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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper_writer_and_critic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_writer_and_critic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Newspaper writer and critic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_writer_and_critic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_of_German_Unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_of_German_Unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Wars of German Unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_of_German_Unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prose works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Poems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns_about_possible_anti-semitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns_about_possible_anti-semitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Concerns about possible anti-semitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns_about_possible_anti-semitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodor Fontane</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="تيودور فونتانه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيودور فونتانه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_F%C3%B6nten" title="Teodor Fönten – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teodor Fönten" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="تئودور فونتانه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تئودور فونتانه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Теодор Фонтане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теодор Фонтане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%A6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5" title="Τέοντορ Φοντάνε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέοντορ Φοντάνε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="تئودور فونتانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئودور فونتانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_%ED%8F%B0%ED%83%80%EB%84%A4" title="테오도어 폰타네 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테오도어 폰타네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5" title="Թեոդոր Ֆոնտանե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդոր Ֆոնտանե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="תאודור פונטאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאודור פונטאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="თეოდორ ფონტანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოდორ ფონტანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Fontane" title="Theodorus Fontane – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodorus Fontane" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodors_Font%C4%81ne" title="Teodors Fontāne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teodors Fontāne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Теодор Фонтане – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теодор Фонтане" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="تيودور فونتانه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيودور فونتانه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D" title="テオドール・フォンターネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テオドール・フォンターネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фонтане, Теодор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонтане, Теодор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Теодор Фонтане – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теодор Фонтане" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Theodor Fontane" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Теодор Фонтане – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теодор Фонтане" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Theodor Fontane" 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searchaux" style="display:none">German journalist, novelist and poet</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Theodor Fontane</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Fontane.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fontane (1883), painting by Carl Breitbach"><img alt="Fontane (1883), painting by Carl Breitbach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Theodor_Fontane.png/220px-Theodor_Fontane.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Theodor_Fontane.png/330px-Theodor_Fontane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Theodor_Fontane.png/440px-Theodor_Fontane.png 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Fontane (1883), painting by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Breitbach" title="Carl Breitbach">Carl Breitbach</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1819-12-30</span>)</span>30 December 1819<br /><a href="/wiki/Neuruppin" title="Neuruppin">Neuruppin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">20 September 1898<span style="display:none">(1898-09-20)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">19th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Effi_Briest" title="Effi Briest">Effi Briest</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Tangled_Paths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Tangled Paths (page does not exist)">On Tangled Paths</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stechlin" title="Der Stechlin">The Stechlin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frau_Jenny_Treibel" title="Frau Jenny Treibel">Frau Jenny Treibel</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Emilie Rouanet-Kummer (1824–1902; m. 1850, until his death)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">7 (four of them lived into adulthood)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theodor Fontane</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈtʰeːodoɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>fɔnˈtaːnə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/61\/De-Theodor_Fontane.ogg\/De-Theodor_Fontane.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Theodor Fontane.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/De-Theodor_Fontane.ogg/De-Theodor_Fontane.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Theodor_Fontane.ogg" title="File:De-Theodor Fontane.