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id="toc-Rhineland-Palatinate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhineland-Palatinate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rhineland-Palatinate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhineland-Palatinate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saxony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saxony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Saxony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saxony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thuringia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thuringia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Thuringia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thuringia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_Saxony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Saxony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Lower Saxony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Saxony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Rhine-Westphalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Rhine-Westphalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>North Rhine-Westphalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Rhine-Westphalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_the_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_the_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Rest of the country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_the_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="صناعة السيارات في ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صناعة السيارات في ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilindustrie_in_Deutschland" title="Automobilindustrie in Deutschland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Automobilindustrie in Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_automotriz_en_Alemania" title="Industria automotriz en Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Industria automotriz en Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صنعت خودروسازی آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صنعت خودروسازی آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie_automobile_en_Allemagne" title="Industrie automobile en Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Industrie automobile en Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_otomotif_di_Jerman" title="Industri otomotif di Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Industri otomotif di Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%BB%8A" title="ドイツ車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_avtomobil_sanoati" title="Germaniya avtomobil sanoati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya avtomobil sanoati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Автомобильная промышленность Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автомобильная промышленность Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_autoteollisuus" title="Saksan autoteollisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan autoteollisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Автомобільна промисловість у Німеччині – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автомобільна промисловість у Німеччині" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p_%C3%B4_t%C3%B4_t%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Công nghiệp ô tô tại Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghiệp ô tô tại Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the automotive industry in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Arbeit_Mannheim_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Arbeit_Mannheim_3.jpg/220px-Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Arbeit_Mannheim_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Arbeit_Mannheim_3.jpg/330px-Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Arbeit_Mannheim_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Arbeit_Mannheim_3.jpg/440px-Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Arbeit_Mannheim_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911" title="Porsche 911">Porsche 911</a> assembly, <a href="/wiki/Technoseum" title="Technoseum">Mannheim state museum of technology and labour</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_AutoBook_Statistics_2019.001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Germany_AutoBook_Statistics_2019.001.jpg/220px-Germany_AutoBook_Statistics_2019.001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Germany_AutoBook_Statistics_2019.001.jpg/330px-Germany_AutoBook_Statistics_2019.001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Germany_AutoBook_Statistics_2019.001.jpg/440px-Germany_AutoBook_Statistics_2019.001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>German automotive production as of 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>automotive industry in Germany,</b> is one of the largest employers in the country, with a labor force of over 857,336 (2016) working in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">industry</a>. </p><p>Being home to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile#19th_century" title="History of the automobile">modern car</a>, the German automobile industry is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has the third-highest car production in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fourth-highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">total motor vehicle production</a>. With an annual output close to six million and a 31.5% share of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (2017), German-designed cars won in the <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Car_of_the_Year" title="International Car of the Year">International Car of the Year</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Car_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="World Car of the Year">World Car of the Year</a> annual awards the most times among all countries. The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porsche_911" title="Porsche 911">Porsche 911</a> took 4th and 5th places in the <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" title="Car of the Century">Car of the Century</a> award. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886_(Replica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886_%28Replica%29.jpg/220px-Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886_%28Replica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886_%28Replica%29.jpg/330px-Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886_%28Replica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886_%28Replica%29.jpg/440px-Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886_%28Replica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a>'s 1885 <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Benz Patent Motorwagen">Patent Motorwagen</a> (replica). It is considered the world's first I.C.E.-driven car to be series-produced.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opel-Olympia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Opel-Olympia.jpg/220px-Opel-Olympia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Opel-Olympia.jpg/330px-Opel-Olympia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Opel-Olympia.jpg/440px-Opel-Olympia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Opel_Olympia" title="Opel Olympia">Opel Olympia</a> (1935–1937)</figcaption></figure> <p>Motor-car pioneers <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> (who later went on to start Mercedes-Benz) and <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Otto" title="Nicolaus Otto">Nicolaus Otto</a> developed four-stroke <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> in the late 1870s; Benz fitted his design to a coach in 1887, which led to the modern-day motor car. By 1901, Germany was producing about 900 cars a year.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926 <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a> formed from the predecessor companies of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>; it produced cars under the marque of <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>. <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, though founded in 1916, didn't start auto production until 1928. </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"> American</a> <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Brady_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Brady (economist)">Robert A. Brady</a> extensively documented the <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(economics)" title="Rationalization (economics)">rationalization</a> movement that shaped German industry in the 1920s, and although his general model of the movement applied to the automotive industry, the sector was in poor health in the later years of the 1918-1933 <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. The slow development of the German automotive industry left the German market open for major American auto-manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (which took over German company <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> in 1929) and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> (which maintained the successful German subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Ford_Germany" title="Ford Germany">Ford-Werke</a>, beginning in 1925).<sup id="cite_ref-reich_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collapse of the global economy during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the early 1930s plunged Germany's auto industry into a severe crisis. While eighty-six auto companies had existed in Germany during the 1920s, barely twelve survived the depression, including <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Germany" title="Ford Germany">Ford</a>'s factory in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. Four of the country's major car manufacturers — <a href="/wiki/Horch" title="Horch">Horch</a>, <a href="/wiki/DKW" title="DKW">Dampf Kraft Wagen</a> (DKW), <a href="/wiki/Wanderer_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanderer (car)">Wanderer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> — formed a joint venture known as the <a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a> in 1932, which would play a leading role in Germany's comeback from the depression.