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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes of the revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Night_at_the_opera"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Night_at_the_opera""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>"Night at the opera"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Night_at_the_opera"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_European_powers_and_an_independent_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_European_powers_and_an_independent_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The European powers and an independent Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_European_powers_and_an_independent_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_of_King_Leopold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_of_King_Leopold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Accession of King Leopold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_of_King_Leopold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ten_Days'_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten_Days'_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ten Days' Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten_Days'_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1839_Treaty_of_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1839_Treaty_of_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1839 Treaty of London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1839_Treaty_of_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orangism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orangism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Orangism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orangism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anniversary_remembrances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anniversary_remembrances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anniversary remembrances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anniversary_remembrances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anniversary remembrances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anniversary_remembrances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinquantenaire_(50th_anniversary)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinquantenaire_(50th_anniversary)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cinquantenaire (50th anniversary)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinquantenaire_(50th_anniversary)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-175th_anniversary_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#175th_anniversary_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>175th anniversary commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-175th_anniversary_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Belgian Revolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiese_Rewolusie" title="Belgiese Rewolusie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Belgiese Rewolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثورة البلجيكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة البلجيكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_belxicana" title="Revolución belxicana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución belxicana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7ika_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Belçika inqilabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belçika inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بلژیک اینقیلابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بلژیک اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белгийска революция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белгийска революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_belga" title="Revolució belga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució belga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgick%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Belgická revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Belgická revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_belgiske_revolution" title="Den belgiske revolution – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den belgiske revolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgische_Revolution" title="Belgische Revolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belgische Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Βελγική Επανάσταση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βελγική Επανάσταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_belga" title="Revolución belga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución belga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belga_Revolucio" title="Belga Revolucio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Belga Revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgikako_Iraultza" title="Belgikako Iraultza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belgikako Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="انقلاب بلژیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب بلژیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_belge" title="Révolution belge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution belge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Belga" title="Revolución Belga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución Belga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%90_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="벨기에 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨기에 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belga_Revoluciono" title="Belga Revoluciono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Belga Revoluciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Belgia" title="Revolusi Belgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Belgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_belga" title="Rivoluzione belga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione belga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המהפכה הבלגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה הבלגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%BC%C4%A3ijas_revol%C5%ABcija" title="Beļģijas revolūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beļģijas revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsch_Revolutioun" title="Belsch Revolutioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Belsch Revolutioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belga_szabads%C3%A1gharc" title="Belga szabadságharc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Belga szabadságharc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Белгиска револуција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белгиска револуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الثوره البلجيكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الثوره البلجيكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Belgium" title="Revolusi