CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nile crocodile - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3c62ca4e-2d41-4af1-b3a5-b833506a61ae","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nile_crocodile","wgTitle":"Nile crocodile","wgCurRevisionId":1281054786,"wgRevisionId":1281054786,"wgArticleId":1284973,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2021","Articles with 'species' microformats","IUCN Red List least concern species","Crocodylidae","Apex predators","Reptiles of Madagascar","Nile","Reptiles described in 1768","Crocodilians of Africa","National symbols of Chad","National symbols of Djibouti","National symbols of Lesotho","National symbols of Niger","National symbols of Sierra Leone"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nile_crocodile","wgRelevantArticleId":1284973,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q168745","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NileCrocodile.jpg/1200px-NileCrocodile.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="942"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NileCrocodile.jpg/960px-NileCrocodile.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="628"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="502"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nile crocodile - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nile_crocodile rootpage-Nile_crocodile skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nile+crocodile" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nile+crocodile" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nile+crocodile" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nile+crocodile" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology and naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Characteristics and physiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics and physiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull_and_head_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull_and_head_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Skull and head morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull_and_head_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biting_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biting_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Biting force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biting_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_and_sexual_dimorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_sexual_dimorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Size and sexual dimorphism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_sexual_dimorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Distribution and habitat </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasive_potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Invasive potential </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Behaviour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Hunting and diet </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hunting_and_diet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hunting and diet subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hunting_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interspecific_predatory_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interspecific_predatory_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Interspecific predatory relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interspecific_predatory_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reproduction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reproduction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_mortality_of_young_Nile_crocodiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_mortality_of_young_Nile_crocodiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Natural mortality of young Nile crocodiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_mortality_of_young_Nile_crocodiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Environmental status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Attacks on humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nile crocodile</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylkrokodil" title="Nylkrokodil – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nylkrokodil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تمساح النيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمساح النيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܐܒܐ ܕܢܝܠܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܐ ܕܢܝܠܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_timsah%C4%B1" title="Nil timsahı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nil timsahı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buaya_Nil" title="Buaya Nil – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Buaya Nil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="নীল নদের কুমির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নীল নদের কুমির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нилски крокодил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нилски крокодил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokodil_an_Nil" title="Krokodil an Nil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krokodil an Nil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocodril_del_Nil" title="Cocodril del Nil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cocodril del Nil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Нил крокодилĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нил крокодилĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" title="Crocodylus niloticus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Crocodylus niloticus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokod%C3%BDl_nilsk%C3%BD" title="Krokodýl nilský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krokodýl nilský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodeil_Afon_N%C3%AEl" title="Crocodeil Afon Nîl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crocodeil Afon Nîl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilkrokodille" title="Nilkrokodille – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nilkrokodille" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilkrokodil" title="Nilkrokodil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nilkrokodil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_%C5%81izhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yahd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_t%C3%A1%C5%82k%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BCts%CA%BCin_ntsxaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ táłkááʼtsʼin ntsxaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ táłkááʼtsʼin ntsxaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niiluse_krokodill" title="Niiluse krokodill – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niiluse krokodill" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Κροκόδειλος του Νείλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κροκόδειλος του Νείλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" title="Crocodylus niloticus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crocodylus niloticus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_krokodilo" title="Nila krokodilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nila krokodilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilotar_krokodilo" title="Nilotar krokodilo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nilotar krokodilo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="تمساح نیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمساح نیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_du_Nil" title="Crocodile du Nil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crocodile du Nil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilo_do_Nilo" title="Crocodilo do Nilo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crocodilo do Nilo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%BC%EC%95%85%EC%96%B4" title="나일악어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나일악어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Նեղոսյան կոկորդիլոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեղոսյան կոկորդիլոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilski_krokodil" title="Nilski krokodil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nilski krokodil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buaya_nil" title="Buaya nil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buaya nil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADlarkr%C3%B3k%C3%B3d%C3%ADll" title="Nílarkrókódíll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nílarkrókódíll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" title="Crocodylus niloticus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crocodylus niloticus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8" title="תנין היאור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנין היאור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baya_Nil" title="Baya Nil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baya Nil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ніл қолтырауыны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ніл қолтырауыны" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingona" title="Ingona – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ingona" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" title="Crocodylus niloticus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Crocodylus niloticus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABlas_krokodils" title="Nīlas krokodils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīlas krokodils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo_krokodilas" title="Nilo krokodilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nilo krokodilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C9%94%CC%81li" title="Nkɔ́li – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkɔ́li" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADlusi_krokodil" title="Nílusi krokodil – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nílusi krokodil" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нилски крокодил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нилски крокодил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voain%27_i_Neily" title="Voain' i Neily – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voain' i Neily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD" title="നൈൽ ക്രൊകഡൈൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൈൽ ക്രൊകഡൈൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تمساح النيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تمساح النيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buaya_Nil" title="Buaya Nil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buaya Nil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нилийн матар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нилийн матар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="နိုင်းမိကျောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်းမိကျောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijlkrokodil" title="Nijlkrokodil – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nijlkrokodil" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8B" title="ナイルワニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナイルワニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilkrokodille" title="Nilkrokodille – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nilkrokodille" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilkrokodille" title="Nilkrokodille – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nilkrokodille" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_timsohi" title="Nil timsohi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nil timsohi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE" title="نیل مگرمچھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیل مگرمچھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokodyl_nilowy" title="Krokodyl nilowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krokodyl nilowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilo-do-nilo" title="Crocodilo-do-nilo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crocodilo-do-nilo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilul_de_Nil" title="Crocodilul de Nil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crocodilul de Nil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нильский крокодил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нильский крокодил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nile crocodile" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokodili_i_Nilit" title="Krokodili i Nilit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krokodili i Nilit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nile crocodile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokod%C3%ADl_n%C3%ADlsky" title="Krokodíl nílsky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krokodíl nílsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilski_krokodil" title="Nilski krokodil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nilski krokodil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нилски крокодил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нилски крокодил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilski_krokodil" title="Nilski krokodil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nilski krokodil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilinkrokotiili" title="Niilinkrokotiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niilinkrokotiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilkrokodil" title="Nilkrokodil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nilkrokodil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buwaya_ng_Nilo" title="Buwaya ng Nilo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buwaya ng Nilo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="நைல் முதலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைல் முதலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3ucaf_n_Nnil" title="Aɣucaf n Nnil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣucaf n Nnil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="จระเข้แม่น้ำไนล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จระเข้แม่น้ำไนล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" title="Crocodylus niloticus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Crocodylus niloticus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Крокодил нільський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крокодил нільський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_s%E1%BA%A5u_s%C3%B4ng_Nin" title="Cá sấu sông Nin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cá sấu sông Nin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" title="Crocodylus niloticus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Crocodylus niloticus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E9%B3%84" title="尼罗鳄 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼罗鳄" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80ni_N%C3%ADl%C3%B2" title="Ọ̀ni Nílò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọ̀ni Nílò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E9%B1%B7" title="尼羅鱷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼羅鱷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%97la_krakuod%C4%97ls" title="Nėla krakuodėls – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nėla krakuodėls" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E9%B1%B7" title="尼羅鱷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼羅鱷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168745#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nile_crocodile" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nile_crocodile" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nile_crocodile" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&oldid=1281054786" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nile_crocodile&id=1281054786&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNile_crocodile">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNile_crocodile">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nile_crocodile&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168745" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reptile of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"African crocodile" redirects here. For the crocodile inhabiting west and northwest Africa, see <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodile</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Nile crocodile <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a>, 11.6–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a><a href="#cite_note-Rio2021-1">[1]</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:216.07384615385px; width:3.9261538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:216.07384615385px; width:3.9261538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:217.07384615385px; width:1.9261538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:NileCrocodile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NileCrocodile.jpg/250px-NileCrocodile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NileCrocodile.jpg/330px-NileCrocodile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NileCrocodile.jpg/500px-NileCrocodile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1182" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">At Le Bonheur Crocodile Farm near <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a>, South Africa </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/250px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/500px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix I (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Crocodylus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archosauriformes" title="Archosauriformes">Archosauriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodylidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus" title="Crocodylus">Crocodylus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">C. niloticus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Crocodylus niloticus <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nicolai_Laurenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Nicolai Laurenti">Laurenti</a>, 1768</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:The_range_of_the_Nile_Crocodile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_range_of_the_Nile_Crocodile.png/220px-The_range_of_the_Nile_Crocodile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_range_of_the_Nile_Crocodile.png/330px-The_range_of_the_Nile_Crocodile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_range_of_the_Nile_Crocodile.png/440px-The_range_of_the_Nile_Crocodile.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">   approximate range <a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a> (true area of occupancy considerably smaller and western African populations now considered to belong to the <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodile</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_crocodile_(Crocodylus_niloticus)_IUCN_range_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nile_crocodile_%28Crocodylus_niloticus%29_IUCN_range_2017.svg/250px-Nile_crocodile_%28Crocodylus_niloticus%29_IUCN_range_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nile_crocodile_%28Crocodylus_niloticus%29_IUCN_range_2017.svg/330px-Nile_crocodile_%28Crocodylus_niloticus%29_IUCN_range_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nile_crocodile_%28Crocodylus_niloticus%29_IUCN_range_2017.svg/500px-Nile_crocodile_%28Crocodylus_niloticus%29_IUCN_range_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="794" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution of the Nile crocodile as of 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Crocodylus vulgaris <a href="/wiki/George_Cuvier" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, 1802</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is a large <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilian</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> habitats in Africa, where it is present in 26 countries. It is widely distributed in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, occurring mostly in the eastern, southern, and central regions of the continent, and lives in different types of aquatic environments such as lakes, rivers, <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshland">marshlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Status-4">[3]</a> It occasionally inhabits <a href="/wiki/Deltas" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltas">deltas</a>, brackish lakes and rarely also saltwater. Its range once stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> has one of the largest undisturbed Nile crocodile populations.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Generally, the adult male Nile crocodile is between 3.5 and 5 m (11 ft 6 in and 16 ft 5 in) in length and weighs 225 to 750 kg (496 to 1,653 lb).<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> However, specimens exceeding 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) in weight have been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> It is the largest predator in Africa, and may be considered the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> reptile in the world, after the <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a> (Crocodylus porosus).<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> Size is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a>, with females usually about 30% smaller than males. The crocodile has thick, scaly, heavily armoured skin. Nile crocodiles are opportunistic <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a>; a very aggressive crocodile, they are capable of taking almost any animal within their range. They are <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalists</a>, taking a variety of prey,<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> with a diet consisting mostly of different species of fish, reptiles, birds, and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">ambush predators</a>, they can wait for hours, days, and even weeks for the suitable moment to attack. They are agile <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> and wait for the opportunity for a prey item to come well within attack range. Even swift prey are not immune to attack. Like other crocodiles, Nile crocodiles have a powerful <a href="/wiki/Bite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bite">bite</a> that is unique among all animals, and sharp, conical <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> that sink into flesh, allowing a grip that is almost impossible to loosen. They can apply high force for extended periods of time, a great advantage for holding down large <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a> underwater to drown.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> Nile crocodiles are relatively social.<a href="#cite_note-Huchzermeyer-12">[11]</a> They share <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">basking</a> spots and large food sources, such as schools of fish and big <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carcasses</a>. Their strict <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> is determined by size. Large, old males are at the top of this hierarchy and have first access to food and the best basking spots. Crocodiles tend to respect this order; when it is infringed, the results are often violent and sometimes fatal.<a href="#cite_note-Garrick-13">[12]</a> Like most other reptiles, Nile crocodiles lay <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a>; these are guarded by the females but also males, making the Nile crocodiles one of few reptile species whose males contribute to parental care.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hatchling" title="Hatchling">hatchlings</a> are also protected for a period of time, but hunt by themselves and are not fed by the parents.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kofron-15">[14]</a> The Nile crocodile is one of the most dangerous species of crocodile and is responsible for hundreds of human deaths every year.<a href="#cite_note-Sideleau-16">[15]</a> It is common and is not endangered, despite some regional declines or extirpations in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_naming">Etymology and naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and naming">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</a> Crocodylus niloticus is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> κρόκη, kroke ("pebble"), δρῖλος, drilos ("worm"), referring to its rough skin; and niloticus, meaning "from the Nile River". The Nile crocodile is called<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> timsah al-nil in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, mamba in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, yaxaas in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, garwe in <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, ngwenya in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a>, ngwena in <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>, kwena in <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>, and tanin ha-yeor in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>. It also sometimes referred to as the African crocodile, Ethiopian crocodile, and common crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-Hamilton-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-library.sandiegozoo.org-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> Although no subspecies are currently formally recognized, as many as seven have been proposed, mostly due to variations in appearance and size noted in various populations throughout Africa. These have consisted of C. n. africanus (informally named the East African Nile crocodile), C. n. chamses (the West African Nile crocodile), C. n. cowiei (the South African Nile crocodile), C. n. madagascariensis (the Malagasy or Madagascar Nile crocodile, regionally also known as the croco Mada, which translates to Malagasy crocodile), C. n. niloticus (the Ethiopian Nile crocodile; this would be the nominate subspecies), C. n. pauciscutatus (the Kenyan Nile crocodile) and <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">C. (n.) suchus</a> (now widely considered a separate species).<a href="#cite_note-Crocodilian.com-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmitz-21">[20]</a> In a study of the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> of the various populations, including C. (n.) suchus, the appearance of the Nile crocodile <a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a> was found to be more variable than that of any other currently recognized crocodile species, and at least some of these variations were related to locality.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler2012-22">[21]</a> For example, a study on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> in Kenya (informally this population would be placed in C. n. pauciscutatus) found that the local crocodiles have more <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> in their ventral surface than other known populations, and thus are of lesser value in leather trading, accounting for an exceptionally large (possibly overpopulated) local population there in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a> The segregation of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodile</a> (C. suchus) from the Nile crocodile has been supported by morphological characteristics,<a href="#cite_note-Nestler2012-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-hekkala-24">[23]</a> studies of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> materials<a href="#cite_note-Schmitz-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-hekkala-24">[23]</a> and habitat preferences.<a href="#cite_note-Cunningham-25">[24]</a> The separation of the two is not recognized by the IUCN as their last evaluations of the group was in 2008 and 2009,<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-26">[25]</a> years before the primary publications supporting the distinctiveness of the West African crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-Nestler2012-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-hekkala-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> Although originally thought to be the same species as the <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> studies using <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> have revealed that the Nile crocodile is actually more closely related to the crocodiles of the Americas, namely the <a href="/wiki/American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American</a> (C. acutus), <a href="/wiki/Cuban_crocodile" title="Cuban crocodile">Cuban</a> (C. rhombifer), <a href="/wiki/Morelet%27s_crocodile" title="Morelet's crocodile">Morelet's</a> (C. moreletii), and <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_crocodile" title="Orinoco crocodile">Orinoco crocodiles</a> (C. intermedius).<a href="#cite_note-hekkala-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Storrs-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brochu-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-crocphylo-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeeYates2018-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hekkala2021-31">[30]</a> The fossil species <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_checchiai" title="Crocodylus checchiai">C. checchiai</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> was about the same size as the extant African Nile crocodiles and shared similar physical characteristics to this specific species.<a href="#cite_note-Storrs-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brochu-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brochu10-32">[31]</a> At one time, the fossil species <a href="/wiki/Rimasuchus_lloydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimasuchus lloydi">Rimasuchus lloydi</a> was thought to be the closest relative of the Nile crocodile, but more recent research has indicated that Rimasuchus, despite its very large size (about 20–30% bigger than a Nile crocodile with a skull length estimated up to 97 cm (38 in)), is more closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_crocodile" title="Dwarf crocodile">dwarf crocodile</a> (Osteolaemus tetraspis) among living species.