CINXE.COM
Iraq | Foreign Affairs
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head><meta charset="utf-8" /><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"content_type_dl":"Tax-Region","user type":"anonymous"});</script><script type="application/ld+json">[{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "CollectionPage","@id": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/iraq","description": "","mainEntity": {"@context": "http:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ItemList"}} ]</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@id": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/iraq","mainEntity": {"@type": "ItemList","numberOfItems": 100,"ItemListElement": [{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "1","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/dont-abandon-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "2","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/iraq-needs-new-kind-partnership-united-states"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "3","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/why-america-still-failing-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "4","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/how-iraq-happened-saddam-hussein"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "5","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/how-war-gaza-revived-axis-resistance"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "6","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/iraq-disarmed-story-behind-story-fall-saddam"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "7","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/order-out-chaos-islam-information-and-rise-and-fall-social-orders-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "8","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/middle-east\/order-after-empire"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "9","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/what-us-military-still-hasnt-learned-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "10","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iran\/iraq-quietly-falling-apart"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "11","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/middle-east\/iraq-united-states-orders-disorder"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "12","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/responses\/should-america-still-promote-democracy"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "13","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/armenia\/azerbaijan-armenia-could-spark-wider-crisis"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "14","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/american-influence-after-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "15","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/podcasts\/iraq-war-and-limits-american-power"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "16","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/bush-911-and-roots-iraq-war"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "17","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/why-iraqi-democracy-never-stood-chance"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "18","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/journalism-press-failed-iraq-walcott"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "19","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/iraq-and-pathologies-primacy"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "20","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/iraq-war-vietnam-syndrome-leaders"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "21","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/counterinsurgents-curriculum"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "22","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/iraq-war-lessons-blundering-into-baghdad-hal-brands"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "23","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iran\/revenge-muqtada-al-sadr"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "24","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2021-11-10\/iraqs-protesters-become-parliamentarians"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "25","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/middle-east\/sound-and-fury-post-911-middle-east"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "26","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2021-08-24\/policing-iraq-legitimacy-democracy-and-empire-developing-state"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "27","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2021-02-22\/stability-middle-east-requires-more-deal-iran"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "28","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/afghanistan\/2020-10-22\/us-foreign-policy-never-recovered-war-terror"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "29","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/review-essay\/2020-10-13\/decider"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "30","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2020-10-05\/death-and-life-terrorist-networks"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "31","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/united-states\/2020-06-21\/cia-interferes-foreign-elections"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "32","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2020-05-25\/iraq-can-now-wrest-its-sovereignty-iran"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "33","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2020-04-23\/iraq-war-paved-way-coronavirus-catastrophe"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "34","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2020-02-11\/city-black-gold-oil-ethnicity-and-making-modern-kirkuk"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "35","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/israel\/2020-01-29\/wounded-presidency-part-two"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "36","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2020-01-27\/trumps-strikes-risk-upending-iraqi-politics"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "37","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2020-01-07\/us-iraqi-relationship-can-still-be-salvaged"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "38","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/silence-falls-irans-protest-movement"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "39","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2020-01-03\/death-us-iraqi-relationship"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "40","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2020-01-03\/will-irans-response-soleimani-strike-lead-war"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "41","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/iraqs-new-republic-fear"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "42","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2019-11-01\/coming-emergency-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "43","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2019-10-15\/leap-faith-hubris-negligence-and-americas-greatest-foreign-policy"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "44","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/review-essay\/2019-10-15\/how-caliphate-ends"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "45","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2019-09-30\/long-game-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "46","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/winning-peace-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "47","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2019-06-25\/stuck-middle-iran"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "48","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/self-destruction-american-power"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "49","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/review-essay\/2019-05-28\/last-war-and-next"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "50","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2019-02-14\/trumps-iraq-strategy-foolish"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "51","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/turkey\/2019-02-12\/kurdish-awakening"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "52","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2019-02-12\/building-nation-missed-opportunities-iraq-and-afghanistan"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "53","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2018-10-17\/there-hope-reform-post-election-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "54","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2018-10-16\/state-repression-iraq-under-saddam-hussein"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "55","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2018-09-13\/iraqs-next-war"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "56","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2018-04-16\/iraq-and-politics-oil-insiders-perspective"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "57","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2018-04-05\/new-hope-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "58","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/north-korea\/2018-01-31\/long-shadow-aq-khan"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "59","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2018-01-18\/how-isis-strategy-evolving"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "60","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-12-15\/isis-could-rise-again"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "61","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-12-08\/bloody-split-within-isis"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "62","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-11-29\/iran-and-russia-growing-apart"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "63","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2017-11-22\/isis-intelligence-service-refuses-die"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "64","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-11-08\/kurd-your-enthusiasm"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "65","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-10-20\/clash-over-kirkuk"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "66","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-10-16\/mission-still-not-accomplished-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "67","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-10-05\/making-jihad-pay"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "68","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-10-02\/after-kurdish-independence-referendum"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "69","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2017-09-26\/iran-and-kurds"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "70","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-09-25\/how-isis-transforming"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "71","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-09-22\/isis-female-suicide-bombers-are-no-myth"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "72","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/persian-gulf\/2017-09-18\/why-iraqi-security-forces-are-promoting-arts"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "73","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/persian-gulf\/2017-09-01\/why-iranian-kurdish-groups-remain-politically-weak"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "74","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-08-25\/what-iraqs-kurdish-peshmerga-believe"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "75","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-08-21\/how-saudi-arabia-stepping-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "76","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/review-essay\/2017-08-15\/true-believers"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "77","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2017-08-14\/iraqs-shiites-test-iran"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "78","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-07-14\/names-jihad"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "79","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2017-06-24\/anbars-illusions"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "80","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-06-20\/russias-middle-east-energy-diplomacy"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "81","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-06-08\/isis-yazidi-genocide"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "82","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-06-05\/struggle-over-sinjar"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "83","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/future-iraqs-shiite-militias-after-isis-defeat"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "84","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2017-04-14\/debriefing-president-interrogation-saddam-hussein"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "85","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/united-states\/iraqi-kurds-trump-brings-hope-independence"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "86","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2017-04-10\/land-grabs-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "87","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-04-10\/defeat-isis-cooperation-key"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "88","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2017-04-07\/dangerous-state-iraqs-rivers"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "89","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-03-11\/women-who-escaped-isis"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "90","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-02-15\/cracks-islamic-state"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "91","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iraq\/sinjar-after-isis"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "92","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2017-02-01\/isis-new-frontier"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "93","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/middle-east\/isis-breaking-apart"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "94","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/middle-east\/2017-01-10\/fight-mosul"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "95","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2017-01-09\/new-isis-insurgency"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "96","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2016-12-08\/rope"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "97","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2016-12-07\/modern-siege-warfare"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "98","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iraq\/2016-12-01\/overloaded-prisons-iraq"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "99","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/syria\/2016-11-11\/between-iraq-and-hard-place"},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "ListItem","position": "100","url": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2016-11-04\/tehran-mosul"}]} }</script><meta name="description" content="Stay up to date on the latest news, analysis, and commentary in Iraq. Browse our archives of magazine articles, interviews, and in-depth essays from experts in Iraq." /><link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/taxonomy/term/392" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/iraq" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Foreign Affairs" /><meta property="og:type" content="Article" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/iraq" /><meta property="og:title" content="Iraq" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/region-iraq.jpg?itok=BkTRHCTR" /><meta property="og:image:url" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/region-iraq.jpg?itok=BkTRHCTR" /><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/region-iraq.jpg?itok=BkTRHCTR" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Iraq" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Iraq" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@foreignaffairs" /><meta name="twitter:creator:id" content="21114659" /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/region-iraq.jpg?itok=BkTRHCTR" /><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" /><style>@import url('/themes/fa/assets/fonts/atlas-grotesk/1308-PNSTPI.css'); @import'//use.typekit.net/gpf5bhn.css';html{-ms-overflow-style:scrollbar;box-sizing:border-box}:root{color-scheme:light dark}*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:inherit}@media(min-width: 576px){.position-sm-static{position:static !important}.position-sm-relative{position:relative !important}.position-sm-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-sm-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sm-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.position-md-static{position:static !important}.position-md-relative{position:relative !important}.position-md-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-md-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-md-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 992px){.position-lg-static{position:static !important}.position-lg-relative{position:relative !important}.position-lg-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-lg-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-lg-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.position-xl-static{position:static !important}.position-xl-relative{position:relative !important}.position-xl-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-xl-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-xl-sticky{position:sticky !important}}.list-unstyled{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline-item{display:inline-block}.list-inline-item:not(:last-child){margin-right:.5rem}:root,[data-bs-theme=light]{--bs-blue: #447fb7;--bs-indigo: #6610f2;--bs-purple: #6f42c1;--bs-pink: #d63384;--bs-red: #bd0500;--bs-orange: #ff5c24;--bs-yellow: #fadb59;--bs-green: #198754;--bs-teal: #20c997;--bs-cyan: #0dcaf0;--bs-black: #000;--bs-white: #fff;--bs-gray: #8b939d;--bs-gray-dark: #383c41;--bs-gray-100: #f2f2f2;--bs-gray-200: #e6eaf0;--bs-gray-300: #dadee5;--bs-gray-400: #ced2d9;--bs-gray-500: #a5aeb9;--bs-gray-600: #8b939d;--bs-gray-700: #707881;--bs-gray-800: #383c41;--bs-gray-900: #000;--bs-primary: #447fb7;--bs-secondary: #2d557b;--bs-info: #b3d3f0;--bs-red: #e83836;--bs-red-light: #e83836;--bs-blue: #447fb7;--bs-blue-dark: #2D557B;--bs-light: #f2f2f2;--bs-dark: #1b1b1b;--bs-white: #fff;--bs-primary-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-secondary-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-info-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-red-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-red-light-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-blue-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-blue-dark-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-light-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-dark-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-white-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-primary-text-emphasis: #1b3349;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis: #122231;--bs-success-text-emphasis: #0a3622;--bs-info-text-emphasis: #485460;--bs-warning-text-emphasis: #645824;--bs-danger-text-emphasis: #5d1616;--bs-light-text-emphasis: #707881;--bs-dark-text-emphasis: #707881;--bs-primary-bg-subtle: #dae5f1;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle: #d5dde5;--bs-success-bg-subtle: #d1e7dd;--bs-info-bg-subtle: #f0f6fc;--bs-warning-bg-subtle: #fef8de;--bs-danger-bg-subtle: #fad7d7;--bs-light-bg-subtle: #f9f9f9;--bs-dark-bg-subtle: #ced2d9;--bs-primary-border-subtle: #b4cce2;--bs-secondary-border-subtle: #abbbca;--bs-success-border-subtle: #a3cfbb;--bs-info-border-subtle: #e1edf9;--bs-warning-border-subtle: #fdf1bd;--bs-danger-border-subtle: #f6afaf;--bs-light-border-subtle: #e6eaf0;--bs-dark-border-subtle: #a5aeb9;--bs-white-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-black-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-font-sans-serif: "Atlas Grotesk Web", sans-serif;--bs-font-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;--bs-gradient: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));--bs-body-font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif);--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight: 400;--bs-body-line-height: 1.5;--bs-body-color: #000;--bs-body-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-body-bg: #fff;--bs-body-bg-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-emphasis-color: #000;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-secondary-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-secondary-bg: #e6eaf0;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb: 230, 234, 240;--bs-tertiary-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-tertiary-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-heading-color: inherit;--bs-link-color: #447fb7;--bs-link-color-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-link-decoration: underline;--bs-link-hover-color: #366692;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb: 54, 102, 146;--bs-code-color: #d63384;--bs-highlight-color: #000;--bs-highlight-bg: #fef8de;--bs-border-width: 1px;--bs-border-style: solid;--bs-border-color: #dadee5;--bs-border-color-translucent: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-border-radius: 0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm: 0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg: 0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl: 1rem;--bs-border-radius-xxl: 2rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl: var(--bs-border-radius-xxl);--bs-border-radius-pill: 50rem;--bs-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);--bs-box-shadow-sm: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-box-shadow-lg: 0 1rem 3rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-box-shadow-inset: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-focus-ring-width: 0.25rem;--bs-focus-ring-opacity: 0.25;--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-form-valid-color: #198754;--bs-form-valid-border-color: #198754;--bs-form-invalid-color: #e83836;--bs-form-invalid-border-color: #e83836}[data-bs-theme=dark]{color-scheme:dark;--bs-body-color: #dadee5;--bs-body-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-body-bg: #000;--bs-body-bg-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-emphasis-color: #fff;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-secondary-color: rgba(218, 222, 229, 0.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-secondary-bg: #383c41;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb: 56, 60, 65;--bs-tertiary-color: rgba(218, 222, 229, 0.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-tertiary-bg: #1c1e21;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb: 28, 30, 33;--bs-primary-text-emphasis: #8fb2d4;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis: #8199b0;--bs-success-text-emphasis: #75b798;--bs-info-text-emphasis: #d1e5f6;--bs-warning-text-emphasis: #fce99b;--bs-danger-text-emphasis: #f18886;--bs-light-text-emphasis: #f2f2f2;--bs-dark-text-emphasis: #dadee5;--bs-primary-bg-subtle: #0e1925;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle: #091119;--bs-success-bg-subtle: #051b11;--bs-info-bg-subtle: #242a30;--bs-warning-bg-subtle: #322c12;--bs-danger-bg-subtle: #2e0b0b;--bs-light-bg-subtle: #383c41;--bs-dark-bg-subtle: #1c1e21;--bs-primary-border-subtle: #294c6e;--bs-secondary-border-subtle: #1b334a;--bs-success-border-subtle: #0f5132;--bs-info-border-subtle: #6b7f90;--bs-warning-border-subtle: #968335;--bs-danger-border-subtle: #8b2220;--bs-light-border-subtle: #707881;--bs-dark-border-subtle: #383c41;--bs-heading-color: inherit;--bs-link-color: #8fb2d4;--bs-link-hover-color: #a5c1dd;--bs-link-color-rgb: 143, 178, 212;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb: 165, 193, 221;--bs-code-color: #e685b5;--bs-highlight-color: #dadee5;--bs-highlight-bg: #645824;--bs-border-color: #707881;--bs-border-color-translucent: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);--bs-form-valid-color: #75b798;--bs-form-valid-border-color: #75b798;--bs-form-invalid-color: #d76966;--bs-form-invalid-border-color: #d76966}*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;border:0;border-top:var(--bs-border-width) solid;opacity:.25}h6,h5,h4,h3,h2,h1{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2;color:var(--bs-heading-color)}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + 0.9vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}h3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + 0.6vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h3{font-size:1.75rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}abbr[title]{text-decoration:underline dotted;cursor:help;text-decoration-skip-ink:none}address{margin-bottom:1rem;font-style:normal;line-height:inherit}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem}ol,ul,dl{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}ol ol,ul ul,ol ul,ul ol{margin-bottom:0}dt{font-weight:700}dd{margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:0}blockquote{margin:0 0 1rem}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}small{font-size:0.875em}mark{padding:.1875em;color:var(--bs-highlight-color);background-color:var(--bs-highlight-bg)}sub,sup{position:relative;font-size:0.75em;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-0.25em}sup{top:-0.5em}a{color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1));text-decoration:underline}a:hover{--bs-link-color-rgb: var(--bs-link-hover-color-rgb)}a:not([href]):not([class]),a:not([href]):not([class]):hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:var(--bs-font-monospace);font-size:1em}pre{display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem;overflow:auto;font-size:0.875em}pre code{font-size:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:normal}code{font-size:0.875em;color:var(--bs-code-color);word-wrap:break-word}a>code{color:inherit}kbd{padding:.1875rem .375rem;font-size:0.875em;color:var(--bs-body-bg);background-color:var(--bs-body-color)}kbd kbd{padding:0;font-size:1em}figure{margin:0 0 1rem}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}table{caption-side:bottom;border-collapse:collapse}caption{padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem;color:var(--bs-secondary-color);text-align:left}th{text-align:inherit;text-align:-webkit-match-parent}thead,tbody,tfoot,tr,td,th{border-color:inherit;border-style:solid;border-width:0}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0}button:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0}input,button,select,optgroup,textarea{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}button,select{text-transform:none}[role=button]{cursor:pointer}select{word-wrap:normal}select:disabled{opacity:1}[list]:not([type=date]):not([type=datetime-local]):not([type=month]):not([type=week]):not([type=time])::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator{display:none !important}button,[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button}button:not(:disabled),[type=button]:not(:disabled),[type=reset]:not(:disabled),[type=submit]:not(:disabled){cursor:pointer}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}textarea{resize:vertical}fieldset{min-width:0;padding:0;margin:0;border:0}legend{float:left;width:100%;padding:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw);line-height:inherit}@media(min-width: 1200px){legend{font-size:1.5rem}}legend+*{clear:left}::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}output{display:inline-block}iframe{border:0}summary{display:list-item;cursor:pointer}progress{vertical-align:baseline}[hidden]{display:none !important}.container,.container-fluid,.container-xl,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y: 0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media(min-width: 576px){.container-sm,.container{max-width:540px}}@media(min-width: 768px){.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:720px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:960px}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.container-xl,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:1200px}}:root{--bs-breakpoint-xs: 0;--bs-breakpoint-sm: 576px;--bs-breakpoint-md: 768px;--bs-breakpoint-lg: 1024px;--bs-breakpoint-xl: 1140px}.row{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y: 0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-0,.gx-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-0,.gy-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-1,.gx-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-1,.gy-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-2,.gx-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-2,.gy-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-3,.gx-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-3,.gy-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-4,.gx-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-4,.gy-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-5,.gx-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-5,.gy-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}@media(min-width: 576px){.col-sm{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-sm-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-sm-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-sm-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-sm-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-sm-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-sm-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-sm-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-sm-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-sm-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-sm-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-sm-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-sm-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-sm-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-sm-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-sm-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-sm-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-sm-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-sm-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-sm-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-sm-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-sm-0{margin-left:0}.offset-sm-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-sm-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-sm-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-sm-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-sm-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-sm-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-sm-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-sm-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-sm-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-sm-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-sm-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-sm-0,.gx-sm-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-sm-0,.gy-sm-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-sm-1,.gx-sm-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-sm-1,.gy-sm-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-sm-2,.gx-sm-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-sm-2,.gy-sm-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-sm-3,.gx-sm-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-sm-3,.gy-sm-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-sm-4,.gx-sm-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-sm-4,.gy-sm-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-sm-5,.gx-sm-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-sm-5,.gy-sm-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 