Belgium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Belgium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgische_Revolutie" title="Belgische Revolutie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belgische Revolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="ベルギー独立革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルギー独立革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_belgiske_revolusjonen" title="Den belgiske revolusjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den belgiske revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucion_B%C3%A8lga" title="Revolucion Bèlga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revolucion Bèlga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiya_inqilobi" title="Belgiya inqilobi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Belgiya inqilobi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_belgijska" title="Rewolucja belgijska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja belgijska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Belga" title="Revolução Belga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Belga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_Belgian%C4%83" title="Revoluția Belgiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția Belgiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгийская революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бельгийская революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Belgian Revolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgick%C3%A1_revol%C3%BAcia" title="Belgická revolúcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Belgická revolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijska_revolucija" title="Belgijska revolucija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Belgijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Белгијска револуција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Белгијска револуција" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Belgian Revolution of 1789–90, see <a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belgian Revolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830,_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8929" data-file-height="5820" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Episode_of_the_Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830">Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Egide_Charles_Gustave_Wappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Egide Charles Gustave Wappers">Gustaf Wappers</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>25 August 1830 – 21 July 1831 (10 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/The_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Low Countries">The Low Countries</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Most European powers' recognition of Belgium's independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian rebels</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a> (from 1831)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%281830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erasme_Louis_Surlet_de_Chokier" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier">Erasme de Chokier</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Étienne Maurice Gérard</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Prince William</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Frederick of the Netherlands">Prince Frederick</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Belgium</b>: 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>France</b>: 70,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 50,000<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Belgian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Belgian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Belgian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Belgian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belgian_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Belgian Revolution</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Antwerp_(1830)" title="Bombardment of Antwerp (1830)">Antwerp (1830)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_days%27_campaign" title="Ten days' campaign">Ten days' campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(1831)" title="Battle of Leuven (1831)">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Houthalen" title="Battle of Houthalen">Houthalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ravels" title="Battle of Ravels">Ravels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1831)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1831)">Turnhout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1832)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1832)">Antwerp (1832)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Belgian Revolution</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Révolution belge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Belgische Revolutie/opstand/omwenteling</i>) was the conflict which led to the <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> of the southern provinces (mainly the former <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> and the establishment of an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a>. </p><p>The people of the south were mainly <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a>. Both peoples were traditionally <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> as contrasted with Protestant-dominated (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Reformed">Dutch Reformed</a>) people of the north. Many outspoken liberals regarded <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">King William I's</a> rule as despotic. There were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 August 1830, riots erupted in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and shops were looted. Theatergoers who had just watched the nationalistic opera <i><a href="/wiki/La_muette_de_Portici" title="La muette de Portici">La muette de Portici</a></i> joined the mob. Uprisings followed elsewhere in the country. Factories were occupied and machinery destroyed. Order was restored briefly after William committed troops to the Southern Provinces but rioting continued and leadership was taken up by radicals, who started talking of secession.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch units saw the mass desertion of recruits from the southern provinces and pulled out. The States-General in Brussels voted in favor of secession and declared independence. In the aftermath, a <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="National Congress of Belgium">National Congress</a> was assembled. King William refrained from future military action and appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830" title="London Conference of 1830">1830 London Conference</a> of major European powers recognized Belgian independence. Following the installation of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a> as King of the Belgians in 1831, King William made a belated attempt to reconquer Belgium and restore his position through a military campaign. This <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days' Campaign">Ten Days' Campaign</a> failed because of French military intervention. The Dutch accepted the decision of the London conference and Belgian independence in 1839 by signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verenigd_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden_(tot_1830).