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Storrs-27">[26]</a> Two other fossil species from Africa retained in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus" title="Crocodylus">Crocodylus</a> appear to be closely related to the Nile crocodile: <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_anthropophagus" title="Crocodylus anthropophagus">C. anthropophagus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Plio-Pleistocene" title="Plio-Pleistocene">Plio-Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_thorbjarnarsoni" title="Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni">C. thorbjarnarsoni</a> from Plio-Pleistocene <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. C. anthropophagus and C. thorbjarnarsoni were both somewhat larger, with projected total lengths up to 7.5–7.6 m (24 ft 7 in – 24 ft 11 in).<a href="#cite_note-Storrs-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brochu-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brochu10-32">[31]</a> As well as being larger, C. anthropophagus and C. thorbjarnarsoni, as well as Rimasuchus spp., were all relatively broad-snouted, indicating a specialization at hunting sizeable prey, such as large mammals and freshwater turtles, the latter much larger than any in present-day Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Storrs-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brochu-28">[27]</a> Studies have since shown these other African crocodiles to be only more distantly related to the Nile crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-LeeYates2018-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hekkala2021-31">[30]</a> Below is a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> based on a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Tip_dating" title="Tip dating">tip dating</a> study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a>, molecular (<a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratigraphic">stratigraphic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> age) data,<a href="#cite_note-LeeYates2018-30">[29]</a> as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. <a href="/wiki/Paleogenomics" title="Paleogenomics">paleogenomics</a> study using DNA extracted from the extinct <a href="/wiki/Voay" title="Voay">Voay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hekkala2021-31">[30]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Crocodylinae" title="Crocodylinae">Crocodylinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Voay" title="Voay">Voay</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus" title="Crocodylus">Crocodylus</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_anthropophagus" title="Crocodylus anthropophagus">Crocodylus anthropophagus</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_thorbjarnarsoni" title="Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni">Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_palaeindicus" title="Crocodylus palaeindicus">Crocodylus palaeindicus</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus Tirari Desert<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Asia+Australia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus johnstoni <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_crocodile" title="Freshwater crocodile">Freshwater crocodile</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Freshwater_crocodile_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Freshwater_crocodile_white_background.jpg/120px-Freshwater_crocodile_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Freshwater_crocodile_white_background.jpg/250px-Freshwater_crocodile_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="264" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus novaeguineae <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_crocodile" title="New Guinea crocodile">New Guinea crocodile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus mindorensis <a href="/wiki/Philippine_crocodile" title="Philippine crocodile">Philippine crocodile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus porosus <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">Saltwater crocodile</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Crocodylus_porosus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crocodylus_porosus_white_background.jpg/120px-Crocodylus_porosus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crocodylus_porosus_white_background.jpg/250px-Crocodylus_porosus_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="242" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus siamensis <a href="/wiki/Siamese_crocodile" title="Siamese crocodile">Siamese crocodile</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg/50px-Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg/75px-Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg/100px-Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="522" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus palustris <a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">Mugger crocodile</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Mugger_crocodile_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mugger_crocodile_white_background.jpg/120px-Mugger_crocodile_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mugger_crocodile_white_background.jpg/250px-Mugger_crocodile_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="127" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Africa+New World </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_checchiai" title="Crocodylus checchiai">Crocodylus checchiai</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_falconensis" title="Crocodylus falconensis">Crocodylus falconensis</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus suchus <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile <a href="/wiki/File:Nile_crocodile_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_crocodile_white_background.jpg/120px-Nile_crocodile_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_crocodile_white_background.jpg/250px-Nile_crocodile_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="232" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">New World </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus moreletii <a href="/wiki/Morelet%27s_crocodile" title="Morelet's crocodile">Morelet's crocodile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus rhombifer <a href="/wiki/Cuban_crocodile" title="Cuban crocodile">Cuban crocodile</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_crocodile_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cuban_crocodile_white_background.jpg/60px-Cuban_crocodile_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cuban_crocodile_white_background.jpg/120px-Cuban_crocodile_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="243" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus intermedius <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_crocodile" title="Orinoco crocodile">Orinoco crocodile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Crocodylus acutus <a href="/wiki/American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile</a> <a href="/wiki/File:American_crocodile_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/American_crocodile_white_background.jpg/70px-American_crocodile_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/American_crocodile_white_background.jpg/105px-American_crocodile_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/American_crocodile_white_background.jpg/140px-American_crocodile_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="86" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_physiology">Characteristics and physiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics and physiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_Crocodile_(44335259425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nile_Crocodile_%2844335259425%29.jpg/220px-Nile_Crocodile_%2844335259425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nile_Crocodile_%2844335259425%29.jpg/330px-Nile_Crocodile_%2844335259425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nile_Crocodile_%2844335259425%29.jpg/440px-Nile_Crocodile_%2844335259425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Side view in South Africa</figcaption></figure> Adult Nile crocodiles have a dark bronze colouration above, with faded blackish spots and stripes variably appearing across the back and a dingy off-yellow on the belly, although mud can often obscure the crocodile's actual colour.<a href="#cite_note-library.sandiegozoo.org-19">[18]</a> The flanks, which are yellowish-green in colour, have dark patches arranged in oblique stripes in highly variable patterns. Some variation occurs relative to environment; specimens from swift-flowing waters tend to be lighter in colour than those dwelling in murkier lakes or swamps, which provides camouflage that suits their environment, an example of clinal variation. Nile crocodiles have green eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> The colouration also helps to camouflage them; juveniles are grey, multicoloured, or brown, with dark cross-bands on the tail and body.<a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a> The underbelly of young crocodiles is yellowish green. As they mature, Nile crocodiles become darker and the cross-bands fade, especially those on the upper-body. A similar tendency in coloration change during maturation has been noted in most crocodile species.<a href="#cite_note-Crocodilian.com-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brazaitis-34">[33]</a> Most morphological attributes of Nile crocodiles are typical of crocodilians as a whole. Like all crocodilians, for example, the Nile crocodile is a <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadruped</a> with four short, splayed legs, a long, powerful <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scaly</a> hide with rows of <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossified</a> <a href="/wiki/Scutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutes">scutes</a> running down its back and tail, and powerful, elongated <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grigg-35">[34]</a> Their skin has a number of poorly understood integumentary sense organs that may react to changes in <a href="/wiki/Water_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pressure">water pressure</a>, presumably allowing them to track prey movements in the water.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The Nile crocodile has fewer <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> on the belly, which are much more conspicuous on some of the more modestly sized crocodilians. The species, however, also has small, oval osteoderms on the sides of the body, as well as the throat.<a href="#cite_note-Brazaitis-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The Nile crocodile shares with all crocodilians a <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membrane</a> to protect the eyes and <a href="/wiki/Tear_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Tear duct">lachrymal glands</a> to cleanse its eyes with tears. The <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a>, eyes, and ears are situated on the top of the head, so the rest of the body can remain concealed under water.<a href="#cite_note-Grigg-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> They have a <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia#Internal_organs" title="Crocodilia">four-chambered heart</a>, although modified for their ectothermic nature due to an elongated cardiac septum, physiologically similar to the heart of a bird, which is especially efficient at oxygenating their blood.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> As in all crocodilians, Nile crocodiles have exceptionally high levels of <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> in their blood, which allows them to sit motionless in water for up to 2 hours. Levels of lactic acid as high as they are in a crocodile would kill most vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-Crocodilian.com-20">[19]</a> However, exertion by crocodilians can lead to death due to increasing lactic acid to lethal levels, which in turn leads to failure of the animal's internal organs. This is rarely recorded in wild crocodiles, normally having been observed in cases where humans have mishandled crocodiles and put them through overly extended periods of physical struggling and stress.<a href="#cite_note-Huchzermeyer-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_crocodile_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nile_crocodile_head.jpg/220px-Nile_crocodile_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nile_crocodile_head.jpg/330px-Nile_crocodile_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nile_crocodile_head.jpg/440px-Nile_crocodile_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Nile crocodile's head</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull_and_head_morphology">Skull and head morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Skull and head morphology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocodylus-krokodilskopf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Crocodylus-krokodilskopf.jpg/250px-Crocodylus-krokodilskopf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Crocodylus-krokodilskopf.jpg/330px-Crocodylus-krokodilskopf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Crocodylus-krokodilskopf.jpg/500px-Crocodylus-krokodilskopf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3787" data-file-height="5824" /></a><figcaption>Details of the skull from a juvenile Nile crocodile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_T%C3%AAte_de_crocodile_naturalis%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/0_T%C3%AAte_de_crocodile_naturalis%C3%A9e.jpg/250px-0_T%C3%AAte_de_crocodile_naturalis%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/0_T%C3%AAte_de_crocodile_naturalis%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-0_T%C3%AAte_de_crocodile_naturalis%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/0_T%C3%AAte_de_crocodile_naturalis%C3%A9e.jpg/500px-0_T%C3%AAte_de_crocodile_naturalis%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Naturalized crocodile head</figcaption></figure> The mouths of Nile crocodiles are filled with 64 to 68 sharply pointed, cone-shaped <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> (about a dozen less than alligators have). For most of a crocodile's life, broken teeth can be replaced. On each side of the mouth, five teeth are in the front of the upper jaw (<a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxilla</a>), 13 or 14 are in the rest of the upper jaw (<a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>), and 14 or 15 are on either side of the lower jaw (<a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>). The enlarged fourth lower tooth fits into the notch on the upper jaw and is visible when the jaws are closed, as is the case with all true crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-Huchzermeyer-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grigg-35">[34]</a> Hatchlings quickly lose a hardened piece of skin on the top of their mouths called the <a href="/wiki/Egg_tooth" title="Egg tooth">egg tooth</a>, which they use to break through their eggshells at hatching. Among crocodilians, the Nile crocodile possesses a relatively long snout, which is about 1.6 to 2.0 times as long as broad at the level of the front corners of the eyes.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> As is the saltwater crocodile, the Nile crocodile is considered a species with medium-width snout relative to other extant crocodilian species.<a href="#cite_note-sea_a_Brochu-Crocodilian-42">[41]</a> In a search for the largest crocodilian skulls in museums, the largest verifiable Nile crocodile skulls found were several housed in <a href="/wiki/Arba_Minch" title="Arba Minch">Arba Minch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, sourced from nearby <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chamo" title="Lake Chamo">Lake Chamo</a>, which apparently included several specimens with a skull length more than 65 cm (26 in), with the largest one being 68.6 cm (27.0 in) in length with a mandibular length of 87 cm (34 in). Nile crocodiles with skulls this size are likely to measure in the range of 5.4 to 5.6 m (17 ft 9 in to 18 ft 4 in), which is also the length of the animals according to the museum where they were found. However, larger skulls may exist, as this study largely focused on crocodilians from Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-43">[42]</a> The detached head of an exceptionally large Nile crocodile (killed in 1968 and measuring 5.87 m (19 ft 3 in) in length) was found to have weighed 166 kg (366 lb), including the large tendons used to shut the jaw.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biting_force">Biting force</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biting force">edit</a>]</div> The bite force exerted by an adult Nile crocodile has been shown by <a href="/wiki/Brady_Barr" title="Brady Barr">Brady Barr</a> to measure 22 kN (5,000 lbf). However, the muscles responsible for opening the mouth are exceptionally weak, allowing a person to easily hold them shut, and even larger crocodiles can be brought under control by the use of duct tape to bind the jaws together.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The broadest snouted modern crocodilians are alligators and larger <a href="/wiki/Caiman" title="Caiman">caimans</a>. For example, a 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) <a href="/wiki/Black_caiman" title="Black caiman">black caiman</a> (Melanosuchus niger) was found to have a notably broader and heavier skull than that of a Nile crocodile measuring 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in).<a href="#cite_note-Endangered-45">[44]</a> However, despite their robust skulls, alligators and caimans appear to be proportionately equal in biting force to true crocodiles, as the muscular tendons used to shut the jaws are similar in proportional size. Only the <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharial</a> (Gavialis gangeticus) (and perhaps some of the few very thin-snouted crocodilians) is likely to have noticeably diminished bite force compared to other living species due to its exceptionally narrow, fragile snout. More or less, the size of the tendons used to impart bite force increases with body size and the larger the crocodilian gets, the stronger its bite is likely to be. Therefore, a male saltwater crocodile, which had attained a length around 4.59 m (15 ft 1 in), was found to have the most powerful biting force ever tested in a lab setting for any type of animal.<a href="#cite_note-erickson-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Size">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NileCrocodile-SRG001c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NileCrocodile-SRG001c.jpg/170px-NileCrocodile-SRG001c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NileCrocodile-SRG001c.jpg/255px-NileCrocodile-SRG001c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NileCrocodile-SRG001c.jpg/340px-NileCrocodile-SRG001c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="2742" /></a><figcaption>Healthy subadult</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Largest_and_longest_Crocodile_in_Entebbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Nile crocodile in Entebbe, Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Largest_and_longest_Crocodile_in_Entebbe.jpg/250px-Largest_and_longest_Crocodile_in_Entebbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Largest_and_longest_Crocodile_in_Entebbe.jpg/330px-Largest_and_longest_Crocodile_in_Entebbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Largest_and_longest_Crocodile_in_Entebbe.jpg/500px-Largest_and_longest_Crocodile_in_Entebbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A large Nile crocodile in <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a></figcaption></figure> The Nile crocodile is the largest crocodilian in Africa, and is generally considered the second-largest crocodilian after the <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> Typical size has been reported to be as much as 4.5 to 5.5 m (14 ft 9 in to 18 ft 1 in), but this is excessive for actual average size per most studies and represents the upper limit of sizes attained by the largest animals in a majority of populations.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brazaitis-34">[33]</a> Alexander and Marais (2007) give the typical mature size as 2.8 to 3.5 m (9 ft 2 in to 11 ft 6 in); Garrick and Lang (1977) put it at from 3.0 to 4.5 m (9 ft 10 in to 14 ft 9 in).<a href="#cite_note-Alexander,_G._2007-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garrick-13">[12]</a> According to Cott (1961), the average length and weight of Nile crocodiles from <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> in breeding maturity was 3.16 m (10 ft 4 in) and 137.5 kg (303 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> Per Graham (1968), the average length and weight of a large sample of adult crocodiles from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> (formerly known as Lake Rudolf), Kenya was 3.66 m (12 ft 0 in) and body mass of 201.6 kg (444 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Graham-49">[48]</a> Similarly, adult crocodiles from <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> reportedly average 3.65 m (12 ft 0 in) in length.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> In comparison, the saltwater crocodile and gharial reportedly both average around 4 m (13 ft 1 in), so are about 30 cm (12 in) longer on average, and the <a href="/wiki/False_gharial" title="False gharial">false gharial</a> (Tomistoma schlegelii) may average about 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in), so may be slightly longer, as well. However, compared to the narrow-snouted, streamlined gharial and false gharial, the Nile crocodile is more robust and ranks second to the saltwater crocodile in total average body mass among living crocodilians, and is considered to be the second-largest extant reptile.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brazaitis-34">[33]</a> The largest accurately measured male, shot near Mwanza, Tanzania, measured 6.45 m (21 ft 2 in) and weighed about 1,043–1,089 kg (2,300–2,400 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a> Another large male measuring 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in) in total length (Cott 1961) was among the largest Nile crocodiles ever recorded. It was estimated to weigh 1,082 kg (2,385 lb).<a href="#cite_note-CSGN-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Size_and_sexual_dimorphism">Size and sexual dimorphism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Size and sexual dimorphism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4066_(7557751996).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4066_%287557751996%29.jpg/250px-Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4066_%287557751996%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4066_%287557751996%29.jpg/330px-Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4066_%287557751996%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4066_%287557751996%29.jpg/500px-Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4066_%287557751996%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3583" data-file-height="2389" /></a><figcaption>Groupings of crocodiles like this can include crocodiles of various sizes, but seldom of less than 2 m (6 ft 7 in), lest a cannibalistic large specimen launch an attack.</figcaption></figure> Like all crocodiles, they are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a>, with the males up to 30% larger than the females, though the difference is considerably less compared to some species, like the saltwater crocodile. Male Nile crocodiles are about 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) longer on average at sexual maturity and grow more so than females after becoming sexually mature, especially expanding in bulk after exceeding 4 m (13 ft 1 in) in length.<a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-lthesis-51">[50]</a> Adult male Nile crocodiles usually range in length from 3.3 to 5.0 m (10 ft 10 in to 16 ft 5 in) long; at these lengths, an average sized male may weigh from 150 to 750 kg (330 to 1,650 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NDF_nilecroc-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-wildliferanching-54">[53]</a> Very old, mature ones can grow to 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in) or more in length (all specimens over 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in) from 1900 onward are cataloged later).<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-nas-55">[54]</a> Large mature males can reach 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or more in weight.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Mature female Nile crocodiles typically measure 2.2 to 3.8 m (7 ft 3 in to 12 ft 6 in), at which lengths the average female specimen would weigh 40 to 250 kg (88 to 551 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> An old male individual, named "Big Daddy", housed at Mamba Village Centre, <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, is considered to be one of the largest living Nile crocodiles in captivity. It measures 5 m (16 ft 5 in) in length and weighs 800 kg (1,800 lb). In 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Katavi_National_Park" title="Katavi National Park">Katavi National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brady_Barr" title="Brady Barr">Brady Barr</a> captured a specimen measuring 5.36 m (17 ft 7 in) in total length (with a considerable portion of its tail tip missing). The weight of this specimen was estimated to be 838 kg (1,847 lb), making it one of the largest crocodiles ever to be captured and released alive.<a href="#cite_note-CSGN-50">[49]</a> The bulk and mass of individual crocodiles can be fairly variable, some animals being relatively slender, while others being very robust; females are often bulkier than males of a similar length.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> As an example of the body mass increase undergone by mature crocodiles, one of the larger crocodiles handled firsthand by Cott (1961) was 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in) and weighed 414.5 kg (914 lb), while the largest specimen measured by Graham and Beard (1973) was 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in) and weighed more than 680 kg (1,500 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> One of the largest known specimens from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, caught by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Geraldo_Kuhlmann" title="João Geraldo Kuhlmann">J. G. Kuhlmann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a>, which was 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in) long weighed 905.7 kg (1,997 lb).<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> On the other hand, another individual measuring 5.87 m (19 ft 3 in) in length was estimated to weigh between 770–820 kg (1,700–1,800 lb).<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In attempts to parse the mean male and female lengths across the species, the mean adult length was estimated to be reportedly 4 m (13 ft 1 in) in males, at which males would average about 280 kg (620 lb) in weight, while that of the female is 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in), at which females would average about 116 kg (256 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutton-62">[61]</a> This gives the Nile crocodile somewhat of a size advantage over the next largest non-marine predator on the African continent, the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> (Panthera leo), which averages 188 kg (414 lb) in males and 124 kg (273 lb) in females, and attains a maximum known weight of 313 kg (690 lb), far less than that of large male crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Nile crocodiles from cooler climates, like the southern tip of Africa, may be smaller, reaching maximum lengths of only 4 m (13 ft 1 in). A crocodile population from <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>, and elsewhere in West Africa reaches only 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) in length,<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> but it is now largely recognized as a separate species, the <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hekkala-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_Crocodile_Kafue_River_Bank_Zambia_Jul23_A7C_05542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nile_Crocodile_Kafue_River_Bank_Zambia_Jul23_A7C_05542.jpg/220px-Nile_Crocodile_Kafue_River_Bank_Zambia_Jul23_A7C_05542.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nile_Crocodile_Kafue_River_Bank_Zambia_Jul23_A7C_05542.jpg/330px-Nile_Crocodile_Kafue_River_Bank_Zambia_Jul23_A7C_05542.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nile_Crocodile_Kafue_River_Bank_Zambia_Jul23_A7C_05542.jpg/440px-Nile_Crocodile_Kafue_River_Bank_Zambia_Jul23_A7C_05542.