768px){.col-md{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-md-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-md-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-md-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-md-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-md-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-md-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-md-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-md-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-md-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-md-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-md-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-md-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-md-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-md-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-md-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-md-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-md-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-md-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-md-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-md-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-md-0{margin-left:0}.offset-md-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-md-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-md-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-md-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-md-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-md-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-md-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-md-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-md-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-md-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-md-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-md-0,.gx-md-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-md-0,.gy-md-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-md-1,.gx-md-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-md-1,.gy-md-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-md-2,.gx-md-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-md-2,.gy-md-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-md-3,.gx-md-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-md-3,.gy-md-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-md-4,.gx-md-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-md-4,.gy-md-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-md-5,.gx-md-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-md-5,.gy-md-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.col-lg{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-lg-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-lg-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-lg-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-lg-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-lg-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-lg-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-lg-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-lg-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-lg-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-lg-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-lg-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-lg-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-lg-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-lg-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-lg-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-lg-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-lg-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-lg-0{margin-left:0}.offset-lg-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-lg-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-lg-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-lg-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-lg-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-lg-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-lg-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-lg-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-lg-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-lg-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-lg-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-lg-0,.gx-lg-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-lg-0,.gy-lg-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-lg-1,.gx-lg-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-lg-1,.gy-lg-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-lg-2,.gx-lg-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-lg-2,.gy-lg-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-lg-3,.gx-lg-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-lg-3,.gy-lg-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-lg-4,.gx-lg-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-lg-4,.gy-lg-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-lg-5,.gx-lg-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-lg-5,.gy-lg-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.col-xl{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-xl-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-xl-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-xl-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-xl-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-xl-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-xl-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-xl-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-xl-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-xl-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-xl-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-xl-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-xl-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-xl-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-xl-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-xl-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-xl-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-xl-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-xl-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-xl-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-xl-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-xl-0{margin-left:0}.offset-xl-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-xl-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-xl-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-xl-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-xl-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-xl-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-xl-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-xl-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-xl-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-xl-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-xl-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-xl-0,.gx-xl-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-xl-0,.gy-xl-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-xl-1,.gx-xl-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-xl-1,.gy-xl-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-xl-2,.gx-xl-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-xl-2,.gy-xl-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-xl-3,.gx-xl-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-xl-3,.gy-xl-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-xl-4,.gx-xl-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-xl-4,.gy-xl-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-xl-5,.gx-xl-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-xl-5,.gy-xl-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}.fade{transition:opacity .15s linear}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.fade{transition:none}}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.collapsing{height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:height .35s ease}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.collapsing{transition:none}}.collapsing.collapse-horizontal{width:0;height:auto;transition:width .35s ease}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.collapsing.collapse-horizontal{transition:none}}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y: 1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x: 1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-title-color: ;--bs-card-subtitle-color: ;--bs-card-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-card-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-card-box-shadow: ;--bs-card-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-card-cap-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg: rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb), 0.03);--bs-card-cap-color: ;--bs-card-height: ;--bs-card-color: ;--bs-card-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-card-img-overlay-padding: 1rem;--bs-card-group-margin: 0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card>hr{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.card>.list-group{border-top:inherit;border-bottom:inherit}.card>.list-group:first-child{border-top-width:0}.card>.list-group:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.card>.card-header+.list-group,.card>.list-group+.card-footer{border-top:0}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-title{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y);color:var(--bs-card-title-color)}.card-subtitle{margin-top:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y));margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-subtitle-color)}.card-text:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.card-link+.card-link{margin-left:var(--bs-card-spacer-x)}.card-header{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-bottom:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-footer{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-top:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-header-tabs{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-1*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));border-bottom:0}.card-header-tabs .nav-link.active{background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);border-bottom-color:var(--bs-card-bg)}.card-header-pills{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x))}.card-img-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding:var(--bs-card-img-overlay-padding)}.card-img,.card-img-top,.card-img-bottom{width:100%}.card-group>.card{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-group-margin)}@media(min-width: 576px){.card-group{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}.card-group>.card{flex:1 0 0%;margin-bottom:0}.card-group>.card+.card{margin-left:0;border-left:0}}.accordion{--bs-accordion-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-accordion-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-accordion-transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out, border-radius 0.15s ease;--bs-accordion-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-accordion-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-accordion-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-accordion-btn-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-accordion-btn-bg: var(--bs-accordion-bg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='none' stroke='%23000' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpath d='M2 5L8 11L14 5'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform: rotate(-180deg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition: transform 0.2s ease-in-out;--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='none' stroke='%231b3349' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpath d='M2 5L8 11L14 5'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-accordion-body-padding-x: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-body-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-accordion-active-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-accordion-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle)}.accordion-button{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;width:100%;padding:var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x);font-size:1rem;color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-color);text-align:left;background-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-bg);border:0;overflow-anchor:none;transition:var(--bs-accordion-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button{transition:none}}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed){color:var(--bs-accordion-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-active-bg);box-shadow:inset 0 calc(-1*var(--bs-accordion-border-width)) 0 var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed)::after{background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon);transform:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform)}.accordion-button::after{flex-shrink:0;width:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);height:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);margin-left:auto;content:"";background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);transition:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button::after{transition:none}}.accordion-button:hover{z-index:2}.accordion-button:focus{z-index:3;outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.accordion-header{margin-bottom:0}.accordion-item{color:var(--bs-accordion-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-bg);border:var(--bs-accordion-border-width) solid var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-item:not(:first-of-type){border-top:0}.accordion-body{padding:var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-x)}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item{border-right:0;border-left:0}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item:first-child{border-top:0}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item:last-child{border-bottom:0}[data-bs-theme=dark] .accordion-button::after{--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%238fb2d4'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%238fb2d4'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 0;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-red{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis)}.alert-red-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-white{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-white-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-white-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex: 1055;--bs-modal-width: 500px;--bs-modal-padding: 1rem;--bs-modal-margin: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-color: ;--bs-modal-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-modal-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-lg);--bs-modal-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius-lg) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-modal-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding: 1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-title-line-height: 1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-bg: ;--bs-modal-footer-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin);pointer-events:none}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:transform .3s ease-out;transform:translate(0, -50px)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:none}}.modal.show .modal-dialog{transform:none}.modal.modal-static .modal-dialog{transform:scale(1.02)}.modal-dialog-scrollable{height:calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin)*2)}.modal-dialog-scrollable .modal-content{max-height:100%;overflow:hidden}.modal-dialog-scrollable .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}.modal-dialog-centered{display:flex;align-items:center;min-height:calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin)*2)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);pointer-events:auto;background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);outline:0}.modal-backdrop{--bs-backdrop-zindex: 1050;--bs-backdrop-bg: #000;--bs-backdrop-opacity: 0.5;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-backdrop-zindex);width:100vw;height:100vh;background-color:var(--bs-backdrop-bg)}.modal-backdrop.fade{opacity:0}.modal-backdrop.show{opacity:var(--bs-backdrop-opacity)}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color)}.modal-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)*.5);margin:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) auto}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}.modal-footer{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-padding) - var(--bs-modal-footer-gap)*.5);background-color:var(--bs-modal-footer-bg);border-top:var(--bs-modal-footer-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-footer-border-color)}.modal-footer>*{margin:calc(var(--bs-modal-footer-gap)*.5)}@media(min-width: 576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin: 1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width: 300px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.modal-lg,.modal-xl{--bs-modal-width: 800px}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.modal-xl{--bs-modal-width: 1140px}}.modal-fullscreen{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.modal-fullscreen-sm-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.modal-fullscreen-md-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.modal-fullscreen-lg-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 1139.98px){.modal-fullscreen-xl-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}.clearfix::after{display:block;clear:both;content:""}.text-bg-primary{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-secondary{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-info{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-red{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-red-light{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-blue{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-blue-dark{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-light{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-dark{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-white{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-primary{color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-primary:hover,.link-primary:focus{color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-secondary{color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-secondary:hover,.link-secondary:focus{color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-info{color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-info:hover,.link-info:focus{color:RGBA(194, 220, 243, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(194, 220, 243, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red{color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red:hover,.link-red:focus{color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red-light{color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red-light:hover,.link-red-light:focus{color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue{color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue:hover,.link-blue:focus{color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue-dark{color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue-dark:hover,.link-blue-dark:focus{color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-light{color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-light:hover,.link-light:focus{color:RGBA(245, 245, 245, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(245, 245, 245, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-dark{color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-dark:hover,.link-dark:focus{color:RGBA(22, 22, 22, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(22, 22, 22, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-white{color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-white:hover,.link-white:focus{color:RGBA(255, 255, 255, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(255, 255, 255, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-body-emphasis{color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-body-emphasis:hover,.link-body-emphasis:focus{color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 0.75)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 0.75)) !important}.focus-ring:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-focus-ring-x, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-y, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-blur, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-width) var(--bs-focus-ring-color)}.icon-link{display:inline-flex;gap:.375rem;align-items:center;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 0.5));text-underline-offset:.25em;backface-visibility:hidden}.icon-link>.bi{flex-shrink:0;width:1em;height:1em;fill:currentcolor;transition:.2s ease-in-out transform}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.icon-link>.bi{transition:none}}.icon-link-hover:hover>.bi,.icon-link-hover:focus-visible>.bi{transform:var(--bs-icon-link-transform, translate3d(0.25em, 0, 0))}.ratio{position:relative;width:100%}.ratio::before{display:block;padding-top:var(--bs-aspect-ratio);content:""}.ratio>*{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}.ratio-1x1{--bs-aspect-ratio: 100%}.ratio-4x3{--bs-aspect-ratio: 75%}.ratio-16x9{--bs-aspect-ratio: 56.25%}.ratio-21x9{--bs-aspect-ratio: 42.8571428571%}.fixed-top{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;left:0;z-index:1030}.fixed-bottom{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1030}.sticky-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}@media(min-width: 576px){.sticky-sm-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-sm-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 768px){.sticky-md-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-md-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.sticky-lg-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-lg-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.sticky-xl-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-xl-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}.hstack{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;align-self:stretch}.vstack{display:flex;flex:1 1 auto;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}.visually-hidden,.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within){width:1px !important;height:1px !important;padding:0 !important;margin:-1px !important;overflow:hidden !important;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0) !important;white-space:nowrap !important;border:0 !important}.visually-hidden:not(caption),.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within):not(caption){position:absolute !important}.stretched-link::after{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1;content:""}.text-truncate{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.vr{display:inline-block;align-self:stretch;width:var(--bs-border-width);min-height:1em;background-color:currentcolor;opacity:.25}.align-baseline{vertical-align:baseline !important}.align-top{vertical-align:top !important}.align-middle{vertical-align:middle !important}.align-bottom{vertical-align:bottom !important}.align-text-bottom{vertical-align:text-bottom !important}.align-text-top{vertical-align:text-top !important}.float-start{float:left !important}.float-end{float:right !important}.float-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-none{object-fit:none !important}.opacity-0{opacity:0 !important}.opacity-25{opacity:.25 !important}.opacity-50{opacity:.5 !important}.opacity-75{opacity:.75 !important}.opacity-100{opacity:1 !important}.overflow-auto{overflow:auto !important}.overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden !important}.overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important}.overflow-scroll{overflow:scroll !important}.overflow-x-auto{overflow-x:auto !important}.overflow-x-hidden{overflow-x:hidden !important}.overflow-x-visible{overflow-x:visible !important}.overflow-x-scroll{overflow-x:scroll !important}.overflow-y-auto{overflow-y:auto !important}.overflow-y-hidden{overflow-y:hidden !important}.overflow-y-visible{overflow-y:visible !important}.overflow-y-scroll{overflow-y:scroll !important}.d-inline{display:inline !important}.d-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-block{display:block !important}.d-grid{display:grid !important}.d-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-table{display:table !important}.d-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-flex{display:flex !important}.d-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-none{display:none !important}.shadow{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow) !important}.shadow-sm{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-sm) !important}.shadow-lg{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-lg) !important}.shadow-none{box-shadow:none !important}.focus-ring-primary{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-secondary{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-info{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-red{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-red-light{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-blue{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-blue-dark{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-light{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-dark{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-white{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.position-static{position:static !important}.position-relative{position:relative !important}.position-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sticky{position:sticky !important}.top-0{top:0 !important}.top-50{top:50% !important}.top-100{top:100% !important}.bottom-0{bottom:0 !important}.bottom-50{bottom:50% !important}.bottom-100{bottom:100% !important}.start-0{left:0 !important}.start-50{left:50% !important}.start-100{left:100% !important}.end-0{right:0 !important}.end-50{right:50% !important}.end-100{right:100% !important}.translate-middle{transform:translate(-50%, -50%) !important}.translate-middle-x{transform:translateX(-50%) !important}.translate-middle-y{transform:translateY(-50%) !important}.border{border:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-0{border:0 !important}.border-top{border-top:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-top-0{border-top:0 !important}.border-end{border-right:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-end-0{border-right:0 !important}.border-bottom{border-bottom:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-bottom-0{border-bottom:0 !important}.border-start{border-left:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-start-0{border-left:0 !important}.border-primary{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-secondary{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-info{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-red{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-red-light{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-blue{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-blue-dark{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-light{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-dark{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-white{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-black{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-primary-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-primary-border-subtle) !important}.border-secondary-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle) !important}.border-success-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-success-border-subtle) !important}.border-info-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-info-border-subtle) !important}.border-warning-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-warning-border-subtle) !important}.border-danger-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-danger-border-subtle) !important}.border-light-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-light-border-subtle) !important}.border-dark-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-dark-border-subtle) !important}.border-1{border-width:1px !important}.border-2{border-width:2px !important}.border-3{border-width:3px !important}.border-4{border-width:4px !important}.border-5{border-width:5px !important}.border-opacity-10{--bs-border-opacity: 0.1}.border-opacity-25{--bs-border-opacity: 0.25}.border-opacity-50{--bs-border-opacity: 0.5}.border-opacity-75{--bs-border-opacity: 0.75}.border-opacity-100{--bs-border-opacity: 1}.w-25{width:25% !important}.w-50{width:50% !important}.w-75{width:75% !important}.w-100{width:100% !important}.w-auto{width:auto !important}.mw-100{max-width:100% !important}.vw-100{width:100vw !important}.min-vw-100{min-width:100vw !important}.h-25{height:25% !important}.h-50{height:50% !important}.h-75{height:75% !important}.h-100{height:100% !important}.h-auto{height:auto !important}.mh-100{max-height:100% !important}.vh-100{height:100vh !important}.min-vh-100{min-height:100vh !important}.flex-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-first{order:-1 !important}.order-0{order:0 !important}.order-1{order:1 !important}.order-2{order:2 !important}.order-3{order:3 !important}.order-4{order:4 !important}.order-5{order:5 !important}.order-last{order:6 !important}.m-0{margin:0 !important}.m-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-0{padding:0 !important}.p-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.font-monospace{font-family:var(--bs-font-monospace) !important}.fs-1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw) !important}.fs-2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + 0.9vw) !important}.fs-3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + 0.6vw) !important}.fs-4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw) !important}.fs-5{font-size:1.25rem !important}.fs-6{font-size:1rem !important}.fst-italic{font-style:italic !important}.fst-normal{font-style:normal !important}.fw-lighter{font-weight:lighter !important}.fw-light{font-weight:300 !important}.fw-normal{font-weight:400 !important}.fw-medium{font-weight:500 !important}.fw-semibold{font-weight:600 !important}.fw-bold{font-weight:700 !important}.fw-bolder{font-weight:bolder !important}.lh-1{line-height:1 !important}.lh-sm{line-height:1.25 !important}.lh-base{line-height:1.5 !important}.lh-lg{line-height:2 !important}.text-start{text-align:left !important}.text-end{text-align:right !important}.text-center{text-align:center !important}.text-decoration-none{text-decoration:none !important}.text-decoration-underline{text-decoration:underline !important}.text-decoration-line-through{text-decoration:line-through !important}.text-lowercase{text-transform:lowercase !important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase !important}.text-capitalize{text-transform:capitalize !important}.text-wrap{white-space:normal !important}.text-nowrap{white-space:nowrap !important}.text-break{word-wrap:break-word !important;word-break:break-word !important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-secondary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-info{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-red{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-red-light{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-blue{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-blue-dark{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-light{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-dark{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-white{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-black{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-body{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-muted{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-secondary-color) !important}.text-black-50{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(0,0,0,.5) !important}.text-white-50{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(255,255,255,.5) !important}.text-body-secondary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-secondary-color) !important}.text-body-tertiary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-tertiary-color) !important}.text-body-emphasis{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-emphasis-color) !important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:inherit !important}.text-opacity-25{--bs-text-opacity: 0.25}.text-opacity-50{--bs-text-opacity: 0.5}.text-opacity-75{--bs-text-opacity: 0.75}.text-opacity-100{--bs-text-opacity: 1}.text-primary-emphasis{color:var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis) !important}.text-secondary-emphasis{color:var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis) !important}.text-success-emphasis{color:var(--bs-success-text-emphasis) !important}.text-info-emphasis{color:var(--bs-info-text-emphasis) !important}.text-warning-emphasis{color:var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis) !important}.text-danger-emphasis{color:var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis) !important}.text-light-emphasis{color:var(--bs-light-text-emphasis) !important}.text-dark-emphasis{color:var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis) !important}.link-opacity-10{--bs-link-opacity: 0.1}.link-opacity-10-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.1}.link-opacity-25{--bs-link-opacity: 0.25}.link-opacity-25-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.25}.link-opacity-50{--bs-link-opacity: 0.5}.link-opacity-50-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.5}.link-opacity-75{--bs-link-opacity: 0.75}.link-opacity-75-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.75}.link-opacity-100{--bs-link-opacity: 1}.link-opacity-100-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 1}.link-offset-1{text-underline-offset:.125em !important}.link-offset-1-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.125em !important}.link-offset-2{text-underline-offset:.25em !important}.link-offset-2-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.25em !important}.link-offset-3{text-underline-offset:.375em !important}.link-offset-3-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.375em !important}.link-underline-primary{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-secondary{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-info{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-red{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-red-light{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-blue{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-blue-dark{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-light{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-dark{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-white{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-underline-opacity-0{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0}.link-underline-opacity-0-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0}.link-underline-opacity-10{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.1}.link-underline-opacity-10-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.1}.link-underline-opacity-25{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.25}.link-underline-opacity-25-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.25}.link-underline-opacity-50{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.5}.link-underline-opacity-50-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.5}.link-underline-opacity-75{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.75}.link-underline-opacity-75-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.75}.link-underline-opacity-100{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1}.link-underline-opacity-100-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1}.bg-primary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-secondary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-info{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-red{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-red-light{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-blue{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-blue-dark{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-light{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-dark{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-white{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-black{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-body{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-body-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-transparent{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important}.bg-body-secondary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-body-tertiary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-opacity-10{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.1}.bg-opacity-25{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.25}.bg-opacity-50{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.5}.bg-opacity-75{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.75}.bg-opacity-100{--bs-bg-opacity: 