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 30 December 1819 – 20 September 1898) was a German <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, regarded by many as the most important 19th-century <a href="/wiki/German-language" class="mw-redirect" title="German-language">German-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realist</a> author. Fontane is known as a writer of realism, not only because he was conscientious about the factual accuracy of details in fictional scenes, but also because he depicted his characters in terms of what they said or did and refrained from overtly imputing motives to them. He published the first of his novels, for which he is best known today, only at age 58 after a career as a journalist. His novels delve into topics that were more or less taboo for discussion in the polite society of Fontane's day, including marital infidelity, class differences, urban vs. rural differences, abandonment of children, and suicide. His novels sold well during his lifetime and several have been adapted for film or audio works. His characters range from lower-middle class to Prussian nobility. </p><p>Fontane's novels are known for their complex, often sceptical view of society in the German empire; he shows different social and political parts of society meeting and sometimes clashing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other trademarks of Fontane's work are their strongly drawn female characters (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Effi_Briest" title="Effi Briest">Effi Briest</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Frau_Jenny_Treibel" title="Frau Jenny Treibel">Frau Jenny Treibel</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tender irony<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vivid conversations between characters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Friedrich_Kersting_Fontane_23_Jahe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georg_Friedrich_Kersting_Fontane_23_Jahe.jpg/220px-Georg_Friedrich_Kersting_Fontane_23_Jahe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georg_Friedrich_Kersting_Fontane_23_Jahe.jpg/330px-Georg_Friedrich_Kersting_Fontane_23_Jahe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georg_Friedrich_Kersting_Fontane_23_Jahe.jpg/440px-Georg_Friedrich_Kersting_Fontane_23_Jahe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Fontane at age 23, drawing by Georg Friedrich Kersting</figcaption></figure> <p>Fontane was born in <a href="/wiki/Neuruppin" title="Neuruppin">Neuruppin</a>, a town 30 miles northwest of Berlin, into a <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to an <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a>, his father's profession.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became an apothecary himself and in 1839, at the age of 20, wrote his first work (<i>Heinrichs IV. erste Liebe</i>, now lost). His further education was in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, where he became acquainted with the progressives of the <a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a>. </p><p>Fontane's first published work, the novella <i>Geschwisterliebe</i> (Sibling Love), was published in the <i>Berlin Figaro</i> in December 1839. His biographer <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a> claims that this gave few indications of being a gifted writer: "Although the theme of <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, which was to occupy Fontane on later occasions, is touched upon here, the mawkishness of the tale... is equalled by the lameness of its plot and the inertness of the style in which it is told, and [the characters] Clärchen and her brother are both so colourless that no one could have guessed that their creator had a future as a writer."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fontane's first job as apothecary was in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, after which he worked in his father's shop in the town of <a href="/wiki/Letschin" title="Letschin">Letschin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oderbruch" title="Oderbruch">Oderbruch</a> region. Fleeing its provincialism, Fontane published articles in the Leipzig newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Eisenbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Eisenbahn (page does not exist)">Die Eisenbahn</a></i> and translated <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843 he joined a literary club in Berlin named <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_%C3%BCber_der_Spree" title="Tunnel über der Spree">Tunnel über der Spree</a> (Tunnel over the River <a href="/wiki/Spree_(river)" title="Spree (river)">Spree</a>) where he became acquainted with many of the most renowned German writers, including <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Eichendorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_writer_and_critic">Newspaper writer and critic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Newspaper writer and critic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1844, Fontane enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> army and began the first of numerous journeys to England, which fostered his interest in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English poetry">Old English ballads</a>, which he – a lifelong anglophile – began to imitate.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1845 became engaged to his future wife, Emilie Rouanet-Kummer, whom he had met when still at school.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fontane played a brief part in the revolutionary events of <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1848">1848</a>. In 1849 he left his job as an apothecary and became a full-time journalist and writer. In order to provide for his family he accepted a job as a writer with the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agency</a> <i>Zentralstelle für Presseangelegenheiten</i>, which was intended to influence the press towards the German nationalist cause. There he specialized in British affairs, and the agency made him for several years its correspondent in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where he was later joined by Emilie, whom he had married in 1850, and their first two sons.