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The turnabout for the German motor industry came about in the mid-1930s following the election of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> to power in 1933. The Nazis instituted a policy known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorisierung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorisierung (page does not exist)">Motorisierung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorisierung" class="extiw" title="de:Motorisierung">de</a>]</span></i> ("motorization"), a transport policy which <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> himself considered a key element of attempts to legitimise the Nazi government by raising the people's <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. In addition to development and extensions of major <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> schemes (which saw the completion of the first <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> in 1935), the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> project aimed to design and construct a robust but inexpensive "people's car", the product of which was the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>, presented in 1937. A new city (known as <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> from 1945) grew up around the Volkswagen factory to house its huge workforce,<sup id="cite_ref-reich_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Volkswagen production switched to military output in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_era">Postwar era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Postwar era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1000000th_Beetle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1000000th_Beetle.jpg/220px-1000000th_Beetle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1000000th_Beetle.jpg/330px-1000000th_Beetle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1000000th_Beetle.jpg/440px-1000000th_Beetle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>The jeweled one-millionth Type 1, also named <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabant601deLuxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trabant601deLuxe.jpg/220px-Trabant601deLuxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trabant601deLuxe.jpg/330px-Trabant601deLuxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trabant601deLuxe.jpg/440px-Trabant601deLuxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Trabant" title="Trabant">Trabant</a> 601 "De Luxe Limousine"</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, most of the auto factories had been destroyed or badly damaged. In addition, the eastern part of Germany was under control of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which dismantled much of the machinery that was left and sent it back to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as war reparations. Some manufacturers, such as <a href="/wiki/Maybach" title="Maybach">Maybach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adler_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adler (automobile)">Adler (automobile)</a>, started up again, but did not continue making passenger cars. The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> production facility in <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> continued making the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> (Type 1) in 1945, a car which it had intended to make prior to the war (under the name of KdF-Wagen), except that the factory was converted to military truck production during the war. By 1955 VW had made one million <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetles</a>, and by 1965 had built 10 million, as it gained popularity on export markets as well as on the home market. Other auto manufacturers rebuilt their plants and slowly resumed production, with initial models mostly based on pre-war designs. <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> resumed production in 1946 with the pre-war–designed <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W136" title="Mercedes-Benz W136">170 series</a>. In 1951 they introduced the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W187" title="Mercedes-Benz W187">220</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Ponton" title="Mercedes-Benz Ponton">series</a>, which came with a more modern engine, and the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300" title="Mercedes-Benz 300">300 series</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> revived the pre-war cars <a href="/wiki/Opel_Olympia" title="Opel Olympia">Opel Olympia</a> in 1947 and the <a href="/wiki/Opel_Kapit%C3%A4n" title="Opel Kapitän">Opel Kapitän</a> in 1948. (Toolings for the <a href="/wiki/Opel_Kadett" title="Opel Kadett">Opel Kadett</a> were taken by the Soviets and used to make the <a href="/wiki/Moskvitch_400-420" title="Moskvitch 400-420">Moskvitch 400-420</a>., which had resumed production of trucks in 1945, began building the pre-war <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taunus" title="Ford Taunus">Ford Taunus</a> in 1948. <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> began production of their <a href="/wiki/Porsche_356" title="Porsche 356">Porsche 356</a> sports car in 1948, and replaced it with their long-lived <a href="/wiki/Porsche_911" title="Porsche 911">Porsche 911</a> in 1964 (which remains in production more than 50 years and several incarnations later). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Borgward" title="Borgward">Borgward</a> began production in 1949, and <a href="/wiki/Goliath_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliath (car)">Goliath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd (car)">Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutbrod" title="Gutbrod">Gutbrod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/DKW" title="DKW">DKW</a>) began in 1950. <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>'s first cars after the war were the luxurious <a href="/wiki/BMW_501" title="BMW 501">BMW 501</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW_502" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW 502">BMW 502</a> in 1952. In 1957 <a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke" title="NSU Motorenwerke">NSU Motorenwerke</a> re-entered the car market.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automobile manufacturers in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> after the war included <a href="/wiki/Eisenacher_Motorenwerk" title="Eisenacher Motorenwerk">Eisenacher Motorenwerk</a> (EMW), which also made the <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartburg (car)">Wartburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VEB_Sachsenring_Automobilwerke_Zwickau" class="mw-redirect" title="VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau">VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau</a>, which made the <a href="/wiki/IFA_F8" class="mw-redirect" title="IFA F8">IFA F8</a> (derived from the <a href="/wiki/DKW_F8" title="DKW F8">DKW F8</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Trabant" title="Trabant">Trabant</a>. East Germany's status as a communist country was reflecting in the relatively primitive design and refinement of these cars, although they both continued in production until the early 1990s, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of the communist rule</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. </p><p>Initial production by EMW after the war were models that were essentially pre-war <a href="/wiki/BMW_326" title="BMW 326">BMW 326</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW_327" title="BMW 327">BMW 327</a> models, as the plant in <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> was formerly owned by BMW. </p><p>During the mid-to-late 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Bubble_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble car">Bubble car</a> became popular. BMW was the largest maker, with the <a href="/wiki/BMW_Isetta" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW Isetta">BMW Isetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW_600" title="BMW 600">BMW 600</a>. Other makes included the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR175" title="Messerschmitt KR175">Messerschmitt KR175</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR200" title="Messerschmitt KR200">KR200</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_Kabine" title="Heinkel Kabine">Heinkel Kabine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCndapp_Janus" title="Zündapp Janus">Zündapp Janus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microcars" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcars">Microcars</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Glas_(company)" title="Glas (company)">Glas</a> <a href="/wiki/Goggomobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Goggomobile">Goggomobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW_700" title="BMW 700">BMW 700</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_600" title="Lloyd 600">Lloyd 600</a> also were popular. However, the "Bubble car" concept had been abandoned by 1970. </p><p>In the late-1950s, BMW developed financial difficulties and control of the company was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Quandt_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Quandt family">Quandt family</a>. BMW acquired <a href="/wiki/Glas_(company)" title="Glas (company)">Glas</a> in 1966. In 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Borgward" title="Borgward">Borgward</a> auto group, including Goliath and Lloyd went out of business. In 1958 Auto Union was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Mercedes-Benz Group">Daimler AG</a>, but then, in turn, it was sold in stages from 1964 to 1966 to <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen AG</a> (at which time the DKW marque was ended and the <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> name was resurrected). In 1969, Volkswagen AG acquired <a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke" title="NSU Motorenwerke">NSU Motorenwerke</a> (developer of the <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a>) and merged it with Auto Union, but the NSU nameplate disappeared by 1977 when production of the <a href="/wiki/Ro80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro80">Ro80</a> rotary-engine saloon (<a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> on its launch 10 years earlier) was stopped largely due to disappointing sales and a poor reputation for reliability. </p><p>Ford merged its <a href="/wiki/Ford_Germany" title="Ford Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">British</a> operations in 1967, with the intention of producing identical cars at its German and British factories. Ford had also opened a factory at <a href="/wiki/Genk" title="Genk">Genk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, in 1963. In 1976, it also opened a factory in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, where production of the new <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fiesta" title="Ford Fiesta">Fiesta</a> supermini (the first Ford of this size to be built in any country) was concentrated. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)" title="Ford Escort (Europe)">Escort</a>, launched in 1967, was the first new Ford to be produced at both the German and British factories. At the beginning of 1969, Ford launched a new sporting coupe, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Capri" title="Ford Capri">Capri</a>, which like the Escort was produced throughout Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taunus" title="Ford Taunus">Taunus</a> of 1970 made use of the same basic design as the British <a href="/wiki/Ford_Cortina" title="Ford Cortina">Cortina MK3</a>, but had slightly different exterior styling, although those styling differences were ironed out with the launch of the 1976 Taunus. Ford's new flagship model, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Granada_(Europe)" title="Ford Granada (Europe)">Granada</a>, was built in Britain, Germany and Spain from the beginning of 1972, although British production was withdrawn after a few years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0020,_Wolfsburg,_VW_Autowerk,_K%C3%A4fer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0020%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0020%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0020%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0020%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0020%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0020%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> as of 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audi_100_Coup%C3%A9_S_(C1)_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_27._April_2011,_Velbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audi_100_Coup%C3%A9_S_%28C1%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_27._April_2011%2C_Velbert.jpg/220px-Audi_100_Coup%C3%A9_S_%28C1%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_27._April_2011%2C_Velbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audi_100_Coup%C3%A9_S_%28C1%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_27._April_2011%2C_Velbert.jpg/330px-Audi_100_Coup%C3%A9_S_%28C1%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_27._April_2011%2C_Velbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audi_100_Coup%C3%A9_S_%28C1%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_27._April_2011%2C_Velbert.jpg/440px-Audi_100_Coup%C3%A9_S_%28C1%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_27._April_2011%2C_Velbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Audi_100" title="Audi 100">Audi 100</a> Coupe S (C1) </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Automotive industry in Germany">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Volkswagen was faced with major financial difficulties in the early 1970s; with its aging Beetle still selling strongly all over the world but its newer models had been less successful. However, the company then enjoyed a revival with the arrival of the popular <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" title="Volkswagen Passat">Passat</a> in 1973, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a> in 1974 and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo</a> in 1975 - all of these cars featured the new front-wheel drive hatchback layout which was enjoying a rise in popularity across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> after first being patented by <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Renault_16" title="Renault 16">R16</a> in 1965. The Polo was Volkswagen's new entry-level model, and was aimed directly at modern small hatchbacks like the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_127" title="Fiat 127">Fiat 127</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault 5</a>. The mid-range Golf was seen as the car to eventually replace the Beetle, and was easily the first popular hatchback of this size in Europe, leading to most leading carmakers having a similar-sized hatchback by the early 1980s. Production of the Beetle finished in Germany in 1978, although it continued to be produced in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> until 2003, with a small number of models being imported to Germany and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during its final 25 years. The Passat was marketed as a more advanced alternative to traditional larger saloon cars like the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taunus" title="Ford Taunus">Ford Taunus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ford_Cortina" title="Ford Cortina">Cortina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opel_Ascona" title="Opel Ascona">Opel Ascona</a> (sold in Britain from 1975 as the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier" title="Vauxhall Cavalier">Vauxhall Cavalier</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">Renault 12</a>. </p><p>The Scirocco coupe of 1974 was also a success in the smaller sports car market, competing against the likes of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Capri" title="Ford Capri">Ford Capri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opel_Manta" title="Opel Manta">Opel Manta</a>. Its partner company Audi also enjoyed an upturn thanks to the success of its 100 range (launched in 1968) and the smaller 80 (launched in 1972 and voted European Car of the Year). Both of the new Audi models featured front-wheel drive. The Volkswagen Polo was in fact a rebadged version of the <a href="/wiki/Audi_50" title="Audi 50">Audi 50</a>, but the Audi original was a slower seller than the Volkswagen that it spawned and was only available in certain markets. </p><p>Volkswagen and Audi both enjoyed a growing rise in popularity in overseas markets during the 1970s and this continued throughout the 1980s. Audi launched a well-received large saloon model, the <a href="/wiki/Audi_100" title="Audi 100">Audi 100</a>, in 1968, and followed this four years later with the smaller <a href="/wiki/Audi_80" title="Audi 80">Audi 80</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> award for 1973. In 1980, Audi moved into the sports car market with its front-wheel drive <a href="/wiki/Audi_Coupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi Coupe">Coupe</a> and the four-wheel drive, high-performance version, the <a href="/wiki/Audi_Quattro" title="Audi Quattro">Quattro</a>. The Quattro four-wheel drive system was later adopted on Audi's saloon models. </p><p>During the 1970s and early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> integrated Opel with the British <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a> brand so that designs were shared with the only difference being the names. Faced with fierce competition from up-to-date designs from Volkswagen, General Motors moved to a front-wheel drive hatchback in 1979 with the latest version of the Opel Kadett, followed in 1981 by new Ascona (which retained the Vauxhall Cavalier name for the British market). In 1982 it opened a new plant <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, to produce the new <a href="/wiki/Opel_Corsa" title="Opel Corsa">Opel Corsa</a> supermini; this car was later imported to Britain as the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauxhall Nova">Vauxhall Nova</a>. Production of the Kadett/Astra and Ascona/Cavalier models was divided between factories in Germany, Belgium, Spain and Britain. The <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Carlton" title="Vauxhall Carlton">Vauxhall Carlton</a> was briefly built in Britain from its 1978 launch, but within a few years production was fully concentrated in Germany, where it was built alongside the identical <a href="/wiki/Opel_Rekord" title="Opel Rekord">Opel Rekord</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_and_1990s">1980s and 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s and 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1990-1991_BMW_318is_(E30)_2-door_sedan_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/1990-1991_BMW_318is_%28E30%29_2-door_sedan_02.jpg/220px-1990-1991_BMW_318is_%28E30%29_2-door_sedan_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/1990-1991_BMW_318is_%28E30%29_2-door_sedan_02.jpg/330px-1990-1991_BMW_318is_%28E30%29_2-door_sedan_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/1990-1991_BMW_318is_%28E30%29_2-door_sedan_02.jpg/440px-1990-1991_BMW_318is_%28E30%29_2-door_sedan_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BMW_3_Series_(E30)" title="BMW 3 Series (E30)">BMW 3 Series (E30)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_W202_front_20071228.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mercedes_W202_front_20071228.jpg/220px-Mercedes_W202_front_20071228.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mercedes_W202_front_20071228.jpg/330px-Mercedes_W202_front_20071228.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mercedes_W202_front_20071228.jpg/440px-Mercedes_W202_front_20071228.