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4243" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Open savanna on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue River</a>, Zambia</figcaption></figure> The Nile crocodile's current distribution extends from the regional tributaries of the Nile in Sudan and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cunene_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunene river">Cunene river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Olifants_River_(Limpopo)" title="Olifants River (Limpopo)">Olifants River</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> It is the most common crocodilian in Africa and occurs in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-26">[25]</a> Its historic range extended to the Mediterranean coast in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> sighted it in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a> in Egypt. It is thought to have become extinct in the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> in the early 19th century. It has rarely been spotted in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a> An isolated population also exists in western and southern <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sambirano_River" title="Sambirano River">Sambirano River</a> to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4lanaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tôlanaro">Tôlanaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> It likely colonized the island after the extinction of the endemic crocodile <a href="/wiki/Voay" title="Voay">Voay</a> within the last 2000 years.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In 2022, a skull of Crocodylus from Madagascar was found to be around 7,500 years old based on radiocarbon dating, suggesting that the extinction of Voay post-dates the arrival of Nile crocodiles on Madagascar.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The Nile crocodile was previously thought to also occur in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and Central Africa,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> but these populations are now typically recognized as a distinct species, the West African (or desert) crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-hekkala-24">[23]</a> The West African crocodile occurs throughout much of West and Central Africa, ranging east to South Sudan and Uganda where it may come into contact with the Nile crocodile. The Nile crocodile is absent from most of West and Central Africa, but range into the latter region in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo, and along the Central African coastal Atlantic region north to Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-hekkala-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Likely a level of <a href="/wiki/Niche_segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche segregation">habitat segregation</a> occurs between the two species, but this remains to be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Cunningham-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Nile crocodiles may be able to tolerate an extremely broad range of habitat types, including small brackish streams, fast-flowing rivers, <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>, dams, and tidal lakes and <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lthesis-51">[50]</a> In East Africa, they are found mostly in rivers, lakes, <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>, and dams, favoring open, broad bodies of water over smaller ones. They are often found in waters adjacent to various open habitats such as <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-desert</a> but can also acclimate to well-wooded swamps, extensively <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">wooded</a> <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian zones</a>, waterways of other woodlands and the perimeter of forests.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aust-74">[73]</a> In Madagascar, the remnant population of Nile crocodiles has adapted to living within caves.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> Nile crocodiles may make use of <a href="/wiki/Ephemerality" title="Ephemerality">ephemeral</a> <a href="/wiki/Geological_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological depression">watering holes</a> on occasion.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The Nile crocodile possesses salt glands like all true crocodiles and does on occasion enter <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine waters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> They have been known to enter the sea in some areas, with one specimen having been recorded 11 km (6.8 mi) off <a href="/wiki/Lake_St._Lucia" title="Lake St. Lucia">St. Lucia Bay</a> in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_potential">Invasive potential</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Invasive potential">edit</a>]</div> Nile crocodiles have been recently captured in <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>, though no signs that the population is reproducing in the wild have been found.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Genetic studies of Nile crocodiles captured in the wild in Florida have revealed that the specimens are all closely related to each other, suggesting a single source of the introduction. This source remains unclear, as their genetics do not match samples collected from captives at various zoos and theme parks in Florida. When compared to Nile crocodiles from their native Africa, the Florida wild specimens are most closely related to South African Nile crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> It is unknown how many Nile crocodiles are currently at large in Florida.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The animals likely were either brought there to be released or are escapees.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Behaviour">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilecroc100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nilecroc100.jpg/220px-Nilecroc100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nilecroc100.jpg/330px-Nilecroc100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nilecroc100.jpg/440px-Nilecroc100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Adult Nile crocodile basking at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Nile">Victoria Nile</a> of <a href="/wiki/Murchison_Falls_National_Park" title="Murchison Falls National Park">Murchison Falls National Park</a>, Uganda</figcaption></figure> Generally, Nile crocodiles are relatively inert creatures, as are most crocodilians and other large, cold-blooded creatures. More than half of the crocodiles observed by Cott (1961), if not disturbed, spent the hours from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. continuously basking with their jaws open if conditions were sunny. If their jaws are bound together in the extreme midday heat, Nile crocodiles may easily die from overheating.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Although they can remain practically motionless for hours on end, whether basking or sitting in shallows, Nile crocodiles are said to be constantly aware of their surroundings and aware of the presence of other animals.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> However, mouth-gaping (while essential to thermoregulation) may also serve as a threat display to other crocodiles. For example, some specimens have been observed mouth-gaping at night, when overheating is not a risk.<a href="#cite_note-Kofron-15">[14]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a>, crocodiles rarely bask at all through the day, unlike crocodiles from most other areas, for unknown reasons, usually sitting motionless partially exposed at the surface in shallows, with no apparent ill effects from the lack of basking on land.<a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrocoLoco-swimming-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CrocoLoco-swimming-01.jpg/250px-CrocoLoco-swimming-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CrocoLoco-swimming-01.jpg/330px-CrocoLoco-swimming-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CrocoLoco-swimming-01.jpg/500px-CrocoLoco-swimming-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8267" data-file-height="3678" /></a><figcaption>Crocodiles are deft and agile swimmers when motivated.</figcaption></figure> In South Africa, Nile crocodiles are more easily observed in winter because of the extensive amount of time they spend basking at this time of year. More time is spent in water on overcast, rainy, or misty days.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In the southern reaches of their range, as a response to dry, cool conditions that they cannot survive externally, crocodiles may dig and take refuge in tunnels and engage in <a href="/wiki/Aestivation" title="Aestivation">aestivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a> Pooley found in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Natal_National_Park" title="Royal Natal National Park">Royal Natal National Park</a> that during aestivation, young crocodiles of 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) total length would dig tunnels around 1.2 to 1.8 m (3 ft 11 in to 5 ft 11 in) in depth for most, with some tunnels measuring more than 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in), the longest there being 3.65 m (12 ft 0 in). Crocodiles in aestivation are lethargic, entering a state similar to animals that <a href="/wiki/Hibernate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernate">hibernate</a>. Only the largest individuals engaging in aestivation leave the burrow to sun on the warmest days; otherwise, these crocodiles rarely left their burrows. Aestivation has been recorded from May to August.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a> Nile crocodiles usually dive for only a few minutes at a time, but can swim under water up to 30 minutes if threatened. If they remain fully inactive, they can hold their breath for up to 2 hours (which, as aforementioned, is due to the high levels of lactic acid in their blood).<a href="#cite_note-Crocodilian.com-20">[19]</a> They have a rich vocal range and good <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a>. Nile crocodiles normally crawl along on their bellies, but they can also "high walk" with their trunks raised above the ground. Smaller specimens can <a href="/wiki/Horse_gallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse gallop">gallop</a>, and even larger individuals are capable of occasional, surprising bursts of speed, briefly reaching up to 14 km/h (8.7 mph).<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kofron2-85">[84]</a> They can swim much faster, moving their bodies and tails in a sinuous fashion, and they can sustain this form of movement much longer than on land, with a maximum known swimming speed of 30 to 35 km/h (19 to 22 mph).<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg/250px-PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg/330px-PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg/500px-PloverCrocodileSymbiosis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1853" /></a><figcaption>Drawing depicting the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Trochilus_(crocodile_bird)" title="Trochilus (crocodile bird)">trochilus</a> bird and the crocodile.</figcaption></figure> Nile crocodiles have been widely known to have <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastroliths</a> in their stomachs, which are stones swallowed by animals for various purposes. Although this is clearly a deliberate behaviour for the species, the purpose is not definitively known. Gastroliths are not present in hatchlings, but increase quickly in presence within most crocodiles examined at 2–3.1 m (6 ft 7 in – 10 ft 2 in) and yet normally become extremely rare again in very large specimens, meaning that some animals may eventually expel them.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> However, large specimens can have a large number of gastroliths. One crocodile measuring 3.84 m (12 ft 7 in) and weighing 239 kg (527 lb) had 5.1 kg (11 lb) of stones in its stomach, perhaps a record gastrolith weight for a crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> Specimens shot near <a href="/wiki/Mpondwe" title="Mpondwe">Mpondwe</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Semliki_River" title="Semliki River">Semliki River</a> had gastroliths in their stomach despite being shot miles away from any sources for the stones; the same holds true for specimens from <a href="/wiki/Kafue_Flats" title="Kafue Flats">Kafue Flats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambesi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambesi River">Upper Zambezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bangweulu" title="Lake Bangweulu">Bangweulu Swamp</a>, all of which often had stones inside them despite being nowhere near stony regions. Cott (1961) felt that gastroliths were most likely serving as ballast to provide stability and additional weight to sink in water, this bearing great probability over the theories that they assist in digestion and staving off hunger.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> However, Alderton (1998) stated that a study using radiology found that gastroliths were seen to internally aid the grinding of food during digestion for a small Nile crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> claimed that Nile crocodiles have a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic relationship</a> with a bird named the <a href="/wiki/Trochilus_(crocodile_bird)" title="Trochilus (crocodile bird)">Trochilus</a> which enter the crocodile's mouth and pick <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a> feeding on the crocodile's blood.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Guggisberg (1972) had seen examples of birds picking scraps of meat from the teeth of basking crocodiles (without entering the mouth) and prey from soil very near basking crocodiles, so felt it was not impossible that a bold, hungry bird may occasionally nearly enter a crocodile's mouth, but not likely as a habitual behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> MacFarland and Reeder, reviewing the evidence in 1974, found that: "Extensive observations of Nile crocodiles in regular or occasional association with various species of potential cleaners (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Plover" title="Plover">Plovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandpiper" title="Sandpiper">Sandpipers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_dikkop" class="mw-redirect" title="Water dikkop">water dikkop</a>) ... have resulted in only a few reports of sandpipers removing leeches from the mouth and gular scutes and snapping at insects along the reptile's body."<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunting_and_diet">Hunting and diet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hunting and diet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dietary_biology_of_the_Nile_crocodile" title="Dietary biology of the Nile crocodile">Dietary biology of the Nile crocodile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_Escapes_the_Jaws_of_2_Crocodiles_HD_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zebra_Escapes_the_Jaws_of_2_Crocodiles_HD_3.png/250px-Zebra_Escapes_the_Jaws_of_2_Crocodiles_HD_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zebra_Escapes_the_Jaws_of_2_Crocodiles_HD_3.png/330px-Zebra_Escapes_the_Jaws_of_2_Crocodiles_HD_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zebra_Escapes_the_Jaws_of_2_Crocodiles_HD_3.png/500px-Zebra_Escapes_the_Jaws_of_2_Crocodiles_HD_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>A Nile crocodile attacking a <a href="/wiki/Burchell%27s_zebra" title="Burchell's zebra">Burchell's zebra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> Nile crocodiles are apex predators throughout their range. In the water, this species is an agile and rapid hunter relying on both movement and pressure sensors to catch any prey unfortunate enough to present itself inside or near the waterfront.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Out of water, however, the Nile crocodile can only rely on its limbs, as it <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gallops</a> on solid ground, to chase prey.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> No matter where they attack prey, this and other crocodilians take practically all of their food by ambush, needing to grab their prey in a matter of seconds to succeed.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> They have an <a href="/wiki/Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">ectothermic</a> metabolism, so can survive for long periods between meals. However, for such large animals, their stomachs are relatively small, not much larger than a <a href="/wiki/Basketball_(ball)" title="Basketball (ball)">basketball</a> in an average-sized adult, so as a rule, they are anything but voracious eaters.<a href="#cite_note-Huchzermeyer-12">[11]</a> Young crocodiles feed more actively than their elders, according to studies in Uganda and Zambia. In general, at the smallest sizes (0.3–1 m (1 ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in)), Nile crocodiles were most likely to have full stomachs (17.4% full per Cott); adults at 3–4 m (9 ft 10 in – 13 ft 1 in) in length were most likely to have empty stomachs (20.2%). In the largest size range studied by Cott, 4–5 m (13 ft 1 in – 16 ft 5 in), they were the second most likely to either have full stomachs (10%) or empty stomachs (20%).<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> Other studies have also shown a large number of adult Nile crocodiles with empty stomachs. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a>, Kenya, 48.4% of crocodiles had empty stomachs.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-49">[48]</a> The stomachs of brooding females are always empty, meaning that they can survive several months without food.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> The Nile crocodile mostly hunts within the confines of waterways, attacking aquatic prey or terrestrial animals when they come to the water to drink or to cross.<a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a> The crocodile mainly hunts land animals by almost fully submerging its body under water. Occasionally, a crocodile quietly surfaces so that only its eyes (to check positioning) and nostrils are visible, and swims quietly and stealthily toward its mark. The attack is sudden and unpredictable. The crocodile lunges its body out of water and grasps its prey. On other occasions, more of its head and upper body is visible, especially when the terrestrial prey animal is on higher ground, to get a sense of the direction of the prey item at the top of an embankment or on a tree branch.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> Crocodile teeth are not used for tearing up flesh, but to sink deep into it and hold on to the prey item. The immense <a href="/wiki/Bite_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Bite force">bite force</a>, which may be as high as 5,000 lbf (22,000 N) in large adults, ensures that the prey item cannot escape the grip.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Prey taken is often much smaller than the crocodile itself, and such prey can be overpowered and swallowed with ease. When it comes to larger prey, success depends on the crocodile's body power and weight to pull the prey item back into the water, where it is either drowned or killed by sudden thrashes of the head or by tearing it into pieces with the help of other crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-library.sandiegozoo.org-19">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_Croc_eating_AdF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nile_Croc_eating_AdF.jpg/250px-Nile_Croc_eating_AdF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nile_Croc_eating_AdF.jpg/330px-Nile_Croc_eating_AdF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nile_Croc_eating_AdF.jpg/500px-Nile_Croc_eating_AdF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Feeding on a dead wildebeest in the <a href="/wiki/Masai_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai Mara">Masai Mara</a></figcaption></figure> Subadult and smaller adult Nile crocodiles use their bodies and tails to herd groups of fish toward a bank, and eat them with quick sideways jerks of their heads. Some crocodiles of the species may habitually use their tails to sweep terrestrial prey off balance, sometimes forcing the prey specimen into the water, where it can be more easily drowned.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> They also cooperate, blocking migrating fish by forming a semicircle across the river.<a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a> The most dominant crocodile eats first. Their ability to lie concealed with most of their bodies under water, combined with their speed over short distances, makes them effective opportunistic hunters of larger prey. They grab such prey in their powerful jaws, drag it into the water, and hold it underneath until it drowns. They also scavenge or steal kills from other predators, such as lions and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a> (Panthera pardus).<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> Groups of Nile crocodiles may travel hundreds of meters from a waterway to feast on a carcass.<a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a> They also feed on dead <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a> (Hippopotamus amphibius) as a group (sometimes including three or four dozen crocodiles), tolerating each other. Much of the food from crocodile stomachs may come from scavenging carrion, and the crocodiles could be viewed as performing a similar function at times as do <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a> on land.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> Once their prey is dead, they rip off and swallow chunks of flesh. When groups are sharing a kill, they use each other for leverage, biting down hard and then twisting their bodies to tear off large pieces of meat in a "death roll". They may also get the necessary leverage by lodging their prey under branches or stones, before rolling and ripping.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> The Nile crocodile possesses unique predation behavior characterized by the ability of preying both within water, where it is best adapted, and out of it, which often results in unpredictable attacks on almost any other animal up to twice its size. Most hunting on land is done at night by lying in ambush near forest trails or roadsides, up to 50 m (170 ft) from the water's edge.<a href="#cite_note-Dinets-92">[91]</a> Since their speed and agility on land is rather outmatched by most terrestrial animals, they must use obscuring vegetation or terrain to have a chance of succeeding during land-based hunts.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dinets-92">[91]</a> In one case, an adult crocodile charged from the water up a bank to kill a <a href="/wiki/Northern_bushbuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern bushbuck">bushbuck</a> (Tragelaphus scriptus) and instead of dragging it into the water, was observed to pull the kill further on land into the cover of the bush.<a href="#cite_note-Barker-93">[92]</a> Two subadult crocodiles were once seen carrying the carcass of a <a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">nyala</a> (Tragelaphus angasii) across land in unison.<a href="#cite_note-Pooley-33">[32]</a> In South Africa, a game warden far from water sources in a savannah-scrub area reported that he saw a crocodile jump up and grab a donkey by the neck and then drag the prey off.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grenard-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pienaar-95">[94]</a> Small carnivores are readily taken opportunistically, including <a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otters</a> (Aonyx capensis).<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interspecific_predatory_relationships">Interspecific predatory relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interspecific predatory relationships">edit</a>]</div> Living in the rich biosphere of Africa south of the Sahara, the Nile crocodile may come into contact with other large predators. Its place in the ecosystems it inhabits is unique, as it is the only large tetrapod carnivore that spends the majority of its life in water and hunting prey associated with aquatic zones. Large mammalian predators in Africa are often social animals and obligated to feed almost exclusively on land.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-Hamilton-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pienaar-95">[94]</a> The Nile crocodile is a strong example of an <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predator</a>. Outside water, crocodiles can meet competition from other dominant savannah predators, notably <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">big cats</a>, which in Africa are represented by lions, <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a>, and leopards. In general, big cats and crocodiles have a relationship of mutual avoidance. Occasionally, if regular food becomes scarce, both lions and the crocodile will steal kills on land from each other and, depending on size, will be dominant over one another. Both species may be attracted to carrion, and may occasionally fight over both kills or carrion.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Most conflicts over food occur near the water and can literally lead to a tug-of-war over a carcass that can end either way, although seldom is there any serious fighting or bloodshed between the large carnivores.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> Intimidation displays may also resolve these conflicts. However, when size differences are prominent, the predators may prey on each other. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocodylus_niloticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Crocodylus_niloticus.jpg/220px-Crocodylus_niloticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Crocodylus_niloticus.jpg/330px-Crocodylus_niloticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Crocodylus_niloticus.jpg/440px-Crocodylus_niloticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>A float of Nile crocodiles in <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Safaris" title="Kilimanjaro Safaris">Kilimanjaro Safaris</a> at <a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom" title="Disney's Animal Kingdom">Disney's Animal Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> On average, sexual maturity is obtained from 12 to 16 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-lthesis-51">[50]</a> For males, the onset of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> occurs when they are about 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) long and mass of 155 kg (342 lb), being fairly consistent.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> On the other hand, that for females is rather more variable, and may be indicative of the health of a regional population based on size at sexual maturity. On average, according to Cott (1961), female sexual maturity occurs when they reach 2.2 to 3 m (7 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in) in length.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> Similarly, a wide range of studies from southern Africa found that the average length for females at the onset of sexual maturity was 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in).<a href="#cite_note-Bourquin-99">[98]</a> However, stunted sexual maturity appears to occur in populations at opposite extremes, both where crocodiles are thought to be overpopulated and where they are overly reduced to heavy hunting, sometimes with females laying eggs when they measure as small as 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) although it is questionable whether such clutches would bear healthy hatchlings.<a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-100">[99]</a> According to Bourquin (2008), the average breeding female in southern Africa is between 3 and 3.6 m (9 ft 10 in and 11 ft 10 in).<a href="#cite_note-Bourquin-99">[98]</a> Earlier studies support that breeding is often inconsistent in females less than 3 m (9 ft 10 in) and clutch size is smaller, a female at 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in) reportedly never lays more than 35 eggs, while a female measuring 3.64 m (11 ft 11 in) can expect a clutch of up to 95 eggs.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> In "stunted" newly mature females from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> measuring 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in), the average clutch size was only 15.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> Graham and Beard (1968) hypothesized that, while females do continue to grow as do males throughout life, that past a certain age and size that females much over 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in) in length in Lake Turkana no longer breed (supported by the physiology of the females examined here); however, subsequent studies in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and South Africa have found evidence of nesting females at least 4.1 m (13 ft 5 in) in length.<a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourquin-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swanepoel-101">[100]</a> In the Olifants River in South Africa, rainfall influenced the size of nesting females as only larger females (greater than 3 m (9 ft 10 in)) nested during the driest years. Breeding females along the Olifants were overall larger than those in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swanepoel-101">[100]</a> Most females nest only every two to three years while mature males may breed every year.<a href="#cite_note-Kofron-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourquin-99">[98]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating season">mating season</a>, males attract females by bellowing, slapping their snouts in the water, blowing water out of their noses, and making a variety of other noises. Among the larger males of a population, territorial clashes can lead to physical fighting between males especially if they are near the same size. Such clashes can be brutal affairs and can end in mortality but typically end with victor and loser still alive, the latter withdrawing into deep waters.<a href="#cite_note-Pitman-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Modha-103">[102]</a> Once a female has been attracted, the pair warble and rub the undersides of their jaws together. Compared to the tender behaviour of the female accepting the male, copulation is rather rough (even described as "rape"-like by Graham & Beard (1968)) in which the male often roars and pins the female underwater.