<sup id="cite_ref-EFlautAS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFlautAS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still in London he left his government job and on his return to Berlin became editor of the conservative newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Preussische_Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Neue Preussische Zeitung">Neue Preussische Zeitung</a></i>. As a man of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> sympathies for free press and a united Germany Fontane ruefully wrote to a friend about his job with the <i>Zeitung</i>: "I sold myself to the reaction for thirty pieces of silver a month... These days one cannot survive as an honest man."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London">London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontane1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fontane1860.jpg/220px-Fontane1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fontane1860.jpg/330px-Fontane1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fontane1860.jpg/440px-Fontane1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Theodor Fontane (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fontane's travel books about Britain include <i>Ein Sommer in London</i> (A Summer in London, 1854), <i>Aus England, Studien und Briefe</i> (From England: Studies and Letters, 1860) and <i>Jenseit des Tweed, Bilder und Briefe aus Schottland</i> (Beyond the Tweed, Pictures and Letters from Scotland, 1860). In the books Fontane reflects both nature and the mood in Britain at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the historical novels of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> had helped to make British themes much in vogue on the Continent. Fontane's <i>Gedichte</i> (Poems, 1851) and ballads <i>Männer und Helden</i> (Men and Heroes, 1860) tell of Britain's former glories. Back in Germany Fontane became particularly interested in his home province, the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">March of Brandenburg</a>. He enjoyed rambling through its rural landscapes and small towns and delighted in the growth of its capital city, Berlin. His fascination with the countryside surrounding Berlin may be seen in his picturesque <i><a href="/wiki/Wanderungen_durch_die_Mark_Brandenburg" title="Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg">Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg</a></i> (Walks through the Province of Brandenburg, 1862–82, 5 vols), in which he extended his earlier fascination with British history to his native land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_German_Unification">Wars of German Unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wars of German Unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1870, Fontane quit his job at the <i>Kreuzzeitung</i> and became <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">drama critic</a> for the liberal <i><a href="/wiki/Vossische_Zeitung" title="Vossische Zeitung">Vossische Zeitung</a></i>, a job he held until his retirement. He had already written about <a href="/wiki/Second_war_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Second war of Schleswig">Prussia's war against Denmark</a> in <i>Der schleswig-holsteinische Krieg im Jahre 1864</i> (1866) and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> in <i>Der deutsche Krieg von 1866</i> (1869). He went to the front to observe the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> in 1870 and after being taken prisoner at <a href="/wiki/Vaucouleurs" title="Vaucouleurs">Vaucouleurs</a> remained in French captivity for three months.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He memorialized his experiences in <i>Kriegsgefangen Erlebtes 1870</i> (Experiences as a Prisoner of War, 1871) and published his observations concerning the campaign in the book <i>Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870–71</i> (The War against France, 1870–71, published 1874–76). In his observations he strongly criticized Prussian militarism: "A mere glorification of the military without moral content or elevated aim is nauseating."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Fontane_by_E._Bieber,_1894.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Theodor_Fontane_by_E._Bieber%2C_1894.png/220px-Theodor_Fontane_by_E._Bieber%2C_1894.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Theodor_Fontane_by_E._Bieber%2C_1894.png/330px-Theodor_Fontane_by_E._Bieber%2C_1894.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Theodor_Fontane_by_E._Bieber%2C_1894.png/440px-Theodor_Fontane_by_E._Bieber%2C_1894.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Theodor Fontane in 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>At the age of 57, Fontane finally began work on his novels, for which he is remembered best today.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fontane's lifelong wish to be able to live from his literary works was finally fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fine <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical romance</a>, <i>Vor dem Sturm</i> (<i>Before the Storm</i>, 1878), was followed by a series exploring modern life, notably <i>L'Adultera</i> (<i>Woman Taken in Adultery</i>, 1882), which was the first of his society novels and deemed risky for its theme of adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His novels <i>Irrungen, Wirrungen</i> (<i>Trials and Tribulations</i>, 1888), <i><a href="/wiki/Frau_Jenny_Treibel" title="Frau Jenny Treibel">Frau Jenny Treibel</a></i> (1892) and <i><a href="/wiki/Effi_Briest" title="Effi Briest">Effi Briest</a></i> (1894–95) yielded insights into the lives of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and middle-class citizens. His achievement in this regard was later described as poetic realism. In <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stechlin" title="Der Stechlin">Der Stechlin</a></i> (written 1895–97), his last completed novel, Fontane adapted the realistic methods and social criticism of contemporary French fiction to the conditions of Prussian life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fontane was plagued by health problems during his last years but continued to work until a few hours before his death. He died in the evening of 20 September 1898 in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member of the French Protestant Church of Berlin he was buried in the congregation's cemetery on the Liesenstraße. His wife, Emilie, was buried beside him four years later. Their graves were damaged during World War II but later restored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prose_works">Prose works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prose works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Friedhof_II_Grab_Theodor_Fontane_2022_sc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Berlin_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Friedhof_II_Grab_Theodor_Fontane_2022_sc.jpg/250px-Berlin_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Friedhof_II_Grab_Theodor_Fontane_2022_sc.