1}.bg-primary-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-secondary-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-success-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-success-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-info-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-info-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-warning-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-danger-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-light-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-light-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-dark-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-gradient{background-image:var(--bs-gradient) !important}.user-select-all{user-select:all !important}.user-select-auto{user-select:auto !important}.user-select-none{user-select:none !important}.pe-none{pointer-events:none !important}.pe-auto{pointer-events:auto !important}.rounded{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-0{border-radius:0 !important}.rounded-1{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-2{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-3{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-4{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-5{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-circle{border-radius:50% !important}.rounded-pill{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-top{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-top-0{border-top-left-radius:0 !important;border-top-right-radius:0 !important}.rounded-top-1{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-top-2{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-top-3{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-top-4{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-top-5{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-top-circle{border-top-left-radius:50% !important;border-top-right-radius:50% !important}.rounded-top-pill{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-end{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-end-0{border-top-right-radius:0 !important;border-bottom-right-radius:0 !important}.rounded-end-1{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-end-2{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-end-3{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-end-4{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-end-5{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-end-circle{border-top-right-radius:50% !important;border-bottom-right-radius:50% !important}.rounded-end-pill{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-bottom{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-bottom-0{border-bottom-right-radius:0 !important;border-bottom-left-radius:0 !important}.rounded-bottom-1{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-bottom-2{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-bottom-3{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-bottom-4{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-bottom-5{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-bottom-circle{border-bottom-right-radius:50% !important;border-bottom-left-radius:50% !important}.rounded-bottom-pill{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-start{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-start-0{border-bottom-left-radius:0 !important;border-top-left-radius:0 !important}.rounded-start-1{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-start-2{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-start-3{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-start-4{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-start-5{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-start-circle{border-bottom-left-radius:50% !important;border-top-left-radius:50% !important}.rounded-start-pill{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.visible{visibility:visible !important}.invisible{visibility:hidden !important}.z-n1{z-index:-1 !important}.z-0{z-index:0 !important}.z-1{z-index:1 !important}.z-2{z-index:2 !important}.z-3{z-index:3 !important}@media(min-width: 576px){.float-sm-start{float:left !important}.float-sm-end{float:right !important}.float-sm-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-sm-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-sm-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-sm-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-sm-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-sm-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-sm-inline{display:inline !important}.d-sm-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-sm-block{display:block !important}.d-sm-grid{display:grid !important}.d-sm-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-sm-table{display:table !important}.d-sm-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-sm-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-sm-flex{display:flex !important}.d-sm-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-sm-none{display:none !important}.flex-sm-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-sm-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-sm-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-sm-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-sm-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-sm-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-sm-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-sm-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-sm-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-sm-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-sm-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-sm-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-sm-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-sm-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-sm-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-sm-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-sm-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-sm-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-sm-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-sm-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-sm-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-sm-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-sm-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-sm-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-sm-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-sm-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-sm-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-sm-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-sm-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-sm-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-sm-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-sm-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-sm-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-sm-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-sm-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-sm-first{order:-1 !important}.order-sm-0{order:0 !important}.order-sm-1{order:1 !important}.order-sm-2{order:2 !important}.order-sm-3{order:3 !important}.order-sm-4{order:4 !important}.order-sm-5{order:5 !important}.order-sm-last{order:6 !important}.m-sm-0{margin:0 !important}.m-sm-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-sm-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-sm-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-sm-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-sm-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-sm-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-sm-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-sm-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-sm-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-sm-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-sm-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-sm-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-sm-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-sm-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-sm-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-sm-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-sm-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-sm-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-sm-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-sm-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-sm-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-sm-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-sm-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-sm-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-sm-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-sm-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-sm-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-sm-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-sm-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-sm-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-sm-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-sm-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-sm-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-sm-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-sm-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-sm-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-sm-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-sm-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-sm-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-sm-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-sm-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-sm-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-sm-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-sm-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-sm-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-sm-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-sm-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-sm-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-sm-0{padding:0 !important}.p-sm-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-sm-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-sm-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-sm-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-sm-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-sm-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-sm-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-sm-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-sm-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-sm-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-sm-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-sm-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-sm-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-sm-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-sm-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-sm-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-sm-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-sm-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-sm-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-sm-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-sm-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-sm-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-sm-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-sm-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-sm-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-sm-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-sm-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-sm-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-sm-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-sm-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-sm-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-sm-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-sm-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-sm-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-sm-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-sm-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-sm-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-sm-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-sm-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-sm-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-sm-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-sm-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-sm-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-sm-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-sm-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-sm-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-sm-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-sm-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-sm-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-sm-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-sm-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-sm-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-sm-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-sm-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-sm-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-sm-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-sm-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-sm-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-sm-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-sm-start{text-align:left !important}.text-sm-end{text-align:right !important}.text-sm-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.float-md-start{float:left !important}.float-md-end{float:right !important}.float-md-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-md-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-md-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-md-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-md-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-md-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-md-inline{display:inline !important}.d-md-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-md-block{display:block !important}.d-md-grid{display:grid !important}.d-md-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-md-table{display:table !important}.d-md-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-md-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-md-flex{display:flex !important}.d-md-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-md-none{display:none !important}.flex-md-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-md-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-md-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-md-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-md-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-md-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-md-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-md-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-md-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-md-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-md-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-md-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-md-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-md-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-md-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-md-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-md-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-md-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-md-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-md-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-md-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-md-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-md-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-md-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-md-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-md-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-md-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-md-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-md-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-md-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-md-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-md-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-md-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-md-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-md-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-md-first{order:-1 !important}.order-md-0{order:0 !important}.order-md-1{order:1 !important}.order-md-2{order:2 !important}.order-md-3{order:3 !important}.order-md-4{order:4 !important}.order-md-5{order:5 !important}.order-md-last{order:6 !important}.m-md-0{margin:0 !important}.m-md-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-md-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-md-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-md-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-md-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-md-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-md-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-md-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-md-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-md-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-md-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-md-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-md-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-md-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-md-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-md-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-md-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-md-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-md-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-md-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-md-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-md-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-md-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-md-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-md-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-md-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-md-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-md-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-md-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-md-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-md-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-md-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-md-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-md-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-md-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-md-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-md-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-md-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-md-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-md-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-md-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-md-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-md-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-md-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-md-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-md-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-md-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-md-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-md-0{padding:0 !important}.p-md-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-md-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-md-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-md-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-md-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-md-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-md-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-md-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-md-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-md-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-md-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-md-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-md-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-md-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-md-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-md-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-md-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-md-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-md-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-md-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-md-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-md-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-md-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-md-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-md-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-md-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-md-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-md-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-md-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-md-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-md-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-md-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-md-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-md-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-md-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-md-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-md-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-md-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-md-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-md-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-md-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-md-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-md-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-md-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-md-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-md-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-md-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-md-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-md-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-md-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-md-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-md-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-md-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-md-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-md-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-md-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-md-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-md-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-md-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-md-start{text-align:left !important}.text-md-end{text-align:right !important}.text-md-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.float-lg-start{float:left !important}.float-lg-end{float:right !important}.float-lg-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-lg-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-lg-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-lg-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-lg-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-lg-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-lg-inline{display:inline !important}.d-lg-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-lg-block{display:block !important}.d-lg-grid{display:grid !important}.d-lg-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-lg-table{display:table !important}.d-lg-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-lg-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-lg-flex{display:flex !important}.d-lg-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-lg-none{display:none !important}.flex-lg-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-lg-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-lg-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-lg-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-lg-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-lg-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-lg-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-lg-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-lg-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-lg-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-lg-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-lg-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-lg-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-lg-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-lg-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-lg-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-lg-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-lg-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-lg-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-lg-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-lg-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-lg-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-lg-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-lg-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-lg-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-lg-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-lg-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-lg-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-lg-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-lg-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-lg-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-lg-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-lg-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-lg-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-lg-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-lg-first{order:-1 !important}.order-lg-0{order:0 !important}.order-lg-1{order:1 !important}.order-lg-2{order:2 !important}.order-lg-3{order:3 !important}.order-lg-4{order:4 !important}.order-lg-5{order:5 !important}.order-lg-last{order:6 !important}.m-lg-0{margin:0 !important}.m-lg-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-lg-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-lg-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-lg-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-lg-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-lg-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-lg-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-lg-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-lg-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-lg-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-lg-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-lg-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-lg-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-lg-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-lg-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-lg-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-lg-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-lg-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-lg-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-lg-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-lg-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-lg-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-lg-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-lg-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-lg-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-lg-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-lg-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-lg-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-lg-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-lg-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-lg-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-lg-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-lg-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-lg-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-lg-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-lg-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-lg-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-lg-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-lg-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-lg-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-lg-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-lg-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-lg-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-lg-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-lg-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-lg-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-lg-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-lg-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-lg-0{padding:0 !important}.p-lg-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-lg-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-lg-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-lg-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-lg-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-lg-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-lg-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-lg-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-lg-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-lg-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-lg-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-lg-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-lg-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-lg-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-lg-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-lg-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-lg-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-lg-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-lg-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-lg-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-lg-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-lg-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-lg-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-lg-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-lg-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-lg-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-lg-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-lg-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-lg-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-lg-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-lg-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-lg-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-lg-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-lg-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-lg-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-lg-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-lg-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-lg-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-lg-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-lg-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-lg-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-lg-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-lg-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-lg-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-lg-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-lg-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-lg-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-lg-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-lg-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-lg-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-lg-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-lg-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-lg-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-lg-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-lg-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-lg-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-lg-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-lg-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-lg-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-lg-start{text-align:left !important}.text-lg-end{text-align:right !important}.text-lg-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.float-xl-start{float:left !important}.float-xl-end{float:right !important}.float-xl-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-xl-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-xl-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-xl-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-xl-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-xl-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-xl-inline{display:inline !important}.d-xl-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-xl-block{display:block !important}.d-xl-grid{display:grid !important}.d-xl-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-xl-table{display:table !important}.d-xl-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-xl-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-xl-flex{display:flex !important}.d-xl-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-xl-none{display:none !important}.flex-xl-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-xl-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-xl-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-xl-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-xl-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-xl-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-xl-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-xl-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-xl-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-xl-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-xl-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-xl-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-xl-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-xl-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-xl-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-xl-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-xl-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-xl-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-xl-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-xl-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-xl-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-xl-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-xl-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-xl-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-xl-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-xl-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-xl-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-xl-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-xl-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-xl-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-xl-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-xl-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-xl-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-xl-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-xl-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-xl-first{order:-1 !important}.order-xl-0{order:0 !important}.order-xl-1{order:1 !important}.order-xl-2{order:2 !important}.order-xl-3{order:3 !important}.order-xl-4{order:4 !important}.order-xl-5{order:5 !important}.order-xl-last{order:6 !important}.m-xl-0{margin:0 !important}.m-xl-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-xl-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-xl-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-xl-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-xl-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-xl-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-xl-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-xl-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-xl-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-xl-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-xl-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-xl-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-xl-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-xl-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-xl-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-xl-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-xl-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-xl-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-xl-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-xl-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-xl-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-xl-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-xl-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-xl-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-xl-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-xl-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-xl-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-xl-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-xl-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-xl-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-xl-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-xl-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-xl-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-xl-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-xl-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-xl-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-xl-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-xl-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-xl-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-xl-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-xl-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-xl-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-xl-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-xl-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-xl-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-xl-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-xl-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-xl-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-xl-0{padding:0 !important}.p-xl-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-xl-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-xl-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-xl-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-xl-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-xl-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-xl-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-xl-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-xl-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-xl-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-xl-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-xl-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-xl-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-xl-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-xl-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-xl-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-xl-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-xl-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-xl-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-xl-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-xl-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-xl-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-xl-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-xl-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-xl-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-xl-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-xl-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-xl-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-xl-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-xl-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-xl-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-xl-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-xl-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-xl-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-xl-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-xl-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-xl-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-xl-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-xl-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-xl-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-xl-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-xl-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-xl-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-xl-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-xl-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-xl-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-xl-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-xl-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-xl-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-xl-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-xl-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-xl-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-xl-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-xl-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-xl-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-xl-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-xl-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-xl-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-xl-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-xl-start{text-align:left !important}.text-xl-end{text-align:right !important}.text-xl-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.fs-1{font-size:2.5rem !important}.fs-2{font-size:2rem !important}.fs-3{font-size:1.75rem !important}.fs-4{font-size:1.5rem !important}}@media print{.d-print-inline{display:inline !important}.d-print-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-print-block{display:block !important}.d-print-grid{display:grid !important}.d-print-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-print-table{display:table !important}.d-print-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-print-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-print-flex{display:flex !important}.d-print-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-print-none{display:none !important}}a{color:initial;text-decoration:none}a:hover{text-decoration:none}ul,ol{margin:0;padding:0}html,body{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}img{height:auto;max-width:100%;overflow:hidden}iframe{max-width:100%}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.container{max-width:none;width:100%}}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 0;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-red{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis)}.alert-red-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-white{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-white-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-white-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}body{transition:top .5s}.hedwig-super-banner{border-top:solid 1px #a5aeb9}.hedwig-super-banner--caret{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:none;right:0;transition:transform .3s;z-index:10000000}.hedwig-super-banner--caret[aria-expanded=true]{transform:rotate(180deg)}.hedwig-super-banner--caret:focus{outline:none}.hedwig-super-banner--caret svg{width:12px}.hedwig-super-banner .hedwig-super-banner--img{height:160px;width:240px}.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn{color:#000;line-height:1.5rem;padding:0 .2rem}.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn:focus,.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn:hover{text-decoration:none}.hedwig-super-banner--content>p{display:inline;margin-right:.5rem}.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content{text-align:center}@media(min-width: 768px){.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content{text-align:left}}.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content>p{display:block;margin-right:.5rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content>p{display:inline}}.messages--container--bottom{bottom:0;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:auto;z-index:51}.alert{border:0;color:#000;font-size:.9rem;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25rem;padding:.95rem 1.25rem}.alert-primary{background-color:#447fb7;border-bottom:1px solid #2f587f;color:#fff}.alert-primary .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-primary .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-secondary{background-color:#2d557b;border-bottom:1px solid #192e43;color:#fff}.alert-secondary .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-secondary .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-success{background-color:#f2d86c;border-bottom:1px solid #ecc625;color:#282103}.alert-success .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-success .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-danger{background-color:#e83836;border-bottom:1px solid #bc1716;color:#fff}.alert-danger .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-danger .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-breaking{background-color:#e83836;border-bottom:1px solid #bc1716;color:#fff}.alert-breaking .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-breaking .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-warning{background-color:#fadb59;border-bottom:1px solid #f8cb0f;color:#201a01}.alert-warning .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-warning .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-info{background-color:#b3d3f0;border-bottom:1px solid #73aee3;color:#133a5e}.alert-info .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-info .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-light{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;color:#595959}.alert-light .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-light .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-dark{background-color:#707881;border-bottom:1px solid #4c5258;color:#fff}.alert-dark .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-dark .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-danger a:not(.btn){box-shadow:none !important;color:#000 !important;text-decoration:underline !important}.gdpr{bottom:calc(100% + 20px);left:20px;max-width:350px;right:20px;z-index:52}.gdpr--manage-link{height:40px;line-height:40px}.dropup,.dropend,.dropdown,.dropstart,.dropup-center,.dropdown-center{position:relative}.dropdown-toggle{white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid;border-right:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-bottom:0;border-left:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropdown-menu{--bs-dropdown-zindex: 1000;--bs-dropdown-min-width: 10rem;--bs-dropdown-padding-x: 0;--bs-dropdown-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-spacer: 0.125rem;--bs-dropdown-font-size:1rem;--bs-dropdown-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-dropdown-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-dropdown-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-dropdown-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - var(--bs-border-width));--bs-dropdown-divider-bg: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y: 0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow);--bs-dropdown-link-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg: var(--bs-tertiary-bg);--bs-dropdown-link-active-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color: var(--bs-tertiary-color);--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-dropdown-header-color: #8b939d;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y: 0.5rem;position:absolute;z-index:var(--bs-dropdown-zindex);display:none;min-width:var(--bs-dropdown-min-width);padding:var(--bs-dropdown-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-padding-x);margin:0;font-size:var(--bs-dropdown-font-size);color:var(--bs-dropdown-color);text-align:left;list-style:none;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-dropdown-border-width) solid var(--bs-dropdown-border-color)}.dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:100%;left:0;margin-top:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropdown-menu-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}@media(min-width: 576px){.dropdown-menu-sm-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-sm-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-sm-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-sm-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 768px){.dropdown-menu-md-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-md-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-md-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-md-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.dropdown-menu-lg-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-lg-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-lg-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-lg-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.dropdown-menu-xl-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-xl-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-xl-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-xl-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}.dropup .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:auto;bottom:100%;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropup .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:0;border-right:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-bottom:.3em solid;border-left:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropup .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropend .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:0;right:auto;left:100%;margin-top:0;margin-left:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropend .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-right:0;border-bottom:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-left:.3em solid}.dropend .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropend .dropdown-toggle::after{vertical-align:0}.dropstart .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:0;right:100%;left:auto;margin-top:0;margin-right:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:""}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::after{display:none}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::before{display:inline-block;margin-right:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-right:.3em solid;border-bottom:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::before{vertical-align:0}.dropdown-divider{height:0;margin:var(--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y) 0;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--bs-dropdown-divider-bg);opacity:1}.dropdown-item{display:block;width:100%;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);clear:both;font-weight:400;color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-color);text-align:inherit;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:0}.dropdown-item:hover,.dropdown-item:focus{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg)}.dropdown-item.active,.dropdown-item:active{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg)}.dropdown-item.disabled,.dropdown-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropdown-menu.show{display:block}.dropdown-header{display:block;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;font-size:0.875rem;color:var(--bs-dropdown-header-color);white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-item-text{display:block;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-color)}.dropdown-menu-dark{--bs-dropdown-color: #dadee5;--bs-dropdown-bg: #383c41;--bs-dropdown-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-box-shadow: ;--bs-dropdown-link-color: #dadee5;--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-divider-bg: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);--bs-dropdown-link-active-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color: #a5aeb9;--bs-dropdown-header-color: #a5aeb9}.dropdown-item{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:500;padding-bottom:.75rem;padding-top:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase}.dropdown-item:focus,.dropdown-item:hover{background-color:#447fb7;color:#fff}.btn{--bs-btn-padding-x: 1.1rem;--bs-btn-padding-y: 0;--bs-btn-font-family: Atlas Grotesk Web, sans-serif;--bs-btn-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-btn-font-weight: 400;--bs-btn-line-height: 1.9;--bs-btn-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-btn-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity: 0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);color:var(--bs-btn-color);text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;user-select:none;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.btn{transition:none}}.btn:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color)}.btn-check+.btn:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-border-color)}.btn:focus-visible{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:focus-visible+.btn{border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:checked+.btn,:not(.btn-check)+.btn:active,.btn:first-child:active,.btn.active,.btn.show{color:var(--bs-btn-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-active-border-color)}.btn-check:checked+.btn:focus-visible,:not(.btn-check)+.btn:active:focus-visible,.btn:first-child:active:focus-visible,.btn.active:focus-visible,.btn.show:focus-visible{box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:checked:focus-visible+.btn{box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn:disabled,.btn.disabled,fieldset:disabled .btn{color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-border-color);opacity:var(--bs-btn-disabled-opacity)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7}.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b}.btn-info{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #bedaf2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 152, 179, 204;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2dcf3;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0}.btn-red{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836}.btn-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836}.btn-blue{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7}.btn-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B}.btn-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #cecece;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #c2c2c2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 206, 206, 206;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2c2c2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b6b6b6;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2}.btn-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #3d3d3d;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #323232;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 61, 61, 61;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #494949;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #323232;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b}.btn-white{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: white;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: white;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 217, 217, 217;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: white;--bs-btn-active-border-color: white;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff}.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-info{--bs-btn-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-red{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-blue{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-light{--bs-btn-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-dark{--bs-btn-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-white{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-link{--bs-btn-font-weight: 400;--bs-btn-color: var(--bs-link-color);--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-hover-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-active-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-active-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-color: #8b939d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow: 0 0 0 #000;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;text-decoration:underline}.btn-link:focus-visible{color:var(--bs-btn-color)}.btn-link:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color)}.btn-lg{--bs-btn-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-btn-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-btn-font-size:1.012rem;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0}.btn,.btn-lg,.btn-sm{font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600}.btn{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;line-height:40px !important}.btn.fa-disabled-spinner{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2ZmZjsiPjxzdHlsZT5Aa2V5ZnJhbWVzIHNwaW5uZXJfT2lhaHs4LjMle3RyYW5zZm9ybTpyb3RhdGUoMzBkZWcpfTE2LjYle3RyYW5zZm9ybTpyb3RhdGUoNjBkZWcpfTI1JXt0cmFuc2Zvcm06cm90YXRlKDkwZGVnKX0zMy4zJXt0cmFuc2Zvcm06cm90YXRlKDEyMGRlZyl9NDEuNiV7dHJhbnNmb3JtOnJvdGF0ZSgxNTBkZWcpfTUwJXt0cmFuc2Zvcm06cm90YXRlKDE4MGRlZyl9NTguMyV7dHJhbnNmb3JtOnJvdGF0ZSgyMTBkZWcpfTY2LjYle3RyYW5zZm9ybTpyb3RhdGUoMjQwZGVnKX03NSV7dHJhbnNmb3JtOnJvdGF0ZSgyNzBkZWcpfTgzLjMle3RyYW5zZm9ybTpyb3RhdGUoMzAwZGVnKX05MS42JXt0cmFuc2Zvcm06cm90YXRlKDMzMGRlZyl9dG97dHJhbnNmb3JtOnJvdGF0ZSgzNjBkZWcpfX08L3N0eWxlPjxnIHN0eWxlPSJ0cmFuc2Zvcm0tb3JpZ2luOmNlbnRlcjthbmltYXRpb246c3Bpbm5lcl9PaWFoIC43NXMgc3RlcC1lbmQgaW5maW5pdGUiPjxjaXJjbGUgY3g9IjEyIiBjeT0iMi41IiByPSIxLjUiIG9wYWNpdHk9Ii4xNCIvPjxjaXJjbGUgY3g9IjE2Ljc1IiBjeT0iMy43NyIgcj0iMS41IiBvcGFjaXR5PSIuMjkiLz48Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMC4yMyIgY3k9IjcuMjUiIHI9IjEuNSIgb3BhY2l0eT0iLjQzIi8+PGNpcmNsZSBjeD0iMjEuNSIgY3k9IjEyIiByPSIxLjUiIG9wYWNpdHk9Ii41NyIvPjxjaXJjbGUgY3g9IjIwLjIzIiBjeT0iMTYuNzUiIHI9IjEuNSIgb3BhY2l0eT0iLjcxIi8+PGNpcmNsZSBjeD0iMTYuNzUiIGN5PSIyMC4yMyIgcj0iMS41IiBvcGFjaXR5PSIuODYiLz48Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxMiIgY3k9IjIxLjUiIHI9IjEuNSIvPjwvZz48L3N2Zz4=);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.btn.dropdown-toggle:hover,.btn.dropdown-toggle:focus{color:#447fb7;background:none}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul{border:1px solid #447fb7;background:#fff}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li+li a{border-top:1px solid rgba(68,127,183,.35)}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li a{color:#447fb7}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li a:hover{color:#707881;background:none}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{content:"";height:10px;width:10px;background:#fff;transform:rotate(45deg);position:absolute;top:-6px;left:28px;border-left:1px solid #447fb7;border-top:1px solid #447fb7}@media(min-width: 1024px){.btn{line-height:40px}}.form-control.btn{background-clip:border-box;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;height:47px;line-height:calc(1.9em + .75rem - 2px);max-height:none}.form-control.btn-:not(.btn-red):not(.btn-primary):not(.btn-red-light):not(.blue):not(.blue-dark):not(.btn-light):not(.btn-dark):not(.btn-white){--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;color:#fff}.form-control.btn-:not(.btn-red):not(.btn-primary):not(.btn-red-light):not(.blue):not(.blue-dark):not(.btn-light):not(.btn-dark):not(.btn-white):hover{background-color:#366592}.form-control.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-primary.disabled,.form-control.btn-primary[disabled]{background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-secondary.disabled,.form-control.btn-secondary[disabled]{background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-info{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #bedaf2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 152, 179, 204;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2dcf3;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;background-color:#b3d3f0;border-color:#b3d3f0}.form-control.btn-info.disabled,.form-control.btn-info[disabled]{background-color:#b3d3f0;border-color:#b3d3f0}.form-control.btn-red{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red.disabled,.form-control.btn-red[disabled]{background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red-light.disabled,.form-control.btn-red-light[disabled]{background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-blue{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-blue.disabled,.form-control.btn-blue[disabled]{background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-blue-dark.disabled,.form-control.btn-blue-dark[disabled]{background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f4f4f4;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f3f3f3;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 206, 206, 206;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: whitesmoke;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f3f3f3;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#f2f2f2}.form-control.btn-light.disabled,.form-control.btn-light[disabled]{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#f2f2f2}.form-control.btn-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #171717;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #161616;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 61, 61, 61;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #161616;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #141414;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;background-color:#1b1b1b;border-color:#1b1b1b}.form-control.btn-dark.disabled,.form-control.btn-dark[disabled]{background-color:#1b1b1b;border-color:#1b1b1b}.form-control.btn-white{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: white;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: white;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 217, 217, 217;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: white;--bs-btn-active-border-color: white;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;background-color:#fff;border-color:#fff}.form-control.btn-white.disabled,.form-control.btn-white[disabled]{background-color:#fff;border-color:#fff}.form-control.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-primary:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-secondary:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-info{--bs-btn-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-info:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-red{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-red:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-red-light:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-blue{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-blue:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-blue-dark:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-light{--bs-btn-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-light:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-dark{--bs-btn-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-white{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-white:hover{color:#fff !important}.btn-primary{color:#fff !important}.btn-primary svg{fill:#fff}.btn-primary:hover{background-color:#2f587f}.btn-outline-primary svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-primary:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-secondary{color:#fff !important}.btn-secondary svg{fill:#fff}.btn-secondary:hover{background-color:#192e43}.btn-outline-secondary:hover{color:#fff}.btn-info{color:#fff !important}.btn-info svg{fill:#fff}.btn-info:hover{background-color:#73aee3}.btn-outline-info svg{fill:#b3d3f0}.btn-outline-info:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-red{color:#fff !important}.btn-red svg{fill:#fff}.btn-red:hover{background-color:#bc1716}.btn-outline-red:hover{color:#fff}.btn-red-light{color:#fff !important}.btn-red-light svg{fill:#fff}.btn-red-light:hover{background-color:#bc1716}.btn-outline-red-light svg{fill:#e83836}.btn-outline-red-light:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-blue{color:#fff !important}.btn-blue svg{fill:#fff}.btn-blue:hover{background-color:#2f587f}.btn-outline-blue svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-blue:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-blue-dark{color:#fff !important}.btn-blue-dark svg{fill:#fff}.btn-blue-dark:hover{background-color:#192e43}.btn-outline-blue-dark svg{fill:#2d557b}.btn-outline-blue-dark:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-light{color:#fff !important}.btn-light svg{fill:#fff}.btn-light:hover{background-color:#ccc}.btn-outline-light svg{fill:#f2f2f2}.btn-outline-light:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-dark{color:#fff !important}.btn-dark svg{fill:#fff}.btn-dark:hover{background-color:#414141}.btn-outline-dark svg{fill:#1b1b1b}.btn-outline-dark:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-white{color:#fff !important;color:#447fb7 !important}.btn-white svg{fill:#fff}.btn-white:hover{background-color:white !important;border-color:white;color:#284b6d !important}.btn-outline-white:hover{color:#447fb7}.btn-outline-white:hover svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-white svg{fill:#fff}.btn-white,.btn-light{color:#447fb7 !important}.btn-white:disabled,.btn-white.fa-disabled-spinner{background-color:#a5aeb9;pointer-events:none;opacity:.65}.site-header__top-bar{background-color:#e6eaf0;border-bottom:solid 2px #ced2d9;min-height:124px}#dfp-ad-x90_nav{margin:1em auto;text-align:center}body.stuck{margin-top:50px}.fa-header-bar{min-height:50px;padding:.625rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.desktop-header-wrapper{position:relative}.desktop-header-wrapper.to-back{z-index:0;opacity:0}}.latest-issue-link{z-index:1}.flyout__counter{padding:.5rem .3rem;position:absolute;background-color:#e83836;color:#fff;border-radius:100%;width:16px;height:16px;font-size:12px;top:1px;right:-10px}.desktop-header{font-size:.84rem;height:80px;line-height:1.15}.subscribe-callout-image{margin-top:-10px;max-width:80px}.subscribe-block{padding-top:26px}.header-account-link .flyout__counter{top:6px;right:8px}.header-ctas-link{font-size:.6875rem}.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):link,.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):visited,.header-action-link:not(.btn):link,.header-action-link:not(.btn):visited{color:#000;font-size:.6875rem;letter-spacing:1px;margin-left:.625rem}.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):hover,.header-action-link:not(.btn):hover{color:#447fb7;text-decoration:none}.sticky-action-links .header-ctas-link:hover,.