<a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Modha-103">[102]</a> Cott noted little detectable discrepancy in the mating habits of Nile crocodiles and American alligators.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> In some regions, males have reportedly mated with several females, perhaps any female that enters his claimed territory, though in most regions annual monogamy appears to be most common in this species.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_crocodile_eggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nile_crocodile_eggs.jpg/250px-Nile_crocodile_eggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nile_crocodile_eggs.jpg/330px-Nile_crocodile_eggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nile_crocodile_eggs.jpg/500px-Nile_crocodile_eggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>Eggs</figcaption></figure> Females lay their <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> about one to two months after mating. The <a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">nesting</a> season can fall in nearly every month of the year. In the northern extremes of the distribution (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>), the nesting season is December through February while in the southern limits (i.e. South Africa or <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>) is in August through December. In crocodiles between these distributions egg-laying is in intermediate months, often focused between April and July. The dates correspond to about a month or two into the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> within that given region. The benefits of this are presumably that nest flooding risk is considerably reduced at this time and the stage at which hatchlings begin their lives out of the egg falls roughly at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a>, when water levels are still relatively low but insect prey is in recovery. Preferred nesting locations are sandy <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shores</a>, dry <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">stream beds</a>, or riverbanks. The female digs a hole a few metres from the bank and up to 0.5 m (20 in) deep, and lays on average between 25 and 80 eggs. The number of eggs varies and depends partially on the size of the female.<a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> The most significant prerequisites to a nesting site are soil with the depth to permit the female to dig out the nest mound, shading to which mother can retire during the heat of the day and access to water.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a> She finds a spot soft enough to allow her to dig a sideways slanted burrow. The mother Nile crocodile deposits the eggs in the terminal chamber and packs the sand or earth back over the nest pit. While, like all crocodilians, the Nile crocodile digs out a hole for a nest site, unlike most other modern crocodilians, female Nile crocodiles bury their eggs in sand or soil rather than incubate them in rotting vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The female may urinate sporadically on the soil to keep it moist, which prevents soil from hardening excessively.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> After burying the eggs, the female then guards them for the three-month incubation period. Nests have been recorded seldom in concealed positions such as under a bush or in grasses, but normally in open spots on the bank. It is thought the Nile crocodile cannot nest under heavy forest cover as can two of the three other African crocodiles because they do not use rotting leaves (a very effective method of producing heat for the eggs) and thus require sunlight on sand or soil the surface of the egg chamber to provide the appropriate warmth for embryo development. In South Africa, the invasive plant <a href="/wiki/Chromolaena_odorata" title="Chromolaena odorata">Chromolaena odorata</a> has recently exploded along banks traditionally used by crocodiles as nesting sites and caused nest failures by blocking sunlight over the nest chamber.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> When Nile crocodiles have been entirely free from disturbance in the past, they may nest gregariously with the nest lying so close together that after hatching time the rims of craters are almost contiguous. These communal nesting sites are not known to exist today, perhaps being most recently recorded at <a href="/wiki/Ntoroko" title="Ntoroko">Ntoroko</a> peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> where two such sites remaining until 1952. In one area, 17 craters were found in an area of 25 yd × 22 yd (75 ft × 66 ft), in another 24 in an area of 26 yd × 24 yd (78 ft × 72 ft). Communal nesting areas also reported from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> (up until the 1930s) and also in the 20th century at <a href="/wiki/Rahad_River" title="Rahad River">Rahad River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The behaviour of the female Nile crocodile is considered unpredictable and may be driven by the regional extent of prior human disturbance and human persecution rather than natural variability. In some areas, the mother crocodiles will only leave the nest if she needs to cool off (<a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>) by taking a quick dip or seeking out a patch of shade.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> Females will not leave nest site even if rocks are thrown at her back and several authors note her trance-like state while standing near nest, similar to that of crocodiles in aestivation but not like any other stage in their life-cycle. In such a trance, some mother Nile crocodiles may show no discernable reaction even if pelted with stones.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> At other times, the female will fiercely attack anything approaching their eggs, sometimes joined by another crocodile which may be the sire of the young.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In other areas, the nesting female may disappear upon potential disturbance which may allow the presence of both the female and her buried nest to escape unwanted detection by predators.<a href="#cite_note-Kofron-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> Despite the attentive care of both parents, the nests are often raided by humans and <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizards</a> or other animals while she is temporarily absent.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> At a reported incubation period of about 90 days, the stage is notably shorter than that of the <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a> (110–120 days) but slightly longer than that of the <a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">mugger crocodile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitman-102">[101]</a> Nile crocodiles have <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">temperature-dependent sex determination</a> (TSD), which means the sex of their hatchlings is determined not by genetics as is the case in mammals and birds, but by the average temperature during the middle third of their incubation period. If the temperature inside the nest is below 31.7 °C (89.1 °F), or above 34.5 °C (94.1 °F), the offspring will be female. Males can only be born if the temperature is within that narrow range.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The hatchlings start to make a high-pitched chirping noise before hatching, which is the signal for the mother to rip open the nest.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> It is thought to be either difficult or impossible for hatchlings to escape the nest burrow without assistance, as the surface may become very heavy and packed above them.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> The mother crocodile may pick up the eggs in her mouth, and roll them between their <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a> to help crack the shell and release her offspring. Once the eggs hatch, the female may lead the hatchlings to water, or even carry them there in her mouth, as female <a href="/wiki/American_alligator#Reproduction" title="American alligator">American alligators</a> have been observed doing.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juvenile_Nile_Crocodiles_(14345392644).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Juvenile_Nile_Crocodiles_%2814345392644%29.jpg/220px-Juvenile_Nile_Crocodiles_%2814345392644%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Juvenile_Nile_Crocodiles_%2814345392644%29.jpg/330px-Juvenile_Nile_Crocodiles_%2814345392644%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Juvenile_Nile_Crocodiles_%2814345392644%29.jpg/440px-Juvenile_Nile_Crocodiles_%2814345392644%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A grouping of yearling baby Nile crocodiles</figcaption></figure> Hatchling Nile crocodiles are between 280 and 300 mm (11 and 12 in) long at first and weigh around 70 g (2.5 oz). The hatchlings grow approximately that length each year for the first several years.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The new mother will protect her offspring for up to two years, and if there are multiple nests in the same area, the mothers may form a <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8che_(zoology)" title="Crèche (zoology)">crèche</a>. During this time, the mothers may pick up their offspring either in their mouths or <a href="/wiki/Gular_fold" title="Gular fold">gular fold</a> (throat pouch) to keep the babies safe. The mother will sometimes carry her young on her back to avoid natural predators of the small crocodiles, which can be surprisingly bold even with the mother around. Nile crocodiles of under two years are much more rarely observed than larger specimens, and more seldom seen than the same age young in several other types of crocodilian. Young crocodiles are shy and evasive due to the formidable array of predators that they must face in sub-Saharan Africa, spending little time sunning and moving about nocturnally whenever possible. Crocodiles two years old and younger may spend a surprising amount of time on land, as evidenced by the range of terrestrial insects found in their stomachs, and their lifestyle may resemble that of a semi-aquatic mid-sized lizard more so than the very aquatic lives of older crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourquin-99">[98]</a> At the end of the two years, the hatchlings will be about 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) long, and will naturally depart the nest area, avoiding the territories of older and larger crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourquin-99">[98]</a> After this stage, crocodiles may loosely associate with similarly sized crocodiles and many enter feeding congregations of crocodiles once they attain 2 m (6 ft 7 in), at which size predators and cannibal crocodiles become much less of a concern.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> Crocodile longevity is not well established, but larger species like the Nile crocodile live longer, and may have a potential <a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span#In_animals" title="Maximum life span">maximum life span</a> of 70 to 100 years, though no crocodilian species commonly exceeds a lifespan of 50 to 60 years in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_mortality_of_young_Nile_crocodiles">Natural mortality of young Nile crocodiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Natural mortality of young Nile crocodiles">edit</a>]</div> An estimated 10% of eggs will survive to hatch and a mere 1% of young that hatch will successfully reach adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> The full range of causes for mortality of young Nile crocodiles is not well understood, as very young and small Nile crocodiles or well-concealed nests are only sporadically observed. Unseasonable flooding (during nesting which corresponds with the regional dry season) is not uncommon and has probably destroyed several nests, although statistical likelihood of such an event is not known.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> The only aspect of mortality in this age range that is well studied is predation and this is most likely the primary cause of death while the saurians are still diminutive.<a href="#cite_note-Somaweera-115">[114]</a> The single most virulent predator of nests is almost certainly the <a href="/wiki/Nile_monitor" title="Nile monitor">Nile monitor</a>. This predator can destroy about 50% of studied Nile crocodile eggs on its own, often being successful (as are other nest predators) in light of the trance-like state that the mother crocodile enters while brooding or taking advantage of moments where she is distracted or needs to leave the nest. In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Perentie" title="Perentie">perenties</a> (Varanus giganteus) (the Australian ecological equivalent of the Nile monitor) succeeds in depredating about 90% of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_crocodile" title="Freshwater crocodile">freshwater crocodile</a> (Crocodylus johnsoni) eggs and about 25% of saltwater crocodile nests.<a href="#cite_note-Somaweera-115">[114]</a> Mammalian predators can take nearly as heavy of a toll, especially large mongooses such the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose</a> (Herpestes ichneumon) in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Water_mongoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mongoose">water mongoose</a> in the south of crocodile's range. Opportunistic mammals who attack Nile crocodile nests have included wild pigs, medium-sized wild cats and baboon troops. Like Nile monitors, mammalian predators probably locate crocodile nests by scent as the padded-down mound is easy to miss visually.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-Hamilton-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somaweera-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marabou_stork" title="Marabou stork">Marabou storks</a> sometimes follow monitors to pirate crocodile eggs for themselves to consume, although can also dig out nests on their own with their massive, awl-like bills if they can visually discern the nest mound.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somaweera-115">[114]</a> Predators of Nile crocodiles eggs have ranged from insects such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_flour_beetle" title="Red flour beetle">red flour beetle</a> (Tribolium castaneum) to predators as large and formidable as <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyenas</a> (Crocuta crocuta).<a href="#cite_note-Somaweera-115">[114]</a> Unsurprisingly, once exposed to the elements as hatchlings, the young, small Nile crocodiles are even more vulnerable. Most of the predators of eggs also opportunistically eat young crocodiles, including monitors and marabous, plus almost all co-existing raptorial birds, including vultures, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, and large owls and <a href="/wiki/Buzzard" title="Buzzard">buzzards</a>. Many "large waders" are virulent predators of crocodile hatchlings, from dainty <a href="/wiki/Little_egret" title="Little egret">little egrets</a> (Egretta garzetta) and compact <a href="/wiki/Hamerkop" title="Hamerkop">hamerkops</a> (Scopus umbretta) to towering <a href="/wiki/Saddle-billed_stork" title="Saddle-billed stork">saddle-billed storks</a> (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), <a href="/wiki/Goliath_heron" title="Goliath heron">goliath herons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoebill" title="Shoebill">shoebills</a> (Balaeniceps rex). Larger <a href="/wiki/Corvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvid">corvids</a> and some non-wading <a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">water birds</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>) can also take some young Nile crocodiles. Mammalian carnivores take many hatchlings as well as large turtles and snakes, large predatory freshwater fish, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hydrocynus_vittatus" title="Hydrocynus vittatus">African tigerfish</a>, the introduced <a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull sharks</a>, when they enter river systems. When crocodile nests are dug out and the young placed in water by the mother, in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Natal_National_Park" title="Royal Natal National Park">Royal Natal National Park</a> predators can essentially enter a feeding frenzy.<a href="#cite_note-Somaweera-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> It may take a few years before predation is no longer a major cause of mortality for young crocodiles. <a href="/wiki/African_fish_eagle" title="African fish eagle">African fish eagles</a> can take crocodile hatchlings up to a few months of age and <a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">honey badgers</a> can prey on yearlings. Once they reach their juvenile stage, large <a href="/wiki/African_rock_python" class="mw-redirect" title="African rock python">African rock pythons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">big cats</a> remain as the only predatory threat to young crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Perhaps no predator is more deadly to young Nile crocodiles than larger crocodiles of their own species, as, like most crocodilians, they are cannibalistic. This species may be particularly dangerous to their own kind considering their aggressive dispositions.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kofron2-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> While the mother crocodile will react aggressively toward potential predators and has been recorded chasing and occasionally catching and killing such interlopers into her range, due to the sheer number of animals who feed on baby crocodiles and the large number of hatchlings, she is more often unsuccessful at deflecting such predators.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somaweera-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_status">Environmental status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Environmental status">edit</a>]</div> Conservation organizations have determined that the main threats to Nile crocodiles, in turn, are loss of habitat, pollution, hunting, and human activities such as accidental entanglement in fishing nets.<a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-26">[25]</a> Though the Nile crocodile has been <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunted</a> since ancient times,<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> the advent of the readily available firearm made it much easier to kill these potentially dangerous reptiles.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> The species began to be hunted on a much larger scale from the 1940s to the 1960s, primarily for high-quality leather, although also for meat with its purported curative properties. The population was severely depleted, and the species faced <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>. National laws, and international trade regulations have resulted in a resurgence in many areas, and the species as a whole is no longer wholly threatened with extinction. The status of Nile crocodiles was variable based on the regional prosperity and extent of conserved wetlands by the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> However, as is the case for many large animal species whether they are protected or not, persecution and poaching have continued apace and between the 1950s and 1980s, an estimated 3 million Nile crocodiles were slaughtered by humans for the leather trade.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sibaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Sibaya">Lake Sibaya</a>, South Africa, it was determined that in the 21st century, persecution continues as the direct cause for the inability of Nile crocodiles to recover after the leather trade last century.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Recovery for the species appears quite gradual and few areas have recovered to bear crocodile populations, i.e. largely insufficient to produce sustainable populations of young crocodiles, on par with times prior to the peak of leather trading.<a href="#cite_note-Bishop-100">[99]</a> Crocodile 'protection programs' are artificial environments where crocodiles exist safely and without the threat of extermination from hunters.<a href="#cite_note-Thorbjarnarson,_J._B._1992-124">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djerba-crocodiles-kleche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Djerba-crocodiles-kleche.jpg/220px-Djerba-crocodiles-kleche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Djerba-crocodiles-kleche.jpg/330px-Djerba-crocodiles-kleche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Djerba-crocodiles-kleche.jpg/440px-Djerba-crocodiles-kleche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Large adults in captivity, <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrocoLoco-0008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CrocoLoco-0008.jpg/220px-CrocoLoco-0008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CrocoLoco-0008.jpg/330px-CrocoLoco-0008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CrocoLoco-0008.jpg/440px-CrocoLoco-0008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Nile crocodiles in captivity, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> An estimated 250,000 to 500,000 individuals occur in the wild today. The <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> assesses the Nile crocodile as "Least Concern (LR/lc)".<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES) lists the Nile crocodile under Appendix I (threatened with extinction) in most of its range; and under Appendix II (not threatened, but trade must be controlled) in the remainder, which either allows ranching or sets an annual quota of skins taken from the wild. The Nile crocodile is widely distributed, with strong, documented populations in many countries in eastern and southern Africa, including <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-26">[25]</a> This species is <a href="/wiki/Farmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmed">farmed</a> for its meat and leather in some parts of Africa. Successful sustainable-yield programs focused on <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranching</a> crocodiles for their skins have been successfully implemented in this area, and even countries with quotas are moving toward ranching. In 1993, 80,000 Nile crocodile skins were produced, the majority from ranches in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Bishop-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Crocodile farming is one of the few burgeoning industries in Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Unlike American alligator flesh, Nile crocodile meat is generally considered unappetizing although edible as tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a> may opportunistically feed on them. According to Graham and Beard (1968), Nile crocodile meat has an "indescribable" and unpleasant taste, greasy texture and a "repellent" smell.<a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The conservation situation is more grim in Central and West Africa presumably for both the Nile and West African crocodiles. The crocodile population in this area is much more sparse, and has not been adequately surveyed. While the natural population in these areas may be lower due to a less-than-ideal environment and competition with <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> <a href="/wiki/Slender-snouted_crocodile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slender-snouted crocodile">slender-snouted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_crocodile" title="Dwarf crocodile">dwarf crocodiles</a>, extirpation may be a serious threat in some of these areas.<a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> At some point in the 20th century, the Nile crocodile appeared to have been extirpated as a breeding species from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, but has locally re-established in some areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a> Additional factors are a loss of wetland habitats, which is addition to direct dredging, damming and irrigation by humans, has retracted in the east, south and north of the crocodile's range, possibly in correlation with <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Retraction of wetlands due both to direct habitat destruction by humans and environmental factor possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> is perhaps linked to the extinction of Nile crocodiles in the last few centuries in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-26">[25]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lake_St._Lucia" title="Lake St. Lucia">Lake St. Lucia</a>, highly saline water has been pumped into the already brackish waters due to <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> practices. Some deaths of crocodiles appeared to have been caused by this dangerous salinity, and this one-time stronghold for breeding crocodiles has experienced a major population decline.<a href="#cite_note-Alderton-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In yet another historic crocodile stronghold, the Olifants River, which flows through <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a>, numerous crocodile deaths have been reported. These are officially due to unknown causes but analysis has indicated that environmental pollutants caused by humans, particularly the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry">coal industry</a>, are the primary cause. Much of the contamination of crocodiles occurs when they consume fish themselves killed by pollutants.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Additional ecological surveys and establishing management programs are necessary to resolve these questions. The Nile crocodile is the top predator in its environment, and is responsible for checking the population of mesopredator species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">barbel catfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, that could overeat fish populations on which other species, including birds, rely. One of the fish predators seriously affected by the unchecked mesopredator fish populations (due again to crocodile declines) is humans, particularly with respect to <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, an important commercial fish that has declined due to excessive predation.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a> The Nile crocodile also consumes dead animals that would otherwise pollute the waters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_humans">Attacks on humans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attacks on humans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_attack" title="Crocodile attack">Crocodile attack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocodile_Barrier,_Uganda_(15057506379).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Crocodile_Barrier%2C_Uganda_%2815057506379%29.jpg/250px-Crocodile_Barrier%2C_Uganda_%2815057506379%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Crocodile_Barrier%2C_Uganda_%2815057506379%29.jpg/330px-Crocodile_Barrier%2C_Uganda_%2815057506379%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Crocodile_Barrier%2C_Uganda_%2815057506379%29.jpg/500px-Crocodile_Barrier%2C_Uganda_%2815057506379%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Barrier in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> to lessen the risk of crocodile attacks</figcaption></figure> Much of the hunting of and general animosity toward Nile crocodiles stems from their reputation as a man-eater, which is not entirely unjustified.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Despite most attacks going unreported, the Nile crocodile along with the <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a> is estimated to kill hundreds (possibly thousands) of people each year, which is more than all other crocodilian species combined.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crocodilian.com-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> While these species are much more aggressive toward people than other living crocodilians (as is statistically supported by estimated numbers of crocodile attacks), Nile crocodiles are not particularly more likely to behave aggressively to humans or regard humans as potential prey than saltwater crocodiles. However, unlike other "man-eating" crocodile species, including the saltwater crocodile, the Nile crocodile lives in close proximity to human populations through most of its range, so contact is more frequent. This combined with the species' large size creates a higher risk of attack.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sideleau-16">[15]</a> Crocodiles as small as 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) are capable of overpowering and successfully preying on small apes and hominids, presumably including children and smaller adult humans, but a majority of fatal attacks on humans are by crocodiles reportedly exceeding 3 m (9 ft 10 in) in length.<a href="#cite_note-Sideleau-16">[15]</a> In studies preceding the slaughter of crocodiles for the leather trade, when there were believed to be many more Nile crocodiles, a roughly estimated 1,000 human fatalities per annum by Nile crocodiles were posited, with a roughly equal number of aborted attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> A more contemporary study claimed the number of attacks by Nile crocodiles per year as 275 to 745, of which 63% are fatal, as opposed to an estimated 30 attacks per year by saltwater crocodiles, of which 50% are fatal. With the Nile crocodile and the saltwater crocodile, the mean size of crocodiles involved in non-fatal attacks was about 3 m (9 ft 10 in) as opposed to a reported range of 2.5–5 m (8 ft 2 in – 16 ft 5 in) or larger for crocodiles responsible for fatal attacks. The average estimated size of Nile crocodiles involved in fatal attacks is 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in). Since a majority of fatal attacks are believed to be predatory in nature, the Nile crocodile can be considered the most prolific predator of humans among wild animals.