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Berlin_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Friedhof_II_Grab_Theodor_Fontane_2022_sc.jpg/375px-Berlin_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Friedhof_II_Grab_Theodor_Fontane_2022_sc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Berlin_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Friedhof_II_Grab_Theodor_Fontane_2022_sc.jpg/500px-Berlin_Franz%C3%B6sischer_Friedhof_II_Grab_Theodor_Fontane_2022_sc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2139" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Graves of Theodor and Emilie Fontane in the Französische Friedhof, Liesenstraße, Berlin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing4_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Printing4_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/220px-Printing4_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Printing4_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/330px-Printing4_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Printing4_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/440px-Printing4_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>"Modern Book Printing" from the <a href="/wiki/Walk_of_Ideas" title="Walk of Ideas">Walk of Ideas</a> in Berlin, Germany – built during 2006 to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s invention, c. 1445, of movable printing type. With Fontane's name among other famous German writers.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geschwisterliebe_(novella)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geschwisterliebe (novella) (page does not exist)">Geschwisterliebe</a></i>, 1839</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwei_Post-Stationen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zwei Post-Stationen (page does not exist)">Zwei Post-Stationen</a></i>, 1845</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Monmouth_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Monmouth (novel) (page does not exist)">James Monmouth</a></i>, 1854</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuch_und_Locke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuch und Locke (page does not exist)">Tuch und Locke</a></i>, 1854</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldene_Hochzeit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldene Hochzeit (page does not exist)">Goldene Hochzeit</a></i>, 1854</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ein_Sommer_in_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ein Sommer in London (page does not exist)">Ein Sommer in London</a></i>, 1854</li> <li><i>Aus England. Studien und Briefe über Londoner Theater, Kunst und Presse</i>, 1860</li> <li><i>Jenseit des Tweed. Bilder und Briefe aus Schottland</i>, 1861</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderungen_durch_die_Mark_Brandenburg" title="Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg">Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg</a></i>, 1862–89</li> <li><i>Der Schleswig-Holtsteinsche Krieg im Jahre 1864</i>, 1866</li> <li><i>Kriegsgefangen. Erlebnis</i>, 1870</li> <li><i>Der deutsche Krieg von 1866</i>, 1870–71</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vor_dem_Sturm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vor dem Sturm (page does not exist)">Vor dem Sturm</a></i>, 1878 (translated as <i>Before the Storm</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Minde_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grete Minde (novel) (page does not exist)">Grete Minde</a></i>, 1880</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellernklipp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellernklipp (page does not exist)">Ellernklipp</a></i>, 1881</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Adultera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Adultera (page does not exist)">L'Adultera</a></i>, 1882 (translated as <i>Woman Taken in Adultery</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schach_von_Wuthenow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schach von Wuthenow (page does not exist)">Schach von Wuthenow</a></i>, 1882 (translated as <i>A Man of Honor</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graf_Pet%C3%B6fy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graf Petöfy (page does not exist)">Graf Petöfy</a></i>, 1884</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unterm_Birnbaum" title="Unterm Birnbaum">Unterm Birnbaum</a></i>, 1885 (translated as <i>Under the Pear Tree</i>)</li> <li><i>Cécile (novel)</i>, 1887</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Tangled_Paths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Tangled Paths (page does not exist)">Irrungen, Wirrungen</a>. Berliner Roman</i> 1888 (translated as <i>On Tangled Paths</i>, 2010, <i>A Suitable Match</i>, 1968, and <i>Trials and Tribulations</i>, 1917)</li> <li><i>Fünf Schlösser. Altes und Neues aus Mark Brandenburg</i>, 1889</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stine_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stine (novel) (page does not exist)">Stine</a></i>, 1890</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitt">Quitt</a></i>, 1891</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unwiederbringlich" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwiederbringlich">Unwiederbringlich</a></i>, 1891 (translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Irretrievable" title="Irretrievable">Irretrievable</a></i>, <i>Beyond Recall</i> and <i>No Way Back</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frau_Jenny_Treibel" title="Frau Jenny Treibel">Frau Jenny Treibel</a></i>, 1892 (translated as <i>Jenny Treibel</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meine_Kinderjahre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meine Kinderjahre (page does not exist)">Meine Kinderjahre</a></i>, 1894</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Effi_Briest" title="Effi Briest">Effi Briest</a></i>, 1894–95 (serialized in <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i>); 1895 (in book form)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Poggenpuhls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Poggenpuhls (page does not exist)">Die Poggenpuhls</a></i>, 1896 (translated as <i>The Poggenpuhl Family</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stechlin" title="Der Stechlin">Der Stechlin</a></i>, 1898 (translated as <i>The Stechlin</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathilde_M%C3%B6hring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathilde Möhring (page does not exist)">Mathilde Möhring</a></i>, 1906.