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover{color:#bd0500;text-decoration:none}.header-action-link{font-size:.6875rem}.header-action-link:not(.btn){padding:.9rem .4rem}.header-action-link+.header-action-link{margin-left:.9375rem}.header-action-link+.header-action-link:hover::before{color:initial}button.header-navbar-link{border-top:0;border-bottom:0}.header-navbar-link{background:#fff;border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;color:#000;margin:1px 5px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-top:12px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.header-navbar-link.active .search-icon{display:none}.header-navbar-link.active .close-icon{display:block}}.header-navbar-link svg{fill:#000;float:left;height:22px;overflow:visible;width:22px}.header-navbar-link .navbar-link-text{font-size:.6875rem;letter-spacing:1px;margin-left:.625rem}.header-navbar-link .search-icon{display:block}.header-navbar-link .close-icon{display:none;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:.6}.header-navbar-link:hover{background:#f7f9fc;text-decoration:none}.header-navbar-link:hover svg,.header-navbar-link:hover .navbar-link-text{color:#447fb7}.navbar{background:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 4px 0 #ced2d9;left:0;letter-spacing:0;right:0;top:0;z-index:50;transition:all .5s ease}@media(min-width: 1024px){.navbar.fixed-top{top:0;z-index:51}.navbar.fixed-top .logo-link-navbar{left:55px;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0}.navbar.fixed-top .search-text{display:inline-block;margin-left:0;width:0}.navbar.fixed-top .header-search-link{padding-right:0}.navbar.fixed-top .overlay-menu-toggle--navbar{left:0}.navbar.fixed-top .overlay-menu-toggle__text,.navbar.fixed-top .navbar-nav{display:none !important}.navbar.fixed-top .responsive-navbar{justify-content:space-between;width:calc(100% - 115px)}.navbar.fixed-top .hidden-sticky{display:none !important}.navbar.fixed-top .header-navbar-link{right:115px;width:55px}}.navbar .navbar-content{height:50px;position:relative}.navbar .search-text{overflow:hidden;transition:width .5s;width:54px}.navbar-icon svg{fill:#000}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu{border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;height:100%;max-height:50px}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu svg{color:#000;height:22px}.navbar-icon.navbar-search svg{height:20px}.navbar-sticky-icon{display:flex;align-items:center;border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;max-height:50px}.navbar-sticky-icon svg{color:#000;height:22px;overflow:visible}.logo-link-navbar,.sticky-action-links{top:0;transition:opacity .5s,top .5s}@media(min-width: 1024px){.logo-link-navbar,.sticky-action-links{opacity:0;top:-50px}}.sticky .logo-link-navbar,.sticky .sticky-action-links{opacity:1;top:0}.sticky{position:fixed;animation:smoothScroll 1s forwards}.sticky .header-navbar-link{display:none !important}.sticky .d-lg-none{display:block !important}.sticky .navbar-nav{display:none !important}.sticky .sticky-header-title{display:block;left:321px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;width:calc(100% - 520px)}.sticky-action-links{font-size:.91rem;right:0}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link{color:#fff;font-size:.8rem}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover{color:#e83836}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover::before{color:#fff}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link--full{height:50px;max-height:50px;padding:.2rem 1.5rem;position:absolute;right:7rem}.sticky-header-title{display:none}.logo-link-navbar{left:calc(50% - 87.5px);padding:.8rem 0;transition:0s}@media(min-width: 1024px){.logo-link-navbar{left:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}}.logo-link-navbar svg{fill:#000;width:150px}@media(min-width: 576px){.logo-link-navbar svg{width:220px}}.logo-link-desktop svg{width:335px}.navbar-menu-collapse{background-color:#447fb7}.menu-btn-wrapper{width:100%}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn-featured{background-color:#e83836}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn{border-top:1px solid #fff;border-bottom:1px solid #fff;color:#fff;font-size:.88rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;width:50%}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn+.btn{border-left:1px solid #fff}.navbar-nav{list-style:none}.navbar-nav .nav-item:not(.dropdown) .nav-link:hover{color:#bd0500}.navbar-nav .nav-item+.nav-item .nav-link{border-top:solid 1px #fff}@media(min-width: 1024px){.navbar-nav .nav-item+.nav-item .nav-link{border-top:0}}.responsive-navbar{background-color:#447fb7;border:0;height:calc(100vh - 50px);left:0;margin:0;overflow:scroll;padding-bottom:100px;position:absolute !important;top:50px;width:100%}@media(min-width: 1024px){.responsive-navbar{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);height:auto;margin-left:-190px;overflow:visible;padding-bottom:0;position:static !important}}.responsive-navbar.collapsing{display:none;transition:none}.nav-link{align-items:center;color:#1b1b1b;display:flex;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;padding:.97rem .91rem}.nav-link:link{flex-grow:1}.nav-link:hover{background:#f7f9fc;text-decoration:none}.nav-link:hover svg,.nav-link:hover .navbar-link-text{color:#447fb7}.nav-link[aria-expanded=true]:after{border-bottom-width:0;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:0;border-top-width:1px;transform:translateY(1px) translateX(6px) rotateZ(45deg)}.nav-link>span{flex-grow:1}.fa-logo-link svg{width:335px}.site-header-section-menu{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.5)}.site-header-section-menu__title{align-items:center;color:#fff;display:flex;font-size:1.4rem;justify-content:space-between;margin:1rem 0}.site-header-section-menu__title svg{fill:#fff;height:12px}.site-header-section-menu__item{color:#fff;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:1rem}.search-form-wrapper{border:1px solid #fff}.search-form-input{border-right:0}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-form-input{border-left:0;border-top:0}}.menu-trending--title{font-size:.9rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.menu-trending--title{font-size:.7rem}}.menu-trending--item{color:#447fb7;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:1rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.menu-trending--item{font-size:.7rem}}.progress-indicator--horizontal{background-color:#b3d3f0;height:5px;left:0;position:absolute;top:0}.search-autocomplete{display:none;background:#fff;left:15px;position:absolute;top:95px;width:calc(100% - 30px);z-index:10}.archive-banner__form .search-autocomplete{top:65px !important}.search-autocomplete.active{display:block}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete{left:0;width:100%}}.search-autocomplete--author{left:0 !important;top:63px !important;width:100% !important}.search-autocomplete-shadow{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 6px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.32)}.search-autocomplete-container{height:calc(100vh - 200px);overflow-x:auto}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-container{height:auto;overflow-x:visible}}.search-autocomplete-arrow{height:20px;left:30px;position:absolute;top:-10px;transform:rotateZ(45deg);width:20px}.search-autocomplete-arrow-back{box-shadow:0 0 6px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:0}.search-autocomplete-arrow-front{background-color:#fff;z-index:2}.search-autocomplete-results{font-size:.94rem;padding-left:.4rem;padding-right:.4rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-results{padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem}}.search-autocomplete-results+.search-autocomplete-results{border-top:1px solid #ced2d9}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-results+.search-autocomplete-results{border-left:1px solid #ced2d9;border-top:0}}.search-autocomplete-results-title{font-size:.73rem;font-weight:500}.search-autocomplete-results-more{font-size:.7rem}.search-autocomplete-result{letter-spacing:-0.02em}.toolbar-fixed .tabs{position:sticky;z-index:10}.user-dropdown{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.5);display:block;font-weight:300;padding:0 .75rem;position:absolute;width:315px;z-index:55}.user-dropdown .subscriber-info{font-size:.8rem}.user-dropdown .subscriber-info p{margin:0}.user-dropdown .acct-type{color:#b3d3f0;font-size:.77rem}.user-dropdown .subscriber-links{font-size:.7rem;padding:10px 0}.user-dropdown .subscriber-links>.col-6:nth-child(2){border-left:solid 1px #a5aeb9}.user-dropdown .subscriber-link{color:#000}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list{background-color:#f6f7fa;border-bottom:solid 2px #e6eaf0;border-top:solid 2px #e6eaf0;padding-top:15px}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__label,.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__seeall{color:#000;font-size:.8rem;white-space:nowrap;width:50%}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__title{border-top:solid 1px #e6eaf0;font-size:.85rem;list-style:none;padding:10px 0}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__title a{color:#000}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-logout-l{color:#447fb7;font-size:.85rem}.device-ie .user-dropdown{margin-top:140px}.device-ie .user-dropdown.myfa-fixed-top{margin-top:0}@keyframes smoothScroll{0%{transform:translateY(-40px)}100%{transform:translateY(0px)}}@keyframes slideDown{0%{opacity:0;transform:scaleX(0.9) scaleY(0.8)}50%{opacity:.5;transform:scaleX(0.9) scaleY(0.8)}100%{opacity:1;transform:scaleX(1) scaleY(1)}}@keyframes opacityOut{from{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}.toolbar-horizontal.toolbar-tray-open .header-overlay-menu{top:79px}.toolbar-horizontal .header-overlay-menu{top:39px}.header-overlay-menu{background:#16304b;height:0;left:0;opacity:0;overflow-x:hidden;top:0;transition:opacity 500ms ease-out;visibility:hidden;width:0;z-index:100}.header-overlay-menu.active,.header-overlay-menu.closing{opacity:1;visibility:visible;width:100%;height:100%}.header-overlay-menu.active>.container{animation-name:slideDown;animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-duration:300ms}.header-overlay-menu.closing{animation-name:opacityOut;animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-duration:300ms}.header-overlay-menu__header{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0;margin:0 -16px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header{background:#16304b;border-bottom:none;margin:0}}.header-overlay-menu__header .header-action-link{height:100%}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header .header-action-link{height:auto}}.header-overlay-menu__header .btn{border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;height:50px;max-height:50px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header .btn{border-left:none;border-right:none;height:40px;max-height:40px}}.header-overlay-menu__header .btn svg{fill:#000;height:20px;width:20px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header svg{fill:#fff !important}}.header-overlay-menu__logo{width:220px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__logo{width:335px}}.header-overlay-menu__mobile-nav-link.active{border-bottom:4px solid #fff}.header-overlay-menu__mobile-nav-link:hover{background:none;color:#fff !important}.header-overlay-menu__btn{font-size:1rem !important;text-transform:none !important}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head{border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head svg{fill:#e6eaf0;height:18px;transition:transform 200ms ease-in-out;width:18px}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head-toggle{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);color:#e6eaf0;outline:none}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head-toggle.collapsed svg{transform:rotate(180deg)}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social{border-top:1px solid #e6eaf0}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social-item{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;padding:10px}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social-item svg{width:20px;height:20px;fill:#fff;display:block}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu .menu-collapse{display:block !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible}}.overlay-menu-toggle--navbar{left:86px;height:100%;top:-1px;width:110px}.overlay-menu-toggle__text{display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:600}.navbar-buttons{background:#f7f9fc;border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-top:1px solid #e6eaf0}.browse-hero{z-index:0}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-hero{margin-top:0}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.browse-hero>.container{padding-top:34px}}.browse-hero__kicker{color:#000;font-size:.875rem}.browse-hero__description{color:#000;font-size:1.125rem}.browse-hero-actions svg{fill:#000;height:15px;width:2.5rem}.browse-breadcrumbs{font-size:.7rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-breadcrumbs{border-bottom:0}}.browse-breadcrumbs svg{fill:#000;height:.6rem;width:.6rem}.browse-breadcrumbs-item{letter-spacing:2px}.browse-hero__topic{color:#000;font-size:2.2rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-hero__topic{font-size:3.75rem;padding-top:1.5rem}}.browse-hero__topic-image{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);bottom:0;color:#fff;display:block;font-family:"Atlas Grotesk Web",sans-serif;font-size:.56rem;line-height:.33rem;margin-bottom:0;padding:10px 10px 8px;position:absolute;right:0;z-index:10}.browse-featured-articles-topic:link,.browse-featured-articles-topic:visited,.browse-featured-articles-topic:hover,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:link,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:visited,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:hover{color:#bd0500;font-size:.56rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:2px;line-height:.56rem;text-transform:uppercase}.browse-featured-articles-title:visited,.browse-featured-articles-title:hover,.browse-featured-articles-title:link{color:#000}.browse-featured-articles-title:visited h2,.browse-featured-articles-title:hover h2,.browse-featured-articles-title:link h2{font-size:1.8rem;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:1.8rem}.browse-featured-articles-author,.browse-featured-articles-desc{font-size:1.25rem;letter-spacing:0}.browse-featured-artciles-subhead{border-top:solid 5px #000;color:#000;font-size:.85rem;padding-bottom:30px;padding-top:10px}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list{display:flex;flex-direction:column;list-style:none;margin:0 0 20px}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-featured-articles-sub-list{flex-direction:row}}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item{border-top:solid 2px #e6eaf0;padding:15px}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item{border-top:0;width:33%}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item:not(:first-child){border-left:solid 2px #e6eaf0}}.browse-featured-articles-sub-title:link{color:#000}.browse-featured-articles-sub-title:link h4{font-size:1.3rem;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.3rem;margin:0;padding:0;text-transform:none}.browse-featured-articles-sub-author{font-size:.85rem;font-style:italic}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.page-vocabulary-topics .block-system-main-block>.home-section .primary-article .magazine-list-item--image-link,.page-vocabulary-regions .block-system-main-block>.home-section .primary-article .magazine-list-item--image-link{display:none}}.article-body-text{margin-top:1.25rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-body-text{margin-top:3rem}}.mobile-hero{order:-1;position:static}@media(min-width: 768px){.mobile-hero{order:inherit}}.article-header--metadata-topic-l{font-size:.85rem;font-weight:600}.article-header--metadata-date{text-align:left}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-header--metadata-date{text-align:right}}.article-header--metadata-tags{color:#a5aeb9;white-space:nowrap}.article-header--metadata-tag-icon--more svg{fill:#ced2d9;height:10px;margin-left:-3px;width:10px}.article-header--metadata-tag-icon--more.mobile svg{height:30px;width:30px}.tag-dropdown{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.35) 0 12px 20px -4px;display:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:40px;width:300px;z-index:1}.tag-dropdown-header{background:linear-gradient(to top, #e6eaf0, #fff);border-bottom:solid 6px #447fb7;color:#447fb7;font-size:1.1rem;padding:.8rem}.tag-dropdown-header svg{height:30px;fill:#447fb7;width:30px}.article-header__metadata-tag-icon--hide{display:inline-block}.article-title{font-size:2.5625rem;font-weight:700;line-height:2.8125rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-title{font-size:2.9rem;line-height:1.08;margin-bottom:.4rem}}.article-subtitle{font-size:1.6875rem;line-height:1.9375rem;margin:0}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-subtitle{font-size:1.9rem;line-height:2.18rem}}.article-byline{padding-top:.63rem}.article-byline,.article-byline h3{font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.31}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-byline.single{margin:80px 70px 10px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-byline.multiple{margin:13px 0}}.article-byline-author{padding-bottom:1rem}.article-byline-author:hover+.author-info{display:block}.bg-dk-grn{background-color:#477433 !important}.bg-dk-grn::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-pink{background-color:#F6AAAA !important}.bg-pink::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-lt-blue{background-color:#B3D3F0 !important}.bg-lt-blue::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-yellow{background-color:#FFE26B !important}.bg-yellow::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-tan{background-color:#D3D1C0 !important}.bg-tan::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-lt-grn{background-color:#B5C347 !important}.bg-lt-grn::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-dk-blue{background-color:#4A52DF !important}.bg-dk-blue::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-orange{background-color:#E78245 !important}.bg-orange::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple::before{content:" ";height:400px;position:absolute;width:100%}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.dk-grn::before{background-color:#477433 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.pink::before{background-color:#F6AAAA !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.lt-blue::before{background-color:#B3D3F0 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.yellow::before{background-color:#FFE26B !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.tan::before{background-color:#D3D1C0 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.lt-grn::before{background-color:#B5C347 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.dk-blue::before{background-color:#4A52DF !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.orange::before{background-color:#E78245 !important}.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{width:calc(100vw - 10px);overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{overflow:visible;width:auto;flex-wrap:wrap}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column .btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{top:auto;bottom:-6px;transform:rotate(225deg)}}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{margin-right:auto}}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{max-width:172px}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .review-list-item-title{font-size:initial}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .review-list-item-author{font-size:initial;flex-grow:unset !important}.article-body .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{padding:2rem 0 0 0}.article-body .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{margin-right:2rem}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-single--inner,.article-header--metadata-single-img{padding-left:0;padding-right:42px}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-single--inner .cover-wrapper,.article-header--metadata-single-img .cover-wrapper{padding:60px;width:100%;text-align:center}.book-cover{box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.37) -13px 0 18px -7px,rgba(0,0,0,.37) 0px 0px 10px -2px;margin-bottom:0;max-width:170px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.review-list-item .book-cover,.article-body .book-cover{margin-bottom:0}@media(min-width: 1024px)and (max-width: 1139.98px){.book-cover{max-width:145px}}.authors-bio{background:#f7f9fc;border-top:1px solid #dadee5}.authors-bio__head{font-size:.6875rem}.authors-bio__body{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.authors-bio__body a{color:#447fb7}.authors-bio__body a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.authors-bio__link{font-size:.625rem;margin-right:.9375rem}.authors-bio__link>svg{display:inline-block;fill:#447fb7;height:1rem;width:1rem;margin-right:5px;margin-top:-5px}.authors-bio__link+.authors-bio__link::before{content:"|";color:#a5aeb9;margin-right:.9375rem}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body p{margin-bottom:0}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]){box-shadow:none !important;color:#447fb7 !important}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):hover{color:#2d557b !important;text-decoration:underline !important}.cke_editable,.cke_wysiwyg_frame{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important}.cke_editable a:not([class]),.cke_wysiwyg_frame a:not([class]){color:#447fb7;font-weight:bold}@media(prefers-color-scheme: dark){.cke_editable,.cke_wysiwyg_frame{background-color:#fff !important;color:#3f464e !important}} @media(min-width: 576px){.position-sm-static{position:static !important}.position-sm-relative{position:relative !important}.position-sm-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-sm-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sm-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.position-md-static{position:static !important}.position-md-relative{position:relative !important}.position-md-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-md-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-md-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 992px){.position-lg-static{position:static !important}.position-lg-relative{position:relative !important}.position-lg-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-lg-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-lg-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.position-xl-static{position:static !important}.position-xl-relative{position:relative !important}.position-xl-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-xl-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-xl-sticky{position:sticky !important}}.list-unstyled{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline-item{display:inline-block}.list-inline-item:not(:last-child){margin-right:.5rem}@media(prefers-color-scheme: dark){body{color:#f7f9fc !important;background:#222 !important}body a{color:#ced2d9}img{filter:brightness(0.8) contrast(1.2)}.styleguide-header-icon svg{fill:#e6eaf0}.border-dark{border-color:#707881 !important}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul{background:#222 !important}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{background:#222 !important}.site-header__top-bar{background-color:#3f464e;border-color:#000}.navbar,.header-navbar-link,.navbar-buttons{background-color:#3f464e;border-color:#222;color:#a5aeb9}.navbar{box-shadow:0 1px 4px 0 #000}.flyout__link{background:none;border:0}.nav-link,.article-media--button--label{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.nav-link:hover{background-color:#707881}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu{border-bottom:none;border-color:#000;border-top:none}.logo-link-desktop svg,.logo-link-navbar svg,.navbar-sticky-icon svg,.navbar-icon.navbar-menu svg{color:#e6eaf0;fill:#e6eaf0}.article-tools-item+.article-tools-item{border-color:#3f464e !important}.authors-bio,.lead-story-most-read{background:#3f464e !important;border-color:#707881 !important}.subscription-form-card{background:#3f464e !important}.article-dropcap>p:first-child:first-letter,.article-dropcap--inner>p:first-child:first-letter{border-color:#707881 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.sponsored) a:not([class]),.article-dropcap .article-dropcap:not(.sponsored)>p>a:not([class]){box-shadow:inset 0 -0.394em #222,inset 0 -0.42em #447fb7 !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.sponsored) a:not([class]):hover,.article-dropcap .article-dropcap:not(.sponsored)>p>a:not([class]):hover{color:#2d557b !important}.article-dropcap ::selection{background:#447fb7 !important}.editor-notes a{box-shadow:inset 0 -0.394em #222,inset 0 -0.42em #447fb7 !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.editor-notes a:hover{color:#2d557b !important}.article-newsletter-signup--container .title,.internal-blockquote{color:#ced2d9 !important}.article-newsletter-signup--container .title:before,.internal-blockquote:before{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.article-dropcap h3:not([class])::before,.content-subtitle::before{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.paywall::before,.loading-indicator{background:linear-gradient(to top, #222, rgba(246, 246, 246, 0)) !important}.article-footer,.navbar-sticky-icon{border-color:#707881 !important}.head-divider-5-black,.review--rail-title{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important;color:#a5aeb9 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.no-colophon)>p:last-of-type::after,.article-dropcap--inner:not(.no-colophon)>p:last-of-type::after{content:url(data:image/png;base64,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) !important;opacity:.3}.article-dropcap.sponsored>.article-dropcap--inner>p:last-of-type::after{content:none !important}.dropcap-inline:first-letter{border-bottom-color:#f7f9fc !important}.magazine-list-article--suggested::after{content:"";background:#fff !important}.country-link:visited,.country-link:link{color:#f7f9fc !important}.static-page--sidebar{background:linear-gradient(to left, rgba(230, 234, 240, 0.2), #222) !important}.static-page--nav--item.active,.static-page--nav--item.static-page--nav--item--has-submenu,.static-page--nav--item:active,.static-page--nav--item:hover,.static-page--nav--item:focus{background-color:#3f464e !important}.lead-story-most-read{background-color:#3f464e !important}.magazine-deck,.article-card-deck{color:#ced2d9 !important}.magazine-date{color:#a5aeb9 !important}.sponsored-landing-hero--gsf{background:linear-gradient(to bottom, #222 20%, rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.7) 100%),url("../images/gsf-hero.jpg") !important}.detail__sponsored,.sponsored-grad-school__at-a-glance{background-color:#222 !important}.l-sponsored-detail-column{background-color:#3f464e !important}.newsletter-modal{background-color:#222 !important}.minimal-header--logo svg{fill:#e6eaf0 !important}.minimal-header,.p404-articles-title{border-color:#ced2d9 !important}.minimal-header .navbar{background-color:#000}.minimal-header--inner .menu--color{stroke:#fff}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):not(.bogus){box-shadow:none !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):not(.bogus):hover{color:#447fb7 !important}.author-bio-wrapper{background-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.author-list--item-link{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.education--hero{background-color:#222 !important}.education--bar{background-color:#3f464e !important}.education--menu-item{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.event-detail-hero{background-color:#3f464e !important}.site-filters__col [class$=control],.site-filters__col [class$=menu]{background-color:#707881 !important}.site-filters__col [class$=placeholder]{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.magazine-archive-title{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.light-grey-bg{background-color:#3f464e !important}.subhead,.homepage--rev-head,.article-card:not(:nth-child(3n+1)),.homepage--rev-divider,.magazine-list-article.list-display:not(:last-child){border-color:#707881 !important}.magazine-audio-duration,.magazine-title,.magazine-author,.article-card-title,.article-card-author,.book-review-homepage--featured-title{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.home-stripe{background-color:#282d32 !important}.gray2-bg,.gray1-bg{background-color:#707881 !important}.white-bg,.form-control[type=text],.form-control[type=password],.form-control[type=email],textarea{background:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;color:#fff !important}.form-control:focus{color:#fff !important}.ob-l{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-light,.dark-text-light{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-light:not(.clist-item-body):hover,.dark-text-light:not(.clist-item-body):hover{color:#ced2d9 !important}.dark\:text-light:link,.dark-text-light:link{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-dark,.dark-text-dark{color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:text-dark:focus,.dark-text-dark:focus{color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:bg-dark,.dark\:bg-dark[type=text]{background-color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:gray-bg{background-color:#222 !important}.dark\:fill-light svg{fill:#f7f9fc !important}.dark\:head-divider-light-top{border-color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:hover\:text-white:hover,a.dark\:hover\:text-white:hover{color:#fff !important}.podcast-hero-wrapper{background-color:#000 !important}.podcast-text-picker .btn-check:checked+.btn-outline-primary,.podcast-text-picker .btn-check:active+.btn-outline-primary,.podcast-text-picker .btn-outline-primary:active,.podcast-text-picker .btn-outline-primary.active{background-color:#fff !important}.carousel-dark .carousel-control-prev-icon,.carousel-dark .carousel-control-next-icon{filter:none !important}.tablesort--asc{background-image:url("https://www.foreignaffairs.com/core/misc/icons/ffffff/twistie-down.svg") !important}.tablesort--desc{background-image:url("https://www.foreignaffairs.com/core/misc/icons/ffffff/twistie-up.svg") !important}}</style><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" /><script async type="text/javascript" src="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; // Add a place to store the slot name variable. googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {}; </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2"] = googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot("/101014362/FA/regions/outofpage", "js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .addSize([1024, 1], [[728, 90], [970, 90]]) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-top--2"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/regions/top", [[728, 90], [970, 90], [320, 50]], "js-dfp-tag-top--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 500, renderMarginPercent: 200, mobileScaling: 2 }); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><link rel="icon" href="/themes/fa/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/iraq" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/feeds/region/Iraq/rss.xml" /><title>Iraq | Foreign Affairs</title><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/assets/css/css_wCAl-ZXiqekMLh11Plx8NZayqBIdgcaSnpX6a2o0APM.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlUFFyxSAIvFCq52gvkUFDlFcVCybvpaevvkzbafrDsMvsArvCDEumYoW5TWtHBdLRyKt1GGEnFh20Bx-pBLuDHLOP6N8Hq0CpRdms1mzw0VC6-jqY9NCG2TpQnFxfo02gzg5EiG1I7CC9aDtS958Cc0g4Nwg2tPwXQrhiAzd49H32x3aABJ_Ha64sTZ8z4bviXCGgTjvhXe2zmszLlnCqIBC6NKpdZKuQzC9jtlI3l0gjLsMrcsZhNPrL5Z3JQOVN__-4suSRyoJKoczsbuib2hXO-z0LWipneub2saEc5qnxUJuPcEYXvxGVnZRcz2HFTnwBSCSuSg" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/assets/css/css_5jPrm7Y6vknfSfajaFdUMsKyGmK1BvN3aKRN68bTREU.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlUFFyxSAIvFCq52gvkUFDlFcVCybvpaevvkzbafrDsMvsArvCDEumYoW5TWtHBdLRyKt1GGEnFh20Bx-pBLuDHLOP6N8Hq0CpRdms1mzw0VC6-jqY9NCG2TpQnFxfo02gzg5EiG1I7CC9aDtS958Cc0g4Nwg2tPwXQrhiAzd49H32x3aABJ_Ha64sTZ8z4bviXCGgTjvhXe2zmszLlnCqIBC6NKpdZKuQzC9jtlI3l0gjLsMrcsZhNPrL5Z3JQOVN__-4suSRyoJKoczsbuib2hXO-z0LWipneub2saEc5qnxUJuPcEYXvxGVnZRcz2HFTnwBSCSuSg" /></head><body class="layout-no-sidebars page-taxonomy-term-392 page-vocabulary-regions"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content</a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-52SVNB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas><body><div class="flyout position-relative"><div class="flyout__body w-100"><div id="js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2'); }); </script></div><div class="d-none"> <svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 877.18 90.02" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fa-logo-horizontal"><g id="fa-logo-horizontal"><path d="M27.48 75.28v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.43c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1 5.88-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.66c0-3.58 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.09-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.3.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3C15.33.9 6.97.8 0 .6v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3m70.21.5c22.51 0 37.94-16.73 37.94-37.94S119.5.1 94.6.1C72.1.1 56.66 16.83 56.66 38.04s15.93 37.74 41.03 37.74m3.88-3.78c-19.72 0-32.46-20.02-32.46-41.92 0-15.83 7.67-26.19 21.61-26.19 19.72 0 32.46 20.02 32.46 41.92 0 15.83-7.67 26.19-21.61 26.19M139.51.6v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.09 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3V73.5l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.64H169l.2.9c2.39 10.95 8.36 24.2 16.53 33.16 7.57 8.27 21.21 16.33 25.49 17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56 10.85-2.59 16.53-9.66 16.53-19.32C198.37 7.57 186.42.1 171.28.1c-10.06 0-14.04 1-18.62 1-4.98 0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72 34.56V9.86c0-4.78 2.09-6.27 7.67-6.27 13.94 0 19.02 6.27 19.02 15.34s-5.58 16.23-17.53 16.23h-9.16Zm100.68 40.13c.6 0 1.2-.3 1.2-1.39 0-.9-.8-2.19-.8-3.59 0-5.28 2.99-11.45 4.18-13.04l-.6-1.1c-1.59 0-5.08 2.19-8.26 6.07-3.88 4.48-5.78 9.56-10.76 9.56h-15.93c-2.99 0-3.98-1-3.98-4.88V37.05c3.39-.2 6.87-.2 10.26-.2 4.18 0 7.57 4.98 8.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1 5.87-4.58 9.76-8.76 9.76-3.39 0-6.87 0-10.26-.2V8.66c0-3.58 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.59 0 2.49 2.89 6.17 6.87 3.09 3.39 8.27 6.17 9.86 6.17l.5-.9c-1.1-1.39-3.98-6.87-3.98-11.55 0-1.19.5-2.39.5-3.19 0-.6-.3-.9-.9-.9-8.36 0-17.82.3-26.99.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V66.9c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c6.77-.1 15.63-.3 24.8-.3 10.06 0 20.81.3 29.87.3m34.45 0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V8.86c0-3.88 1-5.08 3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.6c-3.29.1-7.57.1-13.74.1S270.18.7 266.9.6v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v56.07c0 4.88-1.09 7.17-3.98 7.77l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.1 13.64-.1s10.56 0 13.84.1M335.19.1c-21.51 0-36.94 16.73-36.94 37.94s15.93 37.74 39.04 37.74c9.46 0 17.13-3.29 20.81-7.47 1.59 4.68 5.28 7.47 9.96 7.47 2.99 0 4.48-.5 5.97-1.49V72.8c-3.39 0-4.88-1.79-4.88-6.07V51.69c0-3.09.9-5.08 2.69-5.58l3.09-.9v-1.79c-4.28.2-6.57.3-12.75.3s-10.46-.1-12.75-.3v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v5.08c0 8.86-6.07 15.24-16.03 15.24-17.73 0-30.47-19.02-30.47-41.92 0-15.83 7.67-26.19 23.6-26.19 8.07 0 12.55 1 18.12 4.18 4.68 2.69 7.77 6.37 12.25 13.74h1.89c-1-4.08-1.69-8.56-1.69-11.05 0-2.69.1-6.57 1-10.16h-1.89c-1.59 2.19-3.09 3.49-5.08 3.49-5.68 0-11.05-3.98-23.7-3.98m108.74 12.85c.2-5.88 2.29-8.96 5.97-9.76l3.78-.8V.6c-3.29.2-6.67.3-12.85.3S430.47.8 427.19.6v1.79l3.78.8c5.38 1.1 8.07 3.58 7.97 9.46l-.7 44.02L395.94.6c-3.09.1-6.57.2-10.46.2s-7.07-.1-10.06-.2v1.79c6.77 1 11.75 6.57 11.75 13.44v51.09c0 3.88-4.08 5.18-6.97 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.2 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.1 13.84.3V73.5l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-7.97-1.89-7.97-5.78V16.13l47.5 61.34h1.99l2.29-64.53ZM514.8 0h-3.49l-25.79 65.13c-1.89 4.68-4.78 7.17-7.67 7.