<a href="#cite_note-Attack-137">[136]</a> In comparison, lions, in the years from 1990 to 2006, were responsible for an estimated one-eighth as many fatal attacks on humans in Africa as were Nile crocodiles. Although Nile crocodiles are more than a dozen times more numerous than lions in the wild, probably fewer than a quarter of living Nile crocodiles are old and large enough to pose a danger to humans.<a href="#cite_note-Attack-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Other wild animals responsible for more annual human mortalities either attack humans in self-defense, as do <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous snakes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> or are deadly only as vectors of disease or infection, such as <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> rats<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Regional reportage from numerous areas with large crocodile populations nearby indicate, per district or large village, that crocodiles often annually claim about a dozen or more lives per year. Miscellaneous examples of areas in the last few decades with a dozen or more fatal crocodile attacks annually include <a href="/wiki/Korogwe_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Korogwe District">Korogwe District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niassa_Reserve" title="Niassa Reserve">Niassa Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and the area around <a href="/wiki/Lower_Zambezi_National_Park" title="Lower Zambezi National Park">Lower Zambezi National Park</a>, Zambia.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Despite historic claims that the victims of Nile crocodile attacks are usually women and children,<a href="#cite_note-Wood_1983-9">[8]</a> there is no detectable trends in this regard and any human, regardless of age, gender, or size is potentially vulnerable. Incautious human behavior is the primary drive behind crocodile attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Sideleau-16">[15]</a> Most fatal attacks occur when a person is standing a few feet away from water on a non-steep bank, is wading in shallow waters, is swimming or has limbs dangling over a boat or pier. Many victims are caught while crouching, and people in jobs that might require heavy usage of water, including laundry workers, fisherman, <a href="/wiki/Game_warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Game warden">game wardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guide" title="Guide">regional guides</a>, are more likely to be attacked. Many fisherman and other workers who are not poverty-stricken will go out of their way to avoid waterways known to harbor large crocodile populations.<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Most biologists who have engaged in months or even years of field work with Nile crocodiles, including Cott (1961), Graham and Beard (1968) and Guggisberg (1972), have found that with sufficient precautions, their own lives and the lives of their local guides were rarely, if ever, at risk in areas with many crocodiles.<a href="#cite_note-Cott-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> However, Guggisberg accumulated several earlier writings that noted the lack of fear of crocodiles among Africans, driven in part perhaps by poverty and superstition, that caused many observed cases of an "appalling" lack of caution within view of large crocodiles, as opposed to the presence of bold lions, which engendered an appropriate panic. Per Guggisberg, this disregard (essentially regarding the crocodile as a lowly creature and thus non-threatening to humans) may account for the higher frequency of deadly attacks by crocodiles than by large mammalian carnivores. Most locals are well aware of how to behave in crocodile-occupied areas, and some of the writings quoted by Guggisberg from the 19th and 20th century may need to be taken with a "grain of salt".<a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beard-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Except the populations of Botswana, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe which are included in CITES Appendix II. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rio2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Rio2021_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRioMannion2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rio, J. P.; Mannion, P. D. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8428266">"Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PeerJ" title="PeerJ">PeerJ</a>. 9: e12094. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.12094">10.7717/peerj.12094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8428266">8428266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34567843">34567843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+analysis+of+a+new+morphological+dataset+elucidates+the+evolutionary+history+of+Crocodylia+and+resolves+the+long-standing+gharial+problem&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=e12094&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8428266%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34567843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.12094&rft.aulast=Rio&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mannion%2C+P.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8428266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsberg,_S.Combrink,_X.Lippai,_C.Balaguera-Reina,_S.A.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Isberg, S.; Combrink, X.; Lippai, C. & Balaguera-Reina, S.A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45433088/3010181">"Crocodylus niloticus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2019: e.T45433088A3010181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T45433088A3010181.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T45433088A3010181.en</a>. Retrieved 22 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Crocodylus+niloticus&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=e.T45433088A3010181&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T45433088A3010181.en&rft.au=Isberg%2C+S.&rft.au=Combrink%2C+X.&rft.au=Lippai%2C+C.&rft.au=Balaguera-Reina%2C+S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F45433088%2F3010181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Status-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Status_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPooley,_A._C.1982" class="citation book cs1">Pooley, A. C. (1982). "The status of African crocodiles in 1980". Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 5th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, Gainesville, Florida. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group. pp. 174–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+status+of+African+crocodiles+in+1980&rft.btitle=Crocodiles.+Proceedings+of+the+5th+Working+Meeting+of+the+IUCN%2FSSC+Crocodile+Specialist+Group%2C+Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.pub=IUCN+Crocodile+Specialist+Group&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Pooley%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFModha1967" class="citation journal cs1">Modha, M. L. (1967). "The Ecology of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) on Central Island, Lake Rudolf". African Journal of Ecology. 5 (1): 74–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967AfJEc...5...74M">1967AfJEc...5...74M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x">10.1111/j.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+Ecology+of+the+Nile+Crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus+Laurenti%29+on+Central+Island%2C+Lake+Rudolf&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967AfJEc...5...74M&rft.aulast=Modha&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarlas2010" class="citation book cs1">Barlas, Robert (2010). Uganda (Second ed.). New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761448594" title="Special:BookSources/9780761448594"><bdi>9780761448594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uganda&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Benchmark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780761448594&rft.aulast=Barlas&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaywood2011" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, K. (2011). Crocodiles and alligators. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761440482" title="Special:BookSources/9780761440482"><bdi>9780761440482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crocodiles+and+alligators&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Benchmark&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780761440482&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart2023" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Adam (2023). The Deadly Balance Predators and People in a Crowded World. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-8532-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-8532-3"><bdi>978-1-4729-8532-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deadly+Balance+Predators+and+People+in+a+Crowded+World.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-8532-3&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood_1983-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1983_9-12">m</a> Wood, G. (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-235-9">978-0-85112-235-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guggisberg-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg_10-47">av</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuggisberg,_C.A.W.1972" class="citation book cs1">Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation. David & Charles. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-5272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-5272-4"><bdi>978-0-7153-5272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crocodiles%3A+Their+Natural+History%2C+Folklore%2C+and+Conservation&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-5272-4&rft.au=Guggisberg%2C+C.A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cott-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott_11-29">ad</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCott,_H.B.1961" class="citation journal cs1">Cott, H.B. (1961). "Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia". The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 29 (4): 211–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Transactions+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Scientific+results+of+an+inquiry+into+the+ecology+and+economic+status+of+the+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodilus+niloticus%29+in+Uganda+and+Northern+Rhodesia&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x&rft.au=Cott%2C+H.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huchzermeyer-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huchzermeyer_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huchzermeyer_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huchzermeyer_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huchzermeyer_12-3">d</a> Huchzermeyer, F. (2003). Crocodiles: Biology, Husbandry, Diseases. CABI International Publishing. UK and Massachusetts. </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrick-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrick_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrick_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarrick,_L._D.Lang,_J._W.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Garrick, L. D. & Lang, J. W. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F17.1.225">"Social signals and behaviors of adult alligators and crocodiles"</a>. American Zoologist. 17: 225–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F17.1.225">10.1093/icb/17.1.225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Social+signals+and+behaviors+of+adult+alligators+and+crocodiles&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F17.1.225&rft.au=Garrick%2C+L.+D.&rft.au=Lang%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F17.1.225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/facts/nile-crocodile">"Nile Crocodile"</a>. Animals. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.atitle=Nile+Crocodile&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkids.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Freptiles%2Ffacts%2Fnile-crocodile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kofron-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kofron_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kofron_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kofron_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kofron_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKofron,_C._P.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kofron, C. P. (1990). "The reproductive cycle of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)". Journal of Zoology. 221 (3): 477–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1990.tb04014.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04014.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+reproductive+cycle+of+the+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1990.tb04014.x&rft.au=Kofron%2C+C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sideleau-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sideleau_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sideleau_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sideleau_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sideleau_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSideleau,_B.Britton,_A._R._C.2012" class="citation book cs1">Sideleau, B. & Britton, A. R. C. (2012). "A preliminary analysis of worldwide crocodilian attacks". Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 21st Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Gland: IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group. pp. 111–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+analysis+of+worldwide+crocodilian+attacks&rft.btitle=Crocodiles.+Proceedings+of+the+21st+Working+Meeting+of+the+IUCN-SSC+Crocodile+Specialist+Group&rft.place=Gland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=IUCN+Crocodile+Specialist+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Sideleau%2C+B.&rft.au=Britton%2C+A.+R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Both words originate in the Bible. Yeor is the <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> name of the Nile. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson-Hamilton-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson-Hamilton_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson-Hamilton_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson-Hamilton_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevenson-Hamilton,_J.1954" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson-Hamilton, J. (1954). Wild life in South Africa. London: Cassell and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+life+in+South+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Co.&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Stevenson-Hamilton%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-library.sandiegozoo.org-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-library.sandiegozoo.org_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-library.sandiegozoo.org_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-library.sandiegozoo.org_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430005914/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/nile_crocodile/crocodile.html#diet">"Nile Crocodile Fact Sheet"</a>. Library.sandiegozoo.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/nile_crocodile/crocodile.html#die">the original</a> on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nile+Crocodile+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Library.sandiegozoo.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.sandiegozoo.org%2Ffactsheets%2Fnile_crocodile%2Fcrocodile.html%23die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crocodilian.com-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crocodilian.com_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crocodilian.com_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crocodilian.com_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crocodilian.com_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crocodilian.com_20-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp_cnil.htm">"IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group"</a>. Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUCN-SSC+Crocodile+Specialist+Group&rft.pub=Crocodilian.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrocodilian.com%2Fcnhc%2Fcsp_cnil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitz-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz,_A.Mansfeld,_P.Hekkala,_E.Shine,_T.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitz, A.; Mansfeld, P.; Hekkala, E.; Shine, T.; Nickel, H.; Amato, G.; Böhme, W. (2003). "Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1786)". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (8): 703. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CRPal...2..703S">2003CRPal...2..703S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2003.07.002">10.1016/j.crpv.2003.07.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Palevol&rft.atitle=Molecular+evidence+for+species+level+divergence+in+African+Nile+crocodiles+Crocodylus+niloticus+%28Laurenti%2C+1786%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=703&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2003.07.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003CRPal...2..703S&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+A.&rft.au=Mansfeld%2C+P.&rft.au=Hekkala%2C+E.&rft.au=Shine%2C+T.&rft.au=Nickel%2C+H.&rft.au=Amato%2C+G.&rft.au=B%C3%B6hme%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestler2012-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler2012_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler2012_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler2012_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNestler,_J.H.2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Nestler, J.H. (2012). A geometric morphometric analysis of Crocodylus niloticus: evidence for a cryptic species complex (Master of Science). Iowa City: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+geometric+morphometric+analysis+of+Crocodylus+niloticus%3A+evidence+for+a+cryptic+species+complex&rft.inst=University+of+Iowa&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Nestler%2C+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alderton-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alderton_23-9">j</a> Alderton, D. (1998). Crocodiles & alligators of the world. Cassell Illustrated, 978-0713723823. </li> <li id="cite_note-hekkala-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hekkala_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hekkala_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hekkala_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hekkala_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hekkala_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hekkala_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hekkala_24-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHekkala,_E.Shirley,_M.H.Amato,_G.Austin,_J.D.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hekkala, E.; Shirley, M.H.; Amato, G.; Austin, J.D.; Charter, S.; Thorbjarnarson, J.; Vliet, K.A.; Houck, M.L.; Desalle, R. & Blum, M.J. (2011). "An ancient icon reveals new mysteries: mummy DNA resurrects a cryptic species within the Nile crocodile". <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular Ecology">Molecular Ecology</a>. 20 (20): 4199–4215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MolEc..20.4199H">2011MolEc..20.4199H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2011.05245.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05245.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21906195">21906195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=An+ancient+icon+reveals+new+mysteries%3A+mummy+DNA+resurrects+a+cryptic+species+within+the+Nile+crocodile&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4199-%3C%2Fspan%3E4215&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21906195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2011.05245.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011MolEc..20.4199H&rft.au=Hekkala%2C+E.&rft.au=Shirley%2C+M.H.&rft.au=Amato%2C+G.&rft.au=Austin%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Charter%2C+S.&rft.au=Thorbjarnarson%2C+J.&rft.au=Vliet%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Houck%2C+M.L.&rft.au=Desalle%2C+R.&rft.au=Blum%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_25-2">c</a> Cunningham, S. W. (2015). Spatial and genetic analyses of Africa's sacred crocodile: Crocodylus suchus. ETD Collection for Fordham University. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fergusson-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson_26-5">f</a> Fergusson, R. A. (2010). Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus. Crocodiles. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 3rd edn (eds Manolis SC, Stevenson C), 84–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-Storrs-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storrs_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storrs_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storrs_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storrs_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storrs_27-4">e</a> Storrs G. W. (2003). "Late Miocene-early Pliocene crocodilian fauna of Lothagam, Southwest Turkana basin, Kenya", in Leakey M. G. & Harris J. M. (eds), Lothagam: the Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11870-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11870-8">0-231-11870-8</a> pp. 137–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brochu-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brochu_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brochu_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brochu_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brochu_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrochu,_C._A.Storrs,_G._W.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brochu, C. A. & Storrs, G. W. (2012). "A giant crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya, the phylogenetic relationships of Neogene African crocodylines, and the antiquity of Crocodylus in Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 587–602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JVPal..32..587B">2012JVPal..32..587B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2012.652324">10.1080/02724634.2012.652324</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85103427">85103427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+giant+crocodile+from+the+Plio-Pleistocene+of+Kenya%2C+the+phylogenetic+relationships+of+Neogene+African+crocodylines%2C+and+the+antiquity+of+Crocodylus+in+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85103427%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2012.652324&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JVPal..32..587B&rft.au=Brochu%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Storrs%2C+G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crocphylo-29"><a href="#cite_ref-crocphylo_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._MeredithEvon_R._HekkalaGeorge_AmatoJohn_Gatesy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robert W. Meredith; Evon R. Hekkala; George Amato; John Gatesy (2011). "A phylogenetic hypothesis for Crocodylus (Crocodylia) based on mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for a trans-Atlantic voyage from Africa to the New World". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 60 (1): 183–191. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MolPE..60..183M">2011MolPE..60..183M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.03.026">10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21459152">21459152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+hypothesis+for+Crocodylus+%28Crocodylia%29+based+on+mitochondrial+DNA%3A+Evidence+for+a+trans-Atlantic+voyage+from+Africa+to+the+New+World&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21459152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.03.026&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011MolPE..60..183M&rft.au=Robert+W.+Meredith&rft.au=Evon+R.+Hekkala&rft.au=George+Amato&rft.au=John+Gatesy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeeYates2018-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeeYates2018_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeeYates2018_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeeYates2018_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_S._Y._LeeAdam_M._Yates2018" class="citation journal cs1">Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6030529">"Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a>. 285 (1881). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2018.1071">10.1098/rspb.2018.1071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6030529">6030529</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30051855">30051855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Tip-dating+and+homoplasy%3A+reconciling+the+shallow+molecular+divergences+of+modern+gharials+with+their+long+fossil&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=1881&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6030529%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30051855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2018.1071&rft.au=Michael+S.+Y.+Lee&rft.au=Adam+M.+Yates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6030529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hekkala2021-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hekkala2021_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hekkala2021_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hekkala2021_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHekkalaGatesyNarechaniaMeredith2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (27 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8079395">"Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus"</a>. Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-021-02017-0">10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2399-3642">2399-3642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8079395">8079395</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33907305">33907305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.atitle=Paleogenomics+illuminates+the+evolutionary+history+of+the+extinct+Holocene+%22horned%22+crocodile+of+Madagascar%2C+Voay+robustus&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=505&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8079395%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2399-3642&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33907305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42003-021-02017-0&rft.aulast=Hekkala&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gatesy%2C+J.&rft.au=Narechania%2C+A.&rft.au=Meredith%2C+R.&rft.au=Russello%2C+M.&rft.au=Aardema%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Jensen%2C+E.&rft.au=Montanari%2C+S.&rft.au=Brochu%2C+C.&rft.au=Norell%2C+M.&rft.au=Amato%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8079395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brochu10-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brochu10_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brochu10_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrochu,_C._A.Jackson_NjauRobert_J._BlumenschineLlewellyn_D._Densmore2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brochu, C. A.; Jackson Njau; Robert J. Blumenschine; Llewellyn D. Densmore (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827537">"A new horned crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene hominid sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLoS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS ONE">PLoS ONE</a>. 5 (2): e9333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...5.9333B">2010PLoSO...5.9333B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009333">10.1371/journal.pone.0009333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827537">2827537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20195356">20195356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+new+horned+crocodile+from+the+Plio-Pleistocene+hominid+sites+at+Olduvai+Gorge%2C+Tanzania&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e9333&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2827537%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20195356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009333&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...5.9333B&rft.au=Brochu%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Jackson+Njau&rft.au=Robert+J.+Blumenschine&rft.au=Llewellyn+D.+Densmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2827537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pooley-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooley_33-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPooley,_A._C.Gans,_C.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Pooley, A. C.; Gans, C. (1976). "The Nile crocodile". Scientific American. 