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W202)" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W202)">Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W202)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The final version of the Opel Kadett was voted <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> on its launch in 1984, as was the Opel Rekord's successor – the <a href="/wiki/Opel_Omega" title="Opel Omega">Omega</a> – two years afterwards. The Ascona's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Opel_Vectra" title="Opel Vectra">Vectra</a> (still the Vauxhall Cavalier in Britain), was launched in 1988, but missed out of the European Car of the Year accolade to the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tipo_(Type_160)" title="Fiat Tipo (Type 160)">Fiat Tipo</a>. </p><p>With the radical changes in car design that took place throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s, Ford responded by substantially altering its model line-up. After launching the Fiesta supermini in 1976, it switched to front-wheel drive and a hatchback on the MK3 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)" title="Ford Escort (Europe)">Escort</a> on its launch in 1980, and opted to replace the Taunus/Cortina with the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Sierra" title="Ford Sierra">Sierra</a> in 1982 - abandoning the hugely popular saloon format for an aerodynamic hatchback, although a saloon version was added in 1987. In 1983, Ford had also responded to the continuing demand for family saloons by launching the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Orion" title="Ford Orion">Orion</a>, the saloon version of the Escort. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Scorpio" title="Ford Scorpio">Scorpio</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Granada_(Europe)" title="Ford Granada (Europe)">Granada</a> as Ford's European flagship in 1985, and was solely produced at the <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> plant in Germany. The Scorpio was originally available only as a hatchback, and despite its popularity, Ford eventually expanded the Scorpio range by launching a saloon model in 1990 and an estate model in 1992. The declining demand for sporting coupes led to Ford's decision not to directly replace the Capri, which was discontinued after 1986. </p><p>After its rejuvenation during the 1970s, VW modernised its model ranges during the first half of the 1980s and continued to enjoy strong sales in Germany and most other European markets. The Polo, Passat and Scirocco all entered their second generation during 1981, and the MK2 Golf was launched in 1983. A saloon version of the MK1 Golf, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" title="Volkswagen Jetta">Jetta</a>, had been available since 1979, and the MK2 Jetta was launched in 1984. 1988 saw the launch of the MK3 Passat and a new coupe, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Corrado" title="Volkswagen Corrado">Corrado</a>, which was produced alongside the Scirocco until the older car's demise in 1992. </p><p>The VW Polo was updated in 1990, an all-new model finally arriving in 1994, and the MK3 Golf was voted <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> shortly after its launch in 1991. The saloon version of the MK3 Golf, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Vento" title="Volkswagen Vento">Vento</a>, was launched in 1992. The Passat was updated in 1993 before an all-new model was launched in 1996. The Corrado was discontinued in 1996 without an immediate replacement. VW moved into the MPV market with the Sharan in 1995, built in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> as part of a venture with Ford, which produced the identical Galaxy. A new Beetle, with front-wheel drive and a front-mounted engine, was launched in 1998, but like the later versions of the original model it was produced in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> rather than Germany. The MK4 Golf was launched in late 1997, and joined a year later by a saloon version, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora" title="Volkswagen Bora">Bora</a>. </p><p>BMW and Mercedes-Benz remained committed to rear-wheel drive on its saloons and booted coupes during these years. BMW, however, developed its model ranges more comprehensively in the 1980s and early 1990s. The original <a href="/wiki/BMW_3_Series" title="BMW 3 Series">BMW 3 Series</a>, launched in 1975, was sold as a two-door saloon or cabriolet. The second generation model launched in 1982, however, was eventually available also as a four-door saloon and five-door estate, and during the 1990s the third generation model range eventually included a three-door hatchback as well. The <a href="/wiki/BMW_5_Series" title="BMW 5 Series">BMW 5 Series</a>, the mid-range model launched in 1972, was only sold as a four-door saloon for its first two generations, but a third generation model was available as an estate from 1991. </p><p>The West of Germany was far more technically advanced in comparison with the East (more than 4.5 million against 200,000 annual production of auto vehicles in the 1980s), with the divide ending with <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990. </p><p>During the 1980s and 1990s, the German auto industry engaged in major acquisitions and international expansion all over the world. Besides of direct export, German manufacturers found or bought plants in European, Asian, Latin American countries and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> even. Auto industry of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, some post-socialist East European countries gained by German investments in a significant share. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> set up a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Automotive_Industry_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation">Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation</a> in 1984 (named <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Volkswagen_Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive">Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive</a>), and in 1990 established <a href="/wiki/FAW-Volkswagen" title="FAW-Volkswagen">FAW-Volkswagen</a> to produce VWs and Audis in China. VW also acquired <a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1986 and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in 1991, improving the model ranges of these manufacturers and helping increase their market share significantly across Europe. Volkswagen had even shifted Polo production to a SEAT factory in Spain after its acquisition of SEAT, and the 1993 <a href="/wiki/SEAT_Ibiza" title="SEAT Ibiza">SEAT Ibiza</a> formed the basis for the following year's new Polo. </p><p>VW also made use of its components across the different marques; for instance, by the year 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Floorplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Floorplan">floorplan</a> of the Volkswagen Golf for instance had spawned the <a href="/wiki/Audi_A3" title="Audi A3">Audi A3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audi_TT" title="Audi TT">Audi TT</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEAT_Toledo" title="SEAT Toledo">SEAT Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seat_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat Leon">Seat Leon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skoda_Octavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Skoda Octavia">Skoda Octavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora" title="Volkswagen Bora">Volkswagen Bora</a>. </p><p>By the end of the 1990s, VW moved into the luxury and supercar end of the market and acquired <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> of Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Bugatti" title="Bugatti">Bugatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a> marques from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. </p><p>Ford had concentrated <a href="/wiki/Ford_Sierra" title="Ford Sierra">Sierra</a> production in Belgium rather than Germany and Britain from the end of the 1980s, and its successor - the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mondeo" title="Ford Mondeo">Mondeo</a> - was solely produced in Belgium when it went into production around the end of 1992. The Escort remained in production throughout Europe until 2000, although its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Focus" title="Ford Focus">Focus</a>, launched in 1998, was only produced in Germany for European buyers. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Scorpio" title="Ford Scorpio">Scorpio</a> was discontinued in 1998 and not directly replaced, with Ford instead directing potential Scorpio buyers to high-specification versions of the smaller Mondeo. The Scorpio's demise occurred around the same time that Ford took over <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a>, which already had a strong presence in the executive car market, while Ford had taken over British luxury carmaker <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a> in 1989 and was about to launch the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_S-Type_(1999)" title="Jaguar S-Type (1999)">Jaguar S-Type</a>. </p><p>At the beginning of 1990s, Ford and Volkswagen agreed to a venture to produce an MPV together at the same factory with the same basic design. The result of this venture was the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Galaxy" title="Ford Galaxy">Ford Galaxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan" title="Volkswagen Sharan">Volkswagen Sharan</a>, but these vehicles were produced in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> rather than Germany from their launch in 1995. They were joined a year later by the <a href="/wiki/SEAT_Alhambra" title="SEAT Alhambra">SEAT Alhambra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Volkswagen_Golf_(5G_MY17)_1.4_SE_TSI_hatchback_(2017-08-30).