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden_%28tot_1830%29.png/220px-Verenigd_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden_%28tot_1830%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden_%28tot_1830%29.png/330px-Verenigd_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden_%28tot_1830%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden_%28tot_1830%29.png/440px-Verenigd_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden_%28tot_1830%29.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> in 1839<br /><b>1</b>, <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> United Kingdom of the Netherlands (until 1830)<br /><b>1</b> and <b>2</b> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (after 1839)<br /><b>2</b> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)</a> (in the German Confederacy after 1839 as compensation for Waals-Luxemburg)<br /><b>3</b> and <b>4</b> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a> (after 1839)<br /><b>4</b> and <b>5</b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (borders until 1839) <br /><b>4</b> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (province)">Province of Luxembourg</a> (Waals-Luxemburg, to Belgium in 1839)<br /><b>5</b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (German Luxemburg; borders after 1839)<br />In blue, the borders of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Belgian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Belgian Revolution">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the defeat of Napoleon at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> created a kingdom for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>, thus combining the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> of the Netherlands with the former <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> to create a strong <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> north of France; with the addition of those provinces the Netherlands became a rising power. Symptomatic of the tenor of diplomatic bargaining at Vienna was the early proposal to reward <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> for its fight against Napoleon with the former <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (April 2020)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> When the United Kingdom insisted on retaining the former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, which it had seized while the Netherlands was ruled by Napoleon, the new Kingdom of the Netherlands was compensated with these southern provinces (modern Belgium). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_of_the_revolution">Causes of the revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes of the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revolution was due to a combination of factors, the main one being the difference of religion (<a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) and the general lack of autonomy given to the south. </p><p>Other important factors are </p> <ul><li>The under-representation of today's Belgians in the General Assembly (62% of the population for 50% of the seats)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most of the institutions were based in the North and public burdens were unevenly distributed. Only one minister out of four was Belgian. There were four times as many Dutch people in the administration as Belgians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a general domination of the Dutch over the economic, political, and social institutions of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom</a>;</li> <li>The public debt of the north (higher than the one of the south) had to be supported by the south as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original debts were initially of 1.25 billion guilders for the United Provinces and only 100 million for the South.</li> <li>The action of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> in the field of education (construction of schools, control of the competence of teachers and the creation of new establishments, creation of three State universities) placed it under the total control of the State, which displeased Catholic opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The contingent imposed on Belgium by the recruitment of militiamen was proportionally high, while the proportion of Belgians among the officers was low, the high staff being mainly composed of former officers of the French army or of the British army. Only one officer out of six would be from the South.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Belgian soldiers were therefore commanded by officers who were not originally from the Southern Netherlands. Moreover, the Dutch language had become the sole language of the army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1823/24, which was an additional grievance on the part of the francophone elites and the Walloon people who spoke Romance dialects.</li> <li>The unsatisfactory application of freedom of the press and freedom of assembly were considered by Belgian intellectuals as a means of control of the South by the North.</li> <li>Belgian merchants and industrialists complained about the free trade policy pursued from 1827 onwards. The separation of France had caused the industry of the South to lose a large part of its turnover. On the other hand, the colony of the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> was experiencing a long period of revolt and British products were competing with Belgian production. With the end of the continental blockade, the continent was invaded by cheap British products, appreciated by the North, still mainly agricultural, but which excluded the productions of the South.