234 (4): 114–119, 122–124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976SciAm.234d.114P">1976SciAm.234d.114P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0476-114">10.1038/scientificamerican0476-114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1257732">1257732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Nile+crocodile&rft.volume=234&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E119%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1257732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0476-114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976SciAm.234d.114P&rft.au=Pooley%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Gans%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brazaitis-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brazaitis_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazaitis_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazaitis_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazaitis_34-3">d</a> Brazaitis, P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DcACQAAQBAJ">The forensic identification of crocodilian hides and products</a>. In: Crocodiles: Their Ecology, Management, and Conservation. IUCN Special Publication of Crocodile Specialist Groups of the Species Survival Commission. pp. 17–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigg-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grigg_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grigg_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grigg_35-2">c</a> Grigg, G., & Kirshner, D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mYlBgAAQBAJ">Biology and Evolution of Crocodylians</a>. CSIRO PUBLISHING. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeitch,_D._B.Catania,_K._C.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Leitch, D. B.; Catania, K. C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074209">"Structure, innervation and response properties of integumentary sensory organs in crocodilians"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (23): 4217–4230. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JExpB.215.4217L">2012JExpB.215.4217L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.076836">10.1242/jeb.076836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074209">4074209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23136155">23136155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Structure%2C+innervation+and+response+properties+of+integumentary+sensory+organs+in+crocodilians&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4217-%3C%2Fspan%3E4230&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4074209%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23136155&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.076836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JExpB.215.4217L&rft.au=Leitch%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=Catania%2C+K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4074209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Trutnau, L. & R. Sommerlad (2006). Crocodilians: Their Natural History and Captive Husbandry. Editiona Chimaira. Frankfurt am Main, Germany. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShute,_C.A._Bellairs2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shute, C. & A. Bellairs (2010). "The external ear in Crocodilia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 124 (4): 741–749. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1955.tb07813.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1955.tb07813.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+external+ear+in+Crocodilia&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E741-%3C%2Fspan%3E749&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1955.tb07813.x&rft.au=Shute%2C+C.&rft.au=A.+Bellairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoshiba-Takeuchi_K.A._MoriB._KaynakJ._Cebra-Thomas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Koshiba-Takeuchi K.; A. Mori; B. Kaynak; J. Cebra-Thomas; T. Sukonnik; R. Georges; S. Latham; L. Beck; R. Henkelman; B. Black; E. Olson; J. Wade; J. Takeuchi; M. Nemer; S. Gilbert; B. Bruneau (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753965">"Reptilian heart development and the molecular basis of cardiac chamber evolution"</a>. Nature. 461 (7260): 95–98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461...95K">2009Natur.461...95K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08324">10.1038/nature08324</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753965">2753965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19727199">19727199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Reptilian+heart+development+and+the+molecular+basis+of+cardiac+chamber+evolution&rft.volume=461&rft.issue=7260&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2753965%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19727199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08324&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.461...95K&rft.au=Koshiba-Takeuchi+K.&rft.au=A.+Mori&rft.au=B.+Kaynak&rft.au=J.+Cebra-Thomas&rft.au=T.+Sukonnik&rft.au=R.+Georges&rft.au=S.+Latham&rft.au=L.+Beck&rft.au=R.+Henkelman&rft.au=B.+Black&rft.au=E.+Olson&rft.au=J.+Wade&rft.au=J.+Takeuchi&rft.au=M.+Nemer&rft.au=S.+Gilbert&rft.au=B.+Bruneau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2753965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSummers,_A.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Summers, A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/fishguy/Resources/Research_PDFs/2005-Warm-hearted-crocs.pdf">"Warm-hearted crocs"</a> (PDF). Nature. 434 (7035): 833–834. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.434..833S">2005Natur.434..833S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F434833a">10.1038/434833a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15829945">15829945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399224">4399224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Warm-hearted+crocs&rft.volume=434&rft.issue=7035&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E833-%3C%2Fspan%3E834&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F434833a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4399224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15829945&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.434..833S&rft.au=Summers%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Ffishguy%2FResources%2FResearch_PDFs%2F2005-Warm-hearted-crocs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409014714/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/reptile-house/crocodiles-1254385523/crocodylus-niloticus">"Crocodylus niloticus"</a>. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/reptile-house/crocodiles-1254385523/crocodylus-niloticus">the original</a> on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crocodylus+niloticus&rft.pub=World+Association+of+Zoos+and+Aquariums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waza.org%2Fen%2Fzoo%2Fvisit-the-zoo%2Freptile-house%2Fcrocodiles-1254385523%2Fcrocodylus-niloticus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sea_a_Brochu-Crocodilian-42"><a href="#cite_ref-sea_a_Brochu-Crocodilian_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrochu,_C._A.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brochu, C. A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F41.3.564">"Crocodylian snouts in space and time: phylogenetic approaches toward adaptive radiation"</a>. American Zoologist. 41 (3): 564–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F41.3.564">10.1093/icb/41.3.564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Crocodylian+snouts+in+space+and+time%3A+phylogenetic+approaches+toward+adaptive+radiation&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E564-%3C%2Fspan%3E585&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F41.3.564&rft.au=Brochu%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F41.3.564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker_R.Whitaker_N.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Whitaker R.; Whitaker N. (2008). "Who's got the biggest?". Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. 27 (4): 26–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crocodile+Specialist+Group+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Who%27s+got+the+biggest%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Whitaker+R.&rft.au=Whitaker+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> National Geographic documentary; "Bite Force", Brady Barr. </li> <li id="cite_note-Endangered-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Endangered_45-0">^</a> Potts, Ryan J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/vermont_herpetology/article3.htm">Endangered Reptiles and Amphibians of the World – II. The Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger</a>, Vermont Herpetology. </li> <li id="cite_note-erickson-46"><a href="#cite_ref-erickson_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEricksonGignac_PMSteppan_SJLappin_AK2012" class="citation journal cs1">Erickson, GM; Gignac PM; Steppan SJ; Lappin AK; Vliet KA (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303775">"Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...731781E">2012PLoSO...731781E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031781">10.1371/journal.pone.0031781</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303775">3303775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431965">22431965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Insights+into+the+Ecology+and+Evolutionary+Success+of+Crocodilians+Revealed+through+Bite-Force+and+Tooth-Pressure+Experimentation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e31781&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3303775%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22431965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031781&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...731781E&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Gignac+PM&rft.au=Steppan+SJ&rft.au=Lappin+AK&rft.au=Vliet+KA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3303775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErickson,_G._M.Gignac,_P._M.Lappin,_A._K.Vliet,_K._A.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. D. & Webb, G. J. W. (2014). "A comparative analysis of ontogenetic bite-force scaling among Crocodylia". Journal of Zoology. 292: 48–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12081">10.1111/jzo.12081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=A+comparative+analysis+of+ontogenetic+bite-force+scaling+among+Crocodylia&rft.volume=292&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjzo.12081&rft.au=Erickson%2C+G.+M.&rft.au=Gignac%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Lappin%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Vliet%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Brueggen%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Webb%2C+G.+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander,_G._2007-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander,_G._2007_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander,_G.Marais,_J.2007" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, G. & Marais, J. (2007). A guide to the reptiles of southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+the+reptiles+of+southern+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Struik+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Alexander%2C+G.&rft.au=Marais%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_49-6">g</a> Graham, A. D. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/aa/00/00/75/90/00001/lakerudolfcrocodilesalistairgraham.pdf">The Lake Rudolf Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) Population</a>. Masters of Science Thesis, The University of East Africa. </li> <li id="cite_note-CSGN-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSGN_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSGN_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb,_G.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/148b62b54651a87f36649bf1fe308d4c.pdf">"Observations of large Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)"</a> (PDF). Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. 38 (2). IUCN - Species Survival Commission: 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crocodile+Specialist+Group+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Observations+of+large+Nile+crocodiles+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Webb%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucncsg.org%2F365_docs%2Fattachments%2Fprotarea%2F148b62b54651a87f36649bf1fe308d4c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lthesis-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lthesis_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lthesis_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lthesis_51-2">c</a> Leslie, A.J. (1997). The ecology and physiology of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in Lake St Lucia, Kwazulu/Natal, South Africa. PhD thesis. Drexel University, PA, USA. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623181200/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/nile-crocodile.html">"Nile Crocodile"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/nile-crocodile.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Nile+Crocodile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimals.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Freptiles%2Fnile-crocodile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDF_nilecroc-53"><a href="#cite_ref-NDF_nilecroc_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKyalo" class="citation web cs1">Kyalo, Solomon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conabio.gob.mx/institucion/cooperacion_internacional/TallerNDF/Links-Documentos/Casos%20de%20Estudio/Reptiles%20and%20Amphibians/WG7%20CS1.pdf">"Non-detriment Finding Studies on Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus): the Status of and Trade in the Nile Crocodile in Kenya"</a> (PDF). Conabio. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-detriment+Finding+Studies+on+Nile+Crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29%3A+the+Status+of+and+Trade+in+the+Nile+Crocodile+in+Kenya&rft.pub=Conabio&rft.aulast=Kyalo&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conabio.gob.mx%2Finstitucion%2Fcooperacion_internacional%2FTallerNDF%2FLinks-Documentos%2FCasos%2520de%2520Estudio%2FReptiles%2520and%2520Amphibians%2FWG7%2520CS1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildliferanching-54"><a href="#cite_ref-wildliferanching_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218101153/http://www.wildliferanching.com/content/nile-crocodile-crocodylus-niloticus">"Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)"</a>. Wildliferanching.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildliferanching.com/content/nile-crocodile-crocodylus-niloticus">the original</a> on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nile+Crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29&rft.pub=Wildliferanching.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildliferanching.com%2Fcontent%2Fnile-crocodile-crocodylus-niloticus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nas-55"><a href="#cite_ref-nas_55-0">^</a> Somma, Louis A. (19 June 2002). Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=2273">Retrieved July 14, 2006 from the USGS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509170047/https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=2273">Archived</a> 9 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNgwenyaPatzkeHerculano-HouzelManger2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ngwenya, Ayanda; Patzke, Nina; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Manger, Paul R. (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.23738">"Potential Adult Neurogenesis in the Telencephalon and Cerebellar Cortex of the Nile Crocodile Revealed with Doublecortin Immunohistochemistry: ADULT NEUROGENESIS IN NILE CROCODILE"</a>. The Anatomical Record. 301 (4): 659–672. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.23738">10.1002/ar.23738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29205884">29205884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205414031">205414031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record&rft.atitle=Potential+Adult+Neurogenesis+in+the+Telencephalon+and+Cerebellar+Cortex+of+the+Nile+Crocodile+Revealed+with+Doublecortin+Immunohistochemistry%3A+ADULT+NEUROGENESIS+IN+NILE+CROCODILE&rft.volume=301&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E659-%3C%2Fspan%3E672&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205414031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29205884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.23738&rft.aulast=Ngwenya&rft.aufirst=Ayanda&rft.au=Patzke%2C+Nina&rft.au=Herculano-Houzel%2C+Suzana&rft.au=Manger%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Far.23738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/nile-crocodile">"Nile crocodile: Definition from"</a>. Answers.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nile+crocodile%3A+Definition+from&rft.pub=Answers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fnile-crocodile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard_58-14">o</a> Graham, A., & Beard, P. (1973). Eyelids of Morning. A. & W. Visual Library, Greenwich, CT, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaynter1986" class="citation book cs1">Paynter, David (1986). Kruger : portrait of a national park (1st ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braamfontein,_Johannesburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braamfontein, Johannesburg (page does not exist)">Braamfontein, Johannesburg</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macmillan_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macmillan South Africa (page does not exist)">Macmillan South Africa</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780869542088" title="Special:BookSources/9780869542088"><bdi>9780869542088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kruger+%3A+portrait+of+a+national+park&rft.place=Braamfontein%2C+Johannesburg&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Macmillan+South+Africa&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780869542088&rft.aulast=Paynter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood1982" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gerald L. (1982). The Guinness book of animal facts and feats (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Enfield,_Middlesex" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfield, Middlesex">Enfield, Middlesex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Superlatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Superlatives">Guinness Superlatives</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-235-9"><bdi>978-0-85112-235-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+book+of+animal+facts+and+feats&rft.place=Enfield%2C+Middlesex&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Guinness+Superlatives&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-85112-235-9&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Richardson, K. C., G. J. W. Webb, and S. C. Manolis. (2002). Crocodiles Inside Out: A Guide to the Crocodilians and Their Functional Morphology. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Australia. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutton,_J._M.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hutton, J. M. (1987). "Growth and feeding ecology of the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus at Ngezi, Zimbabwe". The Journal of Animal Ecology. 56 (1): 25–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JAnEc..56...25H">1987JAnEc..56...25H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4797">10.2307/4797</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4797">4797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.atitle=Growth+and+feeding+ecology+of+the+Nile+crocodile+Crocodylus+niloticus+at+Ngezi%2C+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4797%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4797&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987JAnEc..56...25H&rft.au=Hutton%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadloff,_F._G.Du_Toit,_J._T.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Radloff, F. G. & Du Toit, J. T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0021-8790.2004.00817.x">"Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range"</a>. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73 (3): 410. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JAnEc..73..410R">2004JAnEc..73..410R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0021-8790.2004.00817.x">10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.atitle=Large+predators+and+their+prey+in+a+southern+African+savanna%3A+a+predator%27s+size+determines+its+prey+size+range&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=410&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0021-8790.2004.00817.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JAnEc..73..410R&rft.au=Radloff%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Du+Toit%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0021-8790.2004.00817.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021014163802/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0617_020618_croc.html">Desert-Adapted Crocs Found in Africa</a>", National Geographic News, 18 June 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHekkala,_E._R.Amato,_G.DeSalle,_R.Blum,_M._J.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hekkala, E. R.; Amato, G.; DeSalle, R. & Blum, M. J. (2009). "Molecular assessment of population differentiation and individual assignment potential of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) populations". Conservation Genetics. 11 (4): 1435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10592-009-9970-5">10.1007/s10592-009-9970-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9053740">9053740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Genetics&rft.atitle=Molecular+assessment+of+population+differentiation+and+individual+assignment+potential+of+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29+populations&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1435&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10592-009-9970-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9053740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Hekkala%2C+E.+R.&rft.au=Amato%2C+G.&rft.au=DeSalle%2C+R.&rft.au=Blum%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBickelmannKlein2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bickelmann, C.; Klein, N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmmng.200800007">"The late Pleistocene horned crocodile Voay robustus (Grandidier & Vaillant, 1872) from Madagascar in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin"</a>. Fossil Record. 12: 13–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmmng.200800007">10.1002/mmng.200800007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fossil+Record&rft.atitle=The+late+Pleistocene+horned+crocodile+Voay+robustus+%28Grandidier+%26+Vaillant%2C+1872%29+from+Madagascar+in+the+Museum+f%C3%BCr+Naturkunde+Berlin&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmmng.200800007&rft.aulast=Bickelmann&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Klein%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fmmng.200800007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_J._M.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, J. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605300020470">"The crocodile caves of Ankarana, Madagascar"</a>. Oryx. 21: 43–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605300020470">10.1017/S0030605300020470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=The+crocodile+caves+of+Ankarana%2C+Madagascar&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605300020470&rft.au=Wilson%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0030605300020470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinRichardinPerrichonPochat-Cottilloux2022" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, J. E.; Richardin, P.; Perrichon, G.; Pochat-Cottilloux, Y.; Phouybanhdyt, B.; Salaviale, C.; Adrien, J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2021.2063058">"The oldest occurrence of Crocodylus in Madagascar and the Holocene crocodylian turnover"</a>. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (6): e2063058. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2021.2063058">10.1080/02724634.2021.2063058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249146169">249146169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+oldest+occurrence+of+Crocodylus+in+Madagascar+and+the+Holocene+crocodylian+turnover&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e2063058&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2021.2063058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249146169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Richardin%2C+P.&rft.au=Perrichon%2C+G.&rft.au=Pochat-Cottilloux%2C+Y.&rft.au=Phouybanhdyt%2C+B.&rft.au=Salaviale%2C+C.&rft.au=Adrien%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F02724634.2021.2063058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Smet1998" class="citation journal cs1">de Smet, K. (1998). "Status of the Nile crocodile in the Sahara desert". Hydrobiologia. 391 (1–3): 81–86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998HyBio.391...81D">1998HyBio.391...81D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1003592123079">10.1023/A:1003592123079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31823632">31823632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=Status+of+the+Nile+crocodile+in+the+Sahara+desert&rft.volume=391&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31823632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1003592123079&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998HyBio.391...81D&rft.aulast=de+Smet&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShine,_T.Böhme,_W.Nickel,_H.Thies,_D._F.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Shine, T.; Böhme, W.; Nickel, H.; Thies, D. F. & Wilms, T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3008.2001.00187.x">"Rediscovery of relict populations of the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus in south-eastern Mauritania, with observations on their natural history"</a>. Oryx. 35 (3): 260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3008.2001.00187.x">10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00187.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Rediscovery+of+relict+populations+of+the+Nile+crocodile+Crocodylus+niloticus+in+south-eastern+Mauritania%2C+with+observations+on+their+natural+history&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=260&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-3008.2001.00187.x&rft.au=Shine%2C+T.&rft.au=B%C3%B6hme%2C+W.&rft.au=Nickel%2C+H.&rft.au=Thies%2C+D.+F.&rft.au=Wilms%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-3008.2001.00187.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShirleyVillanovaVlietAustin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shirley; Villanova; Vliet & Austin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Facv.12176">"Genetic barcoding facilitates captive and wild management of three cryptic African crocodile species complexes"</a>. Animal Conservation. 18 (4): 322–330. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AnCon..18..322S">2015AnCon..18..322S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Facv.12176">10.1111/acv.12176</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82155811">82155811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Conservation&rft.atitle=Genetic+barcoding+facilitates+captive+and+wild+management+of+three+cryptic+African+crocodile+species+complexes&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E322-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82155811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Facv.12176&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AnCon..18..322S&rft.au=Shirley&rft.au=Villanova&rft.au=Vliet&rft.au=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Facv.12176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPooley,_S.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pooley, S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-4923.197609">"A Cultural Herpetology of Nile Crocodiles in Africa"</a>. Conservation & Society. 14 (4): 391–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-4923.197609">10.4103/0972-4923.197609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+%26+Society&rft.atitle=A+Cultural+Herpetology+of+Nile+Crocodiles+in+Africa&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0972-4923.197609&rft.au=Pooley%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4103%252F0972-4923.197609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZisadza-Gandiwa,_P.Gandiwa,_E.Jakarasi,_J.Van_der_Westhuizen,_H.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zisadza-Gandiwa, P.; Gandiwa, E.; Jakarasi, J.; Van der Westhuizen, H. & Muvengwi, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1816-79502013000100016">"Abundance, distribution and population trends of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe"</a>. Water SA. 39 (1): 165–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+SA&rft.atitle=Abundance%2C+distribution+and+population+trends+of+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29+in+Gonarezhou+National+Park%2C+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Zisadza-Gandiwa%2C+P.&rft.au=Gandiwa%2C+E.&rft.au=Jakarasi%2C+J.&rft.au=Van+der+Westhuizen%2C+H.&rft.au=Muvengwi%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.za%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1816-79502013000100016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aust-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Aust_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAust,_P._W.2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Aust, P. W. (2009). The ecology, conservation and management of Nile crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus in a human dominated landscape (Doctoral dissertation). London: Division of Biology, Imperial College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+ecology%2C+conservation+and+management+of+Nile+crocodiles+Crocodylus+niloticus+in+a+human+dominated+landscape&rft.inst=Division+of+Biology%2C+Imperial+College&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Aust%2C+P.