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 5.48-.3 10.65-.3s9.56.1 12.85.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1 8.86-.2 13.24-.2 3.88 0 7.77.1 11.65.1l6.57 17.63c1.1 2.79 0 5.18-2.89 5.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 6.47-.3 11.65-.3s9.56.1 11.85.3V73.7l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68L514.8 0Zm-5.48 45.91c-3.98 0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98 10.95 28.98c-3.39.1-6.87.1-10.26.1m66.72 29.58V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.64c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09 5.87-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.86c0-3.59 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.29.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V67.1c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3m58.75 0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.62c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09 5.87-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.86c0-3.59 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.29.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V67.1c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3M691.56 0h-3.48l-25.79 65.13c-1.89 4.68-4.78 7.17-7.67 7.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 5.48-.3 10.66-.3s9.56.1 12.85.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1 8.86-.2 13.24-.2 3.88 0 7.77.1 11.65.1l6.57 17.63c1.1 2.79 0 5.18-2.89 5.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 6.47-.3 11.65-.3s9.56.1 11.85.3V73.7l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68L691.56 0Zm-5.48 45.91c-3.98 0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98 10.95 28.98c-3.39.1-6.87.1-10.26.1m66.72 29.58V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V9.06c0-3.88 1-5.08 3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.8c-3.29.1-7.57.1-13.74.1s-10.46 0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v56.07c0 4.88-1.1 7.17-3.98 7.77l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.1 13.64-.1s10.56 0 13.84.1M760.27.8v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.84h9.76l.2.9c2.39 10.95 8.37 24.2 16.53 33.16 7.57 8.26 21.21 16.33 25.49 17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56 10.85-2.59 16.53-9.66 16.53-19.32C819.14 7.77 807.19.3 792.05.3c-10.06 0-14.04 1-18.62 1-4.98 0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72 34.56v-25.3c0-4.78 2.09-6.27 7.67-6.27 13.94 0 19.02 6.27 19.02 15.34s-5.58 16.23-17.53 16.23h-9.16Zm75.48 40.63c12.75 0 21.71-6.57 21.71-19.02 0-23-37.54-25.69-37.54-43.32 0-5.98 4.58-9.56 11.15-9.56 7.17 0 13.34 4.68 21.21 16.93h1.59c-.8-4.08-1.39-8.56-1.39-11.05 0-2.69.1-6.17 1-9.16h-1.49c-1.59 1.59-3.48 2.49-5.48 2.49-4.98 0-8.17-2.99-16.23-2.99-13.84 0-21.61 8.76-21.61 17.63 0 22.51 37.34 26.09 37.34 43.12 0 7.77-4.38 11.15-12.65 11.15-10.75 0-20.91-6.27-24.7-20.02h-1.89c.6 3.78.8 6.17.8 10.85 0 3.39-1.49 9.56-2.79 12.45h1.89c1.49-1.99 3.98-3.88 7.87-3.88 5.58 0 10.26 4.38 21.21 4.38"/></g></svg></div> <section class="site-header__top-bar dfp-tag-wrapper"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col"><div class="my-3 text-center"><div id="js-dfp-tag-top--2"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-top--2'); }); </script></div></div></div></div></div> </section> <header class="fa-header-wrapper"><div class="d-none d-lg-block container position-relative desktop-header-wrapper"><div class="row justify-content-between align-items-center desktop-header g-0 flex-nowrap"><div class="col-4 d-flex h-100 subscribe-block"><div> <a href="/issues/2024/103/6" class="d-block position-relative latest-issue-link"> <img class="subscribe-callout-image d-none d-lg-block" src="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_1x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=6MM0LbO3" alt="November/December 2024cover" loading="eager" width="80" height="114" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_1x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=6MM0LbO3 80w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_2x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=dujdbF-p 160w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 0px, 80px" /> </a></div></div><div class="col-auto text-center"> <a class="d-block logo-link-desktop" href="/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <span class="visually-hidden">Foreign Affairs Magazine Homepage</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a></div><div class="col-4 d-flex justify-content-end align-items-center"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-topright-main-text" id="sub1-topright" class="header-action-link btn py-0 fw-bold btn-red px-3" > Subscribe </a> <button class="flyout__js-open position-relative border-0 bg-transparent fs-12 header-action-link my-account text-uppercase fw-bold"> Sign In <sup class="flyout__counter d-none"></sup> </button></div></div></div><div id="overlay-menu" class="header-overlay-menu pb-5 position-fixed text-light"> <header class="header-overlay-menu__header pt-md-3 mb-4 mb-md-5"><div class="container d-flex justify-content-between"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle btn fw-bold navbar-menu px-3" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="true" data-label="Toggle overflow menu"> <span class="rotate-45 d-block"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="54.3 329.2 891.5 891.6" enable-background="new 54.3 329.2 891.5 891.6" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><polygon points="945.8,719.3 555.7,719.3 555.7,329.2 444.3,329.2 444.3,719.3 54.3,719.3 54.3,830.7 444.3,830.7 444.3,1220.8 555.7,1220.8 555.7,830.7 945.8,830.7 "/></g></g></svg></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Close Oveflow Menu</span> </button><div class="d-flex flex-fill align-items-center justify-content-center"> <a class="d-block header-overlay-menu__logo" href="/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a></div><div class="d-flex justify-content-end align-items-center header-mobile-actions"> <a href="/search" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold px-3 py-1 d-md-none" title="Explore"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Explore</span> </a> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-desktop-overflow" id="sub5-desk-overflow" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-red header-action-link d-none d-md-inline-block"> Subscribe </a></div></div> </header><div class="container"><div class="tab-content"><div class="tab-pane active" id="sections" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="sections-tab"><div class="row mb-md-4 accordion" id="accordion-fa"><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu1" class=d-md-block> <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start " data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse1" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse1"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Sections</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse show" id="collapse1" aria-labelledby="headingMenu1" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections1" href="/browse/view-all" class="fs-14 text-light"> All Articles </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections2" href="/books-and-reviews" class="fs-14 text-light"> Books & Reviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" class="fs-14 text-light"> Podcast </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections4" href="/anthologies" class="fs-14 text-light"> Anthologies </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections5" href="/browse/articles-with-audio" class="fs-14 text-light"> Audio Content </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections6" href="/author-listing" class="fs-14 text-light"> Author Directory </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections7" href="/this-day-in-history" class="fs-14 text-light"> This Day in History </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections8" href="/events" class="fs-14 text-light"> Events </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu2" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse2"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Topics</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse2" aria-labelledby="headingMenu2" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics1" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/war-ukraine" class="fs-14 text-light"> War in Ukraine </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics2" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/us-foreign-policy" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S. Foreign Policy </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics3" href="/tags/xi-jinping" class="fs-14 text-light"> Xi Jinping </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics4" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/kamala-harris" class="fs-14 text-light"> Kamala Harris </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics5" href="/tags/donald-trump" class="fs-14 text-light"> Donald Trump </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics6" href="/tags/us-elections" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S. Elections </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics7" href="/tags/artificial-intelligence" class="fs-14 text-light"> Artificial Intelligence </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics8" href="/topics/climate-change" class="fs-14 text-light"> Climate Change </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics9" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/geopolitics" class="fs-14 text-light"> Geopolitics </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics10" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/israel-hamas-war" class="fs-14 text-light"> Israel-Hamas War </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics11" href="/topics/joe-biden-administration" class="fs-14 text-light"> Biden Administration </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics12" href="/tags/benjamin-netanyahu" class="fs-14 text-light"> Benjamin Netanyahu </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics13" href="/tags/vladimir-putin" class="fs-14 text-light"> Vladimir Putin </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics14" href="/tags/us-chinese-relations" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S.-Chinese Relations </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics15" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/hamas" class="fs-14 text-light"> Hamas </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics16" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/hezbollah" class="fs-14 text-light"> Hezbollah </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu3" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse3"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Regions</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse3" aria-labelledby="headingMenu3" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions1" href="/regions/ukraine" class="fs-14 text-light"> Ukraine </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions2" href="/regions/russia" class="fs-14 text-light"> Russia </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions3" href="/regions/china" class="fs-14 text-light"> China </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions4" href="/regions/united-states" class="fs-14 text-light"> United States </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions5" href="/regions/iran" class="fs-14 text-light"> Iran </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions6" href="/regions/iraq" class="fs-14 text-light"> Iraq </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions7" href="/regions/israel" class="fs-14 text-light"> Israel </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions8" href="/regions/india" class="fs-14 text-light"> India </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions9" href="/regions/north-korea" class="fs-14 text-light"> North Korea </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions10" href="/regions/saudi-arabia" class="fs-14 text-light"> Saudi Arabia </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions11" href="/regions/middle-east" class="fs-14 text-light"> Middle East </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions12" href="/regions/turkey" class="fs-14 text-light"> Turkey </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions13" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/palestinian-territories" class="fs-14 text-light"> Palestinian Territories </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions14" href="/regions" class="fs-14 text-light"> <strong>View All Regions</strong> </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu4" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse4"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Article Types</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse4" aria-labelledby="headingMenu4" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types1" href="/browse/essay" class="fs-14 text-light"> Essays </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types2" href="/browse/snapshot" class="fs-14 text-light"> Snapshots </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types3" href="/browse/capsule-review" class="fs-14 text-light"> Capsule Reviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types4" href="/browse/review-essay" class="fs-14 text-light"> Review Essays </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types5" href="/browse/ask-the-experts" class="fs-14 text-light"> Ask the Experts </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types6" href="/browse/lists" class="fs-14 text-light"> Reading Lists </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types7" href="/browse/interview" class="fs-14 text-light"> Interviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types8" href="/browse/response" class="fs-14 text-light"> Responses </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu5" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse5"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Archive</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse5" aria-labelledby="headingMenu5" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive1" href="/issues/archive/1920" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1920s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive2" href="/issues/archive/1930" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1930s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive3" href="/issues/archive/1940" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1940s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive4" href="/issues/archive/1950" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1950s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive5" href="/issues/archive/1960" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1960s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive6" href="/issues/archive/1970" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1970s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive7" href="/issues/archive/1980" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1980s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive8" href="/issues/archive/1990" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1990s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive9" href="/issues/archive/2000" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2000s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive10" href="/issues/archive/2010" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2010s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive11" href="/issues/archive/2020" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2020s </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu6" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse6"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Contact</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse6" aria-labelledby="headingMenu6" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact1" href="/newsletter" class="fs-14 text-light"> Newsletters </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact2" href="/myaccount" class="fs-14 text-light"> Customer Service </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/frequently-asked-questions" class="fs-14 text-light"> Frequently Asked Questions </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact4" href="/subscriber-resources" class="fs-14 text-light"> Subscriber Resources </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact5" href="/feedback" class="fs-14 text-light"> Feedback </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact6" href="/group-subscriptions" class="fs-14 text-light"> Group Subscriptions </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact7" href="/gift" class="fs-14 text-light"> Gift a Subscription </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact8" href="/contact-us" class="fs-14 text-light"> Contact </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact9" href="https://mediakit.foreignaffairs.com/" class="fs-14 text-light"> Advertise </a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="menu-social pt-3"><h4 class="fs-18 mb-3"> <b>Follow Us</b></h4><div class="d-flex flex-wrap"> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 24"><path d="M11.1 7.9l-.4 3.8h-3v11H3.1v-11H.9V7.9h2.3V5.6C3.2 2.5 4.5.7 8.1.7h3v3.8H9.2C7.8 4.5 7.7 5 7.7 6v1.9h3.4z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://twitter.com/foreignaffairs" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path d="M19.6 6.1v.6c0 5.7-4.4 12.3-12.3 12.3-2.5 0-4.7-.7-6.6-1.9.3 0 .7.1 1 .1 2 0 3.9-.7 5.4-1.8-1.9 0-3.5-1.3-4-3 .3 0 .5.1.8.1.4 0 .8-.1 1.1-.1-2-.6-3.5-2.4-3.5-4.5v-.1c.6.3 1.2.5 2 .5-1.2-.6-2-2-2-3.5 0-.8.2-1.5.6-2.2C4.2 5.3 7.4 7 11 7.2c-.1-.3-.1-.7-.1-1 0-2.4 1.9-4.3 4.3-4.3 1.2 0 2.4.5 3.2 1.4 1-.2 1.9-.5 2.7-1-.3 1-1 1.8-1.9 2.4.9-.1 1.7-.3 2.5-.7-.5.8-1.3 1.5-2.1 2.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.instagram.com/foreignaffairsmag/" aria-label="Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg width="21" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6 19.1c3.024 0 5.5-2.476 5.5-5.5V6.5c0-3.024-2.476-5.5-5.5-5.5H6.5C3.476 1 1 3.476 1 6.5v7.1c0 3.024 2.476 5.5 5.5 5.5h7.1zm0 1H6.5c-3.576 0-6.5-2.924-6.5-6.5V6.5C0 2.924 2.924 0 6.5 0h7.1c3.576 0 6.5 2.924 6.5 6.5v7.1c0 3.576-2.924 6.5-6.5 6.5z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><path d="M10 15.1a4.5 4.5 0 1 1 0-9 4.5 4.5 0 0 1 0 9zm0-1a3.5 3.5 0 1 0 0-7 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0 7z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><circle cx="16" cy="4.6" r="1.2"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/foreign-affairs-magazine" aria-label="Linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M3.5 6C2 6 1 5 1 3.7c0-1.3 1-2.3 2.5-2.3S6 2.4 6 3.7C6 5 5 6 3.5 6zm2.2 15.1H1.3V7.8h4.4v13.3zm15.9 0h-4.4V14c0-1.8-.6-3-2.2-3-1.2 0-1.9.8-2.3 1.6-.1.3-.1.7-.1 1.1v7.4H8.1c.1-12 0-13.3 0-13.3h4.4v1.9c.6-.9 1.6-2.2 4-2.2 2.9 0 5.1 1.9 5.1 6v7.6z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ForeignAffairsMag" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 26 19"><path d="M24.6 15.2c-.3 1.3-1.3 2.3-2.6 2.4-3 .4-6 .4-9 .4s-6 0-9-.3c-1.3-.1-2.3-1.1-2.6-2.4-.4-1.9-.4-4-.4-5.9s0-4 .4-5.8C1.7 2.3 2.8 1.3 4 1.2c3-.3 6-.3 9-.3s6 0 9 .3c1.3.1 2.3 1.1 2.6 2.4.4 1.9.4 3.9.4 5.8s0 4-.4 5.8zm-6.9-6.5l-6.9-4.3c-.3-.2-.6-.2-.9 0-.2.1-.3.4-.3.7v8.6c0 .3.2.6.4.8.1.1.3.1.4.1.2 0 .3 0 .5-.1l6.9-4.3c.3-.1.4-.4.4-.7s-.2-.7-.5-.8z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.reddit.com/user/foreignaffairsmag" aria-label="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 27 23"><path d="M11.6 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0"/><path d="M26.2 11.9c0-2.1-1.7-3.8-3.7-3.8-.7 0-1.4.2-1.9.6-1.7-1-4-1.6-6.4-1.7l1.4-4 2.9.7V4c0 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.6 0 2.9-1.3 2.9-2.9 0-1.6-1.3-2.9-2.9-2.9-1 0-1.9.6-2.4 1.4l-4.1-1L13 7c-2.5 0-4.7.7-6.4 1.7l.1-.1c-.6-.3-1.3-.6-2-.6C2.7 8 1 9.8 1 11.9c0 1.4.7 2.6 1.8 3.3.5 3.9 5.1 7 10.8 7 5.7 0 10.4-3.1 10.8-7.1 1.2-.7 1.8-1.9 1.8-3.2zm-4.8-9.6c.8 0 1.6.7 1.6 1.6 0 .9-.7 1.6-1.6 1.6-.9 0-1.6-.7-1.6-1.6 0-.9.7-1.6 1.6-1.6zm-16.7 7c.3 0 .6.1.8.2-1.4 1.1-2.3 2.5-2.6 4.1-.4-.5-.6-1-.6-1.7 0-1.4 1.1-2.6 2.4-2.6zm9 11.6c-5.3 0-9.6-2.9-9.6-6.4 0-3.5 4.3-6.4 9.6-6.4s9.6 2.9 9.6 6.4c0 3.5-4.3 6.4-9.6 6.4zm10.7-7.5c-.3-1.5-1.2-2.9-2.6-4 .2-.1.5-.1.7-.1 1.3 0 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.5.1.6-.1 1.2-.5 1.6zm0 0"/><path d="M18.9 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0M16.9 17c-3.6 2.4-6.5.1-6.6 0-.3-.2-.7-.2-.9.1-.2.3-.2.7.1.9 0 0 1.7 1.3 4.1 1.3 1.2 0 2.6-.3 4-1.3.3-.2.4-.6.2-.9-.2-.2-.6-.3-.9-.1zm0 0"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://flipboard.com/@ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Flipboard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M0 0v21h21V0H0zm16.4 8.2h-4.1v4.1H8.2v4.1H4.1V4.1h12.3v4.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/rss.xml" aria-label="Feed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M15 14.8c-.1.1-.3.2-.5.2h-1.4c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6C12.1 8.6 7.4 3.9 1.6 3.6c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.7V1.5c0-.2.1-.3.2-.5.1-.1.3-.2.4-.2C5.2 1 8.5 2.5 11 5s4 5.8 4.2 9.3c-.1.2-.1.4-.2.5zm-5.2 0c-.1.1-.3.2-.4.2H8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6-.3-3.1-2.7-5.5-5.8-5.8-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6V6.6c0-.2.1-.4.2-.5.1 0 .3-.1.4-.1 2.1.2 4.2 1.1 5.7 2.6s2.5 3.5 2.6 5.7c.1.2 0 .4-.1.5zm-6.9.2c-1 0-1.9-.9-1.9-1.9s.9-1.9 1.9-1.9 1.9.9 1.9 1.9S4 15 2.9 15z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/3vCDodm2QxZXsZFzdv1mPV?si=1e4781431d6747e4&nd=1" aria-label="Spotify" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1333.33 1333.3" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"><path d="M666.66 0C298.48 0 0 298.47 0 666.65c0 368.19 298.48 666.65 666.66 666.65 368.22 0 666.67-298.45 666.67-666.65C1333.33 298.49 1034.88.03 666.65.03l.01-.04zm305.73 961.51c-11.94 19.58-37.57 25.8-57.16 13.77-156.52-95.61-353.57-117.26-585.63-64.24-22.36 5.09-44.65-8.92-49.75-31.29-5.12-22.37 8.84-44.66 31.26-49.75 253.95-58.02 471.78-33.04 647.51 74.35 19.59 12.02 25.8 37.57 13.77 57.16zm81.6-181.52c-15.05 24.45-47.05 32.17-71.49 17.13-179.2-110.15-452.35-142.05-664.31-77.7-27.49 8.3-56.52-7.19-64.86-34.63-8.28-27.49 7.22-56.46 34.66-64.82 242.11-73.46 543.1-37.88 748.89 88.58 24.44 15.05 32.16 47.05 17.12 71.46V780zm7.01-189.02c-214.87-127.62-569.36-139.35-774.5-77.09-32.94 9.99-67.78-8.6-77.76-41.55-9.98-32.96 8.6-67.77 41.56-77.78 235.49-71.49 626.96-57.68 874.34 89.18 29.69 17.59 39.41 55.85 21.81 85.44-17.52 29.63-55.89 39.4-85.42 21.8h-.03z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></svg> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div> </header> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg" id="navbar"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center px-0 navbar-content"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle btn fw-bold btn-link d-lg-none btn-sm navbar-icon order-0 order-lg-0 navbar-menu px-3" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle overflow menu navigation"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="20px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 20 16" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="square"> <g id="New-Header-Copy-2" transform="translate(-213.000000, -95.000000)" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <g id="Group" transform="translate(214.000000, 95.500000)"> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="14.5" x2="18" y2="14.5" id="Line-Copy-5" transform="translate(9.000000, 14.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -14.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="7.5" x2="18" y2="7.5" id="Line-Copy-3" transform="translate(9.000000, 7.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -7.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="0.5" x2="18" y2="0.5" id="Line-Copy-4" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -0.500000) "></line> </g> </g> </g></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Open Oveflow Menu</span> </button> <a class="order-1 order-lg-0 flex-grow-1 text-center logo-link-navbar" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <span class="visually-hidden">Foreign Affairs Magazine Homepage</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="/search" class="navbar-icon order-2 px-3 header-account-link navbar-sticky-icon" title="Explore"><div><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg></div> <span class="visually-hidden">Explore</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void();" class="flyout__js-open position-relative my-account navbar-icon d-lg-none order-2 px-3 header-account-link navbar-sticky-icon"> <span class="visually-hidden">My Account</span> <svg height="25px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" width="22px" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path width="25px" d="m512 256c0-141.488281-114.496094-256-256-256-141.488281 0-256 114.496094-256 256 0 140.234375 113.539062 256 256 256 141.875 0 256-115.121094 256-256zm-256-226c124.617188 0 226 101.382812 226 226 0 45.585938-13.558594 89.402344-38.703125 126.515625-100.96875-108.609375-273.441406-108.804687-374.59375 0-25.144531-37.113281-38.703125-80.929687-38.703125-126.515625 0-124.617188 101.382812-226 226-226zm-168.585938 376.5c89.773438-100.695312 247.421876-100.671875 337.167969 0-90.074219 100.773438-247.054687 100.804688-337.167969 0zm0 0"/><path d="m256 271c49.625 0 90-40.375 90-90v-30c0-49.625-40.375-90-90-90s-90 40.375-90 90v30c0 49.625 40.375 90 90 90zm-60-120c0-33.085938 26.914062-60 60-60s60 26.914062 60 60v30c0 33.085938-26.914062 60-60 60s-60-26.914062-60-60zm0 0"/></svg> <sup class="flyout__counter d-none"></sup> </a> <span class="visually-hidden">Sign In</span><div class="collapse d-lg-flex responsive-navbar" id="responsive-navbar"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle overlay-menu-toggle--navbar header-navbar-link px-3 d-flex align-items-center" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle overflow menu navigation"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="20px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 20 16" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="square"> <g id="New-Header-Copy-2" transform="translate(-213.000000, -95.000000)" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <g id="Group" transform="translate(214.000000, 95.500000)"> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="14.5" x2="18" y2="14.5" id="Line-Copy-5" transform="translate(9.000000, 14.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -14.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="7.5" x2="18" y2="7.5" id="Line-Copy-3" transform="translate(9.000000, 7.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -7.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="0.5" x2="18" y2="0.5" id="Line-Copy-4" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -0.500000) "></line> </g> </g> </g></svg> <span class="overlay-menu-toggle__text navbar-link-text font-weight-800 text-uppercase"> Menu </span> </button><h2 id="target-page-title" class="sticky-header-title fs-18 mb-0 mt-1 f-serif font-weight-800 align-self-center"></h2><ul class="d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row mx-auto navbar-nav"><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/magazine" id="navbar-item-magazine--current-issue" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Current Issue</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/archive" id="navbar-item-magazine--archive" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Archive</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/books-and-reviews" id="navbar-item-magazine--books-reviews" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Books & Reviews</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" id="navbar-item-magazine--podcast" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Podcast</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/newsletter" id="navbar-item-magazine--newsletters" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Newsletters</span> </a></li></ul> <a href="/search" class="header-navbar-link header-ctas-link-search d-none d-lg-block px-3 me-0 d-flex align-items-center"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg> <span class="search-text navbar-link-text font-weight-800 text-uppercase">Search</span> </a></div><div class="sticky-action-links d-flex align-items-center order-2 order-lg-0 h-100 position-lg-absolute"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-sticky-nav-text" id="sub3-stickynav" class="d-none d-lg-block btn px-4 fw-bold btn-red header-action-link header-action-link--full m-0" > Subscribe </a></div></div></div></div><div class="progress-indicator--horizontal"></div></nav><div class="navbar-buttons d-lg-none d-flex p-1"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-mobile-menu" id="sub4-mobile-menu" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-red my-2 ms-2 me-1 w-50" > Subscribe </a> <a href="/user/login?destination=/regions/iraq" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-primary my-2 me-2 ms-1 w-50" data-dl-click-event="login_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Login-header-text">Sign in</a></div><div class="messages--container w-100"><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div></div><div id="block-fa-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"><div class="content"><div id="react-browse-hero"> <section class="browse-hero position-relative text-center py-3"><div class="container"><div class="l-1up"><p class="browse-breadcrumbs pt-0 text-uppercase mb-5 mb-md-3 text-start font-weight-500"> <span class="browse-breadcrumbs-item">Regions</span> <span class="mx-2 dark:fill-light"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="195 398.9 610 937.8" enable-background="new 195 398.9 610 937.8" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="805,867.8 336,1336.7 195,1315.5 642.6,867.8 195,420.1 336,398.9 "/></g></svg> </span> <a class="browse-breadcrumbs-item" href=/regions/middle-east tabindex="-1">Middle East</a> <span class="mx-2 dark:fill-light"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="195 398.9 610 937.8" enable-background="new 195 398.9 610 937.8" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="805,867.8 336,1336.7 195,1315.5 642.6,867.8 195,420.1 336,398.9 "/></g></svg> </span> <a class="browse-breadcrumbs-item" href=/regions/persian-gulf tabindex="-1">Persian Gulf</a> <span class="mx-2 dark:fill-light"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="195 398.9 610 937.8" enable-background="new 195 398.9 610 937.8" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="805,867.8 336,1336.7 195,1315.5 642.6,867.8 195,420.1 336,398.9 "/></g></svg> </span> <a class="browse-breadcrumbs-item" href=/regions/iraq tabindex="-1">Iraq</a></p></div><div class="l-browse-hero-topic pt-2 pb-3"><div class="row justify-content-center"><div class="col-12 col-md-8"> <span class="browse-hero__kicker text-uppercase dark:text-light font-weight-500"> </span><h1 class="browse-hero__topic page-head__title dark:text-light ls-narrow mb-4 f-serif ls--1" data-drupal-page-title> Iraq</h1><p class="browse-hero__description dark:text-light f-sans mb-0 lh-24" </p></div></div><div class="browse-hero-actions d-flex justify-content-center mt-4"> <a href=/feeds/region/Iraq/rss.xml><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--facebook fill-light-blue"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.72 19.72"><title>RSS</title> <path d="M19.57,19.57a1.06,1.06,0,0,1-.69.28H16.93a.9.9,0,0,1-.83-.83A16.17,16.17,0,0,0,1,3.87.9.9,0,0,1,.13,3V1.1C.13.82.26.68.4.4S.82.12,1.1.12h0A19.87,19.87,0,0,1,14,6a19.87,19.87,0,0,1,5.83,12.91C19.84,19.15,19.7,19.29,19.57,19.57Zm-7.08,0a1.06,1.06,0,0,1-.69.28H9.85A.9.9,0,0,1,9,19,8.9,8.9,0,0,0,1,11a.9.9,0,0,1-.83-.83V8.18A1.06,1.06,0,0,1,.4,7.48,1.05,1.05,0,0,1,1,7.21H1.1A13.06,13.06,0,0,1,9,10.82a12,12,0,0,1,3.61,7.92A1.5,1.5,0,0,1,12.48,19.57Zm-9.58.28A2.64,2.64,0,0,1,.26,17.21,2.73,2.73,0,0,1,2.9,14.57a2.73,2.73,0,0,1,2.64,2.64A2.73,2.73,0,0,1,2.9,19.84Z" transform="translate(-0.13 -0.12)"></path></svg></div> </a></div></div></div></section></div><div class="home-section home-section-featured-tag magazine-content position-relative pt-3 "><div class="container"><div class="homepage--rev-head pb-1 mb-4"><div class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-between align-items-start align-items-md-end"><div><h2 class="homepage--rev-title font-weight-800 ls-36 fs-24 mb-0"> Top Stories</h2></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7"> <section class="primary-article"> <article class="magazine-list-article article-card-primary position-relative "> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row" href="/iraq/dont-abandon-iraq"><div class="col-12 article-card-primary-img position-relative mb-3"> <img class="magazine-list-item--image article-card-primary--image mb-0" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="Iraqi soldiers at a military parade in Baghdad, January 2024" loading="lazy" width="570" height="380" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/images/2024/04/10/2024-01-06T132100Z_1804882105_RC2DC5ATEQ61_RTRMADP_3_IRAQ-ARMY-DAY-ANNIVERSARY%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=CHa8QoxW 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/images/2024/04/10/2024-01-06T132100Z_1804882105_RC2DC5ATEQ61_RTRMADP_3_IRAQ-ARMY-DAY-ANNIVERSARY%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=Qu6w-lcy 