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2017_Volkswagen_Golf_%285G_MY17%29_1.4_SE_TSI_hatchback_%282017-08-30%29.jpg/220px-2017_Volkswagen_Golf_%285G_MY17%29_1.4_SE_TSI_hatchback_%282017-08-30%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2017_Volkswagen_Golf_%285G_MY17%29_1.4_SE_TSI_hatchback_%282017-08-30%29.jpg/330px-2017_Volkswagen_Golf_%285G_MY17%29_1.4_SE_TSI_hatchback_%282017-08-30%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2017_Volkswagen_Golf_%285G_MY17%29_1.4_SE_TSI_hatchback_%282017-08-30%29.jpg/440px-2017_Volkswagen_Golf_%285G_MY17%29_1.4_SE_TSI_hatchback_%282017-08-30%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption>2017 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf VII">Volkswagen Golf VII</a>, manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_BMW_i3_facelift_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2018_BMW_i3_facelift_%281%29.jpg/220px-2018_BMW_i3_facelift_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2018_BMW_i3_facelift_%281%29.jpg/330px-2018_BMW_i3_facelift_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2018_BMW_i3_facelift_%281%29.jpg/440px-2018_BMW_i3_facelift_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2829" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a>, third most sold <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> worldwide from 2014 to 2016<sup id="cite_ref-Top10PEVs2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMWi3Top2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMWi3Top2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Top2015Global_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Top2015Global-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> acquired the British <a href="/wiki/Rover_Group" title="Rover Group">Rover Group</a> in 1994, but large losses led to its sale in 2000. However, BMW retained the <a href="/wiki/Mini_(marque)" title="Mini (marque)">Mini (marque)</a> name for a line of new cars, all built in Britain from 2001. During the 1990s, BMW opened a production facility for <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUVs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spartanburg_County,_South_Carolina" title="Spartanburg County, South Carolina">Spartanburg County, South Carolina</a>. BMW also acquired the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce Motor Cars</a> name, effective as of 2003, and in the same year established a joint venture in China named <a href="/wiki/BMW_Brilliance" title="BMW Brilliance">BMW Brilliance</a>. Daimler-Benz entered into what was initially called a "merger of equals" with <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Corporation">Chrysler Corporation</a> in 1998. However, cultural differences and operating losses led to its dissolution in 2007, although Daimler-Benz kept Chrysler's Chinese joint venture, renamed <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Benz" title="Beijing Benz">Beijing Benz</a>. The company also launched the <a href="/wiki/Smart_(marque)" title="Smart (marque)">Smart</a> in 1998 and relaunched the <a href="/wiki/Maybach" title="Maybach">Maybach</a> brand in 2002. In addition, during the 1990s they opened a production facility for SUVs in <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa County, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 July 2012, Volkswagen AG announced a deal with Porsche resulting in VW's full ownership of Porsche on 1 August 2012. The deal was classified as a restructuring rather than a takeover due to the transfer of a single share as part of the deal. Volkswagen AG paid Porsche shareholders $5.61 billion for the remaining 50.1% it did not own.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, five German companies and seven marques dominate the automotive industry in the country: <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen AG">Volkswagen AG</a> (and subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>), <a href="/wiki/BMW_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW AG">BMW AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Opel_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Opel AG">Adam Opel AG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Germany" title="Ford Germany">Ford-Werke GmbH</a>. Nearly six million vehicles were produced in Germany in 2014 though that fell to 3.7 million by 2020, and approximately 5.5 million are produced overseas by German brands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, Germany is one of the top 4 automobile manufacturers in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Volkswagen Group is one of the three biggest automotive companies in the world (along with <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> and its <a href="/wiki/GM_Voltec_powertrain" title="GM Voltec powertrain">GM Voltec powertrain</a> Technology were invented and developed first and foremost by the former German <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> engineer Frank Weber and some of the most important parts of the development of GM's electric vehicles is done in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 2019 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Inc.">Tesla Inc.</a> announced the construction of its first European "<a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg">Gigafactory</a>" (a car battery production facility, as referred to by Tesla CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnheide" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünheide">Grünheide</a> near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. It will initially have over 4,000 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All new automobiles sold in Germany must be <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">zero-emission vehicles</a> from 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, Volkswagen announced they would make a joint venture with electric car maker <a href="/wiki/Rivian" title="Rivian">Rivian</a>, a competitor of Tesla.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants">Plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Werk_Sindelfingen_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Werk_Sindelfingen_aerial.jpg/220px-Werk_Sindelfingen_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Werk_Sindelfingen_aerial.jpg/330px-Werk_Sindelfingen_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Werk_Sindelfingen_aerial.jpg/440px-Werk_Sindelfingen_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Mercedes-Benz plant in <a href="/wiki/Sindelfingen" title="Sindelfingen">Sindelfingen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Automotive plants in Germany:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baden-Württemberg"><span id="Baden-W.C3.BCrttemberg"></span>Baden-Württemberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baden-Württemberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affalterbach" title="Affalterbach">Affalterbach</a>: Mercedes-AMG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaggenau" title="Gaggenau">Gaggenau</a>: Mercedes-Benz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorch_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Lorch (Württemberg)">Lorch</a>: Binz custom vehicles (Mercedes-Benz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>: Mercedes-Benz, Setra, truck engines, EvoBus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckarsulm" title="Neckarsulm">Neckarsulm</a>: Audi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a>: Mercedes-Benz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindelfingen" title="Sindelfingen">Sindelfingen</a>: Mercedes-Benz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>: Mercedes-Benz, Porsche</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>: Mercedes-Benz, <a href="/wiki/Magirus" title="Magirus">Magirus</a> firefighting vehicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weissach" title="Weissach">Weissach</a>: Porsche</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bavaria">Bavaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bavaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftaufnahme_BMW_Group_Werk_Dingolfing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Luftaufnahme_BMW_Group_Werk_Dingolfing.jpg/220px-Luftaufnahme_BMW_Group_Werk_Dingolfing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Luftaufnahme_BMW_Group_Werk_Dingolfing.jpg/330px-Luftaufnahme_BMW_Group_Werk_Dingolfing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Luftaufnahme_BMW_Group_Werk_Dingolfing.jpg/440px-Luftaufnahme_BMW_Group_Werk_Dingolfing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3309" /></a><figcaption>BMW Group Plant <a href="/wiki/Dingolfing" title="Dingolfing">Dingolfing</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingolfing" title="Dingolfing">Dingolfing</a>: <a href="/wiki/BMW_Group_Plant_Dingolfing" title="BMW Group Plant Dingolfing">BMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a>: Audi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>: BMW, <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neu-Ulm" title="Neu-Ulm">Neu-Ulm</a>: Mercedes-Benz, <a href="/wiki/Setra" title="Setra">Setra</a>, <a href="/wiki/EvoBus" class="mw-redirect" title="EvoBus">EvoBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>: MAN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfaffenhausen" title="Pfaffenhausen">Pfaffenhausen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ruf_Automobile" title="Ruf Automobile">RUF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>: BMW</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brandenburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG/220px-Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG/330px-Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG/440px-Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tesla Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnheide_(Mark)" title="Grünheide (Mark)">Grünheide</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigsfelde" title="Ludwigsfelde">Ludwigsfelde</a>: Mercedes-Benz</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rhineland-Palatinate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a>: Opel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rth_am_Rhein" title="Wörth am Rhein">Wörth am Rhein</a>: Mercedes-Benz, <a href="/wiki/Unimog" title="Unimog">Unimog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saxony">Saxony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Saxony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>: Volkswagen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>: Volkswagen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: BMW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: Porsche</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a>: <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Zwickau-Mosel_Plant" title="Volkswagen Zwickau-Mosel Plant">Volkswagen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thuringia">Thuringia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Thuringia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Opel_Eisenach" title="Opel Eisenach">Opel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lleda" title="Kölleda">Kölleda</a>: Mercedes-Benz</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg/220px-Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg/330px-Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg/440px-Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Saxony">Lower Saxony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lower Saxony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford-Werke_K%C3%B6ln-Merkenich-0320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ford-Werke_K%C3%B6ln-Merkenich-0320.jpg/220px-Ford-Werke_K%C3%B6ln-Merkenich-0320.