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Hutton, J. M. (1986). Age determination of living Nile crocodiles from the cortical stratification of bone. Copeia, 332–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazzotti,_F._J.Dunson,_W._A.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzotti, F. J. & Dunson, W. A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F29.3.903">"Osmoregulation in crocodilians"</a>. American Zoologist. 29 (3): 903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F29.3.903">10.1093/icb/29.3.903</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3883493">3883493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Osmoregulation+in+crocodilians&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=903&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F29.3.903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3883493%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mazzotti%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Dunson%2C+W.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F29.3.903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeslie,_A._J.Spotila,_J._R.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Leslie, A. J. & Spotila, J. R. (2000). "Osmoregulation of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in Lake St. Lucia, Kwazulu/Natal, South Africa". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 126 (3): 351–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1095-6433%2800%2900215-4">10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00215-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10964030">10964030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Osmoregulation+of+the+Nile+crocodile%2C+Crocodylus+niloticus%2C+in+Lake+St.+Lucia%2C+Kwazulu%2FNatal%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1095-6433%2800%2900215-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10964030&rft.au=Leslie%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Spotila%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakalar2016" class="citation news cs1">Bakalar, N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/science/crocodiles-in-florida.html">"Nile Crocodiles Found Really Far Out of Africa. In Florida"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nile+Crocodiles+Found+Really+Far+Out+of+Africa.+In+Florida&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bakalar&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F24%2Fscience%2Fcrocodiles-in-florida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockfortKryskoMazzottiShirley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rockfort; Krysko; Mazzotti; Shirley; Parry; Wasilewski; Beauchamp; Gillette; Metzger; Squires & Somma (2016). "Molecular analysis confirming the introduction of Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti 1768 (Crocodylidae), in Southern Florida, with an assessment of potential for establishment, spread, and impacts". Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 11 (1): 80–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Conservation+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Molecular+analysis+confirming+the+introduction+of+Nile+crocodile%2C+Crocodylus+niloticus+Laurenti+1768+%28Crocodylidae%29%2C+in+Southern+Florida%2C+with+an+assessment+of+potential+for+establishment%2C+spread%2C+and+impacts&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Rockfort&rft.au=Krysko&rft.au=Mazzotti&rft.au=Shirley&rft.au=Parry&rft.au=Wasilewski&rft.au=Beauchamp&rft.au=Gillette&rft.au=Metzger&rft.au=Squires&rft.au=Somma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRochford2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rochford, M.R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_11/Issue_1/Rochford_etal_2016.pdf">"Introduction of Nile Crocodiles in southern Florida"</a> (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 11 (1): 80–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Conservation+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Introduction+of+Nile+Crocodiles+in+southern+Florida.&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rochford&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herpconbio.org%2FVolume_11%2FIssue_1%2FRochford_etal_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/20/478869171/nile-crocodiles-found-near-miami-researchers-confirm">[1]</a>, Nile Crocodiles Found Near Miami, Researchers Confirm </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/science/nile-crocodiles-captured-in-south-florida-still-have-scientists-seeking-answers">"Nile crocodiles captured in South Florida still have scientists seeking answers"</a>. Fox News Science. 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Science&rft.atitle=Nile+crocodiles+captured+in+South+Florida+still+have+scientists+seeking+answers&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fscience%2Fnile-crocodiles-captured-in-south-florida-still-have-scientists-seeking-answers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoveridge,_J.1984" class="citation journal cs1">Loveridge, J. (1984). "Thermoregulation in the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus". Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 52: 443–467.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symposia+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Thermoregulation+in+the+Nile+crocodile%2C+Crocodylus+niloticus&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E467&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Loveridge%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowns,_C._T.Greaver,_C.Taylor,_R.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Downs, C. T.; Greaver, C. & Taylor, R. (2008). "Body temperature and basking behaviour of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) during winter". Journal of Thermal Biology. 33 (3): 185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JTBio..33..185D">2008JTBio..33..185D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtherbio.2008.02.001">10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.02.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thermal+Biology&rft.atitle=Body+temperature+and+basking+behaviour+of+Nile+crocodiles+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29+during+winter&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtherbio.2008.02.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JTBio..33..185D&rft.au=Downs%2C+C.+T.&rft.au=Greaver%2C+C.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kofron2-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kofron2_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kofron2_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKofron,_C._P.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kofron, C. P. (1993). "Behavior of Nile crocodiles in a seasonal river in Zimbabwe". Copeia. 1993 (2): 463–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447146">10.2307/1447146</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447146">1447146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Behavior+of+Nile+crocodiles+in+a+seasonal+river+in+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=1993&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1447146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1447146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kofron%2C+C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMolnar,_J._L.Pierce,_S._E.Hutchinson,_J._R.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Molnar, J. L.; Pierce, S. E. & Hutchinson, J. R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.089904">"An experimental and morphometric test of the relationship between vertebral morphology and joint stiffness in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (Pt 5): 758–68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JExpB.217..758M">2014JExpB.217..758M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.089904">10.1242/jeb.089904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24574389">24574389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=An+experimental+and+morphometric+test+of+the+relationship+between+vertebral+morphology+and+joint+stiffness+in+Nile+crocodiles+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29&rft.volume=217&rft.issue=Pt+5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E758-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24574389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.089904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JExpB.217..758M&rft.au=Molnar%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Pierce%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.089904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Hdt. 2.68.4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> MacFarland & Reeder 1974, pp. 464–483. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116061024/http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/Animals/CreatureFeature/Nile-crocodile">"Nile Crocodile: Photos, Video, E-card, Map – National Geographic Kids"</a>. Kids.nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/Animals/CreatureFeature/Nile-crocodile">the original</a> on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nile+Crocodile%3A+Photos%2C+Video%2C+E-card%2C+Map+%E2%80%93+National+Geographic+Kids&rft.pub=Kids.nationalgeographic.com&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkids.nationalgeographic.com%2FAnimals%2FCreatureFeature%2FNile-crocodile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/mo2/animals1/crocodile/nile.html">"Nile Crocodile – Crocodylus niloticus"</a>. Angelfire.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nile+Crocodile+%E2%80%93+Crocodylus+niloticus&rft.pub=Angelfire.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fmo2%2Fanimals1%2Fcrocodile%2Fnile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Brady Barr, Dangerous Encounters. Retrieved on 25 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinets-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dinets_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dinets_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinets,_V.L.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dinets, V.L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20111015150506/http://dinets.travel.ru/terrestrialhuntingabstract.htm">"On terrestrial hunting in crocodilians"</a>. Herpetological Bulletin. 114: 15–18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dinets.travel.ru/terrestrialhuntingabstract.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=On+terrestrial+hunting+in+crocodilians&rft.volume=114&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Dinets%2C+V.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdinets.travel.ru%2Fterrestrialhuntingabstract.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker,_R._D.1953" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, R. D. (1953). "Crocodiles". Tanganyika Notes and Records. 34: 76–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tanganyika+Notes+and+Records&rft.atitle=Crocodiles&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Barker%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenard-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Grenard_94-0">^</a> Grenard, S. (1991). Handbook of alligators and crocodiles. Malabar, FL: Krieger. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pienaar-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pienaar_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pienaar_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPienaar,_U._D._V.1969" class="citation journal cs1">Pienaar, U. D. V. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v12i1.753">"Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park"</a>. Koedoe. 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v12i1.753">10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koedoe&rft.atitle=Predator-prey+relationships+amongst+the+larger+mammals+of+the+Kruger+National+Park&rft.volume=12&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v12i1.753&rft.au=Pienaar%2C+U.+D.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fkoedoe.v12i1.753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarivière,_S.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Larivière, S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919153420/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/671_Aonyx_capensis.pdf">"Aonyx capensis"</a> (PDF). Mammalian Species. 671: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1410%282001%29671%3C0001%3Aac%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1644/1545-1410(2001)671<0001:ac>2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198968982">198968982</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/671_Aonyx_capensis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&rft.atitle=Aonyx+capensis&rft.volume=671&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F1545-1410%282001%29671%3C0001%3Aac%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198968982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Larivi%C3%A8re%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.smith.edu%2Fmsi%2Fpdf%2F671_Aonyx_capensis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Moleón, M., Sánchez‐Zapata, J. A., Sebastián‐González, E., & Owen‐Smith, N. (2015). Carcass size shapes the structure and functioning of an African scavenging assemblage. Oikos. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Loveridge, J. P., & Blake, D. K. (1972). Techniques in the immobilisation and handling of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus. National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourquin-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourquin_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourquin_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourquin_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourquin_99-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourquin_99-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourquin_99-5">f</a> Bourquin, S. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/1281">The population ecology of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Panhandle Region of the Okavango Delta, Botswana</a>. Doctoral dissertation. Stellenbosch University. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBishop,_J._M.Leslie,_A._J.Bourquin,_S._L.O'Ryan,_C.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bishop, J. M.; Leslie, A. J.; Bourquin, S. L.; O'Ryan, C. (2009). "Reduced effective population size in an overexploited population of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)". Biological Conservation. 142 (10): 2335–2341. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BCons.142.2335B">2009BCons.142.2335B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2009.05.016">10.1016/j.biocon.2009.05.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Reduced+effective+population+size+in+an+overexploited+population+of+the+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2335-%3C%2Fspan%3E2341&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2009.05.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009BCons.142.2335B&rft.au=Bishop%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Leslie%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Bourquin%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=O%27Ryan%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanepoel-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swanepoel_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swanepoel_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwanepoel,_D.G.J.Ferguson,_N.S.Perrin,_M.R.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Swanepoel, D.G.J.; Ferguson, N.S. & Perrin, M.R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v43i2.197">"Nesting ecology of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Olifants River, Kruger National Park"</a>. Koedoe. 43 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v43i2.197">10.4102/koedoe.v43i2.197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koedoe&rft.atitle=Nesting+ecology+of+Nile+crocodiles+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29+in+the+Olifants+River%2C+Kruger+National+Park&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v43i2.197&rft.au=Swanepoel%2C+D.G.J.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+N.S.&rft.au=Perrin%2C+M.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fkoedoe.v43i2.197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitman-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitman_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitman_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPitman,_C.R.S.1941" class="citation journal cs1">Pitman, C.R.S. (1941). "About crocodiles". Uganda Journal. 8 (3): 89–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uganda+Journal&rft.atitle=About+crocodiles&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Pitman%2C+C.R.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modha-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modha_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modha_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFModha,_M._L.1967" class="citation journal cs1">Modha, M. L. (1967). "The ecology of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus laurenti) on Central Island, Lake Rudolf". African Journal of Ecology. 5 (1): 74–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967AfJEc...5...74M">1967AfJEc...5...74M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x">10.1111/j.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+ecology+of+the+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus+laurenti%29+on+Central+Island%2C+Lake+Rudolf&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967AfJEc...5...74M&rft.au=Modha%2C+M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeymour,_R._S.Ackerman,_R._A.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Seymour, R. S. & Ackerman, R. A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F20.2.437">"Adaptations to underground nesting in birds and reptiles"</a>. American Zoologist. 20 (2): 437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F20.2.437">10.1093/icb/20.2.437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Adaptations+to+underground+nesting+in+birds+and+reptiles&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=437&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F20.2.437&rft.au=Seymour%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Ackerman%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F20.2.437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeslie,_A._J.Spotila,_J._R.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Leslie, A. J. & Spotila, J. R. (2001). "Alien plant threatens Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) breeding in Lake St. Lucia, South Africa". Biological Conservation. 98 (3): 347. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001BCons..98..347L">2001BCons..98..347L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3207%2800%2900177-4">10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00177-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Alien+plant+threatens+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29+breeding+in+Lake+St.+Lucia%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=347&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3207%2800%2900177-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001BCons..98..347L&rft.au=Leslie%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Spotila%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Adamson, J. (1956). Höhnel Island (South Island) in Lake Rudolf. Geographical Journal 478–482. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabham,_G._W.1909" class="citation journal cs1">Grabham, G. W. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429522">"A Crocodile's Nest"</a>. Nature. 80 (2056): 96. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1909Natur..80...96G">1909Natur..80...96G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F080096a0">10.1038/080096a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3983082">3983082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Crocodile%27s+Nest&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2056&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3983082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F080096a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1909Natur..80...96G&rft.au=Grabham%2C+G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_B._L.1946" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, B. L. (1946). "A naturalist in Nyasaland". Nyasaland Agricultural Quarterly Journal. 6: 1–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nyasaland+Agricultural+Quarterly+Journal&rft.atitle=A+naturalist+in+Nyasaland&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+B.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Pooley, T. (1982). Discoveries of a Crocodile Man. 1st edition. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., Johannesburg. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Trutnau, L. & Sommerland, R. (2006). Crocodilians: Their Natural History and Captive Husbandry. 1 edition. Brahm, A.S., Frankfurt. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb_G.J.W.Cooper-Preston_H.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Webb G.J.W.; Cooper-Preston H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F29.3.953">"Effects of Incubation Temperature on Crocodiles and the Evolution of Reptilian Oviparity"</a>. American Zoologist. 29 (3): 953–971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F29.3.953">10.1093/icb/29.3.953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Incubation+Temperature+on+Crocodiles+and+the+Evolution+of+Reptilian+Oviparity&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E953-%3C%2Fspan%3E971&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F29.3.953&rft.au=Webb+G.J.W.&rft.au=Cooper-Preston+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F29.3.953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPooley,_A._C.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pooley, A. C. (2009). "Nest opening response of the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus". Journal of Zoology. 182: 17–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1977.tb04137.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04137.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Nest+opening+response+of+the+Nile+crocodile+Crocodylus+niloticus&rft.volume=182&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1977.tb04137.x&rft.au=Pooley%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVergne,_A._L.Avril,_A.Martin,_S.Mathevon,_N.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vergne, A. L.; Avril, A.; Martin, S.; Mathevon, N. (2007). "Parent–offspring communication in the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus: do newborns' calls show an individual signature?". Naturwissenschaften. 94 (1): 49–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NW.....94...49V">2007NW.....94...49V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-006-0156-4">10.1007/s00114-006-0156-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17106675">17106675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:893348">893348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Parent%E2%80%93offspring+communication+in+the+Nile+crocodile+Crocodylus+niloticus%3A+do+newborns%27+calls+show+an+individual+signature%3F&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-006-0156-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A893348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17106675&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007NW.....94...49V&rft.au=Vergne%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Avril%2C+A.&rft.au=Martin%2C+S.&rft.au=Mathevon%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Jablonicky, C. A. (2013). Spatial distribution of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Mariarano River system, Northwestern Madagascar (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California). </li> <li id="cite_note-Somaweera-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Somaweera_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Somaweera_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Somaweera_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Somaweera_115-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Somaweera_115-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Somaweera_115-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Somaweera_115-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSomaweera,_R.Brien,_M.Shine,_R.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Somaweera, R.; Brien, M. & Shine, R. (2013). "The role of predation in shaping crocodilian natural history". Herpetological Monographs. 27: 23–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1655%2FHERPMONOGRAPHS-D-11-00001">10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-11-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86167446">86167446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+role+of+predation+in+shaping+crocodilian+natural+history&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1655%2FHERPMONOGRAPHS-D-11-00001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86167446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Somaweera%2C+R.&rft.au=Brien%2C+M.&rft.au=Shine%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Cott, H.B. (1971). Parental care in Crocodilia, with special reference to Crocodylus niloticus. Proc. 1st. work. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerry,_PSMDowsett,_RJ2003" class="citation journal cs1">Berry, PSM; Dowsett, RJ (2003). "Pel's Fishing Owl, Scotopelia peli, preying on a small crocodile". Ostrich. 74 (1–2): 133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Ostri..74..133B">2003Ostri..74..133B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2989%2F00306520309485380">10.2989/00306520309485380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87854524">87854524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ostrich&rft.atitle=Pel%27s+Fishing+Owl%2C+Scotopelia+peli%2C+preying+on+a+small+crocodile&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=133&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87854524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2989%2F00306520309485380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Ostri..74..133B&rft.au=Berry%2C+PSM&rft.au=Dowsett%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Hancock, James A.; Kushlan, James Anthony and Kahl, M. Philip (1992) Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-322730-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-322730-0">978-0-12-322730-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honeybadger.com/diet.html">"The Honey Badger Diet"</a>. The Honey Badger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honey+Badger+Diet&rft.pub=The+Honey+Badger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honeybadger.com%2Fdiet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorpurgo,_B.Gvaryahu,_G.Robinzon,_B.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Morpurgo, B.; Gvaryahu, G. & Robinzon, B. (1993). "Aggressive behaviour in immature captive Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus, in relation to feeding". Physiology & Behavior. 53 (6): 1157–1761. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9384%2893%2990373-n">10.1016/0031-9384(93)90373-n</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8346299">8346299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11950591">11950591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Aggressive+behaviour+in+immature+captive+Nile+crocodiles%2C+Crocodylus+niloticus%2C+in+relation+to+feeding&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1157-%3C%2Fspan%3E1761&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11950591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8346299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0031-9384%2893%2990373-n&rft.au=Morpurgo%2C+B.&rft.au=Gvaryahu%2C+G.&rft.au=Robinzon%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheridan,_Paul2015" class="citation web cs1">Sheridan, Paul (14 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anecdotesfromantiquity.net/herodotus-on-how-to-catch-a-crocodile/">"Herodotus on How to Catch a Crocodile"</a>. anecdotesfromantiquity.net. Retrieved 25 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herodotus+on+How+to+Catch+a+Crocodile&rft.pub=anecdotesfromantiquity.net&rft.date=2015-06-14&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anecdotesfromantiquity.net%2Fherodotus-on-how-to-catch-a-crocodile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Cott, H. B., & Pooley, A. C. (1971). The status of crocodiles in Africa. Proceedings of the First Working group of the Crocodile Specialist Group, 2, 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCombrink,_X.Korrûbel,_J._L.Kyle,_R.Taylor,_R.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Combrink, X.; Korrûbel, J. L.; Kyle, R.; Taylor, R.; Ross, P. (2011). "Evidence of a declining Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) population at Lake Sibaya, South Africa". South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 41 (2): 145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3957%2F056.041.0201">10.3957/056.041.0201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84872578">84872578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+a+declining+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29+population+at+Lake+Sibaya%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3957%2F056.041.0201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84872578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Combrink%2C+X.&rft.au=Korr%C3%BBbel%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+R.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Ross%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorbjarnarson,_J._B._1992-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Thorbjarnarson,_J._B._1992_124-0">^</a> Thorbjarnarson, J. B., Messel, H., King, F. W., & Ross, J. P. (1992). Crocodiles: An action plan for their conservation. IUCN. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorbjarnarson,_J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Thorbjarnarson, J. (1999). "Crocodile tears and skins: international trade, economic constraints, and limits to the sustainable use of crocodilians". Conservation Biology. 