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/images/2024/04/10/2024-01-06T132100Z_1804882105_RC2DC5ATEQ61_RTRMADP_3_IRAQ-ARMY-DAY-ANNIVERSARY%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=KT5fggWT 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/images/2024/04/10/2024-01-06T132100Z_1804882105_RC2DC5ATEQ61_RTRMADP_3_IRAQ-ARMY-DAY-ANNIVERSARY%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=4fX5LibV 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/images/2024/04/10/2024-01-06T132100Z_1804882105_RC2DC5ATEQ61_RTRMADP_3_IRAQ-ARMY-DAY-ANNIVERSARY%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=nxE_JMQJ 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/images/2024/04/10/2024-01-06T132100Z_1804882105_RC2DC5ATEQ61_RTRMADP_3_IRAQ-ARMY-DAY-ANNIVERSARY%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=7-AXiAHt 1200w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/images/2024/04/10/2024-01-06T132100Z_1804882105_RC2DC5ATEQ61_RTRMADP_3_IRAQ-ARMY-DAY-ANNIVERSARY%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=Z0rBTV8s 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_2x/public/images/2024/04/10/2024-01-06T132100Z_1804882105_RC2DC5ATEQ61_RTRMADP_3_IRAQ-ARMY-DAY-ANNIVERSARY%20%281%29.JPG.webp?itok=nX3BYlA9 2400w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 768px) 50vw" /></div><div class="col-12 article-card-primary-info "><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-2 f-serif featured-title mt-3 mt-md-4">Don’t Abandon Iraq</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif featured-deck">The Case for a Continued U.S. Military Presence</p><h4 class="magazine-author featured-author fst-italic ls-0 my-4 f-serif"> Mina Al-Oraibi</h4></div> </a> </article> </section></div><div class="col-md-5"> <section class="magazine-list"><div class="magazine-article-container"> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/reviews/how-iraq-happened-saddam-hussein"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">How Iraq Happened</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">Washington’s Fateful Misreading of Saddam</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Gideon Rose</h4></div> </a><div class="magazine-item-actions d-flex"></div> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/iraq/why-america-still-failing-iraq"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">Why America Is Still Failing in Iraq</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">U.S. Military Force and Sanctions Can’t Fix the Country’s Broken Politics</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Renad Mansour</h4></div> </a><div class="magazine-item-actions d-flex"></div> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/iraq/iraq-needs-new-kind-partnership-united-states"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">Iraq Needs a New Kind of Partnership With the United States</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">The Path to Sustainable Cooperation</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Mohammed Shia al-Sudani</h4></div> </a><div class="magazine-item-actions d-flex"></div> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/articles/middle-east/2020-10-05/death-and-life-terrorist-networks"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">The Death and Life of Terrorist Networks</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">How Alliances Help Militants Survive</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Christopher Blair, Erica Chenoweth, Michael C. Horowitz, Evan Perkoski, and Philip B. K. Potter</h4></div> </a><div class="magazine-item-actions d-flex"></div> </article></div> </section></div></div></div></div><div id="react-browse-results"><div class="loading-state d-flex justify-content-center py-5 loading-state--minimal-height"> <img class="loading-state__spinner d-md-none" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/FA-loading-32.gif" alt="Loading" loading="lazy" width="32" height="32" /> <img class="loading-state__spinner d-none d-md-block" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/FA-loading-64.gif" alt="Loading" loading="lazy" width="64" height="64" /></div></div><div id="seo_links" class="visually-hidden"><div class="view view-fa-browse-pages-content view-id-fa_browse_pages_content view-display-id-default"><div class="view-content row"><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/dont-abandon-iraq" hreflang="en">Don’t Abandon Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/mina-al-oraibi" hreflang="en">Mina Al-Oraibi</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/iraq-needs-new-kind-partnership-united-states" hreflang="en">Iraq Needs a New Kind of Partnership With the United States</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/mohammed-shia-al-sudani" hreflang="en">Mohammed Shia al-Sudani</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/why-america-still-failing-iraq" hreflang="en">Why America Is Still Failing in Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/renad-mansour" hreflang="en">Renad Mansour</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/how-iraq-happened-saddam-hussein" hreflang="en">How Iraq Happened</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/gideon-rose" hreflang="en">Gideon Rose</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/review-essay">Review Essay</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/how-war-gaza-revived-axis-resistance" hreflang="en">How the War in Gaza Revived the Axis of Resistance</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/narges-bajoghli" hreflang="en">Narges Bajoghli</a>, <a href="/authors/vali-nasr" hreflang="en">Vali Nasr</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/iraq-disarmed-story-behind-story-fall-saddam" hreflang="en">Iraq Disarmed: The Story Behind the Story of the Fall of Saddam</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/lawrence-d-freedman" hreflang="en">Lawrence D. Freedman</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/order-out-chaos-islam-information-and-rise-and-fall-social-orders-iraq" hreflang="en">Order Out of Chaos: Islam, Information, and the Rise and Fall of Social Orders in Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/lisa-anderson" hreflang="en">Lisa Anderson</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/middle-east/order-after-empire" hreflang="en">Order After Empire</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/robert-d-kaplan" hreflang="en">Robert D. Kaplan</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/what-us-military-still-hasnt-learned-iraq" hreflang="en">What the U.S. Military Still Hasn’t Learned From Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/isaiah-wilson-iii" hreflang="en">Isaiah Wilson III</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iran/iraq-quietly-falling-apart" hreflang="en">Iraq Is Quietly Falling Apart</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/michael-knights" hreflang="en">Michael Knights</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/middle-east/iraq-united-states-orders-disorder" hreflang="en">Orders of Disorder</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/garrett-m-graff" hreflang="en">Garrett M. Graff</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/responses/should-america-still-promote-democracy" hreflang="en">Should America Still Promote Democracy? </a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/thomas-carothers" hreflang="en">Thomas Carothers</a>, <a href="/authors/tom-malinowski" hreflang="en">Tom Malinowski</a>, <a href="/authors/max-boot" hreflang="en">Max Boot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/armenia/azerbaijan-armenia-could-spark-wider-crisis" hreflang="en">Small Countries, Big War</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/mohammad-ayatollahi-tabaar" hreflang="en">Mohammad Ayatollahi Tabaar</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/american-influence-after-iraq" hreflang="en">American Influence After Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/mina-al-oraibi" hreflang="en">Mina Al-Oraibi</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/podcasts/iraq-war-and-limits-american-power" hreflang="en">The Iraq War and the Limits of American Power</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/max-boot" hreflang="en">Max Boot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/bush-911-and-roots-iraq-war" hreflang="en">Bush, 9/11, and the Roots of the Iraq War</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/melvyn-p-leffler" hreflang="en">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/why-iraqi-democracy-never-stood-chance" hreflang="en">Why Iraqi Democracy Never Stood a Chance</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/renad-mansour" hreflang="en">Renad Mansour</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/journalism-press-failed-iraq-walcott" hreflang="en">Why the Press Failed on Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/john-walcott" hreflang="en">John Walcott</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/iraq-and-pathologies-primacy" hreflang="en">Iraq and the Pathologies of Primacy</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/stephen-wertheim" hreflang="en">Stephen Wertheim</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/essay">Essay</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/iraq-war-vietnam-syndrome-leaders" hreflang="en">The Strange Case of Iraq Syndrome</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/peter-d-feaver" hreflang="en">Peter D. Feaver</a>, <a href="/authors/christopher-gelpi" hreflang="en">Christopher Gelpi</a>, <a href="/authors/jason-reifler" hreflang="en">Jason Reifler</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/counterinsurgents-curriculum" hreflang="en">The Counterinsurgent’s Curriculum</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/peter-r-mansoor" hreflang="en">Peter R. Mansoor</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/iraq-war-lessons-blundering-into-baghdad-hal-brands" hreflang="en">Blundering Into Baghdad</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/hal-brands" hreflang="en">Hal Brands</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/review-essay">Review Essay</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iran/revenge-muqtada-al-sadr" hreflang="en">The Revenge of Muqtada al-Sadr</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/mohamad-bazzi" hreflang="en">Mohamad Bazzi</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2021-11-10/iraqs-protesters-become-parliamentarians" hreflang="en">Iraq’s Protesters Become Parliamentarians</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/renad-mansour" hreflang="en">Renad Mansour</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/middle-east/sound-and-fury-post-911-middle-east" hreflang="en">Sound and Fury in the Post-9/11 Middle East</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/shadi-hamid" hreflang="en">Shadi Hamid</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/capsule-review/2021-08-24/policing-iraq-legitimacy-democracy-and-empire-developing-state" hreflang="en">Policing Iraq: Legitimacy, Democracy, and Empire in a Developing State</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/lisa-anderson" hreflang="en">Lisa Anderson</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2021-02-22/stability-middle-east-requires-more-deal-iran" hreflang="en">Stability in the Middle East Requires More Than a Deal With Iran</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/sanam-vakil" hreflang="en">Sanam Vakil</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/afghanistan/2020-10-22/us-foreign-policy-never-recovered-war-terror" hreflang="en">U.S. Foreign Policy Never Recovered From the War on Terror</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/matthew-duss" hreflang="en">Matthew Duss</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/review-essay/2020-10-13/decider" hreflang="en">The Decider</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/melvyn-p-leffler" hreflang="en">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/review-essay">Review Essay</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2020-10-05/death-and-life-terrorist-networks" hreflang="en">The Death and Life of Terrorist Networks</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/christopher-blair" hreflang="en">Christopher Blair</a>, <a href="/authors/erica-chenoweth" hreflang="en">Erica Chenoweth</a>, <a href="/authors/michael-c-horowitz" hreflang="en">Michael C. Horowitz</a>, <a href="/authors/evan-perkoski" hreflang="en">Evan Perkoski</a>, <a href="/authors/philip-b-k-potter" hreflang="en">Philip B. K. Potter</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/united-states/2020-06-21/cia-interferes-foreign-elections" hreflang="en">When the CIA Interferes in Foreign Elections</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/david-shimer" hreflang="en">David Shimer</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2020-05-25/iraq-can-now-wrest-its-sovereignty-iran" hreflang="en">Iraq Can Now Wrest Its Sovereignty From Iran</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/hamdi-malik" hreflang="en">Hamdi Malik </a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2020-04-23/iraq-war-paved-way-coronavirus-catastrophe" hreflang="en">The Iraq War Paved the Way for Coronavirus Catastrophe</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/rozina-ali" hreflang="en">Rozina Ali</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/capsule-review/2020-02-11/city-black-gold-oil-ethnicity-and-making-modern-kirkuk" hreflang="en">City of Black Gold: Oil, Ethnicity, and the Making of Modern Kirkuk</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/john-waterbury" hreflang="en">John Waterbury</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/israel/2020-01-29/wounded-presidency-part-two" hreflang="en">The Wounded Presidency, Part Two</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/timothy-naftali" hreflang="en">Timothy Naftali</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/comment">Comment</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2020-01-27/trumps-strikes-risk-upending-iraqi-politics" hreflang="en">Trump’s Strikes Risk Upending Iraqi Politics</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/renad-mansour" hreflang="en">Renad Mansour</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2020-01-07/us-iraqi-relationship-can-still-be-salvaged" hreflang="en">The U.S.-Iraqi Relationship Can Still Be Salvaged </a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/meghan-l-osullivan" hreflang="en">Meghan L. O'Sullivan</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/silence-falls-irans-protest-movement" hreflang="en">Silence Falls on Iran’s Protest Movement</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/nahid-siamdoust" hreflang="en">Nahid Siamdoust </a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2020-01-03/will-irans-response-soleimani-strike-lead-war" hreflang="en">Will Iran’s Response to the Soleimani Strike Lead to War? </a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/ilan-goldenberg" hreflang="en">Ilan Goldenberg</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2020-01-03/death-us-iraqi-relationship" hreflang="en">The Death of the U.S.-Iraqi Relationship</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/emma-sky" hreflang="en">Emma Sky</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/iraqs-new-republic-fear" hreflang="en">Iraq’s New Republic of Fear </a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/renad-mansour" hreflang="en">Renad Mansour</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2019-11-01/coming-emergency-iraq" hreflang="en">The Coming Emergency in Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/thanassis-cambanis" hreflang="en">Thanassis Cambanis</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/review-essay/2019-10-15/how-caliphate-ends" hreflang="en">How a Caliphate Ends</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/anne-barnard" hreflang="en">Anne Barnard </a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/review-essay">Review Essay</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/capsule-review/2019-10-15/leap-faith-hubris-negligence-and-americas-greatest-foreign-policy" hreflang="en">Leap of Faith: Hubris, Negligence, and America’s Greatest Foreign Policy Tragedy</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/jessica-t-mathews" hreflang="en">Jessica T. Mathews</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2019-09-30/long-game-iraq" hreflang="en">The Long Game in Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/robert-s-ford" hreflang="en">Robert S. Ford</a>, <a href="/authors/randa-slim" hreflang="en">Randa Slim</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/winning-peace-iraq" hreflang="en">Winning the Peace in Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/linda-s-robinson" hreflang="en">Linda S. Robinson</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/essay">Essay</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2019-06-25/stuck-middle-iran" hreflang="en">Stuck in the Middle With Iran</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/alex-vatanka" hreflang="en">Alex Vatanka</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/self-destruction-american-power" hreflang="en">The Self-Destruction of American Power</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/fareed-zakaria" hreflang="en">Fareed Zakaria</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/comment">Comment</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/review-essay/2019-05-28/last-war-and-next" hreflang="en">The Last War—and the Next?</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/jon-finer" hreflang="en">Jon Finer</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/review-essay">Review Essay</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2019-02-14/trumps-iraq-strategy-foolish" hreflang="en">Trump’s Iraq Strategy Is Foolish </a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/michael-wahid-hanna" hreflang="en">Michael Wahid Hanna</a>, <a href="/authors/thanassis-cambanis" hreflang="en">Thanassis Cambanis</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/capsule-review/2019-02-12/building-nation-missed-opportunities-iraq-and-afghanistan" hreflang="en">Building the Nation: Missed Opportunities in Iraq and Afghanistan</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/john-waterbury" hreflang="en">John Waterbury</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/turkey/2019-02-12/kurdish-awakening" hreflang="en">The Kurdish Awakening</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/henri-j-barkey" hreflang="en">Henri J. Barkey</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/essay">Essay</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2018-10-17/there-hope-reform-post-election-iraq" hreflang="en">Is There Hope for Reform in Post-Election Iraq?</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/toby-dodge" hreflang="en">Toby Dodge</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/capsule-review/2018-10-16/state-repression-iraq-under-saddam-hussein" hreflang="en">State of Repression: Iraq Under Saddam Hussein</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/john-waterbury" hreflang="en">John Waterbury</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2018-09-13/iraqs-next-war" hreflang="en">Iraq’s Next War</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/ranj-alaaldin" hreflang="en">Ranj Alaaldin</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/capsule-review/2018-04-16/iraq-and-politics-oil-insiders-perspective" hreflang="en">Iraq and the Politics of Oil: An Insider's Perspective</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/john-waterbury" hreflang="en">John Waterbury</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2018-04-05/new-hope-iraq" hreflang="en">New Hope for Iraq?</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/emma-sky" hreflang="en">Emma Sky</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/north-korea/2018-01-31/long-shadow-aq-khan" hreflang="en">The Long Shadow of A.Q. Khan</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/catherine-collins" hreflang="en">Catherine Collins</a>, <a href="/authors/douglas-frantz" hreflang="en">Douglas Frantz</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2018-01-18/how-isis-strategy-evolving" hreflang="en">How ISIS’ Strategy Is Evolving</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/michael-p-dempsey" hreflang="en">Michael P. Dempsey</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-12-15/isis-could-rise-again" hreflang="en">ISIS Could Rise Again</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/benjamin-bahney" hreflang="en">Benjamin Bahney</a>, <a href="/authors/patrick-b-johnston" hreflang="en">Patrick B. Johnston</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-12-08/bloody-split-within-isis" hreflang="en">The Bloody Split Within ISIS</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a>, <a href="/authors/ekaterina-sergatskova" hreflang="en">Ekaterina Sergatskova</a>, <a href="/authors/karam-alhamad" hreflang="en">Karam Alhamad</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-11-29/iran-and-russia-growing-apart" hreflang="en">Iran and Russia, Growing Apart</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/alex-vatanka" hreflang="en">Alex Vatanka</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2017-11-22/isis-intelligence-service-refuses-die" hreflang="en">ISIS’ Intelligence Service Refuses to Die</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a>, <a href="/authors/ekaterina-sergatskova" hreflang="en">Ekaterina Sergatskova</a>, <a href="/authors/karam-alhamad" hreflang="en">Karam Alhamad</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-11-08/kurd-your-enthusiasm" hreflang="en">Kurd Your Enthusiasm</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/behnam-ben-taleblu" hreflang="en">Behnam Ben Taleblu</a>, <a href="/authors/merve-tahiroglu" hreflang="en">Merve Tahiroglu</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-10-20/clash-over-kirkuk" hreflang="en">The Clash Over Kirkuk</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/ranj-alaaldin" hreflang="en">Ranj Alaaldin</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-10-16/mission-still-not-accomplished-iraq" hreflang="en">Mission Still Not Accomplished in Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/emma-sky" hreflang="en">Emma Sky</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/comment">Comment</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-10-05/making-jihad-pay" hreflang="en">Making Jihad Pay</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/aisha-ahmad" hreflang="en">Aisha Ahmad</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-10-02/after-kurdish-independence-referendum" hreflang="en">After the Kurdish Independence Referendum</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/galip-dalay" hreflang="en">Galip Dalay</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2017-09-26/iran-and-kurds" hreflang="en">Iran and the Kurds</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/ariane-m-tabatabai" hreflang="en">Ariane M. Tabatabai</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-09-25/how-isis-transforming" hreflang="en">How ISIS Is Transforming</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/colin-p-clarke" hreflang="en">Colin P. Clarke</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-09-22/isis-female-suicide-bombers-are-no-myth" hreflang="en">ISIS’ Female Suicide Bombers Are No Myth</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/aymenn-jawad-al-tamimi" hreflang="en">Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/persian-gulf/2017-09-18/why-iraqi-security-forces-are-promoting-arts" hreflang="en">Why Iraqi Security Forces Are Promoting the Arts</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/kendall-bianchi" hreflang="en">Kendall Bianchi</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/persian-gulf/2017-09-01/why-iranian-kurdish-groups-remain-politically-weak" hreflang="en">Why Iranian Kurdish Groups Remain Politically Weak</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/galip-dalay" hreflang="en">Galip Dalay</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-08-25/what-iraqs-kurdish-peshmerga-believe" hreflang="en">What Iraq’s Kurdish Peshmerga Believe</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/matthew-franklin-cancian" hreflang="en">Matthew Franklin Cancian</a>, <a href="/authors/kristin-e-fabbe" hreflang="en">Kristin E. Fabbe</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-08-21/how-saudi-arabia-stepping-iraq" hreflang="en">How Saudi Arabia Is Stepping Up in Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/firas-maksad" hreflang="en">Firas Maksad</a>, <a href="/authors/kenneth-m-pollack" hreflang="en">Kenneth M. Pollack</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/review-essay/2017-08-15/true-believers" hreflang="en">True Believers</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/graeme-wood" hreflang="en">Graeme Wood</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/review-essay">Review Essay</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2017-08-14/iraqs-shiites-test-iran" hreflang="en">Iraq’s Shiites Test Iran</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/alex-vatanka" hreflang="en">Alex Vatanka</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-07-14/names-jihad" hreflang="en">The Names of Jihad</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a>, <a href="/authors/karam-alhamad" hreflang="en">Karam Alhamad</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2017-06-24/anbars-illusions" hreflang="en">Anbar’s Illusions</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/carter-malkasian" hreflang="en">Carter Malkasian</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-06-20/russias-middle-east-energy-diplomacy" hreflang="en">Russia’s Middle East Energy Diplomacy</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/james-henderson" hreflang="en">James Henderson</a>, <a href="/authors/ahmed-mehdi" hreflang="en">Ahmed Mehdi</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-06-08/isis-yazidi-genocide" hreflang="en">ISIS’ Yazidi Genocide</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/valeria-cetorelli" hreflang="en">Valeria Cetorelli</a>, <a href="/authors/isaac-sasson" hreflang="en">Isaac Sasson</a>, <a href="/authors/nazar-shabila" hreflang="en">Nazar Shabila</a>, <a href="/authors/gilbert-burnham" hreflang="en">Gilbert Burnham</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-06-05/struggle-over-sinjar" hreflang="en">The Struggle Over Sinjar</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a>, <a href="/authors/mohammed-hussein" hreflang="en">Mohammed Hussein</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/future-iraqs-shiite-militias-after-isis-defeat" hreflang="en">The Future of Iraq's Shiite Militias After ISIS’ Defeat</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/kenneth-r-rosen" hreflang="en">Kenneth R. Rosen</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/letter-from">Letter From</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/capsule-review/2017-04-14/debriefing-president-interrogation-saddam-hussein" hreflang="en">Debriefing the President: The Interrogation of Saddam Hussein </a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/john-waterbury" hreflang="en">John Waterbury</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/united-states/iraqi-kurds-trump-brings-hope-independence" hreflang="en">For Iraqi Kurds, Trump Brings Hope for Independence</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/morgan-kaplan" hreflang="en">Morgan Kaplan</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-04-10/defeat-isis-cooperation-key" hreflang="en">To Defeat ISIS, Cooperation Is Key</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/ryan-b-greer" hreflang="en">Ryan B. Greer</a>, <a href="/authors/amir-bagherpour" hreflang="en">Amir Bagherpour</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2017-04-10/land-grabs-iraq" hreflang="en">Land Grabs in Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a>, <a href="/authors/mohammed-hussein" hreflang="en">Mohammed Hussein</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2017-04-07/dangerous-state-iraqs-rivers" hreflang="en">The Dangerous State of Iraq’s Rivers</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/peter-schwartzstein" hreflang="en">Peter Schwartzstein</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/letter-from">Letter From</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-03-11/women-who-escaped-isis" hreflang="en">The Women Who Escaped ISIS</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/letta-tayler" hreflang="en">Letta Tayler</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-02-15/cracks-islamic-state" hreflang="en">Cracks in the Islamic State</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a>, <a href="/authors/ekaterina-sergatskova" hreflang="en">Ekaterina Sergatskova</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/iraq/sinjar-after-isis" hreflang="en">Sinjar After ISIS</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/christine-balling" hreflang="en">Christine Balling</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2017-02-01/isis-new-frontier" hreflang="en">ISIS’ New Frontier</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a>, <a href="/authors/karam-alhamad" hreflang="en">Karam Alhamad</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/middle-east/isis-breaking-apart" hreflang="en">Is ISIS Breaking Apart?</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/charlie-winter" hreflang="en">Charlie Winter</a>, <a href="/authors/colin-p-clarke" hreflang="en">Colin P. Clarke</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/middle-east/2017-01-10/fight-mosul" hreflang="en">The Fight for Mosul</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/riyadh-mohammed" hreflang="en">Riyadh Mohammed</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2017-01-09/new-isis-insurgency" hreflang="en">The New ISIS Insurgency</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a>, <a href="/authors/mohammed-hussein" hreflang="en">Mohammed Hussein</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/reviews/capsule-review/2016-12-08/rope" hreflang="en">The Rope</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/john-waterbury" hreflang="en">John Waterbury</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/capsule-review">Capsule Review</a></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2016-12-07/modern-siege-warfare" hreflang="en">Modern Siege Warfare</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/michael-jackson" hreflang="en">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/authors/lionel-beehner" hreflang="en">Lionel Beehner</a>, <a href="/authors/benedetta-berti" hreflang="en">Benedetta Berti</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iraq/2016-12-01/overloaded-prisons-iraq" hreflang="en">The Overloaded Prisons of Iraq</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/vera-mironova" hreflang="en">Vera Mironova</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/syria/2016-11-11/between-iraq-and-hard-place" hreflang="en">Between Iraq and a Hard Place</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/andrew-l-peek" hreflang="en">Andrew L. Peek</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h2 class="field-content"><a href="/articles/iran/2016-11-04/tehran-mosul" hreflang="en">From Tehran to Mosul</a></h2></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-author"><div class="field-content"><a href="/authors/afshon-ostovar" hreflang="en">Afshon Ostovar</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-article-type"><div class="field-content"><a href="/browse/snapshot">Snapshot</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-book-review-type"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <footer class="site-footer"> <section class="dark-blue-2-bg"><div class="container-fluid"><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 p-4 light-grey-bg text-center"><div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center flex-wrap"><div class="mb-2 mb-md-0 me-md-2"> <img class="" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/subscription-cover.webp" alt="" loading="lazy" width="240" height="261" /></div><div><p class="small-upper-text text-red mb-0">Get the Magazine</p><h4 class="f-serif mb-0 fs-40">Save up to 55%</h4><h5 class="f-serif fst-italic h5 ls-0"> on Foreign Affairs!