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poems">Poems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Balladen</i>, 1861</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Douglas_(poem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Douglas (poem) (page does not exist)">Archibald Douglas</a></i></li> <li><i>Die Brück' am Tay</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/177/96.html">English translation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Die_Br%C3%BCck%27_am_Tay" class="extiw" title="wikisource:de:Die Brück' am Tay">Wikisource (German)</a>)</li> <li><i>John Maynard</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herr_Ribbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Herr Ribbeck">Herr von Ribbeck auf Ribbeck im Havelland</a></i> (translated as <i>Nick Ribbeck at Ribbeck in Havelland</i>)</li> <li><i>Aber es bleibt auf dem alten Fleck</i></li> <li><i>Ausgang</i></li> <li><i>Gorm Grymme</i></li> <li><i>Das Trauerspiel von Afghanistan</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berlinbooks.org/brb/2010/01/the-tragedy-of-afghanistan">English translation</a>)</li> <li><i>Wo Bismarck Liegen Soll</i></li> <li><i>Kaiser Friedrich III.</i></li> <li><i>Jung-Bismarck</i></li> <li><i>Jakobitenlieder</i></li> <li><i>Märkische Reime</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns_about_possible_anti-semitism">Concerns about possible anti-semitism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Concerns about possible anti-semitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Theodor_Fontane" title="Special:EditPage/Theodor Fontane">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 21st century, some scholars have singled out Fontane's works as containing anti-semitic passages, and have gone so far as to withdraw from studying his work in solidarity with what they consider enlightened sensibility. Not all scholars agree about this. If anti-semitism can be discerned in Fontane's fictional works, it could be seen as a reflection of the mainstream views of the society in which he lived. For example, in some novels including "Under the Pear Tree" and "Unwiederbringlich", there is mention of the Jewish heritage of a few key characters, as though this conveyed useful information to listeners (or perhaps readers). But the works themselves do not present any interpretation about the importance of that information, only noting that the characters were aware of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Theodor_Fontane" title="Statue of Theodor Fontane">Statue of Theodor Fontane</a>, Tiergarten, Berlin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-8806160.html">Interview with Gordon Craig at Der Spiegel</a>, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/theodor-fontane-und-seine-zeit-modern-nicht-maerkisch/24139200.html">Modern, nicht märkisch</a>; Tobias Schwartz, Tagesspiegel (2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWV6ITm1UM4C&dq=fontane+ironie&pg=PA198">Theodor Fontane</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/opus4-wuerzburg/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4753/file/Sarah_Knippel_Der_Stechlin.pdf">https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/opus4-wuerzburg/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4753/file/Sarah_Knippel_Der_Stechlin.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Drude: Theodor Fontane. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt, 1994. p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Drude: pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Theodor Fontane: Literature and History in the Bismarck Reich</i> (Oxford University Press, 1999), <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodor Fontane</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Hädecke: Theodor Fontane - Biographie. Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1998. pp. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Hädecke: pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Hädecke: p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFlautAS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFlautAS_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdelheid_Steinfeldt" class="citation web cs1">Adelheid Steinfeldt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/emilie-fontane/">"Emilie Fontane (geb. Rouanet-Kummer) .... Ehefrau von Theodor Fontane; Briefschreiberin"</a>. <i>Biografie</i>. Luise F. Pusch i.A. Institut für Frauen-Biographieforschung (fembio e.V.), Hannover<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biografie&rft.atitle=Emilie+Fontane+%28geb.+Rouanet-Kummer%29+....