</li> <li>A linguistic reform in 1823 was intended to make Dutch the official language in the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish</a> provinces. This reform was met with strong opposition from the upper classes who at the time were mostly French-speaking, whether they came from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also from the Flemish speakers themselves, who at the time did not speak standard <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> but their own dialects. On 4 June 1830, this reform was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The conservatives in the northern Netherlands were pushing for only followers of the former (<a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>) <a href="/wiki/State_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="State Church">State Church</a> to be appointed to the government, while the Belgian conservatives wanted to re-establish <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in Belgium. The coexistence of two state religions throughout the kingdom was unacceptable to both sides. Until 1821 the government used the opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law">Basic Law</a> to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> character of the state apparatus through the appointment of civil servants. <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> himself was a supporter of the German <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> tradition, according to which the sovereign is the head of the church. He wanted to counter the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>'s authority over the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. He wanted to be able to influence the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Night_at_the_opera""><span id=".22Night_at_the_opera.22"></span>"Night at the opera"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Night at the opera""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogier_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_volontaires_de_Li%C3%A8ge_(Soubre,_1878).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rogier_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_volontaires_de_Li%C3%A8ge_%28Soubre%2C_1878%29.jpg/220px-Rogier_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_volontaires_de_Li%C3%A8ge_%28Soubre%2C_1878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rogier_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_volontaires_de_Li%C3%A8ge_%28Soubre%2C_1878%29.jpg/330px-Rogier_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_volontaires_de_Li%C3%A8ge_%28Soubre%2C_1878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rogier_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_volontaires_de_Li%C3%A8ge_%28Soubre%2C_1878%29.jpg/440px-Rogier_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_volontaires_de_Li%C3%A8ge_%28Soubre%2C_1878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a> leads the 250 revolutionary volunteers from Liège to Brussels (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Soubre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Soubre (page does not exist)">Charles Soubre</a>, 1878)</figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic partisans watched with excitement the unfolding of the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in France, details of which were swiftly reported in the newspapers. On 25 August 1830, at the <a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie</a> in Brussels, an uprising followed a special performance, in honor of William I's birthday, of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Daniel Auber</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_Muette_de_Portici" class="mw-redirect" title="La Muette de Portici">La Muette de Portici</a></i> <i>(The Mute Girl of Portici)</i>, a sentimental and patriotic opera set against <a href="/wiki/Masaniello" title="Masaniello">Masaniello</a>'s uprising against the Spanish masters of Naples in the 17th century. After the duet, "Amour sacré de la patrie", (Sacred love of Fatherland) with <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Nourrit" title="Adolphe Nourrit">Adolphe Nourrit</a> in the tenor role, many audience members left the theater and joined the riots which had already begun.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crowd poured into the streets shouting patriotic slogans. The brawls and violence continued for several days, with protesters capturing key points in the city including the <a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Bruxelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc de Bruxelles">Parc de Bruxelles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Bruxelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais de Bruxelles">Palais de Bruxelles</a>. The Belgian rebels began to organize and fortify their positions in preparation for further confrontations with Dutch forces. The following days saw an explosion of the desperate and exasperated proletariat of Brussels, who rallied around the newly created flag of the Brussels independence movement which was fastened to a standard with shoelaces during a street fight and used to lead a counter-charge against the forces of Prince William.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aftocht_Hollandse_Cavalerie_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Aftocht_Hollandse_Cavalerie_1830.jpg/300px-Aftocht_Hollandse_Cavalerie_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Aftocht_Hollandse_Cavalerie_1830.jpg/450px-Aftocht_Hollandse_Cavalerie_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Aftocht_Hollandse_Cavalerie_1830.jpg/600px-Aftocht_Hollandse_Cavalerie_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Retreat of the Dutch cavalry on the Vlaamsesteenweg in Brussels, 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>William I sent his two sons, Crown-<a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Prince William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederik_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Frederik of the Netherlands">Prince Frederik</a> to quell the riots. William was asked by the Burghers of Brussels to come to the town alone, with no troops, for a meeting; this he did, despite the risks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affable and moderate Crown Prince William, who represented the monarchy in Brussels, was convinced by the Estates-General on 1 September that the administrative separation of north and south was the only viable solution to the crisis. His father rejected the terms of accommodation that Prince William proposed. King William I attempted to restore the established order by force, but the 8,000 Dutch troops under Prince Frederik were unable to retake Brussels in bloody street fighting (23–26 September).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army was withdrawn to the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, and when the Northern commander of Antwerp bombarded the town, claiming a breach of a ceasefire, the whole of the Southern provinces was incensed. Any opportunity to quell the breach was lost on 26 September when a National Congress was summoned to draw up a Constitution and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government</a> was established under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Latour_Rogier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Latour Rogier">Charles Latour Rogier</a>. The Provisional Government then issued a Declaration of Independence on 4 October 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium.be_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium.be-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_European_powers_and_an_independent_Belgium">The European powers and an independent Belgium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The European powers and an independent Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Belgian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Belgian Revolution">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 20 December 1830 the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830" title="London Conference of 1830">London Conference of 1830</a> brought together five major European powers: Austria, the United Kingdom, France, Prussia and Russia. At first, the European powers were divided over the Belgian cry for independence. The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> were still fresh in the memories of the major European powers, so once the French, under the recently installed <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>, supported Belgian independence, the other European powers unsurprisingly supported the continued union of the provinces of the Netherlands. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the United Kingdom all supported the Netherlands, since they feared that the French would eventually annex an independent Belgium (particularly the British: see <a href="/wiki/Flahaut_partition_plan_for_Belgium" title="Flahaut partition plan for Belgium">Flahaut partition plan for Belgium</a>). However, in the end, none of the European powers sent troops to aid the Dutch government, partly because of rebellions within some of their own borders (the Russians were occupied with the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a> and Prussia was saddled with war debt). Britain would come to see the benefits of isolating France geographically with the new creation of a new Belgian <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> between France, the Netherlands and Prussia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_of_King_Leopold">Accession of King Leopold</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accession of King Leopold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Monarchy of Belgium</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prestation_de_serment_du_roi_L%C3%A9opold_Ier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Prestation_de_serment_du_roi_L%C3%A9opold_Ier.JPG/200px-Prestation_de_serment_du_roi_L%C3%A9opold_Ier.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Prestation_de_serment_du_roi_L%C3%A9opold_Ier.JPG/300px-Prestation_de_serment_du_roi_L%C3%A9opold_Ier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Prestation_de_serment_du_roi_L%C3%A9opold_Ier.JPG/400px-Prestation_de_serment_du_roi_L%C3%A9opold_Ier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>Leopold taking the constitutional oath (<a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Wappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Wappers">Gustaf Wappers</a>, 1831)</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1830, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="National Congress of Belgium">National Congress of Belgium</a> was established to create a constitution for the new state. The Congress decided that Belgium would be a <a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">popular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. On 7 February 1831, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Constitution">Belgian Constitution</a> was proclaimed. However, no actual monarch yet sat on the throne. </p><p>The Congress refused to consider any candidate from the Dutch ruling <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">house of Orange-Nassau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194811_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194811-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the Congress drew up a shortlist of three candidates, all of whom were French. This itself led to political opposition, and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold of Saxe-Coburg</a>, who had been considered at an early stage but dropped due to French opposition, was proposed again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194812_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194812-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 April 1831, Leopold was approached by a Belgian delegation at <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a> to officially offer him the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194826_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194826-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first reluctant to accept,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194826–27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194826–27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he eventually took up the offer, and after an <a href="/wiki/Joyous_Entry" title="Joyous Entry">enthusiastic popular welcome on his way to Brussels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194829_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194829-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold I of Belgium took his oath as king on 21 July 1831. </p><p>21 July is generally used to mark the end of the revolution and the start of the Kingdom of Belgium. It is celebrated each year as <a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Day" title="Belgian National Day">Belgian National Day</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_Days'_Campaign"><span id="Ten_Days.27_Campaign"></span>Ten Days' Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ten Days' Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days' Campaign">Ten Days' Campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Belgian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Belgian Revolution">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>King William was not satisfied with the settlement drawn up in London and did not accept Belgium's claim of independence: it divided his kingdom and drastically affected his Treasury. On 2 August 1831 the Dutch army, headed by the Dutch princes, invaded Belgium, in what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days' Campaign">Ten Days' Campaign</a>" On 4 August the Dutch force took control of Antwerp and moved deeper into Belgium. The Belgian army of the Meuse was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hasselt" title="Battle of Hasselt">battle of Hasselt</a>. On 8 August Leopold called for support from the French and the British. As a result Marshal <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Étienne Maurice Gérard</a> crossed the border with 70,000 French troops under his command on 9 August. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(1831)" title="Battle of Leuven (1831)">battle of Leuven</a> (where King Leopold had placed his headquarters) began on 12 August. In order to avoid war with the approaching French the Dutch agreed an armistice with Belgium and withdrew after briefly taking control of the city. While the victorious initial campaign gave the Dutch an advantageous position in subsequent negotiations, the Dutch were compelled to agree to an indefinite armistice, although they continued to hold the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Citadel" title="Antwerp Citadel">Antwerp Citadel</a> and occasionally bombarded the city from it. Gerard returned to Belgium in November 1832 with the <i>Armée du Nord</i> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1832)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1832)">besieged the citadel</a> taking it on 23 December 1832. William I would refuse to recognize a Belgian state until April 1839, when he had to yield under pressure by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a> and reluctantly recognized a border which, with the exception of Limburg and Luxembourg, was basically the border of 1790. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg/170px-The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg/255px-The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg/340px-The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Germany's violation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">1839 Treaty of London</a> in 1914 outraged British public opinion.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1839_Treaty_of_London">1839 Treaty of London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1839 Treaty of London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London (1839)</a></div> <p>On 19 April 1839 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1839">Treaty of London</a> signed by the European powers (including the Netherlands) Recognized Belgium as an independent and neutral country comprising <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brabant_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabant (province)">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp (province)">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainaut (province)">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namur_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namur (province)">Namur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liège (province)">Liège</a>, as well as half of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(province_of_Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (province of Belgium)">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a>. The Dutch army, however, held onto <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, and as a result, the Netherlands kept the eastern half of Limburg and its large coalfields.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany broke the treaty in 1914 when it <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">invaded Belgium</a> on 4 August and dismissed British protests over a "scrap of paper". <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">Britain declared war on Germany</a> the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orangism">Orangism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orangism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Orangism (Belgium)</a></div> <p>As early as 1830 a movement started for the reunification of Belgium and the Netherlands, called Orangism (after the Dutch royal color of <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>), which was active in Flanders and Brussels. But industrial cities, like Liège, also had a strong Orangist faction.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement met with strong disapproval from the authorities. Between 1831 and 1834, 32 incidents of violence against Orangists were mentioned in the press and in 1834 Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lebeau" title="Joseph Lebeau">Lebeau</a> banned expressions of Orangism in the public sphere, enforced with heavy penalties.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anniversary_remembrances">Anniversary remembrances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anniversary remembrances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinquantenaire_(50th_anniversary)"><span id="Cinquantenaire_.2850th_anniversary.29"></span>Cinquantenaire (50th anniversary)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cinquantenaire (50th anniversary)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_jubilee" title="Golden jubilee">golden jubilee</a> of independence set up the <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Cinquantenaire</a> park complex in Brussels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="175th_anniversary_commemoration">175th anniversary commemoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 175th anniversary commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the Belgian revolution of 1830 was depicted in one of the highest value Belgian coins ever minted, the 100 euro <a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Belgium)#2005_coinage" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Belgium)">"175 Years of Belgium" coin</a>. The obverse depicts a detail from <a href="/wiki/Egide_Charles_Gustave_Wappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Egide Charles Gustave Wappers">Wappers</a>' painting <i>Scene of the September Days in 1830</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Speyk" title="Jan van Speyk">Jan van Speyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Belgium" title="Unionism in Belgium">Unionism in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_and_the_Belgian_Revolution" title="Luxembourg and the Belgian Revolution">Luxembourg and the Belgian Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i>, by Spencer C. Tucker, 2009, p. 1156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio/timeline-dutch-history/1830-1831-the-belgian-revolution">"1830–1831 The Belgian Revolution"</a>. <i>Timeline Dutch History</i>. Rijksmuseum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeline+Dutch+History&rft.atitle=1830%E2%80%931831+The+Belgian+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksmuseum.nl%2Fen%2Frijksstudio%2Ftimeline-dutch-history%2F1830-1831-the-belgian-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.H. Kossmann, <i>The Low Countries 1780–1940</i> (1978) pp. 151–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul W. Schroeder, <i>The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848</i> (1994) pp. 671–691</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Logie, De la régionalisation à l'indépendance, 1830, Paris-Gembloux, éditions Duculot, 1980, 248 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8011-0332-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-8011-0332-2">2-8011-0332-2</a>), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Logie, op. cit., p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Logie, op. cit., pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the absence of a serious statistical study, this figure is subject to reservation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.H. Kossmann, <i>De lage landen 1780/1980. Deel 1 1780–1914</i>, 1986, Amsterdam, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Logie, <i>De la régionalisation à l'indépendance, 1830</i>, Duculot, 1980, Paris-Gembloux, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Logie, op. cit., p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slatin, Sonia. "Opera and Revolution: La Muette de Portici and the Belgian Revolution of 1830 Revisited", <i>Journal of Musicological Research</i> 3 (1979), 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1889" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). <i>History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I</i>. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. p. 390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Corps+of+Royal+Engineers+Vol+I&rft.place=Chatham&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Royal+Engineers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Maj+Gen+Whitworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defensie.nl/landmacht/legergroen/geschiedenis/de_landmacht_in_de_19e_eeuw/80opstand_in_brussel">"Ministerie van Defensie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerie+van+Defensie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensie.nl%2Flandmacht%2Flegergroen%2Fgeschiedenis%2Fde_landmacht_in_de_19e_eeuw%2F80opstand_in_brussel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belgium.be-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belgium.be_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/history/belgium_from_1830">"Belgium's independence (1830 – present time)"</a>. <i>Belgium.be</i>. Belgian Federal Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belgium.be&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+independence+%281830+%E2%80%93+present+time%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgium.be%2Fen%2Fabout_belgium%2Fcountry%2Fhistory%2Fbelgium_from_1830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194811-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194811_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPirenne1948">Pirenne 1948</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194812-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194812_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPirenne1948">Pirenne 1948</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194826-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194826_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPirenne1948">Pirenne 1948</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194826–27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194826–27_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPirenne1948">Pirenne 1948</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194829-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirenne194829_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPirenne1948">Pirenne 1948</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schroeder, <i>The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848</i> (1994) pp. 716–718</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Zuckerman2004" class="citation book cs1">Larry Zuckerman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7c-luyz-hdQC&pg=PA43"><i>The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I</i></a>. New York University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814797044" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814797044"><bdi>978-0814797044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+Belgium%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0814797044&rft.au=Larry+Zuckerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7c-luyz-hdQC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Falter, <i>1830 De scheiding van Nederland, België en Luxemburg</i>, 2005, Lannoo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319214648/http://www.flwi.ugent.be/btng-rbhc/pdf/BTNG-RBHC,%2026,%201996,%203-4,%20pp%20029-063.pdf">"Universiteit Gent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flwi.ugent.be/btng-rbhc/pdf/BTNG-RBHC,%2026,%201996,%203-4,%20pp%20029-063.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universiteit+Gent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flwi.ugent.be%2Fbtng-rbhc%2Fpdf%2FBTNG-RBHC%2C%252026%2C%25201996%2C%25203-4%2C%2520pp%2520029-063.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Fishman, J. S. "The London Conference of 1830," <i>Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis</i> (1971) 84#3 pp. 418–428.</li> <li>Fishman, J. S. <i>Diplomacy and Revolution: The London Conference of 1830 and the Belgian Revolt</i> (Amsterdam, 1988)</li> <li>Kossmann, E. H. <i>The Low Countries 1780–1940</i> (1978), pp. 151–160</li> <li>Kossmann-Putto, J. A. and E. H. Kossmann. <i>The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands</i> (1987)</li> <li>Omond. G. W. T. "The Question of the Netherlands in 1829–1830," <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> (1919) vol 2 pp. 150–171 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678256">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirenne1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne, Henri</a> (1948). <i>Histoire de Belgique</i> (in French). Vol. VII: De la Révolution de 1830 à la Guerre de 1914 (2nd ed.). Brussels: Maurice Lamertin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Belgique&rft.place=Brussels&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Maurice+Lamertin&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Pirenne&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schroeder, Paul W. <i>The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848</i> (1994) pp. 671–691</li> <li>Stallaerts, Robert. <i>The A to Z of Belgium</i> (2010)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte,_Els2009" class="citation book cs1">Witte, Els; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Em8G76kbkC&pg=PA21"><i>Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards</i></a>. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. pp. 21ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9054875178" title="Special:BookSources/978-9054875178"><bdi>978-9054875178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Belgium%3A+From+1830+Onwards&rft.pages=21ff&rft.pub=Asp+%2F+Vubpress+%2F+Upa&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9054875178&rft.au=Witte%2C+Els&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4Em8G76kbkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/19cen/tiendaagse.html">"The Ten Days' Campaign"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belgian_Revolution_and_the_independence_of_Belgium_(1830–1839)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Template:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Template talk:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belgian_Revolution_and_the_independence_of_Belgium_(1830–1839)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgian Revolution</a> and the independence of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (1830–1839)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Belgian Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Orangism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_muette_de_Portici" title="La muette de Portici">La muette de Portici</a></i> (August 1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Braban%C3%A7onne" title="La Brabançonne">La Brabançonne</a></i> (August 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government of Belgium</a> (September 1830 – February 1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="National