt evolucijske teorije (stranica ne postoji)">Socijalni efekt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontroverza_kreacije-evolucije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontroverza kreacije-evolucije (stranica ne postoji)">Kontroverza kreacije-evolucije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prigovori_evoluciji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prigovori evoluciji (stranica ne postoji)">Prigovori evoluciji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivo_podr%C5%A1ke_evoluciji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nivo podrške evoluciji (stranica ne postoji)">Nivo podrške</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kategorija"><img alt="Kategorija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Evolucijska_biologija" title="Kategorija:Evolucijska biologija">Kategorija:Evolucijska biologija</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312386">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-pogledaj"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Evolucija" title="Šablon:Evolucija"><abbr title="Pogledaj šablon">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Evolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Evolucija (stranica ne postoji)"><abbr title="Razgovor o šablonu">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Evolucija&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredi šablon">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Filogenetsko stablo</b> ili <b>evolucijsko stablo</b> je razgranati dijagram ili grafikon koji pokazuje međusobne evolucijske odnose među različitim <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biološkim</a> <a href="/wiki/Vrsta" class="mw-disambig" title="Vrsta">vrstama</a> ili drugim kategorijama. Njihova <a href="/wiki/Filogenija" title="Filogenija">filogenija</a> je zasnovana na sličnostima i razlikama u njihovim fizičkim i genetskim osobinama. <a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">Taksoni</a> se vežu tako da odražavaju njihovo porijeklo od <a href="/wiki/Zajedni%C4%8Dki_predak" title="Zajednički predak">zajedničkog pretka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U ukorijenjenom filogenetskom stablu, svaki čvor sa potomcima predstavlja <a href="/wiki/Najbli%C5%BEi_drevni_zajedni%C4%8Dki_predak" title="Najbliži drevni zajednički predak">najbližeg zajedničkog pretka</a> potomaka, a dužine grana na nekom stablu ne može se tumačiti kao procjena dužine evolucijskog <a href="/wiki/Put" title="Put">puta</a>. Svaki čvor se zove <a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">taksonomska</a> jedinica. Unutrašnji čvorovi se obično uzimaju kao hipotetičke taksonomske jedinice, jer se oni ne mogu posmatrati direktno. Stabla su korisna u oblasti <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biologije</a>, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">bioinformatika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosistematika" title="Biosistematika">biosistematika</a> i komparativna <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" title="Filogenetika">filogenetika</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vrste">Vrste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Vrste"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Vrste"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukorijenjeno_stablo">Ukorijenjeno stablo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Ukorijenjeno stablo"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ukorijenjeno stablo"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Neomuratree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Neomuratree.svg/350px-Neomuratree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Neomuratree.svg/525px-Neomuratree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Neomuratree.svg/700px-Neomuratree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Filogenetsko stablo koje pokazuje da su <i>Eukariota</i> i <i>Archaea</i> međusobno mnogo srodnije nego sa <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija">bakterijama</a>, zasnovano na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalier-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavalier-Smith (stranica ne postoji)">Cavalier-Smithovoj</a> teoriji bakterijske evolucije; posljenji zajednički predak (LUCA): <i>Neomura</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ukorijenjeno filogenetsko stablo je usmjereni graf stabla s jedinstvenim čvorovima koji obično upućuju na zajedničkog pretka. Najnoviji zajednički predak svih kategorija je u čvoru listova stabla. Najčešći metod za oživljavanje stabla je upotreba nekontroverzne vanjske grupe (<a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">kladističke</a> vanjske grupe) - dovoljno bliske za povezivanje na osnovu sekvence ili ličnih podataka, ali dovoljno daleko da bude jasna vanjska grupa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neukorijenjeno_stablo">Neukorijenjeno stablo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Neukorijenjeno stablo"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Neukorijenjeno stablo"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg/250px-MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg/375px-MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg/500px-MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>Neukorijenjeno stablo <a href="/wiki/Miozin" title="Miozin">miozinske</a> <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">supergenske porodice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Neukorijenjena stabla ilustruju povezanost krila čvorova bez uspostavljene pretpostavke o precima. Ona ne zahtijevaju podatke o korijenskim precima, da bi se pretpostavile međusobne veze. Ovakva stabla se uvijek mogu izvesti iz onih ukorijenjenih, jednostavnim izostavljanjem korijena. Za razliku od toga, zaključivanje o korijenu nekog stabla na osnovu neukorijenjenog, zahtijeva neke podatke za identifikaciju predaka. To se obično obavlja objedinjujući vanjsku grupu u ulazne podatke, tako da korijen između vanjske grupe i ostatka taksona u stablu nije nužan, ili uvođenjem dodatnih pretpostavki o relativnim stopama brzine evolucije na svakoj grani, kao što je uvođenje hipoteze <a href="/wiki/Molekularni_sat" title="Molekularni sat">molekularnog sata</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Račvasto_stablo"><span id="Ra.C4.8Dvasto_stablo"></span>Račvasto stablo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Račvasto stablo"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Račvasto stablo"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ukorijenjena i neukorijenjena filogenetska stabala mogu