13 (3): 465–470. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ConBi..13..465T">1999ConBi..13..465T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1999.00011.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.00011.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83775178">83775178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Crocodile+tears+and+skins%3A+international+trade%2C+economic+constraints%2C+and+limits+to+the+sustainable+use+of+crocodilians&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E465-%3C%2Fspan%3E470&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83775178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1999.00011.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ConBi..13..465T&rft.au=Thorbjarnarson%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRevol,_B.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Revol, B. (1995). "Crocodile farming and conservation, the example of Zimbabwe". Biodiversity and Conservation. 4 (3): 299–305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995BiCon...4..299R">1995BiCon...4..299R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00055975">10.1007/BF00055975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22195489">22195489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Crocodile+farming+and+conservation%2C+the+example+of+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22195489%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00055975&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995BiCon...4..299R&rft.au=Revol%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffman,_L._C.Fisher,_P._P.Sales,_J.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, L. C.; Fisher, P. P. & Sales, J. (2000). "Carcass and meat characteristics of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 80 (3): 390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JSFA...80..390H">2000JSFA...80..390H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0010%28200002%2980%3A3%3C390%3A%3AAID-JSFA540%3E3.0.CO%3B2-G">10.1002/1097-0010(200002)80:3<390::AID-JSFA540>3.0.CO;2-G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Science+of+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Carcass+and+meat+characteristics+of+the+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0010%28200002%2980%3A3%3C390%3A%3AAID-JSFA540%3E3.0.CO%3B2-G&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JSFA...80..390H&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+L.+C.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+P.+P.&rft.au=Sales%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShirley,_M._H.Oduro,_W.Beibro,_H._Y.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shirley, M. H.; Oduro, W. & Beibro, H. Y. (2009). "Conservation status of crocodiles in Ghana and Côte-d'Ivoire, West Africa". Oryx. 43: 136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605309001586">10.1017/S0030605309001586</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Conservation+status+of+crocodiles+in+Ghana+and+C%C3%B4te-d%27Ivoire%2C+West+Africa&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605309001586&rft.au=Shirley%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Oduro%2C+W.&rft.au=Beibro%2C+H.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Shacks, V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/1510">Habitat vulnerability for the Nile crocodile (</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/1510">Crocodylus niloticus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana</a> (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch). </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield,_A._K.Taylor,_R._H.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Whitfield, A. K. & Taylor, R. H. (2009). "A review of the importance of freshwater inflow to the future conservation of Lake St Lucia". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 19 (7): 838. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ACMFE..19..838W">2009ACMFE..19..838W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faqc.1061">10.1002/aqc.1061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Conservation%3A+Marine+and+Freshwater+Ecosystems&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+importance+of+freshwater+inflow+to+the+future+conservation+of+Lake+St+Lucia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=838&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faqc.1061&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ACMFE..19..838W&rft.au=Whitfield%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshton,_P._J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ashton, P. J. (2010). "The demise of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) as a keystone species for aquatic ecosystem conservation in South Africa: The case of the Olifants River". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 20 (5): 489–493. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ACMFE..20..489A">2010ACMFE..20..489A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faqc.1132">10.1002/aqc.1132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Conservation%3A+Marine+and+Freshwater+Ecosystems&rft.atitle=The+demise+of+the+Nile+crocodile+%28Crocodylus+niloticus%29+as+a+keystone+species+for+aquatic+ecosystem+conservation+in+South+Africa%3A+The+case+of+the+Olifants+River&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E493&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faqc.1132&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ACMFE..20..489A&rft.au=Ashton%2C+P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBotha,_H.Van_Hoven,_W.Guillette_Jr,_L._J.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Botha, H.; Van Hoven, W. & Guillette Jr, L. J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fwsa.v37i1.64109">"The decline of the Nile crocodile population in Loskop dam, Olifants River, South Africa"</a>. Water SA. 37 (1): 103–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fwsa.v37i1.64109">10.4314/wsa.v37i1.64109</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F15965">2263/15965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+SA&rft.atitle=The+decline+of+the+Nile+crocodile+population+in+Loskop+dam%2C+Olifants+River%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F15965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fwsa.v37i1.64109&rft.au=Botha%2C+H.&rft.au=Van+Hoven%2C+W.&rft.au=Guillette+Jr%2C+L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4314%252Fwsa.v37i1.64109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor,_J.2005" class="citation journal cs1">McGregor, J. (2005). "Crocodile crimes: people versus wildlife and the politics of postcolonial conservation on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe". Geoforum. 36 (3): 353–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2004.06.007">10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.06.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoforum&rft.atitle=Crocodile+crimes%3A+people+versus+wildlife+and+the+politics+of+postcolonial+conservation+on+Lake+Kariba%2C+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E369&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2004.06.007&rft.au=McGregor%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaldicottCroserManolisWebb2005" class="citation journal cs1">Caldicott, D. G.; Croser, D.; Manolis, C.; Webb, G.; Britton, A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%282005%2916%5B143%3ACAIAAA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Crocodile attack in Australia: an analysis of its incidence and review of the pathology and management of crocodilian attacks in general"</a>. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 16 (3): 143–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%282005%2916%5B143%3ACAIAAA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[143:CAIAAA]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16209470">16209470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Crocodile+attack+in+Australia%3A+an+analysis+of+its+incidence+and+review+of+the+pathology+and+management+of+crocodilian+attacks+in+general&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1580%2F1080-6032%282005%2916%5B143%3ACAIAAA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16209470&rft.aulast=Caldicott&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rft.au=Croser%2C+D.&rft.au=Manolis%2C+C.&rft.au=Webb%2C+G.&rft.au=Britton%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1580%252F1080-6032%25282005%252916%255B143%253ACAIAAA%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427152548/http://www.crocodile-attack.info/about/human-crocodile-conflict">"About human-crocodile conflict"</a>. CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database. Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crocodile-attack.info/about/human-crocodile-conflict">the original</a> on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CrocBITE%2C+Worldwide+Crocodilian+Attack+Database&rft.atitle=About+human-crocodile+conflict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crocodile-attack.info%2Fabout%2Fhuman-crocodile-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Clarke, J. (1969). Man is the Prey. Stein and Day. </li> <li id="cite_note-Attack-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Attack_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attack_137-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503090108/http://iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Crocodilians/attacks.html">Crocodilian attacks</a>. 2008 IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Frank, L., Hemson, G., Kushnir, H., & Packer, C. (January 2006). Lions, conflict and conservation in Eastern and Southern Africa. In The Eastern and Southern African Lion Conservation Workshop (pp. 11–13). </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInskip,_C.Zimmermann,_A.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Inskip, C. & Zimmermann, A. (2009). "Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide". Oryx. 43: 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003060530899030X">10.1017/S003060530899030X</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Human-felid+conflict%3A+a+review+of+patterns+and+priorities+worldwide&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003060530899030X&rft.au=Inskip%2C+C.&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohapatra,_B.Warrell,_D._A.Suraweera,_W.Bhatia,_P.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mohapatra, B.; Warrell, D. A.; Suraweera, W.; Bhatia, P.; Dhingra, N.; Jotkar, R. M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075236">"Snakebite mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey"</a>. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5 (4): e1018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001018">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075236">3075236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21532748">21532748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&rft.atitle=Snakebite+mortality+in+India%3A+a+nationally+representative+mortality+survey&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1018&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3075236%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21532748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001018&rft.au=Mohapatra%2C+B.&rft.au=Warrell%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Suraweera%2C+W.&rft.au=Bhatia%2C+P.&rft.au=Dhingra%2C+N.&rft.au=Jotkar%2C+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3075236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersonMay1985" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Roy M.; May, Robert M. (1985). "Helminth infections of humans: Mathematical models, population dynamics, and control". In J. R. Baker; R. Muller (eds.). Advances in Parasitology. Vol. 24. pp. 1–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-308X%2808%2960561-8">10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60561-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120317240" title="Special:BookSources/9780120317240"><bdi>9780120317240</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3904343">3904343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helminth+infections+of+humans%3A+Mathematical+models%2C+population+dynamics%2C+and+control&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Parasitology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3904343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-308X%2808%2960561-8&rft.isbn=9780120317240&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Roy+M.&rft.au=May%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Benedictow, O. J. (2004). The Black Death, 1346–1353: the complete history. Boydell & Brewer. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Spielman, A., & d'Antonio, M. (2002). Mosquito: The story of man's deadliest foe. Hyperion. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott,_R.Scott,_H.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, R. & Scott, H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542670">"Crocodile bites and traditional beliefs in Korogwe District, Tanzania"</a>. BMJ. 309 (6970): 1691–1692. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.309.6970.1691">10.1136/bmj.309.6970.1691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542670">2542670</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7819989">7819989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Crocodile+bites+and+traditional+beliefs+in+Korogwe+District%2C+Tanzania&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=6970&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1691-%3C%2Fspan%3E1692&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2542670%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7819989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.309.6970.1691&rft.au=Scott%2C+R.&rft.au=Scott%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2542670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallace,_K._M.Leslie,_A._J.Coulson,_T.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, K. M.; Leslie, A. J. & Coulson, T. (2011). "Living with predators: a focus on the issues of human–crocodile conflict within the lower Zambezi valley". Wildlife Research. 38 (8): 747. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FWR11083">10.1071/WR11083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Living+with+predators%3A+a+focus+on+the+issues+of+human%E2%80%93crocodile+conflict+within+the+lower+Zambezi+valley&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=747&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FWR11083&rft.au=Wallace%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Leslie%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Coulson%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunham,_K._M.Ghiurghi,_A.Cumbi,_R.Urbano,_F.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dunham, K. M.; Ghiurghi, A.; Cumbi, R. & Urbano, F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003060530999086X">"Human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique: a national perspective, with emphasis on wildlife attacks on humans"</a>. Oryx. 44 (2): 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003060530999086X">10.1017/S003060530999086X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Human%E2%80%93wildlife+conflict+in+Mozambique%3A+a+national+perspective%2C+with+emphasis+on+wildlife+attacks+on+humans&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003060530999086X&rft.au=Dunham%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Ghiurghi%2C+A.&rft.au=Cumbi%2C+R.&rft.au=Urbano%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS003060530999086X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile+crocodile" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010707163208/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/kids/creature_feature/0107/crocodiles.html">Multimedia information from National Geographic Kids site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Crocodilian_species471" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crocodilia" title="Template:Crocodilia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crocodilia" title="Template talk:Crocodilia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crocodilia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crocodilia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Crocodilian_species471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilian</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a></li> <li>(unranked): <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorpha" title="Crocodylomorpha">Crocodylomorpha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Alligatoridae_(Alligators_and_caimans)471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Alligatoridae" title="Alligatoridae">Alligatoridae</a> (Alligators and caimans)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alligatorinae" title="Alligatorinae">Alligatorinae</a> (Alligators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alligator17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;height:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">Alligator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator (A. mississippiensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alligator" title="Chinese alligator">Chinese alligator (A. sinensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caiman" title="Caiman">Caimaninae</a> (Caimans)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Caiman_(genus)" title="Caiman (genus)">Caiman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_caiman" title="Spectacled caiman">Spectacled caiman (C. crocodilus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad-snouted_caiman" title="Broad-snouted caiman">Broad-snouted caiman (C. latirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacare_caiman" title="Yacare caiman">Yacare caiman (C. yacare)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Melanosuchus" title="Melanosuchus">Melanosuchus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_caiman" title="Black caiman">Black caiman (M. niger)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleosuchus" title="Paleosuchus">Paleosuchus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_dwarf_caiman" title="Cuvier's dwarf caiman">Cuvier's dwarf caiman (P. palpebrosus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-fronted_caiman" title="Smooth-fronted caiman">Smooth-fronted caiman (P. trigonatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Crocodylidae_(True_crocodiles)471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodylidae</a> (True crocodiles)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crocodylinae" title="Crocodylinae">Crocodylinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Crocodylus18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus" title="Crocodylus">Crocodylus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile (C. acutus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_halli" title="Crocodylus halli">Hall's New Guinea crocodile (C. halli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinoco_crocodile" title="Orinoco crocodile">Orinoco crocodile (C. intermedius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_crocodile" title="Freshwater crocodile">Freshwater crocodile (C. johnstoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_crocodile" title="Philippine crocodile">Philippine crocodile (C. mindorensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelet%27s_crocodile" title="Morelet's crocodile">Morelet's crocodile (C. moreletii)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nile crocodile (C. niloticus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_crocodile" title="New Guinea crocodile">New Guinea crocodile (C. novaeguineae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">Mugger crocodile (C. palustris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">Saltwater crocodile (C. porosus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_raninus" title="Crocodylus raninus">Borneo crocodile (C. raninus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_crocodile" title="Cuban crocodile">Cuban crocodile (C. rhombifer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_crocodile" title="Siamese crocodile">Siamese crocodile (C. siamensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodile (C. suchus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteolaeminae" title="Osteolaeminae">Osteolaeminae</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Mecistops" title="Mecistops">Mecistops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_African_slender-snouted_crocodile" title="West African slender-snouted crocodile">West African slender snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_slender-snouted_crocodile" title="Central African slender-snouted crocodile">Central African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops leptorhynchus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Osteolaemus" title="Osteolaemus">Osteolaemus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_crocodile" title="Dwarf crocodile">Dwarf crocodile (O. tetraspis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteolaemus_osborni" title="Osteolaemus osborni">Osborn’s dwarf crocodile (O. osborni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Gavialidae471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Gavialidae" title="Gavialidae">Gavialidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gavialis" title="Gavialis">Gavialis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">Gharial (G. gangeticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Tomistoma" title="Tomistoma">Tomistoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_gharial" title="False gharial">False gharial (T. schlegelii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/40px-Lizardicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/60px-Lizardicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Reptiles" title="Portal:Reptiles">Reptiles portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles_on_alligators,_caimans,_crocodiles_and_gharials108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crocs" title="Template:Crocs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crocs" title="Template talk:Crocs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crocs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crocs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Related_articles_on_alligators,_caimans,_crocodiles_and_gharials108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles on <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caiman" title="Caiman">caimans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharials</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilian_armor" title="Crocodilian armor">Crocodilian armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foramen_of_Panizza" title="Foramen of Panizza">Foramen of Panizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastralium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastralium">Gastralium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crurotarsan_genera" title="List of crurotarsan genera">List of crurotarsan genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Crocodile_Bank_Trust" title="Madras Crocodile Bank Trust">Madras Crocodile Bank Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Croc_Festival" title="The Croc Festival">The Croc Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatal_alligator_attacks_in_the_United_States" title="List of fatal alligator attacks in the United States">Fatal alligator attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_attack" title="Crocodile attack">Crocodile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">Crocodile farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_tears" title="Crocodile tears">Crocodile tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_crocodilians" title="Category:Individual crocodilians">Famous crocodiles and alligators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_alligator" title="Sewer alligator">Sewer alligator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3581" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3581" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Crocodylus niloticus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168745" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q168745">Q168745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Crocodylus niloticus">Crocodylus niloticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/ZKNK">ZKNK</a></li> <li>ECOS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/1933">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/795278">795278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CROKNI">CROKNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441341">2441341</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/341972">341972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10364402">10364402</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202200">202200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/45433088">45433088</a></li> <li>NAS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=2273">2273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8501">8501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/79588/">79588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=35864">35864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=158096">158096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/78E3779F-D0B2-0C8C-2B24-1CD04761158B">78E3779F-D0B2-0C8C-2B24-1CD04761158B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">RD</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DCrocodylus%26species%3Dniloticus">niloticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/10745">10745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1034995">1034995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/E2BA8C36-663A-417F-893C-0FB3746D0786">E2BA8C36-663A-417F-893C-0FB3746D0786</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168745#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7518700-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96002578">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007544585005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&oldid=1281054786">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&oldid=1281054786</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crocodylidae" title="Category:Crocodylidae">Crocodylidae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apex_predators" title="Category:Apex predators">Apex predators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reptiles_of_Madagascar" title="Category:Reptiles of Madagascar">Reptiles of Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nile" title="Category:Nile">Nile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reptiles_described_in_1768" title="Category:Reptiles described in 1768">Reptiles described in 1768</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crocodilians_of_Africa" title="Category:Crocodilians of Africa">Crocodilians of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Chad" title="Category:National symbols of Chad">National symbols of Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Djibouti" title="Category:National symbols of Djibouti">National symbols of Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Lesotho" title="Category:National symbols of Lesotho">National symbols of Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Niger" title="Category:National symbols of Niger">National symbols of Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:National symbols of Sierra Leone">National symbols of Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2021">Use dmy dates from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 March 2025, at 00:48 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile_crocodile&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Nile crocodile</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 78 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-z4wkc","wgBackendResponseTime":265,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.766","walltime":"2.074","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37753,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":540698,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":123756,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":541203,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":20,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1771.310 1 -total"," 34.80% 616.405 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.54% 523.330 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 29.29% 518.804 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 22.22% 393.529 75 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.35% 271.981 19 Template:Clade"," 10.73% 190.087 72 Template:Period_start"," 8.71% 154.333 2 Template:Phanerozoic_220px"," 8.38% 148.359 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 7.94% 140.648 22 Template:Fossil_range/bar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.022","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10292636,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","200","20.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","100","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","80","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","60","6.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","40","4.0"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1/COinS:175\u003E","20","2.0"],["[others]","220","22.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-qmlng","timestamp":"20250402035937","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nile crocodile","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nile_crocodile","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q168745","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q168745","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-16T11:34:35Z","dateModified":"2025-03-18T00:48:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/81\/NileCrocodile.jpg","headline":"species of reptile"}</script> </body> </html>