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ford-Werke_K%C3%B6ln-Merkenich-0320.jpg/330px-Ford-Werke_K%C3%B6ln-Merkenich-0320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ford-Werke_K%C3%B6ln-Merkenich-0320.jpg/440px-Ford-Werke_K%C3%B6ln-Merkenich-0320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption>Ford Factory in Cologne</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opel_R%C3%BCsselsheim_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Opel_R%C3%BCsselsheim_Factory.jpg/220px-Opel_R%C3%BCsselsheim_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Opel_R%C3%BCsselsheim_Factory.jpg/330px-Opel_R%C3%BCsselsheim_Factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Opel_R%C3%BCsselsheim_Factory.jpg/440px-Opel_R%C3%BCsselsheim_Factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Opel Factory in Rüsselsheim</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>: Volkswagen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>: Porsche, Volkswagen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>: Volkswagen, Porsche</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>: MAN heavy trucks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>: Volkswagen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">Volkswagen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: North Rhine-Westphalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>: Mercedes-Benz, EvoBus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>: Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Body_%26_Assembly" title="Cologne Body & Assembly">Ford</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_the_country">Rest of the country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rest of the country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>: Mercedes-Benz</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heyda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heyda (page does not exist)">Heyda</a>: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Automotive" class="extiw" title="de:AC Automotive">AC Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rüsselsheim">Rüsselsheim</a>: Opel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarlouis" title="Saarlouis">Saarlouis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saarlouis_Body_%26_Assembly" title="Saarlouis Body & Assembly">Ford</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">List of automobile manufacturers of Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/EN/Invest/Industries/Mobility/automotive.html">Germany – The World’s Automotive Hub of Innovation</a>, Germany Trade & Invest, Ernst & Young European Automotive Survey 2013, retrieved 25 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statisticbrain.com/cars-produced-in-the-world/">Total Cars Produced In The World</a> (accessed February 16, 2014). Data source is from <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles</a> ("OICA"); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/">production statistics</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2012-statistics/">2012 statistics</a>, oica.net (accessed February 16, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125191322/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/german/lj/cultural_notes/car_industry.shtml">"The German Car Industry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/german/lj/cultural_notes/car_industry.shtml">the original</a> on 25 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+German+Car+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flanguages%2Fgerman%2Flj%2Fcultural_notes%2Fcar_industry.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reich-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reich_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reich_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1990" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Simon (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fruitsoffascismp00reic/page/25">"Volkswagen and the State"</a>. <i>The Fruits of Fascism: Postwar Prosperity in Historical Perspective</i>. New York: Cornell University. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fruitsoffascismp00reic/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9729-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9729-9"><bdi>0-8014-9729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volkswagen+and+the+State&rft.btitle=The+Fruits+of+Fascism%3A+Postwar+Prosperity+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8014-9729-9&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffruitsoffascismp00reic%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelshauser2005" class="citation book cs1">Abelshauser, Werner (2005). <i>The Dynamics of German Industry: Germany's Path Toward the New Economy and the American Challenge</i>. Germany: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84545-072-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84545-072-8"><bdi>1-84545-072-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+German+Industry%3A+Germany%27s+Path+Toward+the+New+Economy+and+the+American+Challenge&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84545-072-8&rft.aulast=Abelshauser&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sachs" title="Wolfgang Sachs">Sachs, Wolfgang</a> (1992) [1984]. "The Motorised <i>Volksgemeinschaft</i> (1933-1945)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGx2wcTxj9UC"><i>For Love of the Automobile: Looking Back Into the History of Our Desires</i></a>. Translated by Reneau, Don. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520068780" title="Special:BookSources/9780520068780"><bdi>9780520068780</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] from 1940 on, the assembly lines at Wolfsburg were producing jeeps [ <a href="/wiki/VW_K%C3%BCbelwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="VW Kübelwagen">Kübelwagens</a> ], the Volkswagen's military brother.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Motorised+Volksgemeinschaft+%281933-1945%29&rft.btitle=For+Love+of+the+Automobile%3A+Looking+Back+Into+the+History+of+Our+Desires&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780520068780&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGx2wcTxj9UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbye1987" class="citation book cs1">Norbye, Jan P. (1987). <i>The Complete History of the German Car</i>. Portland House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517641804" title="Special:BookSources/9780517641804"><bdi>9780517641804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+History+of+the+German+Car&rft.pub=Portland+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780517641804&rft.aulast=Norbye&rft.aufirst=Jan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckermann2001" class="citation book cs1">Eckermann, Erik (2001). <i>World History of the Automobile</i>. Society of Automotive Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768008005" title="Special:BookSources/9780768008005"><bdi>9780768008005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+of+the+Automobile&rft.pub=Society+of+Automotive+Engineers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780768008005&rft.aulast=Eckermann&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Top10PEVs2016_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Top10PEVs2016</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-BMWi3Top2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMWi3Top2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>BMWi3Top2014</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Top2015Global-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Top2015Global_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Top2015Global</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/volkswagen-aktiengesellschaft-history/">"Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft History"</a>. fundinguniverse.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+Aktiengesellschaft+History&rft.pub=fundinguniverse.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundinguniverse.com%2Fcompany-histories%2Fvolkswagen-aktiengesellschaft-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/bayerische-motoren-werke-ag-history/">"Bayerische Motoren Werke AG History"</a>. fundinguniverse.