</h5> <a class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-outline-red" href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-above-footer-image">Subscribe</a></div></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-white text-center py-4 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center"><p class="small-upper-text text-white mb-0">Foreign Affairs</p><h4 class="f-serif mb-0 fs-40">Weekly Newsletter</h4><h5 class="f-serif fst-italic h5 ls-0 mb-4"> Get in-depth analysis delivered right to your inbox</h5><div class="d-flex mx-auto"> <button class="form-reveal btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-outline-light px-4" title="Sign Up">Sign Up</button><div class="form-wrapper w-100" style="display: none;"><form class="fa-newsletter-email-signup" data-drupal-selector="fa-newsletter-email-signup-homepage-bottom" action="/regions/iraq" method="post" id="fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div class="js-form-item js-form-type-email form-type-email js-form-item-email form-item-email form-no-label mb-3"> <input placeholder="Enter Your Email" size="26" maxlength="60" class="edit-email footer-email-input border-0 m-0 form-email required form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-email" type="email" id="edit-email" name="email" value="" required="required" aria-required="true" /></div><div data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha" class="captcha captcha-type-challenge--hcaptcha"><div class="captcha__element"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-sid" type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="224503592" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-token" type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="fwGHMrST_SPH9pNB3E9QxRSELfr0oz3FWzNUVZkB8JU" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-response" type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="hCaptcha no captcha" class="form-control" /><div class="h-captcha" data-sitekey="e4def1c1-7560-43f6-b953-3b4a405c0eef" data-size="invisible"></div><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-cacheable" type="hidden" name="captcha_cacheable" value="1" class="form-control" /></div></div> <input class="sign-up-button btn btn-outline-light py-0 px-4 js-form-submit form-submit button js-form-submit form-submit btn btn- form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" data-disable-refocus="true" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Sign Up" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-key" type="hidden" name="newsletter_key" value="fa_thisweek" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-location" type="hidden" name="location" value="homepage_bottom" class="form-control" /><input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-m5c7n8uu1qod6e5yu6ier3ux8x0sdvznnnfmpy4mo9k" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-m5C7N8UU1qoD6e5YU6IER3Ux8x0sDvzNNNFmpy4mo9k" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-fa-newsletter-email-signup-homepage-bottom" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom" class="form-control" /></form></div></div></div></div></div></section> <section class="near-black-bg"><div class="container"><div class="row py-3 py-md-5"><div class="col-12 col-lg-8"><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseAbout" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseAbout" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseAbout" class="collapsed"> About <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseAbout"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/about-foreign-affairs" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="About Us"> About Us </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/staff" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Staff"> Staff </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://www.cfr.org/career-opportunities/open-positions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Work at Foreign Affairs"> Work at Foreign Affairs </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/events" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Events"> Events </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Podcast"> Podcast </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseContact" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseContact" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseContact" class="collapsed"> Contact <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseContact"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/frequently-asked-questions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Frequently Asked Questions"> Frequently Asked Questions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/myaccount" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Customer Service"> Customer Service </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/contact-us" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Contact Us"> Contact Us </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/submissions-0" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Submissions"> Submissions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/permissions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Permissions"> Permissions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://mediakit.foreignaffairs.com" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Advertise"> Advertise </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/about-us/press-center" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Press Center"> Press Center </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/feedback" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Leave Us Feedback"> Leave Us Feedback </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseSubscription" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSubscription" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseSubscription" class="collapsed"> Subscription <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseSubscription"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-global-footer-text"> Subscriptions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/group-subscriptions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Group Subscriptions"> Group Subscriptions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/gift" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Give a Gift"> Give a Gift </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://donatenow.networkforgood.org/fadonate" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Donate"> Donate </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/foreign-affairs/id575171785?mt=8" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Download iOS App"> Download iOS App </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.foreignaffairs.magazine&hl=en_US" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Download Android App"> Download Android App </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/newsletter" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Newsletters"> Newsletters </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#Follow" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseFollow" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseFollow" class="collapsed"> Follow <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseFollow"><div class="d-flex flex-wrap pb-4"> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 24"><path d="M11.1 7.9l-.4 3.8h-3v11H3.1v-11H.9V7.9h2.3V5.6C3.2 2.5 4.5.7 8.1.7h3v3.8H9.2C7.8 4.5 7.7 5 7.7 6v1.9h3.4z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://twitter.com/foreignaffairs" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path d="M19.6 6.1v.6c0 5.7-4.4 12.3-12.3 12.3-2.5 0-4.7-.7-6.6-1.9.3 0 .7.1 1 .1 2 0 3.9-.7 5.4-1.8-1.9 0-3.5-1.3-4-3 .3 0 .5.1.8.1.4 0 .8-.1 1.1-.1-2-.6-3.5-2.4-3.5-4.5v-.1c.6.3 1.2.5 2 .5-1.2-.6-2-2-2-3.5 0-.8.2-1.5.6-2.2C4.2 5.3 7.4 7 11 7.2c-.1-.3-.1-.7-.1-1 0-2.4 1.9-4.3 4.3-4.3 1.2 0 2.4.5 3.2 1.4 1-.2 1.9-.5 2.7-1-.3 1-1 1.8-1.9 2.4.9-.1 1.7-.3 2.5-.7-.5.8-1.3 1.5-2.1 2.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.instagram.com/foreignaffairsmag/" aria-label="Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg width="21" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6 19.1c3.024 0 5.5-2.476 5.5-5.5V6.5c0-3.024-2.476-5.5-5.5-5.5H6.5C3.476 1 1 3.476 1 6.5v7.1c0 3.024 2.476 5.5 5.5 5.5h7.1zm0 1H6.5c-3.576 0-6.5-2.924-6.5-6.5V6.5C0 2.924 2.924 0 6.5 0h7.1c3.576 0 6.5 2.924 6.5 6.5v7.1c0 3.576-2.924 6.5-6.5 6.5z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><path d="M10 15.1a4.5 4.5 0 1 1 0-9 4.5 4.5 0 0 1 0 9zm0-1a3.5 3.5 0 1 0 0-7 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0 7z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><circle cx="16" cy="4.6" r="1.2"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/foreign-affairs-magazine" aria-label="Linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M3.5 6C2 6 1 5 1 3.7c0-1.3 1-2.3 2.5-2.3S6 2.4 6 3.7C6 5 5 6 3.5 6zm2.2 15.1H1.3V7.8h4.4v13.3zm15.9 0h-4.4V14c0-1.8-.6-3-2.2-3-1.2 0-1.9.8-2.3 1.6-.1.3-.1.7-.1 1.1v7.4H8.1c.1-12 0-13.3 0-13.3h4.4v1.9c.6-.9 1.6-2.2 4-2.2 2.9 0 5.1 1.9 5.1 6v7.6z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ForeignAffairsMag" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 26 19"><path d="M24.6 15.2c-.3 1.3-1.3 2.3-2.6 2.4-3 .4-6 .4-9 .4s-6 0-9-.3c-1.3-.1-2.3-1.1-2.6-2.4-.4-1.9-.4-4-.4-5.9s0-4 .4-5.8C1.7 2.3 2.8 1.3 4 1.2c3-.3 6-.3 9-.3s6 0 9 .3c1.3.1 2.3 1.1 2.6 2.4.4 1.9.4 3.9.4 5.8s0 4-.4 5.8zm-6.9-6.5l-6.9-4.3c-.3-.2-.6-.2-.9 0-.2.1-.3.4-.3.7v8.6c0 .3.2.6.4.8.1.1.3.1.4.1.2 0 .3 0 .5-.1l6.9-4.3c.3-.1.4-.4.4-.7s-.2-.7-.5-.8z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.reddit.com/user/foreignaffairsmag" aria-label="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 27 23"><path d="M11.6 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0"/><path d="M26.2 11.9c0-2.1-1.7-3.8-3.7-3.8-.7 0-1.4.2-1.9.6-1.7-1-4-1.6-6.4-1.7l1.4-4 2.9.7V4c0 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.6 0 2.9-1.3 2.9-2.9 0-1.6-1.3-2.9-2.9-2.9-1 0-1.9.6-2.4 1.4l-4.1-1L13 7c-2.5 0-4.7.7-6.4 1.7l.1-.1c-.6-.3-1.3-.6-2-.6C2.7 8 1 9.8 1 11.9c0 1.4.7 2.6 1.8 3.3.5 3.9 5.1 7 10.8 7 5.7 0 10.4-3.1 10.8-7.1 1.2-.7 1.8-1.9 1.8-3.2zm-4.8-9.6c.8 0 1.6.7 1.6 1.6 0 .9-.7 1.6-1.6 1.6-.9 0-1.6-.7-1.6-1.6 0-.9.7-1.6 1.6-1.6zm-16.7 7c.3 0 .6.1.8.2-1.4 1.1-2.3 2.5-2.6 4.1-.4-.5-.6-1-.6-1.7 0-1.4 1.1-2.6 2.4-2.6zm9 11.6c-5.3 0-9.6-2.9-9.6-6.4 0-3.5 4.3-6.4 9.6-6.4s9.6 2.9 9.6 6.4c0 3.5-4.3 6.4-9.6 6.4zm10.7-7.5c-.3-1.5-1.2-2.9-2.6-4 .2-.1.5-.1.7-.1 1.3 0 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.5.1.6-.1 1.2-.5 1.6zm0 0"/><path d="M18.9 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0M16.9 17c-3.6 2.4-6.5.1-6.6 0-.3-.2-.7-.2-.9.1-.2.3-.2.7.1.9 0 0 1.7 1.3 4.1 1.3 1.2 0 2.6-.3 4-1.3.3-.2.4-.6.2-.9-.2-.2-.6-.3-.9-.1zm0 0"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://flipboard.com/@ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Flipboard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M0 0v21h21V0H0zm16.4 8.2h-4.1v4.1H8.2v4.1H4.1V4.1h12.3v4.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/rss.xml" aria-label="Feed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M15 14.8c-.1.1-.3.2-.5.2h-1.4c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6C12.1 8.6 7.4 3.9 1.6 3.6c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.7V1.5c0-.2.1-.3.2-.5.1-.1.3-.2.4-.2C5.2 1 8.5 2.5 11 5s4 5.8 4.2 9.3c-.1.2-.1.4-.2.5zm-5.2 0c-.1.1-.3.2-.4.2H8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6-.3-3.1-2.7-5.5-5.8-5.8-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6V6.6c0-.2.1-.4.2-.5.1 0 .3-.1.4-.1 2.1.2 4.2 1.1 5.7 2.6s2.5 3.5 2.6 5.7c.1.2 0 .4-.1.5zm-6.9.2c-1 0-1.9-.9-1.9-1.9s.9-1.9 1.9-1.9 1.9.9 1.9 1.9S4 15 2.9 15z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/3vCDodm2QxZXsZFzdv1mPV?si=1e4781431d6747e4&nd=1" aria-label="Spotify" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1333.33 1333.3" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"><path d="M666.66 0C298.48 0 0 298.47 0 666.65c0 368.19 298.48 666.65 666.66 666.65 368.22 0 666.67-298.45 666.67-666.65C1333.33 298.49 1034.88.03 666.65.03l.01-.04zm305.73 961.51c-11.94 19.58-37.57 25.8-57.16 13.77-156.52-95.61-353.57-117.26-585.63-64.24-22.36 5.09-44.65-8.92-49.75-31.29-5.12-22.37 8.84-44.66 31.26-49.75 253.95-58.02 471.78-33.04 647.51 74.35 19.59 12.02 25.8 37.57 13.77 57.16zm81.6-181.52c-15.05 24.45-47.05 32.17-71.49 17.13-179.2-110.15-452.35-142.05-664.31-77.7-27.49 8.3-56.52-7.19-64.86-34.63-8.28-27.49 7.22-56.46 34.66-64.82 242.11-73.46 543.1-37.88 748.89 88.58 24.44 15.05 32.16 47.05 17.12 71.46V780zm7.01-189.02c-214.87-127.62-569.36-139.35-774.5-77.09-32.94 9.99-67.78-8.6-77.76-41.55-9.98-32.96 8.6-67.77 41.56-77.78 235.49-71.49 626.96-57.68 874.34 89.18 29.69 17.59 39.41 55.85 21.81 85.44-17.52 29.63-55.89 39.4-85.42 21.8h-.03z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></svg> </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 px-0"><div id="block-navigationfootersecondaryblock" class="block block-fa-design-objects block-navigation-footer-secondary"><div class="content"><div class="row site-footer-down-container py-sm-3 px-sm-0 mt-sm-3 mx-0 w-100"><div class="col-12"><div class="site-footer-section-menu d-flex"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__more"> <a href="/graduateschoolforum" aria-label="Graduate School Forum">Graduate School Forum</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-4 mt-3 mt-md-0"><div id="block-cfr-widget-block" class="block block- block-cfr-widget-block"><div class="content"><div class="mag-cfr-widget d-none"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu__brand col-12 col-lg-3 d-flex flex-column justify-center items-center"> <svg viewbox="0 0 927 41" class="cfr-logo"> <use href="#cfr-logo-white-h"></use> </svg><p class="site-footer-cofr-menu__subtitle mt-2 mb-0 ls-0 pt-5"> From the publishers of <em>Foreign Affairs</em></p></div> <section class="col-12 col-lg-9 pl-lg-80 mt-25 mt-lg-0"><div id="nav-tabContent"><div id="nav-recent"><div class="d-flex flex-wrap"> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/blog/sharon-netanyahu-and-lebanon-deal" class="fw-bold">Sharon, Netanyahu, and the Lebanon Deal</a><div class="mt-1">Elliott Abrams</div> </article> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/blog/rescuing-haiti-gang-rule" class="fw-bold">Rescuing Haiti from Gang Rule</a><div class="mt-1">Ebenezer Obadare</div> </article> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/china-africa-november-2024" class="fw-bold">China in Africa: November 2024</a><div class="mt-1">Nathan Schoonover</div> </article></div></div></div> </section></div><div class="fa-cfr-widget"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu__brand d-flex align-items-end mb-3"> <img class="site-footer-cofr-menu__logo me-2" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/council-on-FA-lockup.png" alt="Council on Foreign Relations" loading="lazy" width="142" height="70" /><p class="site-footer-cofr-menu__subtitle mb-0 ls-0"> From the <br> publishers of <br> <em>Foreign Affairs</em></p></div> <section><div id="nav-tabContent"><div id="nav-recent"> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/blog/sharon-netanyahu-and-lebanon-deal">Sharon, Netanyahu, and the Lebanon Deal</a></div><div class="author">Author:Elliott Abrams</div> </article> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/blog/rescuing-haiti-gang-rule">Rescuing Haiti from Gang Rule</a></div><div class="author">Author:Ebenezer Obadare</div> </article> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/china-africa-november-2024">China in Africa: November 2024</a></div><div class="author">Research Associate:Nathan Schoonover</div> </article></div></div> </section></div></div></div></div></div></div> </section> <section class="black-bg"><div class="container"><div class="p-2 d-flex flex-column flex-md-row align-items-md-end"><div class="site-footer-legals-container text-white text-center text-md-start order-md-2"><p class="mb-2 mb-md-1"> Published by the Council on Foreign Relations</p><div class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row"> <nav class="site-footer-legals-nav mb-2 mb-md-1"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="site-footer-legals-link">Privacy Policy</a> <a href="/terms-use" class="site-footer-legals-link">Terms of Use</a> </nav><p class="site-footer-copyright mb-2 mb-md-1"> ©2024 Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</p></div></div><div class="d-flex justify-content-center order-md-1 me-md-2"> <span class="site-footer-logo"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 453.7 184.33"><path d="M60.65,94.3h-3.49l-25.79,65.13c-1.89,4.68-4.78,7.17-7.67,7.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,5.48-.3,10.65-.3s9.56,.1,12.85,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1,8.86-.2,13.24-.2,3.88,0,7.77,.1,11.65,.1l6.57,17.63c1.1,2.79,0,5.18-2.89,5.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,6.47-.3,11.65-.3s9.56,.1,11.85,.3v-1.79l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68l-24.9-67.62Zm-5.48,45.91c-3.98,0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98,10.95,28.98c-3.39,.1-6.87,.1-10.26,.1m66.72,29.58v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09,5.87-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2v-25.89c0-3.59,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.29,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m58.75,0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09,5.87-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2v-25.89c0-3.59,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.29,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m56.76-75.48h-3.48l-25.79,65.13c-1.89,4.68-4.78,7.17-7.67,7.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,5.48-.3,10.66-.3s9.56,.1,12.85,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1,8.86-.2,13.24-.2,3.88,0,7.77,.1,11.65,.1l6.57,17.63c1.1,2.79,0,5.18-2.89,5.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,6.47-.3,11.65-.3s9.56,.1,11.85,.3v-1.79l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68l-24.9-67.62Zm-5.48,45.91c-3.98,0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98,10.95,28.98c-3.39,.1-6.87,.1-10.26,.1m66.72,29.58v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77v-56.07c0-3.88,1-5.08,3.98-5.68l3.78-.8v-1.79c-3.29,.1-7.57,.1-13.74,.1s-10.46,0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v56.07c0,4.88-1.1,7.17-3.98,7.77l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.1,13.64-.1s10.56,0,13.84,.1m7.47-74.69v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.28h9.76l.2,.9c2.39,10.95,8.37,24.2,16.53,33.16,7.57,8.26,21.21,16.33,25.49,17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56,10.85-2.59,16.53-9.66,16.53-19.32,0-11.35-11.95-18.82-27.09-18.82-10.06,0-14.04,1-18.62,1-4.98,0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72,34.56v-25.29c0-4.78,2.09-6.27,7.67-6.27,13.94,0,19.02,6.27,19.02,15.34s-5.58,16.23-17.53,16.23h-9.16Zm75.48,40.63c12.75,0,21.71-6.57,21.71-19.02,0-23-37.54-25.69-37.54-43.32,0-5.98,4.58-9.56,11.15-9.56,7.17,0,13.34,4.68,21.21,16.93h1.59c-.8-4.08-1.39-8.56-1.39-11.05,0-2.69,.1-6.17,1-9.16h-1.49c-1.59,1.59-3.48,2.49-5.48,2.49-4.98,0-8.17-2.99-16.23-2.99-13.84,0-21.61,8.76-21.61,17.63,0,22.51,37.34,26.09,37.34,43.12,0,7.77-4.38,11.15-12.65,11.15-10.75,0-20.91-6.27-24.7-20.02h-1.89c.6,3.78,.8,6.17,.8,10.85,0,3.39-1.49,9.56-2.79,12.45h1.89c1.49-1.99,3.98-3.88,7.87-3.88,5.58,0,10.26,4.38,21.21,4.38"/><path d="M27.48,75.18v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1,5.88-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2V8.56c0-3.58,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.09-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.3,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3C15.33,.8,6.97,.7,0,.5v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m70.21,.5c22.51,0,37.94-16.73,37.94-37.94S119.5,0,94.6,0c-22.51,0-37.94,16.73-37.94,37.94s15.93,37.74,41.03,37.74m3.88-3.78c-19.72,0-32.46-20.02-32.46-41.92,0-15.83,7.67-26.19,21.61-26.19,19.72,0,32.46,20.02,32.46,41.92,0,15.83-7.67,26.19-21.61,26.19M139.51,.5v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.09,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.28h9.76l.2,.9c2.39,10.95,8.36,24.2,16.53,33.16,7.57,8.27,21.21,16.33,25.49,17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56,10.85-2.59,16.53-9.66,16.53-19.32,0-11.35-11.95-18.82-27.09-18.82-10.06,0-14.04,1-18.62,1-4.98,0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72,34.56V9.76c0-4.78,2.09-6.27,7.67-6.27,13.94,0,19.02,6.27,19.02,15.34s-5.58,16.23-17.53,16.23h-9.16Zm100.68,40.13c.6,0,1.2-.3,1.2-1.39,0-.9-.8-2.19-.8-3.59,0-5.28,2.99-11.45,4.18-13.04l-.6-1.1c-1.59,0-5.08,2.19-8.26,6.07-3.88,4.48-5.78,9.56-10.76,9.56h-15.93c-2.99,0-3.98-1-3.98-4.88v-29.87c3.39-.2,6.87-.2,10.26-.2,4.18,0,7.57,4.98,8.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1,5.87-4.58,9.76-8.76,9.76-3.39,0-6.87,0-10.26-.2V8.56c0-3.58,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.59,0,2.49,2.89,6.17,6.87,3.09,3.39,8.27,6.17,9.86,6.17l.5-.9c-1.1-1.39-3.98-6.87-3.98-11.55,0-1.19,.5-2.39,.5-3.19,0-.6-.3-.9-.9-.9-8.36,0-17.82,.3-26.99,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c6.77-.1,15.63-.3,24.8-.3,10.06,0,20.81,.3,29.87,.3m34.45,0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V8.76c0-3.88,1-5.08,3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.5c-3.29,.1-7.57,.1-13.74,.1s-10.46,0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v56.07c0,4.88-1.09,7.17-3.98,7.77l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.1,13.64-.1s10.56,0,13.84,.1M335.19,0c-21.51,0-36.94,16.73-36.94,37.94s15.93,37.74,39.04,37.74c9.46,0,17.13-3.29,20.81-7.47,1.59,4.68,5.28,7.47,9.96,7.47,2.99,0,4.48-.5,5.97-1.49v-1.49c-3.39,0-4.88-1.79-4.88-6.07v-15.04c0-3.09,.9-5.08,2.69-5.58l3.09-.9v-1.79c-4.28,.2-6.57,.3-12.75,.3s-10.46-.1-12.75-.3v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v5.08c0,8.86-6.07,15.24-16.03,15.24-17.73,0-30.47-19.02-30.47-41.92,0-15.83,7.67-26.19,23.6-26.19,8.07,0,12.55,1,18.12,4.18,4.68,2.69,7.77,6.37,12.25,13.74h1.89c-1-4.08-1.69-8.56-1.69-11.05,0-2.69,.1-6.57,1-10.16h-1.89c-1.59,2.19-3.09,3.49-5.08,3.49-5.68,0-11.05-3.98-23.7-3.98m108.74,12.85c.2-5.88,2.29-8.96,5.97-9.76l3.78-.8V.5c-3.29,.2-6.67,.3-12.85,.3s-10.36-.1-13.64-.3v1.79l3.78,.8c5.38,1.1,8.07,3.58,7.97,9.46l-.7,44.02L395.94,.5c-3.09,.1-6.57,.2-10.46,.2s-7.07-.1-10.06-.2v1.79c6.77,1,11.75,6.57,11.75,13.44v51.09c0,3.88-4.08,5.18-6.97,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.2,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.1,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-7.97-1.89-7.97-5.78V16.03l47.5,61.34h1.99l2.29-64.53Z"/></svg> </span></div></div></div></section> </footer></div><div class="flyout__overlay"><div class="flyout__no-click"></div><div class="flyout__right dark-blue-2-bg h-100 position-fixed overflow-hidden pt-5 text-white"><div class="flyout__right-inner position-relative"><div class="flyout__message mt-4"> <button class="flyout__js-close flyout__close border-0 text-white position-absolute bg-transparent">×</button></div><div id="flyout"><div class="loading-state d-flex justify-content-center py-5 loading-state--minimal-height"> <img class="loading-state__spinner d-md-none" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/FA-loading-32.gif" alt="Loading" loading="lazy" width="32" height="32" /> <img class="loading-state__spinner d-none d-md-block" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/FA-loading-64.gif" alt="Loading" loading="lazy" width="64" height="64" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e9402ea4c05a02a',t:'MTczMjczMDM1OS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></div><script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"taxonomy\/term\/392","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_classes":false,"allowlist_classes":"google\nnonGooglePixels\nnonGoogleScripts\nnonGoogleIframes","blocklist_classes":"customScripts\ncustomPixels","include_environment":false,"environment_id":"","environment_token":""},"tagIds":["GTM-52SVNB"]},"gtag":{"tagId":"","consentMode":false,"otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxdkFFuxCAMRC9EwznaS0SGOOAUMLVJdrOnL0m0qpofyzNjPcQ45qZNoI4ORIjtzJKNu7shsYP0oW1PVILxUJuPYB0oGs-ClkpDKZCG5WdF2YcTM_eLN-kUwg_FsUJAPfSN2p3IGY_42BO89s9cWdp5nIHK17GNMGUqVjr5VP3VvZFX6zDCRiznkQcfO9RuIPvoI_rvw51QKZSR3YK-qZ1hgAWeR6JAqUVZrdZ81wM-r9-ZwBwSjg2CDX3c9UX7Z2YT321R2UjJ9WjGbpgKAqFXE9VOstZe3p8zrKWuLpFGnIzu2jBfbW-ED7XnHDJPa8Jfzu-uSg","theme":"fa","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true,"\/regions\/iraq?ajax_form=1":true},"fa_user":{"is_subscriber":false,"permissions":{"create fa_note entities":false}},"fa_caching":{"css_js_query_string":"smyk5z"},"fa_jsonapi":[],"fa_sailthru":{"customer_id":"ce43426d2a1ff8658afdea083135e42c"},"faHcaptcha":{"siteKey":"e4def1c1-7560-43f6-b953-3b4a405c0eef"},"term":"Iraq","vocabulary":"regions","most_read":[{"title":{"#markup":"How America\u2019s War on Chinese Tech Backfired","#allowed_tags":["em","i"],"#cache":{"contexts":[],"tags":["node:1132430","fa_module:most_read"],"max-age":-1}},"href":"\/united-states\/how-americas-war-chinese-tech-backfired","kicker":"","deck":"And Why Trump\u2019s Plans Would Make Things Even Worse","author":"Scott Kennedy","img":{"def":null,"def2x":null,"sm":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_small_1x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/25\/2023-05-04T050349Z_861603618_RC2YQ0AMW9L5_RTRMADP_3_CHINA-ECONOMY.jpg.webp?itok=SjpnJUap","sm2x":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_small_2x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/25\/2023-05-04T050349Z_861603618_RC2YQ0AMW9L5_RTRMADP_3_CHINA-ECONOMY.jpg.webp?itok=VrjgzbkC","md":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_medium_1x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/25\/2023-05-04T050349Z_861603618_RC2YQ0AMW9L5_RTRMADP_3_CHINA-ECONOMY.jpg.webp?itok=x_ZHeIqL","md2x":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_medium_2x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/25\/2023-05-04T050349Z_861603618_RC2YQ0AMW9L5_RTRMADP_3_CHINA-ECONOMY.jpg.webp?itok=0KEh4hQH"},"img_alt":{"#type":"inline_template","#template":"{{ value|nl2br }}","#context":{"value":"Cars for export at a port in Shandong Province, China, May 2023"}},"show_subtitle":true,"modifier_class":"featured_tag"},{"title":{"#markup":"Israel\u2019s Trump Delusion","#allowed_tags":["em","i"],"#cache":{"contexts":[],"tags":["node:1132428","fa_module:most_read"],"max-age":-1}},"href":"\/israel\/israels-trump-delusion","kicker":"","deck":"Why Netanyahu\u2019s Ambition to Remake the Middle East Is Unlikely to Succeed","author":"Shalom Lipner","img":{"def":null,"def2x":null,"sm":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_small_1x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/22\/2024-10-08T011816Z_422297124_RC20GAAGS47L_RTRMADP_3_USA-ELECTION-TRUMP.jpg.webp?itok=3blt9lHW","sm2x":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_small_2x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/22\/2024-10-08T011816Z_422297124_RC20GAAGS47L_RTRMADP_3_USA-ELECTION-TRUMP.jpg.webp?itok=SGps7D7h","md":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_medium_1x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/22\/2024-10-08T011816Z_422297124_RC20GAAGS47L_RTRMADP_3_USA-ELECTION-TRUMP.jpg.webp?itok=2hQ7G3qV","md2x":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_medium_2x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/22\/2024-10-08T011816Z_422297124_RC20GAAGS47L_RTRMADP_3_USA-ELECTION-TRUMP.jpg.webp?itok=NriIGXXQ"},"img_alt":{"#type":"inline_template","#template":"{{ value|nl2br }}","#context":{"value":"U.S. President-elect Donald Trump at his golf club in Doral, Florida, October 2024"}},"show_subtitle":true,"modifier_class":"featured_tag"},{"title":{"#markup":"Does America Still Need Egypt?","#allowed_tags":["em","i"],"#cache":{"contexts":[],"tags":["node:1132421","fa_module:most_read"],"max-age":-1}},"href":"\/egypt\/does-america-still-need-egypt","kicker":"","deck":"When War Broke Out in Gaza, Biden Reconciled With Sisi\u2014but Trump\u2019s Calculus Might Differ","author":"Michael Wahid Hanna","img":{"def":null,"def2x":null,"sm":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_small_1x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/21\/2024-10-22T103115Z_1164423706_RC2MPAABMR47_RTRMADP_3_RUSSIA-BRICS-ARRIVALS-EGYPT.JPG.webp?itok=5Cx7f-TY","sm2x":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_small_2x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/21\/2024-10-22T103115Z_1164423706_RC2MPAABMR47_RTRMADP_3_RUSSIA-BRICS-ARRIVALS-EGYPT.JPG.webp?itok=UTgIKUWW","md":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_medium_1x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/21\/2024-10-22T103115Z_1164423706_RC2MPAABMR47_RTRMADP_3_RUSSIA-BRICS-ARRIVALS-EGYPT.JPG.webp?itok=J3RROPWe","md2x":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_medium_2x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/21\/2024-10-22T103115Z_1164423706_RC2MPAABMR47_RTRMADP_3_RUSSIA-BRICS-ARRIVALS-EGYPT.JPG.webp?itok=2RmZiGf2"},"img_alt":{"#type":"inline_template","#template":"{{ value|nl2br }}","#context":{"value":"Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi arriving to the BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia, October 2024"}},"show_subtitle":true,"modifier_class":"featured_tag"},{"title":{"#markup":"Iran and Russia\u2019s Fragile Partnership","#allowed_tags":["em","i"],"#cache":{"contexts":[],"tags":["node:1132429","fa_module:most_read"],"max-age":-1}},"href":"\/russia\/iran-and-russias-fragile-partnership","kicker":"","deck":"How America Can Divide Two of Its Main Adversaries","author":"Maria Snegovaya and Jon B. Alterman","img":{"def":null,"def2x":null,"sm":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_small_1x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/22\/2024-10-23T133545Z_1634962772_RC2DQAARJPH2_RTRMADP_3_RUSSIA-BRICS.jpg.webp?itok=ptddI-7R","sm2x":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_small_2x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/22\/2024-10-23T133545Z_1634962772_RC2DQAARJPH2_RTRMADP_3_RUSSIA-BRICS.jpg.webp?itok=Hha__nQk","md":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_medium_1x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/22\/2024-10-23T133545Z_1634962772_RC2DQAARJPH2_RTRMADP_3_RUSSIA-BRICS.jpg.webp?itok=IUw5hE1Y","md2x":"https:\/\/cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/_webp_medium_2x\/public\/images\/2024\/11\/22\/2024-10-23T133545Z_1634962772_RC2DQAARJPH2_RTRMADP_3_RUSSIA-BRICS.jpg.webp?itok=FP9Otq-p"},"img_alt":{"#type":"inline_template","#template":"{{ value|nl2br }}","#context":{"value":"Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian meeting Russian President Vladimir Putin, Kazan, Russia, October 2024"}},"show_subtitle":true,"modifier_class":"featured_tag"}],"dfpAdsSettings":{"homepage_river":{"id":"homepage_river","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-homepage-river","breakpoints":[],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/regions\/homepage_river","size":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[]},"outofpage":{"id":"outofpage","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-outofpage","breakpoints":[],"outOfPage":true,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/regions\/outofpage","size":"[0, 0]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[]},"sidebar":{"id":"sidebar","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-sidebar","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/regions\/sidebar","size":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[]},"speedbump_desktop":{"id":"speedbump_desktop","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-speedbump-desktop","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[728, 90], [970, 250]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/regions\/speedbump_desktop","size":"[[728, 90], [970, 250]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[]},"speedbump_mobile":{"id":"speedbump_mobile","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[300, 250]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/regions\/speedbump_mobile","size":"[300, 250]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[]},"top":{"id":"top","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-top","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[320, 50]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[728, 90], [970, 90]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/regions\/top","size":"[[728, 90], [970, 90], [320, 50]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[]}},"ajax":{"edit-submit":{"wrapper":"fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom","callback":"::ajaxCallback","method":"replaceWith","effect":"none","event":"click","progress":{"type":"faspinner","message":null},"disable-refocus":true,"url":"\/regions\/iraq?ajax_form=1","httpMethod":"POST","dialogType":"ajax","submit":{"_triggering_element_name":"op","_triggering_element_value":"Sign Up"}}},"hcaptcha":{"src":"https:\/\/hcaptcha.com\/1\/api.js?hl=en\u0026render=explicit\u0026onload=drupalHcaptchaOnload"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e6452d1e95364a42a32eed839ae8cc3125805166ee938c248cf5e52861ff52ad"}}</script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_x1aBNTALQAv3wD1tbD10ofeW6ACFoeQ8p0lhTkLlOyw.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlUFFyxSAIvFCq52gvkUFDlFcVCybvpaevvkzbafrDsMvsArvCDEumYoW5TWtHBdLRyKt1GGEnFh20Bx-pBLuDHLOP6N8Hq0CpRdms1mzw0VC6-jqY9NCG2TpQnFxfo02gzg5EiG1I7CC9aDtS958Cc0g4Nwg2tPwXQrhiAzd49H32x3aABJ_Ha64sTZ8z4bviXCGgTjvhXe2zmszLlnCqIBC6NKpdZKuQzC9jtlI3l0gjLsMrcsZhNPrL5Z3JQOVN__-4suSRyoJKoczsbuib2hXO-z0LWipneub2saEc5qnxUJuPcEYXvxGVnZRcz2HFTnwBSCSuSg"></script><script src="//ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js" defer></script><script src="/modules/custom/fa_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_7J_mwbmVIjbkybyfdTEWhJ59SkzBkYgzdhUu2IlNTfI.js?scope=footer&delta=5&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlUFFyxSAIvFCq52gvkUFDlFcVCybvpaevvkzbafrDsMvsArvCDEumYoW5TWtHBdLRyKt1GGEnFh20Bx-pBLuDHLOP6N8Hq0CpRdms1mzw0VC6-jqY9NCG2TpQnFxfo02gzg5EiG1I7CC9aDtS958Cc0g4Nwg2tPwXQrhiAzd49H32x3aABJ_Ha64sTZ8z4bviXCGgTjvhXe2zmszLlnCqIBC6NKpdZKuQzC9jtlI3l0gjLsMrcsZhNPrL5Z3JQOVN__-4suSRyoJKoczsbuib2hXO-z0LWipneub2saEc5qnxUJuPcEYXvxGVnZRcz2HFTnwBSCSuSg"></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.ajax.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_XNLWZ2cL7Ls8sU7alhTMvhR96Bfx6iA0PVu4oYKQdmc.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlUFFyxSAIvFCq52gvkUFDlFcVCybvpaevvkzbafrDsMvsArvCDEumYoW5TWtHBdLRyKt1GGEnFh20Bx-pBLuDHLOP6N8Hq0CpRdms1mzw0VC6-jqY9NCG2TpQnFxfo02gzg5EiG1I7CC9aDtS958Cc0g4Nwg2tPwXQrhiAzd49H32x3aABJ_Ha64sTZ8z4bviXCGgTjvhXe2zmszLlnCqIBC6NKpdZKuQzC9jtlI3l0gjLsMrcsZhNPrL5Z3JQOVN__-4suSRyoJKoczsbuib2hXO-z0LWipneub2saEc5qnxUJuPcEYXvxGVnZRcz2HFTnwBSCSuSg"></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/lib/lazyImports.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_XweIyWAk1CaXl9qGvL7Uhzgmz_UOvbopZ61VjY5KX4c.js?scope=footer&delta=9&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlUFFyxSAIvFCq52gvkUFDlFcVCybvpaevvkzbafrDsMvsArvCDEumYoW5TWtHBdLRyKt1GGEnFh20Bx-pBLuDHLOP6N8Hq0CpRdms1mzw0VC6-jqY9NCG2TpQnFxfo02gzg5EiG1I7CC9aDtS958Cc0g4Nwg2tPwXQrhiAzd49H32x3aABJ_Ha64sTZ8z4bviXCGgTjvhXe2zmszLlnCqIBC6NKpdZKuQzC9jtlI3l0gjLsMrcsZhNPrL5Z3JQOVN__-4suSRyoJKoczsbuib2hXO-z0LWipneub2saEc5qnxUJuPcEYXvxGVnZRcz2HFTnwBSCSuSg"></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/site.bundle.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/subscriberOnlyTooltip.bundle.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_to1zdCfxFKXjqDZSnzjN-OeSHdJsunkMBm5eQdW2G5I.js?scope=footer&delta=12&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlUFFyxSAIvFCq52gvkUFDlFcVCybvpaevvkzbafrDsMvsArvCDEumYoW5TWtHBdLRyKt1GGEnFh20Bx-pBLuDHLOP6N8Hq0CpRdms1mzw0VC6-jqY9NCG2TpQnFxfo02gzg5EiG1I7CC9aDtS958Cc0g4Nwg2tPwXQrhiAzd49H32x3aABJ_Ha64sTZ8z4bviXCGgTjvhXe2zmszLlnCqIBC6NKpdZKuQzC9jtlI3l0gjLsMrcsZhNPrL5Z3JQOVN__-4suSRyoJKoczsbuib2hXO-z0LWipneub2saEc5qnxUJuPcEYXvxGVnZRcz2HFTnwBSCSuSg"></script></body></html>