biti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_bifurkacije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija bifurkacije (stranica ne postoji)">račvasta</a> ili višestruko razgranata, bilo sa oznakom ili neoznačena. Ukorijenjeno račvasto stablo ima tačno dva potomka koji proizlaze iz svakog unutrašnjeg čvora (to jest, stvaraju <a href="/wiki/Binarno_stablo" title="Binarno stablo">binarno stablo</a>). Kod neukorijenjenog račvastog stabla uzima se oblik neukorijenjenog binarnog stabla, a slobodno stablo sa tri susjeda na svakom unutrašnjem čvoru. Nasuprot tome, ukorijenjeno razgranato stablo u nekim čvorovima može imati više od dva potomka, a neukorijenjeno multifurkacijsko stablo, na nekim čvorovima, može imati više od tri susjeda. Označeno stablo ima posebne vrijednosti dodijeljene svom lišću, dok neoznačeno stablo definira samo topografiju. Broj mogućih stabala za dati broj listova i čvorova zavisi od posebnih vrsta stabala, ali postoje uvijek više nego što se račvaju višegranata stabala, više od označenih neoznačena stabla i više nego ukorijenjena nego neukorijenjena. Posljednja razlika je biološki najbitnija: nastaje zbog toga što je na mnogo mjesta na neukorijenjenim stablima stavljen korijen. Oznake račvastih stabala su: <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2n-3)!!={\frac {(2n-3)!}{2^{n-2}(n-2)!}}\,,\,{\text{za}}\,n\geq 2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>za</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2n-3)!!={\frac {(2n-3)!}{2^{n-2}(n-2)!}}\,,\,{\text{za}}\,n\geq 2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d38936f8a720664f55c23bbc5bd6a1595b1a631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:35.978ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2n-3)!!={\frac {(2n-3)!}{2^{n-2}(n-2)!}}\,,\,{\text{za}}\,n\geq 2}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ukupna ukorijenjena stabla i </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2n-5)!!={\frac {(2n-5)!}{2^{n-3}(n-3)!}}\,,\,{\text{za}}\,n\geq 3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>za</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2n-5)!!={\frac {(2n-5)!}{2^{n-3}(n-3)!}}\,,\,{\text{za}}\,n\geq 3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6b677f8a0e9d0ca324933cd96e4b2ed33545e01f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:35.978ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2n-5)!!={\frac {(2n-5)!}{2^{n-3}(n-3)!}}\,,\,{\text{za}}\,n\geq 3}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ukpna neukorijenjena stabla, gdje <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> predstavlja broj lisnih čvorova. Među označenim račvastim stablima broj neukorijenjenih stabala je <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span>; listovi su jednaki broju ukorijenjenih stabala: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fbd0b0f32b28f51962943ee9ede4fb34198a2521" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-1}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posebne_vrste_stabala">Posebne vrste stabala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Posebne vrste stabala"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Posebne vrste stabala"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Spindle_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/400px-Spindle_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/600px-Spindle_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Vretenasti dijagram pokazuje evoluciju <a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dmenjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kičmenjak">kičmenjaka</a> na razini klase, sa vretenima koja uključuju vrtloge koji označavaju broj porodica. Ovakav dijagram se često primjenjuje u evolucijskoj <a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">taksonomiji</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Tree_of_life_SVG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tree_of_life_SVG.svg/400px-Tree_of_life_SVG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tree_of_life_SVG.svg/600px-Tree_of_life_SVG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tree_of_life_SVG.svg/800px-Tree_of_life_SVG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption>Visoko pouzdano, automatski generirano, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drvo_%C5%BEivota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drvo života (stranica ne postoji)">drvo života</a>, na osnovu potpuno sekvenciranih genoma</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dendrogram (stranica ne postoji)">Dendrogram</a> je širok termin za dijagramsko predstavljanje filogenetskog stabla.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram">Kladogram</a> je filogenetsko stablo koje je nastalo upotrebom kladističkih metoda. Ova vrsta stabla samo predstavlja svojstvenosti grananja, tj. rasponi njegovih ogranaka ne predstavljaju vremena ili relativni iznos promjene karaktera.</li> <li>Filogram je filogenetsko stablo koje ima raspon grana proporcionalan iznosu promjene karaktera.</li> <li>Hronogram je filogenetsko stablo koje izričito predstavlja evolucijski put preko raspona svog potomstva.</li> <li>Vretenasti dijagram (često nazivan Romerogram prema američkom paleontologu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Romer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Romer (stranica ne postoji)">Alfredu Romeru</a>) je način predstavljanja evolucije i obilja različitih taksona tokom vremena.</li> <li>Dalgrenogram (po Rolfu Dahlgrenu) je dijagram koji predstavlja presjek filogenetskih stabala</li> <li>Filogenetska mreža nije u obliku stablu, već grafikon ili usmjereni aciklični grafikon, u slučaju ukorijenjene mreže. Koriste se da prevaziđu neka od ograničenja koja su svojstvena stablima.