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry" title="Template talk:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_by_country" title="Automotive industry by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt" title="Automotive industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Kenya" title="Automotive industry in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco" title="Automotive industry in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Automotive industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Automotive industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Africa" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Africa">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_China" title="List of automobile manufacturers of China">manufacturers list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_manufacturers_and_brands_of_China" title="Automobile manufacturers and brands of China">manufacturers detailed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_India" title="List of automobile manufacturers of India">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Japan" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Japan">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia" title="Automotive industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Malaysia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Malaysia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_South_Korea" title="List of automobile manufacturers of South Korea">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_automakers" title="List of Taiwanese automakers">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan" title="Automotive industry in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Asia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Asia">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus" title="Automotive industry in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bulgaria" title="Automotive industry in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Croatia" title="Automotive industry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Automotive industry in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the Czech Republic">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_France" title="List of automobile manufacturers of France">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Hungary" title="Automotive industry in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ireland" title="Automotive industry in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Italy" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Italy">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Poland" title="Automotive industry in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Poland" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Poland">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Russia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Slovakia" title="Automotive industry in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_automobiles" title="List of Spanish automobiles">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Sweden" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Sweden">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ukraine" title="Automotive industry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Europe" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Europe">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Canada" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Canada">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the United States">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Argentina" title="Automotive industry in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Argentina" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Argentina">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Brazil" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Australia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Australia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Automotive industry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_sales_by_model" title="List of automobile sales by model">Automobile sales by model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">Best-selling automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">Countries by motor vehicle production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">Countries by vehicles per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manufacturers_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production">Top manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010">Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">History of the automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle" title="History of the motorcycle">History of the motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_motor_vehicle_brands" title="Timeline of motor vehicle brands">Timeline of motor vehicle brands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers">Automobile manufacturers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_brands" title="List of car brands">marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_by_parent_company" title="List of automobile manufacturers by parent company">by parent company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bus_manufacturers" title="Category:Bus manufacturers">Bus manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="List of motorcycle manufacturers">Motorcycle manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_truck_manufacturers" title="List of truck manufacturers">Truck manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_automotive_manufacturing_groups" title="Minor automotive manufacturing groups">Minor automotive manufacturing groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Standardisation_of_Automation_and_Measuring_Systems" title="Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems">Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_shows_and_motor_shows_by_continent" title="List of auto shows and motor shows by continent">Auto and motor shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_time" title="Drive time">Drive time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facelift_(automotive)" title="Facelift (automotive)">Facelift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebadging" title="Rebadging">Rebadging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_badge-engineered_vehicles" title="List of badge-engineered vehicles">list of vehicles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debadging" title="Debadging">Debadging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_automotive_terms" title="Glossary of automotive terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry" title="Category:Automotive industry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automotive industry">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_automobile-related_articles" title="Lists of automobile-related articles">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Template:Automotive industry in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Automotive industry in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automotive industry in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_companies_of_Germany" title="Category:Automotive companies of Germany">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">Active <br />vehicle <br />producers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Automobil" title="Apollo Automobil">Apollo Automobil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiways#Gumpert_Aiways_Automobile" title="Aiways">Gumpert Aiways Automobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artega_Automobile" title="Artega Automobile">Artega Automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMW_i" title="BMW i">BMW i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_Motorrad" title="BMW Motorrad">BMW Motorrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Truck" title="Daimler Truck">Daimler Truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Buses" title="Daimler Buses">Daimler Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setra" title="Setra">Setra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaris" title="Elaris">Elaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krauss-Maffei_Wegmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Krauss-Maffei Wegmann">Krauss-Maffei Wegmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isdera" title="Isdera">Isdera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotec" title="Lotec">Lotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Mercedes-Benz Group">Mercedes-Benz Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_(marque)" title="Smart (marque)">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybach" title="Maybach">Maybach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall" title="Rheinmetall">Rheinmetall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall_MAN_Military_Vehicles" title="Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles">RMMV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruf_Automobile" title="Ruf Automobile">Ruf Automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horch" title="Horch">Horch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAN_Truck_%26_Bus" title="MAN Truck & Bus">MAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoplan" title="Neoplan">Neoplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall_MAN_Military_Vehicles" title="Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles">RMMV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles">Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesmann">Wiesmann</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foreign_owned" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Automobil" title="Apollo Automobil">Apollo Automobil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiways#Gumpert_Aiways_Automobile" title="Aiways">Gumpert Aiways Automobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Europe" title="Ford of Europe">Ford of Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Germany" title="Ford Germany">Ford-Werke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magirus" title="Magirus">Magirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Europe" title="Hyundai Motor Europe">Hyundai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany#Former_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">Defunct <br />vehicle <br />producers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_(cars_and_motorcycle)" title="Adler (cars and motorcycle)">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobilwerk_Eisenach" title="Automobilwerk Eisenach">Automobilwerk Eisenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijah_Automotive" title="Baijah Automotive">Baijah Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_(automobiles)" title="Beaufort (automobiles)">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgward" title="Borgward">Borgward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgward_Group" title="Borgward Group">Borgward Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennabor" title="Brennabor">Brennabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCtsch" title="Brütsch">Brütsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCssing" title="Büssing">Büssing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKW" title="DKW">DKW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelsbrunner_Automobile_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Edelsbrunner