Congress of Belgium">National Congress of Belgium</a> (November 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution of Belgium</a> (February 1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">First Belgian monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasme_Louis_Surlet_de_Chokier" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier">Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>; February 1831 – July 1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a>; July 1831 – December 1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Niellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Niellon (page does not exist)">Charles Niellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dechet" title="Alexandre Dechet">Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_M%C3%A9rode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric de Mérode (page does not exist)">Frédéric de Mérode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Van_Halen" title="Juan Van Halen">Juan Van Halen</a><br /><small>(see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="List of members of the National Congress of Belgium">List of members of the National Congress</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gendebien" title="Alexandre Gendebien">Alexandre Gendebien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolly" title="André Jolly">André Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Potter" title="Louis de Potter">Louis de Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Sylvain Van de Weyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feuillien_de_Coppin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feuillien de Coppin (page does not exist)">Feuillien de Coppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_M%C3%A9rode" title="Félix de Mérode">Félix de Mérode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Vanderlinden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Vanderlinden (page does not exist)">Joseph Vanderlinden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Van_der_Linden_d%27Hooghvorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">de Gerlache Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Constantin_de_Gerlache" title="Étienne Constantin de Gerlache">Étienne Constantin de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de Brouckère">Charles de Brouckère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gendebien" title="Alexandre Gendebien">Alexandre Gendebien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Goblet_d%27Alviella" title="Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella">Albert Goblet d'Alviella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Sylvain Van de Weyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Lebeau I Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lebeau" title="Joseph Lebeau">Joseph Lebeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Sauvage" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne de Sauvage">Étienne de Sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de Brouckère">Charles de Brouckère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Devaux" title="Paul Devaux">Paul Devaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">King William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Prince William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days' Campaign">Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1832)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1832)">Siege of Antwerp (1832)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830" title="London Conference of 1830">London Conference of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Eighteen_Articles" title="Treaty of the Eighteen Articles">Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London (1839)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht_(1843)" title="Treaty of Maastricht (1843)">Treaty of Maastricht (1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Rhine" title="Iron Rhine">Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Monuments and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Martyrs_of_the_1830_Revolution" title="Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution">Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Column" title="Congress Column">Congress Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Guard_Merit_Medal" title="Civic Guard Merit Medal">Civic Guard Merit Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830_Star_of_Honour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1830 Star of Honour (page does not exist)">1830 Star of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross_(Belgium)" title="Iron Cross (Belgium)">Iron Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_Volunteers%27_Commemorative_Cross" title="1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross">1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belgium_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgium_topics" title="Template:Belgium topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgium_topics" title="Template talk:Belgium topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgium_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgium topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belgium_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_and_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War">Crisis of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_overseas_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian overseas colonies">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Royal Question">Royal Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">State reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belgium">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Belgium">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Belgium" title="List of lakes of Belgium">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_Belgium" title="List of mountains and hills in Belgium">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belgium" title="List of rivers of Belgium">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Belgium)" title="Council of Ministers (Belgium)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belgium" title="Human rights in Belgium">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belgium">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Belgium" title="Law of Belgium">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Belgium" title="Judiciary of Belgium">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Belgium">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Belgium" title="Banking in Belgium">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Belgium" title="Tourism in Belgium">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Belgium" title="List of trade unions in Belgium">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium" title="Transport in Belgium">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Belgium" title="Science and 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