+Ehefrau+von+Theodor+Fontane%3B+Briefschreiberin&rft.au=Adelheid+Steinfeldt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fembio.org%2Fbiographie.php%2Ffrau%2Fbiographie%2Femilie-fontane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Fontane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1999" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Gordon Alexander (1999). <i>Theodor Fontane: Literature and History in the Bismarck Reich</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+Fontane%3A+Literature+and+History+in+the+Bismarck+Reich&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gordon+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Fontane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Hädecke: pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-8806160.html">Interview with Gordon Craig at Der Spiegel</a>, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1999" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Gordon A. (1999). <i>Theodor Fontane: Literature and History in the Bismarck Reich</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+Fontane%3A+Literature+and+History+in+the+Bismarck+Reich&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Fontane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Hädecke: page 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-8806160.html">Interview with Gordon Craig at Der Spiegel</a>, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Drude: p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Drude: p. 176</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Craig, Gordon</a>, <i>Theodor Fontane: Literature and History in the Bismarck Reich</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512837-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512837-0">0-19-512837-0</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Mann, "The Old Fontane," in: <i>Essays of Three Decades</i> (Knopf, 1947), 1910 essay.</li> <li>Daniel Mendelsohn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/03/07/heroine-addict">"Heroine Addict: What Theodor Fontane's Women Want"</a>, in: <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, 7 March 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">German <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="de" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Theodor_Fontane" class="extiw" title="s:de:Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" class="extiw" title="commons:Theodor Fontane"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Theodor Fontane</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1765">Works by Theodor Fontane</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Fontane%2C%20Theodor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Theodor%20Fontane%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fontane%2C%20Theodor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theodor%20Fontane%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fontane%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Theodor%20Fontane%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Fontane%2C%20Theodor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Theodor%20Fontane%22%29%20OR%20%28%221819-1898%22%20AND%20Fontane%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Theodor Fontane</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/446">Works by Theodor Fontane</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/315/4/"><i>Trials and Tribulations</i></a>, by Fontane (English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:35b0478d-2444-42fe-8555-873b0b40a90a/">Schach von Wuthenow</a>, by Fontane (English)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fontane, Theodor"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fontane,_Theodor">"Fontane, Theodor" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fontane%2C+Theodor&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Fontane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Fontane,+Theodor">"Works by Theodor Fontane"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zeno.org" title="Zeno.org">Zeno.org</a></i> (in German).</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Folz" title="Hans Folz">Hans Folz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodor Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Ayim" title="May Ayim">May Ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hilbig" title="Wolfgang Hilbig">Wolfgang Hilbig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Angst" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Angst">Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_German-Language_Literature" title="Festival of German-Language Literature">Ingeborg Bachmann Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso_Prize" title="Adelbert von Chamisso Prize">Adelbert von Chamisso Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fallada_Prize" title="Hans Fallada Prize">Hans Fallada Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize" title="Nelly Sachs Prize">Nelly Sachs Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41840061">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31429/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfmq9Q7bgdKTbPhK9Qcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118534262">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018924">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903061s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903061s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439803">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fontane, Theodor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV005596">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35092066">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002341&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX870419">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39958">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068468164">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90058886">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000077456&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000079497&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61287">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199609001">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1334570dlxx1v">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810593358205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/149053">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261232805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000185502">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512816506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14117010">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01539795?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500317800">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3230c408-15b3-4399-a6f0-a35e9378fa93">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/306300">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/824304">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118534262.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118534262">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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