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konstrukcija">Konstrukcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Konstrukcija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Konstrukcija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filogenetska stabla drveća među netrivijalnim brojem ulaznih nizova se izgrađuju primjenom kompjuterskog <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" title="Filogenetika">flogenetske</a> metode. Matrične udaljenosti, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susjedsko_spajanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susjedsko spajanje (stranica ne postoji)">susjedsko spajanje</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=UPGMA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UPGMA (stranica ne postoji)">UPGMA</a>, izračunavaju <a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dka_udaljenost" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetička udaljenost">genetsku udaljenost</a> <a href="/wiki/Poravnavanje_vi%C5%A1estrukih_sekvenci" title="Poravnavanje višestrukih sekvenci">usklađivanjem višestrukih sekvenci</a>, su najjednostavnije za sprovođenje, ali ne odražavaju evolucijski model. Mnoge metode stvaraju stabla pomoću jednostavnijih algoritama (tj. one utemeljene na udaljenosti) izgradnje stabla. Maksimalna štedljivost je još jedan jednostavan način procjene filogenetskih stabala, ali podrazumijeva model evolucije (tj. škrtost). Više napredne metode koriste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriterij_optimalnosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriterij optimalnosti (stranica ne postoji)">kriterij optimalnosti</a> od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksimalna_vjerovatno%C4%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksimalna vjerovatnoća (stranica ne postoji)">maksimalne vjerovatnoće</a>, često u okviru pristrasne greške direktno primjenjujući model procjene evolucije filogenetskih stabala. Prije primjene nekog od modela konsrukcije filogenetskog stabla, neophodno je naći odgovore na nekoliko glavnih pitanja: </p> <ul><li>Efikasnost: koliko je potrebno da se izračuna odgovor, koliko memorije je za to potrebno?</li> <li>Snaga: dobra upotreba podataka ili je informacija propala?</li> <li>Stalnost: konvergencija na isti odgovor više puta, ako svaki put daje različite podatke za isti problem model?</li> <li>Robusnost: dobro se nosi sa kršenjem pretpostavki osnovnog modela?</li> <li>Pogrešnost: upozorenja kada se ne koristi dobro, odnosno kada se krše pretpostavke?</li></ul> <p>Tehnike izgradnje stabala su također privukli pažnju matematičara. Stabla se također mogu izgraditi korištenjem T-teorije.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayr E. (2000): The growth of biological thought – Diversity, evolution, and inheritance, 11th printing, first: Copyright © 1982. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge (Mass.), Londo (England) , <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-674-36445-7" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-674-36445-7">0-674-36445-7</a> ; <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-674-36446-5" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-674-36446-5">0-674-36446-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadžiselimović R. (1986): Uvod u teoriju antropogeneze. Svjetlost, Sarajevo, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/9958-9344-2-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/9958-9344-2-6">9958-9344-2-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dobzhansky T. (1970): Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-231-02837-7" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-231-02837-7">0-231-02837-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge T., Cope M. (200): A myosin family. J Cell Sci., 113: 3353–3354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felsenstein-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Felsenstein_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felsenstein J. (2004). Inferring Phylogenies Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dress A., Huber K. T., Moulton V. (2001): Metric spaces in pure and applied mathematics. Documenta Mathematica, LSU 2001: 121-139</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slike">Slike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Slike"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Slike"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm">Poster-sized tree of life illustration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126130722/http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm">Arhivirano</a> 26. 1. 2016. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825064117/http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/nomenclature_system/fig1.html">Human Y-Chromosome 2002 Phylogenetic Tree</a></li> <li>2003, <i>Science</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/tol/">online version of a tree of life</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itol.embl.de/">iTOL: Interactive Tree Of Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picbreeder.com/tol.php">Phylogenetic Tree of Artificial Organisms Evolved on Computers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222182432/http://picbreeder.com/tol.php">Arhivirano</a> 22. 2. 2016. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210200039/http://phylogram.org/">Miyamoto and Goodman's Phylogram of Eutherian Mammals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opći_pogled_na_temu"><span id="Op.C4.87i_pogled_na_temu"></span>Opći pogled na temu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak "Opći pogled na temu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_stablo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Opći pogled na temu"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An overview of different methods of tree visualization is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2011.12.002">doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.12.002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverlife.org/tree">Discover Life</a> An interactive tree based on the U.S. National Science Foundation's Assembling the Tree of Life Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114093618/http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html">PhyloCode</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011109204837/http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/trees/trees.html">A Multiple Alignment of 139 Myosin Sequences and a Phylogenetic Tree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree">Tree of Life Web Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trex.uqam.ca">Phylogenetic inferring on the T-REX server</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918222249/http://trex.uqam.ca/">Arhivirano</a> 18. 9. 2020. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/">NCBI's Taxonomy Database</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525220921/http://ete.cgenomics.org/">ETE: A Python Environment for Tree Exploration</a> This is a programming library to analyze, manipulate and visualize phylogenetic trees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/11/24">Ref.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/sTOL">A daily-updated tree of (sequenced) life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140609205953/http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/sTOL/">Arhivirano</a> 9. 6. 2014. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep02015">doi:10.1038/srep02015</a></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" 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