Automobile München">Edelsbrunner Automobile München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrhardt-Szawe" title="Ehrhardt-Szawe">Ehrhardt-Szawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenacher_Motorenwerk" title="Eisenacher Motorenwerk">Eisenacher Motorenwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuldamobil" title="Fuldamobil">Fuldamobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glas_(company)" title="Glas (company)">Glas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goggomobil" title="Goggomobil">Goggomobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath_(company)" title="Goliath (company)">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutbrod" title="Gutbrod">Gutbrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartge" title="Hartge">Hartge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanomag#Cars" title="Hanomag">Hanomag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansa (car)">Hansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horch" title="Horch">Horch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kersting-Modellbauwerkst%C3%A4tten" title="Kersting-Modellbauwerkstätten">Kersting-Modellbauwerkstätten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleinschnittger" title="Kleinschnittger">Kleinschnittger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BChlstein" title="Kühlstein">Kühlstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loremo" title="Loremo">Loremo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markranst%C3%A4dter_Automobilfabrik" title="Markranstädter Automobilfabrik">Markranstädter Automobilfabrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkus" title="Melkus">Melkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurer-Union" title="Maurer-Union">Maurer-Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Automobil_Gesellschaft" title="Neue Automobil Gesellschaft">Neue Automobil Gesellschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Automobile_and_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="North German Automobile and Engine">North German Automobile and Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke" title="NSU Motorenwerke">NSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protos_of_Nonnendamm" title="Protos of Nonnendamm">Protos of Nonnendamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selve" title="Selve">Selve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simson_(company)" title="Simson (company)">Simson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steiger_(automobile_company)" title="Steiger (automobile company)">Steiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoewer" title="Stoewer">Stoewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(automobile)" title="Tempo (automobile)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_(automobile)" title="Veritas (automobile)">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanderer (car)">Wanderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCndapp" title="Zündapp">Zündapp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATR_(company)" title="ATR (company)">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosch_(company)" title="Bosch (company)">Bosch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETAS_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="ETAS Group">ETAS Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4xlmaier_Group" title="Dräxlmaier Group">Dräxlmaier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrr_Group" title="Dürr Group">Dürr Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eibach_(company)" title="Eibach (company)">Eibach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getrag" title="Getrag">Getrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%26R_(company)" title="H&R (company)">H&R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hella_(company)" title="Hella (company)">Hella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Peters" title="Hermann Peters">Hermann Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HQM_Sachsenring_GmbH" title="HQM Sachsenring GmbH">HQM Sachsenring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KW_Automotive" title="KW Automotive">KW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6we_Automobil" title="Löwe Automobil">Löwe Automobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahle_GmbH" title="Mahle GmbH">Mahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahle_Behr" title="Mahle Behr">Mahle Behr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%2BHummel" title="Mann+Hummel">Mann+Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petri_AG" title="Petri AG">Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renk" title="Renk">Renk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall_Automotive" title="Rheinmetall Automotive">Rheinmetall Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaeffler_Group" title="Schaeffler Group">Schaeffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voith" title="Voith">Voith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF_Friedrichshafen" title="ZF Friedrichshafen">ZF Friedrichshafen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZF_Sachs" title="ZF Sachs">ZF Sachs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorsport <br />and<br />tuners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9ff" title="9ff">9ff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abt_Sportsline" title="Abt Sportsline">Abt Sportsline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_Schnitzer" title="AC Schnitzer">AC Schnitzer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schnitzer_Motorsport" title="Schnitzer Motorsport">Schnitzer Motorsport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpina" title="Alpina">Alpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_Performance_and_Racing" title="Audi Performance and Racing">APR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_Sport_GmbH" title="Audi Sport GmbH">Audi Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-AMG" title="Mercedes-AMG">AMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBS_Autotechnik" title="BBS Autotechnik">BBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter Cars">Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabus" title="Brabus">Brabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_M" title="BMW M">BMW M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsson_(car_company)" title="Carlsson (car company)">Carlsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinan_Cars" title="Dinan Cars">Dinan Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Power" title="G-Power">G-Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemballa" title="Gemballa">Gemballa</a></li> <li>Kleemann</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorinser" title="Lorinser">Lorinser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotec" title="Lotec">Lotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamann_Motorsport" title="Hamann Motorsport">Hamann Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartge" title="Hartge">Hartge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofele-Design" title="Hofele-Design">Hofele-Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HWA_Team" title="HWA Team">HWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmscher" title="Irmscher">Irmscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joest_Racing" title="Joest Racing">Joest Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karosserie_Baur" title="Karosserie Baur">Karosserie Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenig_Specials" title="Koenig Specials">Koenig Specials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansory" title="Mansory">Mansory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkus" title="Melkus">Melkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-Motorsport" title="MK-Motorsport">MK-Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoren_Technik_Mayer" title="Motoren Technik Mayer">Motoren Technik Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitec_Group" title="Novitec Group">Novitec Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opel_Performance_Center" title="Opel Performance Center">Opel Performance Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renntech" title="Renntech">Renntech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieger_Tuning" title="Rieger Tuning">Rieger Tuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowe_Racing" title="Rowe Racing">Rowe Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruf_Automobile" title="Ruf Automobile">Ruf Automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schubert_Motorsport" title="Schubert Motorsport">Schubert Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singer_Vehicle_Design" title="Singer Vehicle Design">Singer Vehicle Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabus" title="Brabus">Startech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabus" title="Brabus">CRD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinmetz_Opel_Tuning" title="Steinmetz Opel Tuning">Steinmetz Opel Tuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styling_Garage" title="Styling Garage">Styling Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Rosberg" title="Team Rosberg">Team Rosberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechArt" title="TechArt">TechArt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakspeed" title="Zakspeed">Zakspeed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Mobility" title="Mercedes-Benz Mobility">Mercedes-Benz Mobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Bank" title="Mercedes-Benz Bank">Mercedes-Benz Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixt" title="Sixt">Sixt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verband_der_Automobilindustrie" title="Verband der Automobilindustrie">German Association of the Automotive Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Mobil_International" title="Auto Mobil International">AMI Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Motor Show">Frankfurt Motor Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automechanika" title="Automechanika">Automechanika</a></li> <li><a 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